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Ammonium (NH(4)(+)) stress has multiple effects on plant physiology, therefore, plant responses are complex, and multiple mechanisms are involved in NH(4)(+) sensitivity and tolerance in plants. Root growth inhibition is an important quantitative readout of the effects of NH(4)(+) stress on plant physiology, and cell elongation appear as the principal growth inhibition target. We recently proposed autophagy as a relevant physiological mechanisms underlying NH(4)(+) sensitivity response in Arabidopsis. In a brief overview, the impaired macro-autophagic flux observed under NH(4)(+) stress conditions has a detrimental impact on the cellular energetic balance, and therefore on the energy-demanding plant growth. In contrast to its inhibitory effect on the autophagosomes flux to vacuole, NH(4)(+) toxicity induced a micro-autophagy-like process. Consistent with the reduced membrane flux to the vacuole related to macro-autophagy inhibition and the increased tonoplast degradation due to enhanced micro-autophagy, the vacuoles of the root cells of the NH(4)(+)-stressed plants showed lower tonoplast content and a decreased perimeter/area ratio. As the endosome-to-vacuole trafficking is another important process that contributes to membrane flux toward the vacuole, we evaluated the effects of NH(4)(+) stress on this process. This allows us to propose that autophagy could contribute to vacuole development as well as possible avenues to follow for future studies.

BackgroundThe association between socioeconomic disadvantage (low education and/or income) and head and neck cancer is well established, with smoking and alcohol consumption explaining up to three-quarters of the risk. We aimed to investigate the nature of and explanations for head and neck cancer risk associated with occupational socioeconomic prestige (a perceptual measure of psychosocial status), occupational socioeconomic position and manual-work experience, and to assess the potential explanatory role of occupational exposures.MethodsPooled analysis included 5818 patients with head and neck cancer (and 7326 control participants) from five studies in Europe and South America. Lifetime job histories were coded to: (1) occupational social prestige—Treiman’s Standard International Occupational Prestige Scale (SIOPS); (2) occupational socioeconomic position—International Socio-Economic Index (ISEI); and (3) manual/non-manual jobs.ResultsFor the longest held job, adjusting for smoking, alcohol and nature of occupation, increased head and neck cancer risk estimates were observed for low SIOPS OR=1.88 (95% CI: 1.64 to 2.17), low ISEI OR=1.74 (95% CI: 1.51 to 1.99) and manual occupations OR=1.49 (95% CI: 1.35 to 1.64). Following mutual adjustment by socioeconomic exposures, risk associated with low SIOPS remained OR=1.59 (95% CI: 1.30 to 1.94).ConclusionsThese findings indicate that low occupational socioeconomic prestige, position and manual work are associated with head and neck cancer, and such risks are only partly explained by smoking, alcohol and occupational exposures. Perceptual occupational psychosocial status (SIOPS) appears to be the strongest socioeconomic factor, relative to socioeconomic position and manual/non-manual work.

Resumen El artículo explora las relaciones de las organizaciones de la sociedad civil (OSC) identificadas con un credo religioso que se dedican al tratamiento de los consumos de drogas, con el Estado, otras OSC y otros actores no estatales. El objetivo es describir y analizar los vínculos entre dichas organizaciones, el Estado (en sus distintos niveles, organismos y poderes) y otras organizaciones no estatales (iglesias, federaciones de Organizaciones No Gubernamentales, redes trasnacionales, partidos políticos), en el proceso de implementación de políticas públicas de drogas en partidos del Gran Buenos Aires (PGBA), territorio conocido popularmente como el "conurbano". Analizamos tres dimensiones de los vínculos entre estas OSC religiosas y el Estado: las relaciones económicas; la articulación en los tratamientos propiamente dichos; y los argumentos de sus referentes para explicar la falta de apoyo y/o articulación. Además, describimos el tipo de relaciones de estas instituciones con otras OSC y otros actores no estatales que dan origen, colaboran en el funcionamiento y permiten el sustento económico de estos dispositivos. El artículo se basa en observaciones y entrevistas a referentes instituciones evangélicas y católicas orientadas a la atención de usuarios con consumos de drogas en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y los partidos del GBA. Abstract The article explores the relations of civil society organizations (CSOs), identified with a religious creed, in terms of their treatment of drug use vis-à-vis the state, other CSOs and other non-state actors. The main objective of the article is to describe and to analyze the links between these organizations, the state (at different levels, agencies and authorities) and other non-governmental organizations (churches, federations of NGOs, transnational networks, political parties) in the process of implementation of drug policies in Gran Buenos Aires - a territory which is popularly known as the "Metropolitan Area" in Argentina. We analyze three dimensions of the links between religious CSOs and the state in Argentina: (i) economic relations; (ii) the joint delivery of treatments; and (iii) the arguments of CSOs to explain the lack of support from the state. In addition, we describe the type of relationships of these institutions with other CSOs and other non-state actors. The article is based on observations and interviews with leaders of Evangelical and Catholic institutions dedicated to drug users in the city of Buenos Aires. Resumo O artigo explora as relações das organizações da sociedade civil (OSC) identificadas com um credo religioso que se dedicam ao tratamento dos consumos de drogas, com o Estado, outras OSC e outros atores não estatais. O objetivo é descrever e analisar os vínculos entre ditas organizações, o Estado (nos seus distintos níveis, organismos e poderes) e outras organizações não estatais (igrejas, federações de Organizações Não Governamentais, redes transnacionais, partidos políticos), no processo de implementação de políticas públicas de drogas em Partidos do Grande Buenos Aires (GBA), território conhecido popularmente como o "conurbano". Analisaremos três dimensões dos vínculos entre estas OSC religiosas e o Estado: as relações económicas; a articulação nos tratamentos propriamente ditos; e os argumentos dos seus referentes para explicar a falta de apoio e/ou articulação. Além disso, descrevemos o tipo de relações destas instituições com outras OSC e outros atores não estatais que dão origem, colaboram no funcionamento e permitem o sustento económico destes dispositivos. O artigo baseia-se em observações e entrevistas a referentes instituições evangélicas e católicas orientadas à atenção de usuários com consumos de drogas na Cidade de Buenos Aires e os Partidos do GBA.

The 10 B + 197 Au reaction has been investigated through cross-section measurements for different channels, such as quasielastic and elastic scattering, inelastic excitation of low-lying 197 Au states, and one-neutron pickup and one-proton stripping transfer reactions. Experimental angular distributions were obtained for 20 bombardment energies around the Coulomb barrier: 38 ≤ E l a b ≤ 61 MeV . Coupled reaction channels calculations have been performed in the context of the double-folding São Paulo potential, and details of the data analysis are discussed along the paper. In general, the theoretical calculations provide a satisfactory description of the data. Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) 2018/09998-8 y 2017/05660-0, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico de Brasil (CNPq) 407096/2017-5 y 306433/2017-6 Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia: Física Nuclear de Brasil (INCT-FNA) 464898/2014-5 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades de España. PGC2018-096994-B-C21 Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España, Fondo de Desarrollo Regional de la Unión Europea (FEDER) FIS2017-88410-P Programa de investigación e innovación Horizonte 2020 de la Unión Europea.654002 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina (CONICET) PIP00786CO Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica de Argentina (FONCYT) PICT-2017-4088