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Eggs are considered to be one of the cheapest sources of protein, hence, support for their consumption ought to be particularly sought after in a nation like South Africa where many may be food insecure. With much of the population being unemployed and the unsteady economy that has contributed to the higher cost of living, malnutrition remains a challenge. The recognition and dissection of the socio-economic variables that lead to the avoidance of egg consumption will allow the implantation of programs that will encourage the incremental utilization of eggs, to improve on the moderately lower per capita consumption when compared to some African countries. This study examines the determinants of knowledge, practice, belief, and adherence to taboos on egg consumption in the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa where there is the lowest level of egg consumption compared to other provinces in the country. A descriptive and quantitative research design using a multi-stage sampling technique and the Rao Soft sample size calculator were used to select 125 households. Data were obtained with the use of a structured questionnaire and analysed with t-test statistics, Principal Component analysis and Probit regression analysis. The results show a significant relationship between egg consumption and taboos. The results revealed a decreasing order on the levels of knowledge, practice, belief and adherence to taboos among respondents. The study concluded that cultural reasons exercise a greater influence on egg consumption than socioeconomic, economic and availability factors. It is, therefore, recommended that interventions such as educational programs that encourage healthier eating behaviours should be designed and implemented. These programs should be designed in a way that will incorporate culturally relevant approaches that people in Kwazulu-Natal can resonate with to enhance their potential effectiveness in improving the frequency of egg consumption. Furthermore, it is recommended that future research should delve deeper into the history of the specific cultural norms, beliefs and practices surrounding egg consumption within the region. Key words: egg consumption, South Africa, food security, KwaZulu-Natal, food taboos, INTRODUCTION Zero hunger is a major Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 2), to end hunger, achieve food security, improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture [1]. This is predicated on the fact [...]

Both marine and terrestrial species of snails are consumed in most countries worldwide, including Southwest Cameroon where it is an age-old practice among various ethnic groups. Before the introduction of snail farming in the Southwest Region of Cameroon in the 1990s, all the residents who ate snails acquired them through gathering. There is significant internal variation in the history of land snail consumption among four ethnic groups: the Banyang, Mbo, Balung, and Bakweri. The long history of land snail consumption among the Banyang and Mbo can be attributed to their geographical proximity to the eastern region of Nigeria, where the consumption of land snails has been widespread since ancient times. In contrast, until recently, land snails were perceived by the Bakweri and Balung as filthy pests that crawled and ate dirt, especially excrement, and thus were unhealthy and/or taboo for human consumption. This paper intends to demonstrate how some groups refused to eat land snails in pre-colonial times and during foreign rule in Cameroon (1884-1960), and how due to women's roles, that changed so that they are currently nutritionally important in their diets due to the snails' multifarious importance as a source of food, medicine, and income. Keywords: Land snails, Cameroon, Snail farming, Banyang, Balung, Mbo, Bakweri, Introduction The consumption of land snails has been fast adopted by many in Southwest Cameroon. Land snail meat is known under various nomenclatures in Southwest Cameroon notably, Nyamangoro in Bakweri, [...]

It is possible to know and understand people and societies through their food and drink (Bell and Valentine 1997). Competing directions can be identified within the nutritional system (Warde 1994). One of these directions, for example, is construed from the discourse of professional nutritionists and the official discourse of governments, or their official agencies, about what a healthy diet consists of. Many times, another direction is found in modern societies, which is related to the tastes of the latest novelty. However, not only healthy diets but also appealing novelty approaches coexist with nutritional practices and beliefs derived from both traditional culinary culture, and from appeals of the mass media for people to be thin. The contradictions between these directions are seen as reinforcing conflicts associated with the consumption of food. The objective of this exploratory study is to analyze the discourses gained from in-depth interviews of women responsible for the decisions of Brazilian families' purchase and consumption of foods, and to interpret present conflicts in their alimentary practices. Before a discussion of the results, the complexity of the questions posed makes it is necessary to analyze the contribution from other social sciences that study food consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While beer has maintained a position as the most popular alcoholic beverage among men age 21-34, a recent Gallup poll indicates that craft beer has surpassed wine as the most popular beverage for women in the same age group in USA. In light of this trend, there has been little research done to explore gender dynamics in craft beer consumption and the craft beer industry. This paper seeks to understand the increasing popularity of craft beer among women by: (1) exploring beer as a gendered object, (2) illuminating the experiences of women in the craft beer culture and industry, and (3) examining how gender is done, redone, and undone in craft beer spaces. Drawing from a discursive content analysis of an online beer community, it seeks to consider the gendered nature of beer and how gender is both reconfigured and upheld, allowing for the possibility for new consumption patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper aims to provide a critique of food cultures in the neoliberal era. I argue that neoliberalism has transformed the ways in which people consume food and the [...]

Alisa Valdés-Rodríguez’s best-selling 2003 novel,The Dirty Girls Social Club, marketed as “chica lit,” a Latina version of famous “chick lit,” such asBridget Jones’s DiaryandSex and the City, presents us with what is characterized as “troubling” Latina identity that only partially succeeds in transforming Latina stereotypes. While a number of literary scholars have examinedDirty Girls, none have fully considered Valdés’s equally troubling portrayal of another form of consumption: dining. Food is consumed by the characters, or “sucias/dirty girls,” as they call themselves, in amounts ranging from excessive to minuscule; as I argue, their attitudes about food, eating, and certain dining establishments reflect their complex, troubling expressions of Latina identity. Through an analysis of the novel’s treatment of food, dining, and consumption, I examine the characters’ troubling Latina identity as they (at times) futilely reject stereotypes of Latina women. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Pakistan is an agriculture based economy and horticulture is an important industry of this sector. Fresh produce export contributes significant amount of resources to National Gross Domestic Product. However, with increasing food quality and safety awareness amongst the consumers in high end international and domestic markets, and the lack of capacity on behalf of growers and traders to cater the needs of the well-deserved fresh produce consumers is resulting in loss of export markets for the fresh produce industry of Pakistan. Prevalence of aflatoxins in fresh produce commodities at the time of consumption is one of the growing food safety concerns. While some of the published research has established that aflatoxins are found in fresh produce commodities grown in Pakistan and marketed in Arab countries, Europe, and in domestic markets, only limited and random scientific research supports the evidence of presence of the specific quantities and types of aflatoxins in specific fresh produce commodities. There remains a need to conduct a supply chain focused comprehensive research study on assessment of aflatoxins in the major fresh produce commodities of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism of the "Leatherstocking Tales," a novels' series by James Fenimore Cooper is presented. Main focus is on the representation of food and social aspects of food consumption. Brief comparison of the Tales with two books is also presented including "Rural Hours," by Susan Fenimore Cooper and "Guide in the Wilderness," by William Cooper.

Nationwide consumer research was conducted in 2014 on consumer perceptions, purchasing practices, and consumption of rabbit meat. The questionnaire revealed that respondents basically found rabbit meat healthy; however, better knowledge of positive physiological effects would lead to increased consumption. Transforming public awareness may also include the criticism of housing systems suspected to be “humanitarian.” The experiment-proven conditions, in which—in contrast to human empathy and preconceptions—rabbits indeed feed well and are “happy,” should be presented to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on differences between uses and users of sushi and sashimi in Norway and Japan. The study was based on a consumer survey that was completed by a representative sample of 902 participants from Norway and 897 participants from Japan. The survey included questions about food consumption frequency, ways of sourcing sushi and sashimi and situational factors related to consumption. Participants also reported their knowledge about, attitudes toward, and ambivalence related to sushi and sashimi, social acceptability of sushi and sashimi consumption, domain-specific innovativeness, and social and demographic characteristics. Differences in sushi consumption behavior between Japanese and Norwegian consumers considering the situational parameters surrounding sushi and sashimi consumption were revealed. Considerations for future research and implications on export strategy development were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of a feedback intervention employing text messaging during 11 weeks on adolescents' behavior, self-efficacy and outcome expectations regarding fruit and vegetable intake. A pre- and post-survey was completed by 1488 adolescents school-wise randomly allocated to a control group and two experimental groups. Both experimental groups set weekly goals on fruit and vegetable intake, reported their consumption daily and subsequently received feedback on their performance via mobile text messaging (Short Message Service [SMS]). The second experimental group also received, in addition, a 45-min nutrition education session from a dietitian during school. The direct effects of the interventions were not significant. However, for adolescents participating in the SMS routines, there were significant effects of the level of engagement in the intervention, reflected in the number of sent text messages, on intervention outcomes. Participants sending more than half of the possible text messages significantly increased their fruit and vegetable intake. Participants sending between 10% and 50% of the possible text messages experienced a significant drop in self-efficacy and those sending less than 10% experienced a significant drop in outcome expectations. The findings suggest that participants' active engagement in an intervention is crucial to its success. Implications for health-promoting interventions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – This paper aims to understand the social dynamics surrounding the consumption of non-native, ethnic cuisines in the multicultural context of an Asian city. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected via in-depth interviews with 21 culturally diverse residents of Dubai. Data were analysed inductively, leading to the emergence of three themes characterising social dynamics underpinning the consumption of non-native cuisines in an Asian multicultural environment. Findings – Three types of social dynamics were identified: instrumental uses, expressive uses and conviviality considerations. Research limitations/implications – The study suggests that the different types of cultural dynamics at play have different roles; some act as influencing or constraining factors in the everyday practice of multicultural consumption, whereas others are used more proactively as enablers. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the authors’ understanding of how people “practice conviviality” in multicultural marketplaces, providing insights into the complex social dynamics, underpinning the consumption of non-native cuisines in multicultural marketplaces. Although the consumer literature on food and cuisines has acknowledged the social influences surrounding cuisines and food consumption, these have typically been viewed in a single block. This study shows the importance of conviviality considerations in non-native cuisine consumption. Further, the paper shows that the consumption of non-native cuisines is an everyday practice in a multicultural context, which is used with varying degrees of proactiveness for social lubrication and multicultural socialisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of design in HCI is a common approach to engendering behavioural change to address important challenges such as sustainability. Encouraging such change requires an understanding of current motivations and behaviours in the domain in question. In this paper, we describe use of wearable cameras to study motivations and behaviours around food consumption by focusing on two contrasting cultures, Malaysia and the UK. Our findings highlight the potential of wearable cameras to enhance knowledge of food consumption practices and identify where and how some digital interventions might be appropriate to change food behaviour. This includes appealing to people's motivations behind food consumption and capitalising on existing practices such as gifting of food and social meals. We propose a food consumption lifecycle as a framework to understand and design human-food interaction. The use of wearable cameras enabled us to capture a high-level overview of spatially distributed food-related practices and understand food behaviours in greater depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses aspects of eating and being from 1850 to 2015. She mentions the link between consumption and climatic changes which raises intergenerational responsibility and associating metabolic diseases to work shifts. An overview of the perspective of philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach on eating is also presented.

The effects of the body type of consumers on the food consumption of other consumers around them are studied. People choose larger food portions when they see others consuming food in large quantities but adjust them according to body size especially when their appearance self-esteem is low.

Migration to a new country often results in a variety of social and economic challenges, often reflected in foodways. Food is of central importance in maintaining connections to home, and signifying ethnic identity among diasporic community members. Alternatively, new opportunities may be represented by the incorporation of new food elements into consumption patterns. Focus group interviews conducted with Arabic and South Asian immigrant women residing in a smaller Canadian city reveal the meanings women imparted to their own and their families' food choices and dietary habits. Women shared their struggles of maintaining ethnic cuisine as a marker of community affiliation while to varying degrees, integrating new foods, usually at their children's request. Experiences were not uniform, yet comparisons within and across these two communities suggest the importance of local social factors and politico-economic context in shaping commonly shared food and migration experiences and such shared realities highlight areas for advocacy. Keywords: gender, migration, family food practices, culinary heritage, identity, Introduction Migration to Canada frequently entails adapting to new lifeways, and part of this process may include adjusting conceptualizations of self and performance of identities. Experiences of this process of [...]

Objective: To investigate potential personal, social and physical environmental predictors of daily fruit intake and daily vegetable intake in 11-year-old boys and girls in nine European countries. Subjects: The total sample size was 13 305 (90.4% participation rate). Results: Overall, 43.2% of the children reported to eat fruit every day, 46.1 % reported to eat vegetables every day. Daily fruit intake and daily vegetable intake was mainly associated with knowledge of the national recommendations, positive self- efficacy, positive liking and preference, parental modeling and demand and bringing fruit to school (odds ratio between 1.40 and 2.42, P Conclusions: This study showed that especially a combination of personal and social factors is related to daily fruit and vegetable intake in schoolchildren. This shows that a comprehensive multilevel intervention strategy based upon a series of individual and social correlates will be most promising in the promotion of daily fruit and vegetable intake in children. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602794; published online 16 May 2007 Keywords: health promotion; determinant; correlate; Pro children; fruit and vegetable consumption, Introduction Epidemiological evidence suggests that regular consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables is associated with lower risks of certain types of cancer (Paolini et al., 2003), heart disease (Joshipura et [...]

Copyright of Lien Social et Politiques is the property of Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper provides a frame for thinking about youths' public consumption of fast foods. It draws attention to the significance of the social encounters that surround food by giving greater analytical focus to the late sociologist, Erving Goffman's conception of "the situation" than is typically given in research on youth food consumption. Focusing on the role of the situation in structuring the experience of youths' consumption of fast food directs attention to the significance of the body as symbolic resource, the collective mood, emotional energy affective gains, and the socio-spatial context to young people's participation in fast-food settings as consumers. A shift away from the individual youth food consumer as unit of analysis to a focus on situations provides greater analytical purchase in trying to work through the complicated relationship between youth agency and the consumer markets' influence over youth, as it plays out around and through food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the organic consumption are often contested with regard to the motives of consumers. Main goal of the paper is to present a theoretical framework that would encapsulate the motives of consumption and enable to identify the conditions for sustainable consumption. In particular, the paper seeks a new perspective that will not be tied to specific ways of life and that could bridge the complex, and often contradictory, motives of consumers. This framework is applied to map the values of organic food consumers in the Czech Republic with the use of the means-end approach. The participants identified about 30 attributes related to organic food. Those attributes were divided into 14 basic categories. The study proves that Czech consumers mainly see organics as food 'without chemicals' that is favourable to health. At the same time, the identified hierarchical map of values reveals the great importance of the environmentally friendly approach, which results in the reduction of negative impacts and creates an opportunity to balance the relationship between society and nature. Some of the identified motives have pointed out a potential for merging together the egocentric and altruistic motives of ethical consumption in relation to the concept of 'alternative hedonism'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research at the site of Puerto Escondido in northern Honduras produced evidence of foodways in one of the earliest known villages in Central America. Much of the material recovered is related directly or indirectly to the production, preparation, and consumption of food. In everyday practice, the organization of food consumption in villages like this would have been central to the reproduction of social relations. In other early villages in Central America, the use of food for political ends has been given a causal role in the development of social stratification. Drawing on evidence for one particular food practice, the preparation and consumption of fermented and unfermented cacao beverages, we argue that it is through the elaboration of cuisine--regimes of taste and presentation--that food production, serving, and consumption played both of these roles. [Keywords: social relations, alcohol, food consumption, stratification, social reproduction]

There is increasing concern that the media present conflicting health information on topics including cancer screening and nutrition. Although scholars have speculated that exposure to this information leads to increased public confusion, less trust in health recommendations, and less engagement in health behaviors, there is a lack of empirical research that directly addresses the role of media exposure to conflicting information. Using data from the Annenberg National Health Communication Survey, this study finds that exposure to conflicting information on the health benefits and risks of, for example, wine, fish, and coffee consumption is associated with confusion about what foods are best to eat and the belief that nutrition scientists keep changing their minds. There is evidence that these beliefs, in turn, may lead people to doubt nutrition and health recommendations more generally—including those that are not rife with contradictory information (e.g., fruit/vegetable consumption, exercise). The implications of these findings for healthy eating campaigns and interventions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eating is not merely a means of survival, it is tied to the mechanisms, with all the rules and underlying connotations, in establishing social relations: in other words, sociality shaped through shared meals. In this perspective, food presentation plays a fundamental role, acquiring in its appearance an aesthetic virtue. In today's social imaginary, we ask ourselves: what is the new frontier of food aesthetics? Moreover, assuming aesthetics clearly shows a specific social outlook, what does this suggest on a value basis? The growing ostentation of food and, above all, creative cooking, serve dishes hard to define as ingredients intend to decorate. A culinary experience thus turns into a social ritual of deliberately abrogating the role and logic of nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents' consumption of low-nutrient, energy-dense ( LNED) food often occurs out of home, and friends may be an important source of influence. This study tested whether observed similarities in LNED food intake among friends result from social influence and also explored underlying psychological mechanisms. Three waves of data were collected over 1 year from Grade 8 students in Australia ( N = 378, 54% male), including measures of food intake and related cognitions, and friendships to grademates. The results of longitudinal social network models show that adolescent intake was predicted by their friends' intake, accounting for pre-existing similarities and other potentially confounding factors. Changes to adolescents' beliefs about LNED food do not appear to be the mechanisms underpinning influence from their friends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subtle differences in the context of feasting and manners of food consumption can point to underlying levels of civil and social competition in state-level societies. Haute cuisine and high styles of dining are characteristic of societies with fully developed civil and social hierarchies such as Renaissance Europe and the Postclassic Aztec. Competitive yet socially circumscribed political and social organizations such as the Classic lowland Maya may have prepared elaborate diacritical meals that marked status, but the nature of feasting remained essentially patriarchal. Ancient Maya feasting is recognizable through archaeologically discernible pottery vessel forms that were used to serve festival fare such as tamales and chocolate. Comparison of ceramic assemblages across civic and household contexts at the site of Xunantunich, Belize, demonstrates that drinking chocolate, more so than eating tamales, served as a symbolic cue that established the political significance of events among the Classic Maya. [feasting, ancient Maya, pottery analysis, chocolate]

The Food Network owes it success to its promotion of extravagant eating as part of the 'good life.' It airs programs that promote excessive living as admirable, increasing the divide between the rich and the poor.

The essay discusses masculine narratives in English soldier-spy fiction in the 1950s, particularly noting the connections between masculinity and consumption in the works of British author Len Deighton. The author comments on the increasing interest in sociology of popular culture in the mid 20th century. He also explores the relationship between masculinity and food consumption as it compares with female gendered food preparation.

Between 1979 and 1981, journalist Kathryn Tucker Windham conducted approximately 30 interviews of the residents of Gee's Bend—an African American community isolated in the “Black Belt” region of Alabama. The interviews provide a rare first-hand account of the lives of African Americans in Alabama between 1910 and 1981 as they discuss, among other things, food traditions. Remembered by nearly every interviewee is a catastrophic incident during which the family of a deceased white merchant, who had been lending Gee's Benders agricultural supplies, collected (with force) all of their agricultural property. Lacking any means to support themselves, residents were required to eat what they had hidden away, share their food with each other, and find comfort in the familiar foods that had become a part of the community's cuisine. The incident left a lasting community-wide association between food, ownership, and freedom, conveyed in the interviews through a collective narrative. The narrative reinforces the idea that Gee's Bend food traditions developed out of a long history of adversity with whites, food sharing and frugality, and reliance on God. The Gee's Bend interviews provide a local example of the evolution of American soul food. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article uses the notion of frugality as an analytical category for the food habits and lifestyles of French rural working-class families in the second half of the nineteenth century. Based on the analysis of family monographs by Le Play and his collaborators, this article demonstrates that the frugality of these families’ daily diet is less a reflection of their poverty than an active factor in their savings behavior aimed at preserving their income and securing the family's future. Their efforts to increase their savings had a precise goal—to enable them to leave their industrial employment to become farmers, and more generally, to leave their working-class condition to live an agricultural life. To that end, families economized on their meals by widely resorting to consuming home-grown produce and making their own food—for provisions, they tried to bypass market networks, or poached, and scrupulously avoided the expense of eating out. Using the notion of frugality, this article demonstrates that food provides a key to interpreting the differentiation of lifestyles and consumption within the rural working class. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study addresses the social and cultural underpinnings that shape children's risk of type 2 diabetes, as identified by a racially and economically diverse group of parents and their children living in Anaheim, California. Based on in-depth interviews with 28 adults and 17 children, we explored how they understood what constitutes 'good health' in children and the aspects of their neighborhoods and communities that acted as resources or impediments to their children's well-being. We found that parents and children employed a language of food that reflected a fear-based, medicalized orientation to food consumption. Although nearly all agreed that children should stay active, densely populated neighborhoods, apartment complexes with rigid outdoor rules, high crime rates, police surveillance, and diminished access to public parks and recreational facilities posed challenges. Similarly problematic were deficits in school lunch programs and the limited sometimes demeaning, conversations with healthcare professionals about diabetes risk and prevention. Together, these narratives identify key structural processes attendant to type 2 diabetes risk in children and call for a more politicized conversation regarding prevention strategies and public healthcare practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess consumption of street food (sold by vendors) and fast food (from fast food outlets) by different ethnic groups in South Africa, Design: A national cross-sectional survey representative of adults (≥16 years, N=3827) from different ethnic groups, provinces, geographic localities, and socio-economic strata was undertaken. Methods: Trained interviewers visited participants at their homes during October 2009. Specific questions relating to street food and fast food consumption were asked. Results: At the national level, 11.3% of the population bought food from street vendors and 6.8% from fast food outlets frequently (≥2 times a week). Black Africans were the most frequent consumers of street food with nearly one out of five (19%) consuming such foods at least twice a week. By contrast, Indians (1.9%) and Whites (2.9%) had the lowest street food consumption. Indians (14%) and Whites (12.5%) had the highest fast food consumption with the lowest percentages found in the Black (5.4%) and Euro-Afr-Malay groups. The highest consumption of street food took place in urban informal (19.4%) and urban formal areas (16.7%). The lowest percentage of respondents buying street food was recorded in rural areas (4.7%). Conclusions: Both street foods and fast foods are commonly consumed by South Africans with Black Africans being the most frequent consumers of street foods and Whites of fast foods. This first national survey on street food and fast food consumption identifies this business sector as a potential area for health and nutrition education intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terence McKenna’s Food of the Gods exemplifies the reanimation of tradition characterizing an increasingly anxiety-ridden consumer culture. McKenna attempts no less than rewriting human evolution in terms of hallucinogenic-mushroom consumption. On this basis, he contends that the liberated use of such natural drugs today would reconnect humanity to the Gaian mind of the planet, solving most of the world’s ills by restoring a harmonious relationship with a feminized nature. Although McKenna’s commitment to drug use as a means of resolving society’s most pressing concerns reveals its 1960s countercultural provenance, the reinvention of tradition his work entails is characteristic of the proliferation of reinvented traditions that – paradoxically – define “post-traditional” society. Ultimately, McKenna’s vision of an intoxicated planet misrecognizes both the character of the sacred and the nature of the unconscious. Yet, read symptomatically, it is capable of revealing particularly clearly the contours of contemporary culture: the New Age beliefs that McKenna’s work encompasses amount to a tale of lost innocence, which underlies the search for arcane knowledge such work so often involves. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Although cannibal films may exist on the fringes of the "food film" genre, foodways methodology offers a productive lens through which to analyze how these films negotiate issues of class and power. A foodways analysis of key films in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre series reveals how issues of class and power are linked to food behaviors. More specifically, a food studies approach illuminates how the image of the American cannibal changes throughout these films. The cannibal begins as a starving member of the working class who eats humans only to survive. In later films, the cannibal transforms into a member of the middle class, and cannibalism becomes an expression and endorsement of unfettered capitalism. The cannibal eventually comes to embody a class warrior as the last film in the series implies that one must be a cannibal to be a good soldier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the evolution of food consumption in industrialized societies, with a focus on the relationship between food security and food safety. Topics mentioned include food quality, globalization of food poisoning, and the case of the Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, commonly known as mad cow disease.

Copyright of Estudios y Perspectivas en Turismo is the property of Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Turisticos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Employing an interdisciplinary framework, this article attempts to "think" the history of men and masculinities in a transnational way by connecting the distinctive experiences of specific national cultures to the broader anxieties about modem civilization that exercised Westerners generally. As a contribution to a more comprehensive analysis of the male body, it argues that the consumption of food and other ingesta was thought to have considerable consequences for the masculinity of Western elites, whether aristocratic or bourgeois, in a manner that promoted the cultural construction (literally, the "incorporation") of certain forms of manhood both as social representations and embodied experiences. It thus encourages a deeper understanding of how the male body is materially as well as symbolically constructed, and how this construction relates to various masculine norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background, aim and scope Considerable debate surrounds the assessment of the environmental impacts and the ethical justification for providing a year-round supply of fresh produce to consumers in the developed countries of northern Europe. Society is seeking environmentally sustainable supply chains which maintain the variety of fresh food on offer throughout the year. This paper compares the environmental impacts of different supply chains providing lettuce all year round to the UK and considers consumers' meanings of--and attitudes to--available options. Lettuce has been selected as a case study as its consumption has grown steadily during the last two decades and the supply chains through cold months are protected cropping in the UK and field cropping in Spain; during warm months, lettuce is sourced from field cropping in the UK. Materials and methods Data were collected from farms supplying each of these supply chains, and life cycle assessment methodology was used to analyse a range of impacts associated with producing (from plant propagation to harvesting and post-harvest cooling) and delivering 1 kg of lettuce to a UK Regional Distribution Centre (RDC). The downstream stages (i.e. retailing, consumption and waste management) are the same regardless of the origin of the product and were omitted from the comparison. The impacts considered included potential to induce global warming and acidification as well as three inventory indicators primary energy use, land use and water use). Qualitative data were collected in order to assess the consumer considerations of purchasing lettuce also during winter. Results Importation of Spanish field-grown lettuce into the UK during winter produced fewer greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than lettuce produced in UK-protected systems at that time (0.4-0.5 vs. 1.5-3.7 kg CO2-eq/kg lettuce in RDC). Refrigerated transport to the UK was an important element of the global warming potential associated with Spanish lettuce (42.5% of emissions), whilst energy for heating dominated the results in UK-protected cultivation (84.3% of emissions). Results for acidification were more variable and no overall trends are apparent. Results from qualitative social analysis revealed complex and multidimensional meanings of freshness and suggested that the most striking seasonal variation in vegetable/salad eating was a tendency to consume more salads in the summer and more cooked vegetables in the winter, thus suggesting that in-home consumption alone cannot explain the rise in winter imports of lettuce to the UK.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]