Search

Antibiotics have transformed medicine, enabling effective treatments for infections that were once fatal and supporting significant advancements such as surgery and organ transplants. However, the growing spread of resistance reduces their effectiveness, making the discovery of new drugs crucial in the ongoing battle against human pathogens. Antibiotic resistance represents one of the greatest challenges of modern medicine, having a significant impact on the treatment of bacterial infections. The development of antibiotic resistance renders standard treatments ineffective, putting patients' lives at risk and limiting available therapeutic options. In the face of this global crisis, recent research is opening new directions in combating antibiotic resistance, focusing on the discovery of innovative antibiotics, alternative solutions, and strategies to prevent the spread of resistance. These advances are essential for addressing future health challenges.

Probiotics play an essential role in fish nutrition, significantly contributing to their health and growth in aquaculture. By incorporating beneficial bacterial strains such as Lactobacillus and Bacillus subtilis into feed, the nutritional value of the feed is enhanced, enzymatic digestion is optimized, and pathogenic microorganisms are inhibited. Probiotics stimulate the immune response, increase intestinal microbial diversity, and have anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic effects. Modern administration methods include bioencapsulation and the use of live foods, thus ensuring the probiotics' survival and effective colonization in the fish's digestive tract. Therefore, using probiotics in fish nutrition not only improves growth performance and health but also promotes sustainable and ecologically efficient aquaculture.

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues and organs that work together to defend the body against harmful invaders. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the role of probiotics in regulating immune responses. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that benefit the health of the host when administered in adequate amounts thus they have attracted attention for their potential to positively influence the functioning of the immune system. The gastrointestinal tract is home to trillions of microorganisms, known as the gut microbiome, which play a fundamental role in shaping the immune system. Probiotics, mainly bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, are integral components of this microbial community. The interaction between probiotics and the immune system occurs through the gastrointestinal-immune axis, a two-way communication system between the digestive tract and the immune system.

Peptic ulcer disease is a chronic condition that affects a significant number of people worldwide, estimated at approximately 10% of the global population. This is the result of an imbalance between aggressive factors, such as gastric juice and its increased acidity, and the defense mechanisms of the lining of the stomach and small intestine. Aspects such as exposure to certain substances or infection with bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are considered triggers in the development of peptic ulcers. Risk factors include frequent use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and high levels of stress. Conventional treatments for peptic ulcers include proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonists, which are effective in decreasing gastric acid secretion. However, these treatments may be associated with side effects and may lead to recurrences or unwanted interactions with other medications. In contrast, natural approaches and complementary therapies have gained popularity in the management and treatment of peptic ulcers. Medicinal plants and their active compounds have been recognized for their anti-inflammatory and protective properties of the stomach lining. Some plants such as Curcuma longa or Angelica keiskei have been studied for their potential to reduce inflammation and promote ulcer healing, as well as other natural preparations such as royal jelly or propolis, derived from beekeeping. For example, royal Jelly is known for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which can help reduce irritation of the gastric mucosa and heal ulcers. Angelica keiskei, with its active compounds, has demonstrated the ability to protect the mucosa and reduce the excessive production of gastric acid. Turmeric, rich in curcumin, is another ingredient studied for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which may support healing and reduce peptic ulcer symptoms.

This manuscript details the pathological mechanisms of the establishment of gastric ulceration, and details its stages, both in terms of mechanisms of action and in terms of histological changes found in the gastric mucosa. Also, a synthesis is made of all types of gastritis classification, established diagnostic methods, and histological evaluation of gastric tissue by biopsy, developed in the last five decades globally in human use, which can also help to introduce them into veterinary medicine. The last part of the article is dedicated to established experimental models of gastric ulcer induction, in laboratory animals (mice/rats), supporting young researchers/veterinary or human doctors, for the development of new drug formulations with as few adverse effects as possible and low costs for both human and veterinary medicine.

Plasmids are a form of communication between bacteria using genetic information. They allow the horizontal transfer, in the same generation, of genetic information encoding pathogenic traits and environmental resistance, promoting rapid evolution and adaptability to a variety of environments. Plasmids are mostly found in bacteria, but they are also present in multicellular organisms. Plasmids usually contain at least one gene and are not considered independent life forms, even if they possess separate genes from their hosts. Independent strands of DNA were first found in bacterial cells in the late 1940s by researchers investigating how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics and how traits are passed onto offspring by phages (viruses of bacteria) and DNA structures, other than chromosomes. Some plasmids have a determining role in microbial antibiotic resistance, but their mechanisms are not yet fully understood.

Neoplasia is defined as a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and invasion with dissemination from the primary site to other sites in the body. The following paper presents different types of tumors both malignant and benign in dogs and cats; the increased rate of cancer, the symptoms of oncological nature, the diagnosis of different neoplastic formations with the help of general and specialized clinical examinations, the treatment and the chances of survival of animals. Metastasis in different tissues or organs by lymphatic or blood route occurs in advanced stages of cancer.

Centella asiatica or Brahmi~Gotu Kola is a plant used since ancient times as a medicinal plant in countries such as India, Nepal, China, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar. The plant is considered to be one of the most useful plants for revitalizing nerve cells, which is why in India it is known as the "brain plant" or used to treat skin conditions and heal wounds. The plant is still often used in two traditional branches of Indian medicine, Ayurveda and Unani. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Centella asiatica extract ointment in thermally injured mice. This study was performed on a total of 12 Balb/c mice aged 24-26 weeks, which were divided into two groups: one experimental and one control. The duration of the experiment was 14 days, with collections of biological material on days 3, 7, and 14 of the experiment. In the case of the tested ointment, clinical healing occurred after the 9th day of treatment by debridement of the formed crust and highlighting a regeneration epithelium

The prostate is an accessory gland and a component of the male reproductive system. This is found only in some species of mammals and differs morphologically, chemically, and physiologically between species. This paper describes in chapter 1, the basic elements of the prostate (structure, functions, macroscopic and histological characteristics). In chapter 2, the description and activity of atorvastatin are presented, and in chapter 3, two recognized phytotherapeutic remedies are presented: sea buckthorn and grapes (in the form of the compound). In the second part, a study is proposed that investigates the effect of fat consumption on the histological structure of the prostate in a murine model. Through histological investigation of the prostate, this study aimed to comparatively evaluate whether atorvastatin has any healing role on the prostate mirrored in cytoarchitecture and also what is the role of phytotherapy on prostate cytoarchitecture.

Aluminum, a contentious trace element found in the environment, has been demonstrated to have harmful effects on both humans and animals. In contrast, Sempervivum tectorum, an evergreen plant, has been found to offer numerous beneficial effects for both humans and animals. Therefore, this study aims to assess the protective effect of S. tectorum on certain reproductive biomarkers in male rats exposed to aluminum. Thirty-five Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: NTC (no-treatment control) received distilled water; NC (negative control) received drinking water containing 1 mg/L aluminum sulfate (AS); E1 received 1 mg/L AS along with an 8% S. tectorum extract; PC (positive control) received only 8% S. tectorum extract; E2 received 1 mg/L AS for three months followed by 8% extract for one month. The study analyzed testosterone, LH, FSH, body weight, and the histological structure of the testis, epididymis, and prostate, as well as the levels of zinc, manganese, copper, and iron in these organs. Significant decreases in body weight, testis, and epididymis size were observed in the aluminum-exposed groups compared to the control, whereas these decreases were not significant in the S. tectorum-treated groups compared to the control. Aluminum exposure led to significant decreases in testosterone and LH levels, with FSH levels showing a nonsignificant decrease in males, which were mitigated significantly by the administration of the plant extract. Histological analysis revealed alterations in the testis, epididymis, and prostate of the AS-exposed groups, including necrosis of seminiferous tubule epithelium and Leydig cells in the testis, and basal epithelial necrosis in the epididymis and prostate. Aluminum levels increased in all organs studied, while levels of zinc, copper, iron, and manganese decreased, showing a negative and significant correlation with aluminum levels. The aqueous extract of S. tectorum demonstrated a protective effect on certain studied biomarkers in male rats affected by aluminum exposure.

Water and soil were considered for a long time to be renewable resources, but currently, the opposite is demonstrated and water and soil pollution represent an important factor in causing ecological imbalances that can have serious consequences for the biosphere. The main pollution generating process has become industrialization and technologicalization. The objective of this study was to investigate through a field study the physico-chemical parameters of the Jiu river from 15 specific locations, determining the values of pH, hardness, and dissolved oxygen, for two years (2016/2017). The water samples were collected in special containers and stored in the refrigerator at 4 °C until the determinations were made. To determine the physico-chemical parameters, the portable spectrophotometer model DR 1900 (Hach, Romania) was used and the following physico-chemical determinations were performed: pH; hardness; conductivity; dissolved oxygen. For the water samples collected from the Jiu river on the territory of Gorj county, pH values were obtained between 7.0 - 9.2 in 2016 and between 7.4-8.5 in 2017. The water samples collected from the territory of Dolj county were obtained pH values between 6.0 - 9.2 / 2016 and between 7.0 - 9.0 / 2017. The pH value was higher in January and July in 2016 compared to the values obtained in the same months of 2017. The oxygen concentration in the water samples taken from the Jiu river, both in Gorj and Dolj county was increased in both 2016 and 2017, classifying the Jiu River in ecological class 1 (very good), according to Order 161/2006. The values of the amount of O2 (mg / L) were higher in 2016, both in January and July, compared to the same period of 2017. The value of O2 concentration was lower in the samples taken downstream compared to the samples taken upstream.

Peptic ulcer is a chronic disease that affects up to 10% of the world's population. The appearance of peptic ulcer is dependent on the presence of gastric juice and its pH and the decrease of the mucosal defense. Two major factors recognized as disruptors of mucosal resistance are nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. The main conventional treatments for peptic ulcer, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonists, are associated with side effects, recurrences and various drug interactions. On the other hand, medicinal plants and their chemical compounds are useful in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Therefore, this article presents some medicinal herbs that can be used for the treatment or prevention of peptic ulcers.

For over 5,000 years, various crops have used these herbal oils for a variety of health problems. The history of the use of essential oils has its roots in antiquity in countries such as Persia, India, Egypt, China. Essential oils are generally formed during the flowering period of plants and accumulate in flowers, fruits, leaves, roots or bark. The chemical composition of an essential oil obtained from a plant differs depending on the parts of the plant from which it was extracted. This paper lists information about Thuja shrubs which includes 5 species of trees, two of which are native to North America (Thuja occidentalis, Thuja plicata) and three from Western Asia (Thuja koraiensis, Thuja standishii, Thuja sutchuenensis). It presents taxonomy, chemical composition, pharmacological properties and notions about Thuja essential oils. The research part presents the identification of volatile compounds in thuja essential oil by GC-MS method and testing the antimicrobial effect of thuja essential oil.

Propolis, along with honey, royal jelly, pollen, pasture, is a product whose prophylactic and therapeutic properties are known and used in folk medicine since ancient times. Propolis is actually the generic name for the resinous substance collected by honey bees from various plant sources. It is made by bees to defend the colony physically, chemically and biologically. The objectives of the research were: Determination of total polyphenols by UV-VIS spectrometry, Determination of the total flavonoid content by colorimetric method and Identification of individual polyphenols in propolis extract. LC-MS analysis of propolis extract was performed within the Interdisciplinary Research Platform

It is well known that platinum-based antineoplastic agents, including cisplatin (CP), have side effects that limit their use. Nefrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and hemolytic anemia are the most common side effects. There are few studies on the reduction in these effects that involves nanoencapsulation; however, almost none involve cyclodextrins (CDs). Changes in the hematological and biochemical parameters of healthy Wistar rats treated with solutions of γ-cyclodextrin/resveratrol/cisplatin (γ-CD/Rv/CP) ternary complexes are investigated for the first time. They are intraperitoneally injected with γ-CD/Rv/CP solutions containing 5 mg CP/kg.b.w. Single shots were administered to six groups of Wistar rats (six individuals for every group) using γ-CD/Rv/CP, γ-CD/CP, γ-CD/Rv complexes, as well as positive- and negative-control groups, respectively. Thirty-two hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated from blood samples and used as input variables for the principal component analysis (PCA) discrimination of the groups. The best protection was obtained for the γ-CD/Rv/CP ternary complex, which determined closer biochemical values to the control group. These values significantly differ from those of the γ-CD/CP treated group, especially for the IP, UA, and T-Pro kidney-related biochemical parameters. This finding proves the beneficial influence of Rv during CP administration through CD-based carriers.

The study was carried out on white Wistar female rats exposed to potassium dichromate (Cr VI) in different periods: in utero (28 female rats, derived from 20 exposed pregnant females, divided in four groups, one control - C and three experimental – E), in suckling and prepubertal period (in each stage, 28 offspring were divided in four groups: one C and three E). The levels of exposure were: E1 – 25 - LOAEL, E2 - 50 - 2XLOAEL, E3 - 75 -3XLOAEL ppm Cr VI in drinking water or through milk in suckling period. Exposure to Cr VI determined significant delay of vaginal opening (onset of puberty) in direct correlation with the exposure level and significant decrease of body weight in the moment of vaginal opening under the optimum weight and inversely correlated to exposure level. The most critical period of exposure for both biomarkers was in utero.

The aim of this study was the evaluation of Cr VI cumulative and differentiate exposure on integrity biomarker of male reproductive system. The objective was evaluation of potassium dichromate intake on genital organs and sexual accessory glands architecture in male rats from two generation. Males and females from F0 generation were exposed to potassium dichromate three months before mating. F1 generation was represented by male pups, resulted from F0 generation, exposed to potassium dichromate in utero, during suckling (via milk and water) period and until sexual maturity. All the animals were divided in one control and three experimental groups, exposed to Cr VI trough drinking water, as followed E1: 25 ppm (LOAEL); E2: 50 ppm: E3: 75 ppm; control group received tap water without chromium content. The experiment was carried out with respecting legislation regarding ethics in animal experiments. The study revealed the presence of congestive and degenerative lesions in genital organs and sexual accessory glands of exposed individuals from F0 and F1 generation such as: interstitial edema, epithelial necrosis and atrophy, membrane exfoliation and necrosis. The lesions frequency and intensity were directly correlated to exposure level, the most affected being E3 group and generation, more pronounced in F1 generation.

The aim of this study was to emphasize potassium dichromate impact on some female reproductive system performances and physical development biomarkers in rats. Exposure to potassium dichromate (25 - LOAEL, 50 and 75 ppm Cr VI) in utero, during suckling period and until sexual maturity, of F2 female white Wistar rats generation (derived from F0 and F1 generations, exposed to the same Cr VI levels), pointed out significant decrease of alive/increase of dead pup number at birth, impaired sex ratio in male favor, significant dose dependent delay of puberty onset and lower body weight comparative to the optimum one at sexual maturity - the vaginal opening moment. ) in utero, during suckling period and until sexual maturity, of F2 female white Wistar rats generation (derived from F0 and F1 generations, exposed to the same Cr VI levels), pointed out significant decrease of alive/increase of dead pup number at birth, impaired sex ratio in male favor, significant dose dependent delay of puberty onset and lower body weight comparative to the optimum one at sexual maturity - the vaginal opening moment.

The aim of the study was to highlight the effect of Sempervivum tectorum and melatonin administration in rats exposed to aluminium sulphate through drinking water on the erythrocyte catalase activity The researches were carried out on Wistar albinos rats, grouped in 8 lots: a control lot (C) and 7 experimental lots (E1: 10% Sempervivum tectorum aqueous extract, 3 month; E2: melatonin, 10 mg/100 ml water, 3 month; E3: aluminium sulphate, 3 months; E4: aluminium sulphate with 10% Sempervivum tectorum aqueous extract, 3 months; E5: aluminium sulphate with melatonin 3 months; E6: aluminium sulphate 3 months followed by 10% Sempervivum tectorum aqueous extract for a month; E7: aluminium sulphate 3 months, followed by melatonin for a month). Al(3+) level in drinking water was 1000 ppb. It was registered decrease of catalase activity compared to C group in E3, E4 (p0.05) and an insignificant increase in E1, E2, E6, E7 groups. Sempervivum tectorum and melatonin administration led to the increase of catalase activity comparing to the group exposed only to aluminium. The catalase activity increase was significantly higher in case of consecutive administration to aluminium intake. Melatonin effect was more well-marked as the one induced by Sempervivum tectorum (p>0.05).

The aim of research was to evaluate the therapeutic and economic efficiency (daily individual weight gain / observation period) of two available tiamulin fumarate antibiotic conditionings (one oral and one injectable) in a farm environment, were Brachyspira evolution was suspicioned and confirmed. The experiment was conducted in a pig growing and fattening unit from Timis County, constituted as an intensive system. The sick piglets manifested acute clinical signs, mainly: drowsiness, enophtalmia, kyphosis and the sanguinolent diarrhoea in all cases. Clinical and morphopathologic suspicion was confirmed by the laboratory and bacterioscopic examination, which ascertained the presence of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Consequently, were chosen 48 ill piglets from the age group of 35 to 45 days and three experimental therapeutic (T) and one Control (C) groups were constituted as follows: group T1 - oral way treatment for five consecutive days with Tiamutin 45% soluble granules (Ceva), at doses of 6 and 8 mg.kg.bw., (for group T2) and respectively Tiamutin 10% injectable (Dopharma) (T3), 8mg.kg.bw-1 I.M., four consecutive days. Study duration was 21 days, revealing the economic superiority of the oral conditionings vs. injectable of tiamulin fumarate and also the therapeutic efficiency of this form as primal choice in the enteric disease outbreaks.

The present study was carried out to investigate the influence of Sempervivum tectorum aqueous extract and melatonin on reduced glutathione (GSH) protective effect in Wistar albino rat blood exposed to aluminium sulphate- Al2(SO4)3. The rats were divided in one control group (C) and 7 experimental groups (E). The control group received tap water. The experimental rats were feed the following way: E1 group – aluminum sulphate, daily, for 3 months; : E2 group – Sempervivum tectorum, daily, for 3 months; : E3 group – melatonin, daily, for 3 months; : E4 group – aluminum sulphate with Sempervivum tectorum, daily, for 3 months; : E5 group – aluminum sulphate with melatonin, daily, for 3 months; E6 group – aluminum sulphate, daily, for 3 months, and thereafter with Sempervivum tectorum for 1 month; E7 group – aluminum sulphate, daily, for 3 month, and thereafter with melatonin for 1 month. This study showed that Aluminum toxicity induced lower GSH. The oxidative stress caused by aluminum, given individual, is more pronounced than in the case in which aluminum is administered simultaneously with Sempervivum tectorum or melatonin. Decreasing GSH value is very small if Sempervivum tectorum or melatonin is given for one month, three months after the administration of aluminum. Effect induced by melatonin is more favorable than that of Sempervivum tectorum.

The study emphasize the effect of H. rhamnoides and S. marianum 6% aqueous extract on blood sugar level in Alloxan induced diabetes mellitus in rats. The rats (200g and 3 months age) were divided in five groups: one non-diabetic control and four experimental groups with induced diabetes mellitus after 40 mg/kg b.w. intravenous administration of 2% Alloxan. One group was kept as diabetic control and in the other three groups was administered 6% aqueous extracts of H. rhamnoides, S. marianum or a combination of the extracts during seven weeks. The stronger effect was obtained in case of H. rhamnoides (Sea buckthorn) extract administration followed by the S. marianum (Milk thistle) extract. The combination of the two extracts proven to have a stronger effect than the extracts given separately.

The present study emphasize the effect of R. crispus and L. barbarum 6% aqueous extract on blood sugar level in Alloxan induced diabetes in rats. The rats were divided in five groups: one non-diabetic control and four experimental groups with induced diabetes mellitus after 40 mg/kg b.w. intravenous administration of 2% Alloxan. One group was kept as diabetic control and in the other three groups was administered 6% aqueous extracts of R. crispus, L. barbarum or a combination of the extracts during seven weeks. The better results were obtained in case of L. barbatum (goji) extract administration followed by the R. crispus (yellow dock) extract. The combination of the two extracts has proven to have a weaker effect than the extracts given separately.

This paper supports alternative medicine as well as phytotherapy, which in recent decades has seen an increase in prestige due to the fact that, on the one hand, the increasingly acute resistance to certain antibiotics or antifungal molecules and, on the other hand, the growth of the current traditionalist consumer medicine in both human and veterinary medicine. So, this paper aims to present a plant less known in Romania, but very popular in Japan, South Korea, China and the biological activity of Ashitaba (Angelica keiskei), already established in the countries mentioned above and with possible applications, as an auxiliary or supportive treatment in veterinary medicine.

Fungal infections are an important part of infectious pathology, their incidence increasing considerably, as a result of the widespread use of antibiotics, corticosteroids, cytostatics and immunosuppressive drugs. In this synthesis paper are presented the main structures used in veterinary medicine: Systemic antifungals: antibiotics, polyenes, macrolides, azoles: Imidazoles and triazoles, allylamines and thiocarbamates, echinocandins, benzimidazoles: thiabendazole, antimetabolitics: flucitosine, and respectively the Topical drugs: azoles, imidazoles, polyenes. To all these structures are presented: mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, spectrum, use, interactions and adverse reactions.

Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) essential oils are intensely investigated worldwide for the beneficial properties, due to the specific bioactive compound’s structure. (1) Background: This study characterized the structure of the Pimpinella anisum essential oil and evaluated its antimicrobial properties. (2) Methods: An evaluation of the antibacterial and antifungal activity targeted strains of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC 19615), and levure Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used for structure identification, and the optical density mass loss was applied for the analysis of different dilutions of aniseed essential oils antimicrobial activity. (3) Results: A total of 13 compounds were identified, of which trans-anethole was in the highest proportion (72.49%), followed by limonene (10.01%), anisole (5%), and α-pinene (3.26%). The results obtained and statistically analyzed, utilizing one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test, indicated the antimicrobial activity (p < 0.001) of anise essential oil. (4) Conclusion: Anise essential oil is a promising phyto-remedy with important antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Inhibition high percentages were found for the p. aeruginosa and S. aureus strains, but also excellent antifungal activity against C. albicans was ascertained.

This article is conceived as a mini-course designed as an update and application for veterinarians practicing, the main aspects of antimicrobial resistance being revealed. As selected bibliographic sources, when writing this article, passages from the courses posted by the first author on the resources of the net on this topic were cited in full or in part. The first article introduces the reader in the topic of anti-infective resistance, with the presentation of the main data related to: the definition of the phenomenon, the evolution, and classification of the anti-infective group (antibiotics, sulfamide, antifungals).

The widespread use of antimicrobials in both human and veterinary medicine has intensified, leading to an acceleration in the emergence and spread of AMR. On average, animals in European farms consume more antibiotics than humans. According to studies, pork has the highest concentration of antibiotics. According to estimates in the literature, the amount of antibiotic for veterinary use consumed worldwide by livestock is almost double that for human use. This article presents with recent data the effects of antimicrobial use, the economic as well as the social impact of resistance.

The administration of antibiotics must be complementary to good management practices, many disease conditions can be avoided or minimized by: using management practices that significantly reduce exposure to disease-causing bacteria; optimizing the animal environment, including good hygiene, nutrition and coherent vaccination programs. Animal health is the result of a wide range of factors grouped into: animal-related factors, breeding and management system. The article presents some new means and strategies against the phenomenon of AMR.

Antibiotic resistance is reported all over the world, it compromises the treatment of infectious diseases and is one of the biggest threats to global health. There are two ways in which pathogenic bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics: vertically, by accumulating genetic changes during the natural process of copying its genome, and horizontally, by changing resistant genes from one microbe to another. The article shows the difference between resistant and anti-infective bacteria, the ways and manifestations, the phases and types of resistance and all the mechanisms related to antibiotics, antifungals and sulfamide.

Antibiotic resistance has emerged mainly through the use of antibiotics as biostimulators, in the preservation of animal foods or most often through the administration of antibiotics irrationally, without a prescription and antibiogram. The article presents the ways to install antimicrobial resistance and evaluates the effectiveness of antimicrobials (antibiotics and antifungals). The main ways of spreading and installing resistance as well as its consequences globally, the mechanisms of transmission of resistance in nature and tests to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-infectives (biological, physicochemical, in vitro, molecular techniques, etc.) are presented.

(1) Background: The resistance levels of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., etc., isolated from the nasal cavity and the rectum of Dama dama deer from three hunting grounds in Western Romania were assessed. (2) Methods: The analysis was completed using the diffusimetric method, compliant with CLSI reference standards, and with Vitek-2 (BioMérieux, France), on 240 samples. (3) Results: The results were statistically analyzed (by one-way ANOVA) revealing that in four of the ten E. coli strains isolated from animals, 87.5% (p < 0.001) resistance was found. E. coli strains were resistant to cephalexin (100%); seven strains were resistant to cephalothin and ampicillin; six were resistant to cefquinome and cefoperazone; five were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; and four were resistant to ceftiofur. However, E. coli was sensitive to amikacin (100%). The most efficient structures were beta-lactams, amikacin, and imipenem, to which all 47 strains studied (100%) were sensitive, followed by nitrofurantoin, to which 45 strains (95.7%) were sensitive, neomycin, to which 44 strains (93.6%) were sensitive, ceftiofur, to which 43 strains (91.5%) were sensitive, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and marbofloxacin, to which 42 strains (89.4%) were sensitive. (4) Conclusions: In wild animal populations, where a human presence is frequently reported, including a constant presence of domestic animals, despite the perceived low risk of emerging resistance to antimicrobials, resistance is likely to develop frequently.

The present study investigated the antimicrobial activity, total phenolic content, and proanthocyanidin concentration of ethanolic extracts from fresh leaves of Sempervivum tectorum L. The extracts were phytochemically analyzed and evaluated for antimicrobial activity. The broth microdilution method was used to assess antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria isolated from ear swabs taken from dogs with otitis externa. Many compounds were present in the ethanolic aqueous extracts, which exhibited a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. They showed strong antibacterial activity against standard clinical Gram-positive strains such as S. aureus and Gram-negative strains such as P. aeruginosa. In our study, the obtained quantity of total phenolic compounds in the ethanol:water extract of leaves was 126.17 mg GAE/g. The proanthocyanidin concentration in the tested Sempervivum tectorum L. extracts was 15.39 mg PAC/g material. The high contents of total phenolics and proanthocyanidin indicated that these compounds contribute to antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of the tested S. tectorum L. extracts ranged from 1.47 to 63.75 µg/mL, starting with 1.47 µg/mL and 1.75 µg/mL against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 strains, respectively. Likewise, S. tectorum L. ethanol extract demonstrated a bacteriostatic effect against S. aureus clinical isolate with a median MIC of 23.25 µg/mL and MBC of 37.23 µg/mL; and bactericidal against S. aureus ATCC 25923 with the median MIC of 20.33 µg/mL and MBC of 37.29 µg/mL. In the Gram-negative P. aeruginosa clinical and standard strains, the expressed MIC and MBC values were 24.234 and 20.53 µg/mL for MIC, and 37.30 and 37.02 µg/mL for MBC, respectively.

Staphylococcal infection treatment in dogs is frequently associated with adverse side effects, high costs, prolonged treatment, and resistant strain selection. Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequently isolated staphylococci in cases of canine superficial pyoderma. The number of Staphylococcus strains to exhibit primary resistance to various drugs in vitro is increasing. Propolis has a diverse chemical composition and well-known therapeutic properties against bacterial infections. The current investigation evaluated in vitro the antimicrobial activity of the commercial allopathic antimicrobials, Romanian propolis ethanolic extracts, against clinical Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from superficial dermatitis clinical samples in dogs and two reference strains: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, as the MSSA and MRSA positive controls, respectively, in western Romania. We used the microdilution broth technique to evaluate the susceptibility profile of the bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the Romanian propolis ethanolic extract ranged from 6 to 10 μg/mL for all isolates, determined by the broth microdilution method. The MICs of ethanolic Romanian propolis extracts had a pronounced antibacterial activity. These results indicate that propolis can potentially be used and recommended for in vivo experiments as a promising therapeutic agent against Staphylococcus aureus infections in superficial dermatitis of dogs.

Reptiles are potential reservoirs of bacteria that could be transmitted, thus becoming a zoonotic hazard. (1) Background: This three-year investigation surveyed the pathological status of 398 pet reptiles: chelonians, snakes (venomous/non-venomous), and lizards. The main pathological entities found were related to the skin, the sensory organs, the digestive system, the respiratory system, the cardiovascular system, the urinary system, the genitalia, the osteo–muscular tract, surgical issues, tumors, and intoxications. (2) Methods: In 25 individuals treated with antibiotics, no clinical healing was recorded, for this reason, an antimicrobial resistance profile analysis of the 43 samples gathered was processed. An antibiogram was performed using the VITEK®2 ID-GP (bio-Mérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France) automated platform, with 22 bacterial strains being isolated. (3) Results: The statistics (ANOVA) revealed that the most common disease category was diseases of the digestive system, followed by diseases of the skin, respiratory system, nervous system, and reproductive system. A significant correlation (p < 0.01) between disease incidence and reptile species was reported, with correlations found between all species and diseases diagnosed. The most common bacteria isolated were Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Salmonella spp., but Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter spp., and Proteus spp. were also identified. (4) Conclusions: These microorganisms revealed degrees of resistance against penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, lincosamides, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines. The animals can be categorized according to their sensitivity to diseases in the following order (most sensitive to least sensitive): chelonians, venomous snakes, non-venomous snakes, and lizards.

The qualitative trials were conducted by exposing earthworms to diverse contaminants sources using standard earthworms’ avoidance tests (considered useful ab initio indicators). For two years, we observed the Jiu River pollution points. We observed soil traits in 15 sampling points from two neighboring Romanian counties where Jiu River flows, by evaluating the risk of pollution on Eisenia fetida earthworms. The ISO: 11268-2:2015 acute static test was used, following the ethological and bodily features of E. fetida earthworms for 14 days, and then the results obtained for clean soils vs. those presumed polluted were statistically analyzed. Results disclosed statistically significant values (p < 0.05) for the two-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparisons tests used for the soil samples thought to be polluted. The mortality percentages by location/replica/year/county find out a high statistical correlation documenting observations related to soil samples gathered from 10 m (p < 0.01) and 30 m (p < 0.001). Compared with the control, the statistical analysis of Relative Growth Rate (RGR) (p < 0.05) and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) (p < 0.01) confirmed that, in the case of soil samples collected from 10 and 30 m from the Jiu River’s axis, the earthworms did not gain weight, qualitatively attesting the pollution suspicion/presence of chemical factors potentially pernicious for earthworms.

The antibacterial activity of four bacterial standard strains that are naturally encountered in humans and animals was investigated by using bioactive compounds from commercial essential oils of Juniperus communis that were collected from the Western Romanian Carpathians. The Juniper communis essential oils, volatile compounds, were recognized through the GC–MS methodology by comparing identified spectra with those held in the NIST 02, Wiley 275 library. The ratio of each component was calculated based on the peak areas of the GC, without utilizing correction factors. The CLSI standardized micro-dilution was used to determine antimicrobial activity, employing 10−3 dilutions of fresh culture, with inoculums equivalent to a standard of 0.5 McFarland being prepared for testing. Four bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC 19615), were investigated, using 96-well micro-dilution plates. Over each micro-dilution well, the essential oils were poured, introducing gradually 2, 4, 8, and 10 µL/well, respectively. The results were expressed as ±SEM and analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test, considering the differences statistically provided when p < 0.05 or lower. The juniper essential oil originating from the Western Romanian Carpathians is rich in four main volatile compounds: β-pinene (34.02%), 1α-pinene (30.43%), p-cymol (20.25%), and β-myrcene (10.20%). The juniper communis essential oil reduced bacterial density for all four strains tested, but compared to Gram-negative bacteria, in our case; a considerably higher antibacterial effectiveness was detected for Gram-positives, with peak reduction of Staphylococcus aureus, recommending the Romanian essential oil as a beneficial antibacterial resource.

In this review are presented, under a synthetic mini-course, the main concepts related to digestive diseases in animals. Introductory concepts are presented with brief anatomical - histo - physiological recollections; data about specific bacterial flora present in the digestive tract, about digestive disease: the defense mechanisms; pathogenesis, diagnosis and semiotics. Due to space parsimony of this work we have not presented exhaustively all notions of the gastrointestinal tract, but insisted only on main entities responsible for digestive disorders that were present most often in animals. In the second part are presented in detail the main medicinal remedies against the digestive tract disease in animals, under a suggestive table form.

Abstract Hexavalent chromium is known as strong oxidizing agent, enters the cells easily and generates reactive oxygen species. It was demonstrated that Cr VI is toxic for liver, kidney, skin, nervous system, female and male reproductive systems. However, chromium effects on pancreas are less studied. Aronia melanocarpa fruits are rich in phenolic constituents: anthocyanins, procyanidins and phenolic acids, which demonstrated to have anti-oxidative, anti-viral, anti-mutagenic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities. Considering the aforesaid the present study was carried out in idea to see if Cr VI induces structural changes in pancreas, given it’s property of inducing ROS formation in cells, and if aronia extract can play a protective role. The study was carried out on white Wistar rats divided in 5 groups and exposed as follows: C – control –distilled water, Cr group – potassium dichromate, hexavalent chromium compound, in distilled water, 75 ppm for three months; CrA group - 75 ppm Cr VI + extract of A. melanocarpa for three months; Cr2 group - 75 ppm Cr VI for three months followed by one month of distilled water; CrA2 group 75 ppm Cr VI for three months followed by one month of extract of A. melanocarpa. At the end of exposure period pancreas was collected and prepared for histological analysis. Hexavalent chromium administration induced morphological and functional changes in endocrine pancreas cells. Microscopic examination of histological slides from pancreas revealed the size and number reduction of Langerhans islets and presence of degenerative lesions. Experimental group that received Cr VI combined with aqueous extract of Aronia presented almost normal architecture of endocrine cells, even more vascular changes occurred too, probably responsible for repairing phenomena.

The purpose of determining serum cortisol level is to reflect the activity of stress axis, ethological alterations, acute and chronic pain, life quality, or psychogenic stress. Although it is stated that stress can produce a measurable influence on the cortisol level, a certified value of this pain biomarker in dogs was not generally accepted yet. This study aimed to investigate if serum cortisol measured follows allopathic treatments only, or it is associated with physiotherapy, point out pain level in dogs with orthopedic disease, which could reveal the healing progress. The diagnostic identified: hip dysplasia, cranial cruciate ligament rupture, or intervertebral disc disease. Ortolani and Barden tests, together with clinical examination, drawer sign, and tibia compression test, were done in dogs exhibiting postures, and motion alteration, and X-Ray confirmed. A total of 30 dogs were grouped in healthy (n = 10) and pain groups (n = 20), the blood sampling is done at the beginning of the investigation, and after ten days of the study. Dogs were handled in two ways: G1—treated with Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) only and respectively, G2—by therapy and physiotherapy. The analysis was performed on a Roche Cobas Analyzer (Roche, USA), serum cortisol being determined by Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA), and statistics using ANOVA, following Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test. The results revealed that, out of ten specimens in the Control group, nine were within the normal limits: 5–65 ng × mL−1 (24.76 ± 19.48678), and one sample under the set limit. In G1, it was observed that the plasmatic P1 values were below the levels of P2, in six situations. In G2, although the status of all subjects improved radically with the removal or evident reduction of pain, confirmed clinically and imagistically, the P2 values in five dogs were higher than the initial P1 values, and in contradiction with the observed clinical reality. Comparing results, the mean difference in G1 was 0.41, and in G2 = 2.54, with an SD for G1 = 13.38, and G2 = 16.66, registering moderate development. Standard deviation illustrated that the values of treated groups were highly spread throughout the interval, and the serum cortisol assay did not generate significant statistical differences between groups in our case. This inferred the doubt whether the used detection method or values registered correctly indicates the pain levels in dog species.

Excessive use of antimicrobials and inadequate infection control practices has turned antimicrobial resistance (AMR) into a global, public health peril. We studied the expression of qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS plasmid in ciprofloxacin (CIP)-resistant strains of Escherichia coli in swine and humans from Romania, using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (AST) for human subjects (H) on 147 samples and 53 swine (S) was ascertained as well as the isolation of bacterial DNA (E. coli) as follows: bacteriolysis, DNA-binding, rinsing, elution, amplification, and nucleic acids’ migration and U.V. visualization stages. From 24 samples of E. coli resistant to CIP collected from H subjects and 15 from S, for PCR analysis, 15 H and 12 S were used, with DNA purity of 1.8. The statistically analyzed results using the Crosstabs function (IBM SPSS Statistics-Ver. 2.1.), revealed the qnrS (417 bp) gene in 13 human subjects (52.0%), as well as in all swine samples studied. The qnrB (526 bp) gene was exposed in 9 of the human patients (36.0%) and in all swine isolates, and the qnrA (516 bp) gene was observed only in 3 of the isolates obtained from human subjects (12.0%) and was not discovered in pigs (p > 0.05). The presence of plasmids qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS in the human samples and of qnrB and qnrS in swine, facilitates the survival of pathogens despite the CIP action. The long-term use of CIP could cause a boost in the prevalence of qnr resistance genes, and resistance in the pigs destined for slaughter, a perturbing fact for public health and the human consumer.

The aim of this bibliographic essay is to refresh the knowledge of veterinarians in the field of therapy and bacterial resistance. Are summarized, in a didactic manner: the bacteria classification, the overall structure of the cell wall, the general characterization of antibiotics, the fundamental modes of action of antibiotics, the main interactions and side phenomena antibiotics and toxic products. Installing and effects of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is presented in detail, being given the basic concepts about resistance mechanisms as: the drug inactivation or misappropriation of the pathway, enzyme target altering or structure, low accumulation of antibiotic resistance in bacterial cells. They are also presented: the natural antibiotic resistance (epigenetic), the gained antibiotic resistance, the genetic adaptation (by mutation and selection) and the genetic acquisition. By means of resistance means all the mechanisms by which bacteria can reduce or total inactivate the antimicrobial activity. In this regard are presented: phases of the resistance installation and antibiotics’ modification / inactivation, not being omitted also the trends in the evolution of resistance to antibiotics and environmental impacts analysis, the results of the imprudent using of the anti-infectives (like veterinary antibiotics in soil and water, the antibiotic resistance in the genetic modified crops or the long-term effects on ecosystems) and them consequences.

This bibliographic essay is an attempt to recall the main elements applicable in the oncologic therapy useful also in veterinary medicine. In the paper are presented: the pharmacological principles of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, oncologic surgery, nanoterapia and some modern methodologies (photodynamic therapy, cryotherapy, electrochimioterapia, vascular disruption agents). The last chapter is dedicated to phytotherapy, as alternative therapy in oncology with the presentation of the main plants known and used in cancer therapy in animals.

In the following pages there are presented the main apartment and ornamental plants that can be possible poisonous for our pets.

This study emphasizes the protective effect of melatonin against the aluminum accumulation in some organs of rats. Twenty eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=7 animals for each), one control and three experimental, and aluminum sulphate and melatonin were applied in drinking water for three months as follows: group I: aluminum sulphate (1000 ppb in water), group II: aluminum sulphate (1000 ppb in water) and melatonin (10 mg in 100 mL water) and group III: melatonin (10 mg in100 mL water). Control group: water. Aluminum was accumulated in liver, kidney, heart, spleen and brain of exposed rats in significantly higher amounts compared to the control group. The findings showed that melatonin administration reduced the aluminum level in studied organs and melatonin had a protective effect against aluminum accumulation.

Studies on microtubule inhibitors have shown that the loss of equilibrium between tubulin and microtubules can generate a multitude of histochemical changes in mitochondria. This disruption of balance is also considered the basis of benzimidazole anthelmintic (BZ) activity. Studies have shown that BZ does not bond to the tubulin of the BZ-resistant Haemonchus contortus, as opposed to sensitive ones. This affinity alteration can be easily recognised by changes in the optical density and can help in the classification of H. contortus mitochondria, into sensitive (dark) and resistant (clear, unmodified zones). In order to confirm this hypothesis, we started our study from albendazole (ABZ) resistant and sensible H. contortus individuals, collected from the intestinal tract of sheep, aiming towards the identification of mitochondrial features, using the Electron Microscopy Transmission (EMT) technique. The EMT has confirmed that the structure of sensitive trichostrongilian populations was affected rapidly, only four hours after ABZ treatments. The main changes that appeared in the intestinal mitochondria of sensitive helminths were: cristae thickening and decreasing in number and cellular membrane thickening. Twelve hours after anthelmintic administration, a total blocking of metabolic functionality was observed, and finally, these changes completely altered the optical density of the mitochondria. In ABZ resistant populations, the optical density has remained normal; and the cristae number, size or functionality of resistant nematode mitochondria has remained unchanged.

Evenimentum

The study was carried out on a hunting ground belonging to AJVPS Arad, county Arad. Lead (Pb) was determined in Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) tissues (muscles) and organs (liver, kidneys) to see the contamination level of this tissues and organs and also the impact on humans health because in our days more and more wild game meat take a increasing percentage in humans food ratio. The Mallard is one of the most widespread duck species. Mallard has 50-62 cm length, 800-1400 g weight and lives about 11 years. It prefers rivers and shallow pounds with a lot of reed. It is a migratory species that is flying long distances to find food and unfrozen water, so it is a exposed to lead contamination that is under dust form in atmosphere. But another reason why lead level in Mallard can be higher that in other flying specie (pheasant, woodcock, quail, and pigeons) are the lead shot shells that are used for duck hunting. It is known that the ducks can ingest these lead shot shells and so they are often exposed to lead intoxications. This is why in our days more ammunition for waterfowl are steel made or different type of alloys. Lead is known to be one of the most common pollutants with a large range of effects on human health: lead affects nervous system, digestive tract, kidneys, bones, enzymes. Lead has also mutagenic effect, carcinogenic effect, teratogenic effect.

The impact of exogenic testosterone (T): 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg.bw) and 19-nortestosterone 17-decanoate (ND): 1.5 and 7.5 mg/kg.bw) in castrated male rats was evaluated based on: (a) weight increase of the androgen target tissues, respecting the Hershberger methodology; (b) the 17α and β-testosterone, 17 α and β-estradiol and 17 α and β-nortestosterone levels using the GC-MS/MS technique; and (c) observation of the serum free thyroxine levels (T4). Results revealed that T and ND significantly increased the weight of androgen target tissues as follows: ND was more influential on seminal vesicles, levator ani-bulbocavernosus muscle (LABC) and Cowper's glands and T (at a dose of 3.0 mg/kg.bw) influenced the weight of the ventral prostate and glans penis. Serum samples analyzed for steroid hormone levels showed the presence of 17β-testosterone, 17β-estradiol and 17β-nor-testosterone, in castrated male rats injected with testosterone and nortestosterone, but no significant differences were found between thyroid responses and thyroid hormone levels. The results of this research proved the disrupting activity of T and ND when administered in high doses and the useful application of the Hershberger bioassay in the case of ND.