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Abstract The study aimed to analyse the association between the digit ratio in adult women and the degree of air pollution (suspended particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, nitric dioxide, benzene levels) in the place of residence of their mothers during pregnancy. The data was collected from female students in several Polish cities. Measurements were taken, and questionnaire data were collected. 2D:4D ratios were calculated for the left and the right hand. The ratio was analysed as a continuous variables. Air quality information was retrieved from reports by the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection. Statistically significant differences both in right- and left-hand 2D:4D ratio were found for PM10 and benzene. In addition, the right-hand 2D:4D differed significantly depending on PM2.5. The association between digit ratio and the complex air pollution index was also found. Poor air quality was associated with higher values of the ratio. Our results indicate that a high airborne pollutant level, especially suspended particulate matter, is associated with a higher digit ratio.

The subject of our article is the pattern of companies’ behavior, being the result of two effects: the inertia effect (actions based on routines) and the prediction effect (actions based on expectations). The aim of the analysis was to identify and compare the behavior pattern of enterprises in periods of normal volatility and extraordinary instability of the business environment, visible in qualitative economic indicators. The econometric study was conducted for three groups of enterprises: small, medium-sized, and large in a period of normal volatility (01.2000 – 02.2020) and in a period of extraordinary instability (03.2020 – 06.2023). In the study we used indicators (diagnoses and forecasts) of the general economic situation of enterprises (GES). The basis for the conclusions was a multiplier analysis based on ARDL models. The results indicate that a long-run pattern of behavior reflecting the inertia and predictions effects on the assessment of GES existed only in groups of small and medium-sized enterprises during the period of normal volatility. In large companies, no pattern of behavior was identified in any of the analyzed periods.

Dopamine (DA) acts in various key neurological and physiological processes as both a neurotransmitter and circulating hormone. Over the past several decades, the DA signaling network has been shown to regulate the progression of several types of solid tumors, and considerable evidence has shown it is a druggable pathway in the cancer cell context. However, the specific activity and effect of these pathway components appears to be tissue‐type and cell‐context‐dependent. In the present study, expression and methylation of dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) were measured using RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) samples, and validated using publicly available datasets, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). In vitro and in vivo functional experiments were performed for cell proliferation and tumor growth, respectively. Mechanistic analyses of the transcriptome and kinome in DRD1‐modulated cells informed further experiments, which characterized the effects on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD‐L1) proteins. Through these experiments, we identified the DRD1 gene as a negative regulator of disease progression in NSCLC. We show that DRD1, as well as other DA pathway components, are expressed in normal human lung tissue, and that loss of DRD1 expression through promoter hypermethylation is a common feature in NSCLC patients and is associated with worse survival. At the cellular level, DRD1 affects proliferation by inhibiting the activation of EGFR and mitogen‐activated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Interestingly, we also found that DRD1 regulates the expression of PD‐L1 in lung cancer cells. Taken together, these results suggest that DRD1 methylation may constitute a biomarker of poor prognosis in NSCLC patients while other components of this pathway could be targeted to improve response to EGFR‐ and PD‐L1‐targeted therapies.

Abstract Background and aims This study evaluated whether stored iron determines the adaptive response induced by Nordic walking (NW) training combined with 10 hours’ time-restricted eating (TRE) in older adults. Trial design and methods Twenty-four participants underwent 12-week NW training supported by 10 h of TRE. The group was divided due to baseline ferritin concentration low

Rarely are cookbooks simply collections of recipes; frequently, they offer a wealth of additional cultural and historical information. They serve as a medium for sharing ideas and memories; and thus operate rhetorically. Similarly, a recipe is not simply a set of instructions; it is a text embedded within and reflecting cultural, social, and historical contexts. Recipes act as rhetorical tools that foster communal continuity and cohesion. Cookbooks create a rhetorical space, engaging readers through both the main text and supplementary elements, or “paratexts,” as termed by Gérard Genette. This study examines the rhetorical function of Emily Meggett’s bestselling cookbook, Gullah Geechee Home Cooking, with a focus on her “Fried Okra” recipe and its accompanying paratexts. Analyzing these elements enhances our understanding of and appreciation for the cultural and rhetorical dimensions embedded within her cookbook.

Abstract Change within the intratumoral microbiome is a common feature in lung and other cancers and may influence inflammation and immunity in the tumor microenvironment, affecting growth and metastases. We previously characterized the lung cancer microbiome in patients and identified Acidovorax temperans as enriched in tumors. Here, we instilled A. temperans in an animal model driven by mutant K-ras and Tp53. This revealed A. temperans accelerates tumor development and burden through infiltration of proinflammatory cells. Neutrophils exposed to A. temperans displayed a mature, pro-tumorigenic phenotype with increased cytokine signaling, with a global shift away from IL-1β signaling. Neutrophil to monocyte and macrophage signaling upregulated MHC II to activate CD4+ T cells, polarizing them to an IL-17A+ phenotype detectable in CD4+ and γδ populations (T17). These T17 cells shared a common gene expression program predictive of poor survival in human LUAD. These data indicate bacterial exposure promotes tumor growth by modulating inflammation.

The study aimed to determine the effect of the use of insect meal in the diet of pheasants in aviary breeding on anatomical and morphological traits which can affect their survival in natural conditions and their suitability for introduction. The study consisted of measurements of the weight and length of selected body parts of pheasants (hens and cocks) from two groups – control and experimental. The control group consisted of 15 individuals (7 cocks and 8 hens) fed a traditional diet, and the experimental group comprised 15 birds (7 cocks and 8 hens) receiving a diet supplemented with insect meal. The weight of the following body parts was measured: body, carcass, breast muscles, whole thighs, thigh muscles, drumstick muscles, drumstick and thigh bones, heart, liver, stomach muscle, and head. The length of the spur (left), whole leg, humerus, forearm, femur, tibia, and sternum was also measured. The use of insect meal contributed to increased leg muscle weight, which should be regarded as a positive trait in this species, given the threat of predation in natural conditions.

This paper describes a case of anatomopathological changes in almost all internal organs in a female brown hare shot in the western part of the Lublin Upland in Poland. The changes were observed in macroscopic examination and confirmed by necropsy. Bacteriological assays showed a high titre of Enterobacter cloacae and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in the internal organs, and as a quite dis-turbing finding, S. aureus was detected as resistant to penicillin and susceptible to only one of the eight antibiotics used. Parasitological analysis showed the presence of three parasites in the intestines, one being a protozoan and two nematodes. The obtained data concerning only one case, therefore, do not reflect the health condition of the entire population, but only indicate potential threats to the epizootic condition in the population of this species. Taking into account the elements of the lack of veterinary tests of small game meat before introducing it for human consumption, the data on the described case indicate a potential risk to public health. Therefore, it would seem necessary to carefully assess any anatomopathological changes in hunted hares before making them available for consumption, and in case of any doubts, to subject the meat to such inspection.

AbstractIn the present work, we report a new series of potent SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (Mpro) inhibitors based on maleimide derivatives. The inhibitory activities were tested in an enzymatic assay using recombinant Mpro (3CL Protease from coronavirus SARS-CoV-2). Within the set of new Mpro inhibitors, 6e demonstrated the highest activity in the enzymatic assay with an IC50 value of 8.52 ± 0.44 µM. The IC50 value for Nirmatrelvir (PF-07321332, used as a reference) was 0.84 ± 0.37 µM. The cytotoxic properties were determined in the MTT assay using MRC-5 and HEK-293 cell lines. In the course of the investigation, we found that the newly obtained maleimide derivatives are not substantially cytotoxic (IC50 values for most compounds were above 200 µM).

Introduction Mental health is a crucial component of overall well-being for everyone, and it becomes particularly important in the context of young student-athletes who must simultaneously meet educational and athletic challenges. Athletes, like their peers, struggle with various mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts, eating disorders, sleep deficits, burnout, and overtraining. The additional activity of engaging in competitive sports, compared to those who do not, can exacerbate these symptoms. The aim of study • Identify and analyze specific sources of stress and mental health issues among young student-athletes and young individuals. • Compare different research groups. Conclusion Student-athletes face the unique challenge of balancing intense training and sports competitions with educational demands. The constant pursuit of peak performance and coping with high expectations can lead to significant psychological stress. Factors such as injuries, overtraining, social identity issues, and sleep problems further impact their mental health, often leading to the development or worsening of existing mental health issues. It is important to note that professional psychological care is essential in managing the training schedule of a young athlete. For their development to be balanced across various dimensions such as proper physical growth, well-being, and mental wellness, this support is crucial.

Introduction: Up to 96% of patients after bariatric surgery struggle with excess skin, which negatively affects their daily functioning due to frequent skin infections, difficulties with sexual activity and physical exercise, as well as discomfort, especially in social situations. Abdominoplasty is a surgical procedure that allows post-bariatric patients to resolve these problems. At the same time, like any surgical intervention, the incidence of complications is relatively low. These potential complications after surgery include mainly superficial wound dehiscence or other minor complications. Purpose of the work: This study aims to detail the stages of abdominoplasty performed on a post-bariatric surgery patient and to demonstrate the outcomes achieved. Materials and methods: In this study, the individual case study method was used. The subject of the study was a 36-year-old woman after bariatric surgery who, having lost more than fifty kilograms and already having a normal BMI= 23.88 kg/m², applied for an abdominoplasty procedure. For practical reasons, despite indications for a circular abdominoplasty, the patient underwent a classic abdominoplasty complemented by liposuction. Results: During the abdominoplasty procedure, liposuction of the lateral fat tissue was performed, along with the removal of a skin-fat fold weighing over 1 kilogram, reinforcement of the abdominal muscles, and repositioning of the navel. The patient left the clinic without any drainage in place. After 8 days, the sutures placed during the operation were removed and after 4 weeks, the effects of the surgery were also verified by photo documentation. The abdominoplasty performed in the post-bariatric patient allowed for the successful removal of the excess skin after a considerable amount of weight loss. The procedure required meticulous planning and adaptation of surgical methods and techniques to the patient's living situation.

Poland, historically known as a stronghold of voice-over when it comes to audiovisual translation (AVT), as evidenced by opinion polls of the 1990s and early 2000s, underwent a substantial shift in its AVT landscape with the emergence of streaming services. This paradigm shift not only grants viewers the autonomy to choose what and when to watch, but also enables them to select their preferred AVT type, with many opting against voice-over. This study aims to provide empirical evidence confirming these evolving AVT preferences of Polish viewers. Conducting an online survey of nearly 1300 adult Poles, we explore their AVT preferences and viewing habits across cinemas, television, and streaming platforms. Additionally, we investigate potential genre-related variations in AVT preferences, specifically comparing preferences for dubbing in animation versus live-action content. Our findings show a departure from the traditional preference towards voice-over towards subtitling, particularly prominent among millennials and Generation Z. Young Polish viewers are also increasingly drawn to VOD platforms and away from traditional linear TV broadcasts. Many viewers also express a notable fondness for dubbing in animated productions, especially those nostalgically remembered from childhood.

Objective: The objective of the article is to empirically recognize the significance of creative destruction for the development of contemporaneous global economy, in particular: (1) the influence of creation and destruction on development processes and how this influence changed over time; (2) the effects of creation and destruction on disparities in the level of development between the so-called ‘countries of the South and the North.’ Research Design & Methods: We conducted the econometric analysis for the years 1970-2020, which we divided into four analytical periods. We used time series data from the UNCTAD database for 220 countries, the group of developing countries, and the group of developed countries. We used evometrics to measure creative destruction, which enabled its decomposition into the innovation effect (creation) and the selection effect (destruction). Modelling comprised two economic categories: GDP per capita dynamics and development gap index, relating them to the innovation and selection effects. We used linear regression and estimated the parameters using the OLS. Findings: Our results showed that both creation and destruction had a positive influence on the global GDP per capita dynamics and destruction played a dominant role in this process. Its impact increased over time. The growth of creation and destruction resulted in the increased dynamics of the development gap, which we can consider as a specific cost of development based upon creative destruction. In the period of profound geopolitical transformations in the world economy (1982-1998) creation did not affect the development of the global economy and the dynamics of development gap. Implications & Recommendations: Our results indicate that the full use of the development potential created by innovations requires uninterrupted operation of not only creation, but also properly functioning destruction. Some scholars postulate eliminating destruction from development processes. However, this may lead to a prosperity loss. The cost of creative destruction is not destruction as such but its erroneous operation caused, for example, by institutional, political, and economic factors. In the context of the economic policy of developing countries, this statement implies that solutions aimed at stimulating innovations should be accompanied by activities facilitating the transfer of resources from less to more effective uses. Contribution & Value Added: Modification of the theoretical construction of Schumpeter, enabling both theoretical and empirical analysis of the role of creative destruction in the processes of development of the world economy. The use of evometrics as a tool for measuring creative destruction at the level of the global economy. The results of the study constitute an important contribution to the discussion on the role of creative destruction in development processes, especially concerning destruction, which is commonly assigned a pejorative meaning and identified with the cost of implementing innovations.

Attention to metaphor as a tool for cognition and action has already been called by the classic work by Georg Lakoff and Mark Johnson—Metaphors We Live By (1980). However, some four decades after this publication’s first edition, the role of metaphor as a useful instrument in empirical research seems to have been forgotten. Therefore, the first step taken in the text at hand is to highlight that codes of ethics neither resolve nor befit the dynamically shifting circumstances of research conducted in the field. Ethical codes are often insufficient. Hence, an objective here will be to critically assess the broad application of such codes in general. The second step will be to turn to metaphor as a tool in developing the sociological imagination as understood by C. Wright Mills. The metaphor can also assist in finding oneself when confronted with difficult, ambiguous circumstances that may arise during fieldwork. Metaphor as a tool, as an ethical kaleidoscope coherently links the field research experience precisely with the sociological imagination.

Many marsh birds, like bitterns or rails, are endangered species inhabiting only natural habitats and dependent exclusively on different types of emergent vegetation. In a changing environment, some of these habitat specialists are becoming more flexible, shifting their preferences by colonizing man-made habitats. We studied habitat selection by Little Bitterns (Ixobrychus minutus minutus) breeding in a fishpond landscape in south-eastern Poland. Applying a large-scale research approach, we examined several habitat features in order to predict the presence of the Little Bittern from a direct comparison of areas with and without breeding birds. Partial least squares (PLS) regression identified two components of several variables that explained 53% of the variation in the presence of the Little Bittern in a fishpond habitat. The occurrence of the Little Bittern was limited to high-quality patches of emergent vegetation, the height, width and area of which were all significantly greater in the area with breeding birds than in unoccupied patches. Patches with a highly variable edge line in the form of fringes or indentations were less favoured. An optimal water level throughout the breeding season was crucial for nest-site selection and ensured access to food. The heterogeneity of the pond dykes and pond canals positively predicted the presence of the Little Bittern by creating potential nesting or foraging sites. Interestingly, the proportion of bulrushes (Typha spp.) in the emergent vegetation patches had a negative effect on the presence of the Little Bittern. The main threat to this habitat‐sensitive species was the cutting of perennial emergent vegetation, in particular the Common Reed (Phragmites australis).

This article presents the results of a study that aimed to assess whether entrepreneurs have changed their patterns of assessment of the economic situation amid the unprecedented instability and uncertainty in the business environment during the last few years. An econometric analysis was carried out using qualitative indicators from the GUS business cycle survey. We distinguished two periods of analysis: relatively stable (from January 2000 to February 2020) and unstable (from March 2020 to January 2023). Our results show that, regardless of the type of indicator and subperiod of analysis, the phenomenon of inertia was the main factor influencing diagnosis indicators. In all analyzed areas of companies’ activity (general situation, financial situation, production) we noted a change in the pattern of impact of forecast indicators on diagnosis indicators; this was the result of a change in the conditions of the external environment (expectations effect).

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of replacing soybean meal with insect meal on the body weight and the chemical composition of selected muscle groups of common pheasant females and males, including the mineral composition and the amino acid profile of the thigh and breast muscles. The study was conducted on three feeding groups, namely one control and two experimental groups. In the control group, plant feed components were used, which are commonly used to feed pheasants in confined breeding facilities. In the experimental groups, 100 g (group II) and 200 g (group III) portions of insect meal were introduced instead of the plant-protein components. The experiment used a preparation of insect larvae (Hermetia illucens) containing approximately 52% crude protein. The pheasant diet supplementation applied contributed to an increase in the proportion of muscles in the carcasses, with the highest effectiveness obtained for a 20% addition of insect meal. Lower and significant differences were noted in the feed conversion by birds from the experimental groups, as compared to the control group. The chemical composition of the birds’ muscles also changed. The experimental groups exhibited higher protein and fat contents and a lower water content. No significant changes in the amino acid profile or the mineral composition of the muscles were noted. The few exceptions concerned the methionine levels in both muscle groups and the isoleucine levels in the breast muscles. In most cases, the mineral composition did not vary significantly (p < 0.05). When supplementing the diet of breeding pheasants for improving meatiness, a 20% addition of insect meal is recommended, which affects the production effect of this trait while reducing feed consumption and maintaining the fatty acid profile.

Materials engineering has become an important tool in the field of hydrogel dressings used to treat difficult-to-heal wounds. Hydrogels filled with bioactive substances used as a targeted healing system are worthy of attention. Vitamin C has healing and supporting effects in the treatment of many skin problems. The aim of the research was to produce a hydrogel biomaterial enriched with ascorbic acid for use as a dressing for difficult-to-heal wounds. A total of four different dressings were developed, each with different modifications in each layer. The dressing with vitamin C in the third layer was shown to release vitamin C ions more slowly than the dressing with vitamin C in the first layer. The studies conducted have shown that the dressings containing vitamin C have, among other things, a higher compressive strength, are characterised by a lower relative shortening after the application of force and shorten without damage at a lower force than in the case of a dressing without vitamin C. The dressings designed have a very good stability in the temperature range of 18 °C to 60 °C. It was found that the higher the vitamin C content in the dressing, the greater the increase in the specific heat value of the transformations. Therefore, hydrogel dressings containing vitamin C may be candidates for local delivery of vitamin C to the skin and protection of the wound area.

Aim of the study: Pastoral management in Europe is an important element in protecting biodiversity and the landscape. Shepherding stimulates the development of the market of traditional and regional products, handicrafts and services. Pastoral farming in Europe is an important element of biodiversity and landscape protection. Shepherding stimulates the development of the market for traditional, regional products, handicrafts and services. For many years, wool was an important product obtained in mountain areas from local sheep breeds, now treated as a waste product. The aim of the study is to describe farming methods in mountain areas, indicating innovative possibilities of using sheep wool. Material and methods: The material consisted of literature studies and own research on management in mountain areas. Own research and literature analyzes have shown that, due to its properties, wool obtained from mountain sheep can be used as a natural fiber in a biodegradable composite and constitute an alternative to plastic packaging. The introduction of natural fibers in the fertilizer composite can improve not only soil fertility but also bring economic effects, such as the use of wool of Polish mountain sheep as part of the circular economy. Results and conclusions: Summarize, the search for alternative directions for the use of sheep wool is of strategic importance for maintaining and even increasing the sheep population in Poland and in other European Union countries. Occurring soil droughts in the summer period affect the reduction of plant yields, and for this reason, the application of biodegradable biocomposite to the soil will not have a negative impact on the environment of mountain pastures and meadows

Abstract The study aimed to evaluate the impact of selected exerkines concentration induced by folk-dance and balance training on physical performance, insulin resistance, and blood pressure in older adults. Participants (n = 41, age 71.3 ± 5.5 years) were randomly assigned to folk-dance (DG), balance training (BG), or control group (CG). The training was performed 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Physical performance tests—time up and go (TUG) and 6-min walk test (6MWT), blood pressure, insulin resistance, and selected proteins induced by exercise (exerkines) were assessed at baseline and post-exercise intervention. Significant improvement in TUG (p = 0.006 for BG and 0.039 for DG) and 6MWT tests (in BG and DG p = 0.001), reduction of systolic blood pressure (p = 0.001 for BG and 0.003 for DG), and diastolic blood pressure (for BG; p = 0.001) were registered post-intervention. These positive changes were accompanied by the drop in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (p = 0.002 for BG and 0.002 for DG), the increase of irisin concentration (p = 0.029 for BG and 0.022 for DG) in both groups, and DG the amelioration of insulin resistance indicators (HOMA-IR p = 0.023 and QUICKI p = 0.035). Folk-dance training significantly reduced the c-terminal agrin fragment (CAF; p = 0.024). Obtained data indicated that both training programs effectively improved physical performance and blood pressure, accompanied by changes in selected exerkines. Still, folk-dance had enhanced insulin sensitivity.

Ducks (Anatinae) play a crucial role in wetland ecosystems, contributing to seed dispersal and nutrient cycling. This study investigates the skeletal adaptations of three duck species: the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula), and Green-Winged Teal (Anas crecca). The focus is on the tibiotarsus and humerus bones to understand how these adaptations support their different locomotion and habitat preferences. Bone samples n = 6 of deceased ducks (both male and female) from each species (for a total of 36 samples) were cleaned and measured for length, weight, and density. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to determine bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC), and mechanical properties like yield force and stiffness were tested using a 3-point bending test. The results show significant differences in body weight, bone weight, and bone length among the species, with Mallards being the largest and Teals the smallest. Male Teals displayed higher relative bone weight (RBW) in their tibia compared to male Mallards, and male Mallards had significantly lower RBW in the humerus compared to the other species. Female Teals had higher RBW than the other species. Teals also exhibited much lower BMD in the tibia, whereas female Mallards had lower BMD in the humerus. The Seedor index revealed that male Mallards had the highest values in the tibia, while female Teals had the lowest. Mechanical testing indicated that Teals had lower yield force and breaking force in the tibia, whereas Mallards showed the highest stiffness in both bones. Tufted Ducks had intermediate values, consistent with their diving behaviour. These findings suggest that the Mallard’s robust bones support its adaptability to various environments and diverse locomotion and foraging strategies. The Teal’s lighter and less dense bones facilitate rapid flight and agility in shallow wetlands. The Tufted Duck’s intermediate bone characteristics reflect its specialization in diving, requiring a balance of strength and flexibility. Understanding these skeletal differences may provide valuable insights into the evolutionary biology and biomechanics of these species, aiding in their conservation and enhancing our knowledge of their roles in wetland ecosystems. By exploring the functional morphology of these ducks, this study aims to shed light on the biomechanical mechanisms that underpin their locomotion and foraging behaviours.

AbstractIn species with biparental care, one parent may relieve him-/herself of the costs of parental care by deserting and leaving the mate to care for the offspring. Offspring desertion by a single parent, usually the female, occurs in many bird species, especially in Charadriiformes. The reasons for desertion are still being debated, and compelling evidence for the benefits and costs to either sex is not yet handed. The benefits of desertion for the deserter may include renesting with a new mate shortly after desertion. Therefore, desertion may enhance individual lifetime reproductive success. In Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida almost all females desert, about half of females desert during chick-rearing period, the other half during the post-fledging period. Based on intensive fieldwork over a 4-year study, we investigated whether Whiskered Tern females remated and renested after desertion. We assumed that favourable conditions, such as an extended breeding season and food abundance resulting in a high breeding success would prompt most females to renest after desertion. In contrast to this expectation, however, only 5% of females that deserted during chick-rearing period (2 out of 41) remated and renested in the study area. About 50 days elapsed between the initiations of the first and second clutch by these two females. Females also participated in courtship behaviour after desertion (without renesting). We thus estimate that 15% (6 out of 41) of females that deserted during chick-rearing period were subsequently involved in some kind of breeding activity. Therefore, renesting does not seem to be a major direct benefit for deserting Whiskered Tern females. Females of this species probably benefit from desertion in other ways, but these have yet to be discovered.

In this study, a comparative assessment of selected parameters determining the quality of rice transported by sea has been carried out. The aims of this process were to point out the differences between two types of rice tested immediately after their maritime transport and to compare these with a reference rice available in retail. Undoubtedly, the scientific achievement of the article is the demonstration of the possibility that the identification and estimation of the risk of lowering or total loss of quality (usability) of cargo are connected to its transport and related to the initial conditions. The analysis of the obtained results showed the existence of a sensitive dependence of the final state of the charge quality on the initial conditions, which is in line with the theory of deterministic chaos expressed as the butterfly effect.

Abstract Cell type-specific mapping of element distribution is critical to fully understand how roots partition nutrients and toxic elements with aboveground parts. In this study, we developed a method that combines fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to assess the ionome of different cell populations within Arabidopsis thaliana roots. The method reveals that most elements exhibit a radial concentration gradient increasing from the rhizodermis to inner cell layers, and detected previously unknown ionomic changes resulting from perturbed xylem loading processes. With this approach, we also identify a strong accumulation of manganese in trichoblasts of iron-deficient roots. We demonstrate that confining manganese sequestration in trichoblasts but not in endodermal cells efficiently retains manganese in roots, therefore preventing toxicity in shoots. These results indicate the existence of cell type-specific constraints for efficient metal sequestration in roots. Thus, our approach opens an avenue to investigate element compartmentation and transport pathways in plants.

The aim of the article is to analyze and compare the performance and accuracy of architectures with a different number of parameters on the example of a set of handwritten Latin characters from the Polish Handwritten Characters Database (PHCD). It is a database of handwriting scans containing letters of the Latin alphabet as well as diacritics characteristic of the Polish language. Each class in the PHCD dataset contains 6,000 scans for each character. The research was carried out on six proposed architectures and compared with the architecture from the literature. Each of the models was trained for 50 epochs, and then the accuracy of prediction was measured on a separate test set. The experiment thus constructed was repeated 20 times for each model. Accuracy, number of parameters and number of floating-point operations performed by the network were compared. The research was conducted on subsets such as uppercase letters, lowercase letters, lowercase letters with diacritics, and a subset of all available characters. The relationship between the number of parameters and the accuracy of the model was indicated. Among the examined architectures, those that significantly improved the prediction accuracy at the expense of a larger network size were selected, and a network with a similar prediction accuracy as the base one, but with twice as many model parameters was selected.

Assuming that the seeds of Vicia sativa L. have a stressful effect on J2 stage Meloidogyne hapla, we undertook research on the effect of these seeds on the motility and mortality of J2 and determined the expression levels of selected hsp genes in J2. The assessment of the effect of V. sativa seeds on the motility of M. hapla specimens consisted of observing the movement of J2 immersed in a seed diffusate or in a tomato root filtrate at temperatures of 10, 17, and 21°C. In J2 treated with V. sativa (cv. Ina) seed diffusates, the expression level of hsp genes was determined by qPCR. J2 exposed to V. sativa diffusates were found to lose their motility, while their mortality did not exceed 30%. J2 in the seed diffusate were characterized by an increase in the expression levels of the Mh-hsp90, Mh-hsp1, and Mh-hsp43 genes. It is suggested that the hsp90 gene may be a potential bioindicator of the environmental impact on Meloidogyne nematodes. The impaired ability to move in J2 of M. hapla is attributable to the occurrence of V. sativa seeds in their habitat. These studies may contribute to developing methods of reducing crop damage caused by M. hapla.

Aedes aegypti Act4 is a paralog of the Drosophila melanogaster indirect flight muscle actin gene Act88F. Act88F has been shown to be haploinsufficient for flight in both males and females (amorphic mutants are dominant). Whereas Act88F is expressed in indirect flight muscles of both males and females, expression of Act4 is substantially female-specific. We therefore used CRISPR/Cas9 and homology directed repair to examine the phenotype of Act4 mutants in two Culicine mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. A screen for dominant female-flightless mutants in Cx. quinquefasciatus identified one such mutant associated with a six base pair deletion in the CxAct4 coding region. A similar screen in Ae. aegypti identified no dominant mutants. Disruption of the AeAct4 gene by homology-dependent insertion of a fluorescent protein marker cassette gave a recessive female-flightless phenotype in Ae. aegypti. Reproducing the six-base deletion from Cx. quinquefasciatus in Ae. aegypti using oligo-directed mutagenesis generated dominant female-flightless mutants and identified additional dominant female-flightless mutants with other in-frame insertions or deletions. Our data indicate that loss of function mutations in the AeAct4 gene are recessive but that short in-frame deletions produce dominant-negative versions of the AeAct4 protein that interfere with flight muscle function. This makes Act4 an interesting candidate for genetic control methods, particularly population-suppression gene drives targeting female viability/fertility.

Meloidogyne hapla is one of the most important nematode pathogens. It is a sedentary, biotrophic parasite of plants that overwinters in the soil or in diseased roots. The development of M. hapla is temperature dependent. Numerous studies have been performed on the effect of temperature on the development of M. hapla, but only a few of them analyzed the heat shock protein (hsp) genes. The aim of the study was to perform expression profiling of eight hsp genes (Mh-hsp90, Mh-hsp1, Mh-hsp4, Mh-hsp6, Mh-hsp60, Mh-dnj19, Mh-hsp43, and Mh-hsp12.2) at two development stages of M. hapla, i.e., in eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2). The eggs and J2 were incubated under cold stress (5 °C), heat stress (35 °C, 40 °C), and non-stress (10 °C, 20 °C, and 30 °C) conditions. Expression profiling was performed by qPCR. It was demonstrated that only two genes, Mh-hsp60 and Mh-dnj19, have been upregulated by heat and cold stress at both development stages. Heat stress upregulated the expression of more hsp genes than cold stress did. The level of upregulation of most hsp genes was more marked in J2 than in eggs. The obtained results suggest that the Mh-hsp90 and Mh-hsp1 genes can be used as bioindicators of environmental impacts on nematodes of the Meloidogyne genus.

The uterine cervix is one of the key factors involved in ensuring a proper track of gestation and labor. At the end of the gestational period, the cervix undergoes extensive changes, which can be summarized as a transformation from a non-favorable cervix to one that is soft and prone to dilation. During a process called cervical ripening, fundamental remodeling of the cervical extracellular matrix (ECM) occurs. The cervical ripening process is a derivative of many interlocking and mutually driving biochemical and molecular pathways under the strict control of mediators such as inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and reactive oxygen species. A thorough understanding of all these pathways and learning about possible triggering factors will allow us to develop new, better treatment algorithms and therapeutic goals that could protect women from both dysfunctional childbirth and premature birth. This review aims to present the possible role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the cervical ripening process, emphasizing possible mechanisms of action and regulatory factors.

IntroductionAlthough impacts of physical activity on cognitive functions have been intensively investigated, they are still far from being completely understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of the Nordic Walking training with BungyPump resistance poles (NW-RSA) on the amino acid and kynurenine profiles as well as selected myokine/exerkine concentrations, which may modify the interface between physical and cognitive functions.MethodsA group of 32 older adults participated in the study. Before and after the intervention, body composition, cognitive functions, and physical performance were assessed. Blood samples were taken before and 1 h after the first and last sessions of the NW-RSA training, to determine circulating levels of exercise-induced proteins, i.e., brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin, kynurenine (KYN), metabolites, and amino acids.ResultsThe NW-RSA training induced a significant improvement in cognitive functions and physical performance as well as a reduction in fat mass (p = 0.05). Changes were accompanied by a decline in resting serum BDNF (p = 0.02) and a slight reduction in irisin concentration (p = 0.08). Still, changes in irisin concentration immediately after the NW-RSA intervention depended on shifts in kynurenine—irisin dropped as kynurenine increased. The kynurenine-to-tryptophan and phenylalanine-to-tyrosine ratios decreased significantly, suggesting their possible involvement in the amelioration of cognitive functions. No changes of glucose homeostasis or lipid profile were found. Shifts in the concentrations of selected amino acids might have covered the increased energy demand in response to the NW-RSA training and contributed to an improvement of physical performance.ConclusionRegular Nordic Walking training with additional resistance (BungyPump) improved cognitive functions and physical performance. These positive effects were associated with a reduced BDNF concentration and kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio as well as changes in the amino acid profile.

Abstract Background Three current and former awardees of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Colorectal Cancer Control Program launched integrated cancer screening strategies to better coordinate multiple cancer screenings (e.g., breast, cervical, colorectal). By integrating the strategies, efficiencies of administration and provision of screenings can be increased and costs can be reduced. This paper shares findings from these strategies and describes their effects. Methods The Idaho Department of Health and Welfare developed a Baseline Assessment Checklist for six health systems to assess the current state of policies regarding cancer screening. We analyzed the checklist and reported the percentage of checklist components completed. In Rhode Island, we collaborated with a nurse-patient navigator, who promoted cancer screening, to collect details on patient navigation activities and program costs. We then described the program and reported total costs and cost per activity. In Nebraska, we described the experience of the state in administering an integrated contracts payment model across colorectal, breast, and cervical cancer screening and reported cost per person screened. Across all awardees, we interviewed key stakeholders. Results In Idaho, results from the checklist offered guidance on areas for enhancement before integrated cancer screening strategies, but identified challenges, including lack of capacity, limited staff availability, and staff turnover. In Rhode Island, 76.1% of 1023 patient navigation activities were for colorectal cancer screening only, with a much smaller proportion devoted to breast and cervical cancer screening. Although the patient navigator found the discussions around multiple cancer screening efficient, patients were not always willing to discuss all cancer screenings. Nebraska changed its payment system from fee-for-service to fixed cost subawards with its local health departments, which integrated cancer screening funding. Screening uptake improved for breast and cervical cancer but was mixed for colorectal cancer screening. Conclusions The results from the case studies show that there are barriers and facilitators to integrating approaches to increasing cancer screening among primary care facilities. However, more research could further elucidate the viability and practicality of integrated cancer screening programs.

The impact of fish-eating birds on fishery has long been debated. It is therefore important that the arguments in this debate be scientifically based. The Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo is a flagship example of a conflict species that has been well studied. In some areas, however, such as the southern Baltic estuarine lagoons, the Goosander Mergus merganser may be more abundant, exerting a potentially greater impact on fisheries. However, this aspect has not been well studied in this region, so this article is an attempt to fill this knowledge gap. Based on the digestive tract content of 23 Goosander drowned in gillnets in Poland, it was found that the most frequently consumed species was Ruffe Gymnocephalus cernua (70% of biomass), followed by Zander Sander lucioperca (13% of biomass), Perch Perca fluviatilis (9% of biomass) and Roach Rutilus rutilus (8% of biomass). Average Goosander numbers in the Vistula and Odra estuaries in 2011–2018 were 11,000 in winter, 4,500 in spring and 2,800 in autumn. These fish-eating ducks were found to consume 242 t of fish annually during this period, whereas at the same time fishermen caught an average of 4,400 t of fish. The species caught by both Goosander and fishermen were mainly Zander (32 t vs 189 t), Perch (21 t vs 668 t) and Roach (19 t vs 701 t). No negative impact of Goosander foraging in the winter preceding the fishery season was demonstrated for any of the above species (Zander R2 = 0.022; Perch R2 = 0.834; Roach R2 = 0.881).

Cel pracy: W pracy przedstawiono podstawowe zasady opiniowania sądowego w sytuacjach postrzeleń ludzi lub zwierząt na polowaniach z broni długiej o lufach gwintowanych, w tym postrzeleń ze skutkiem śmiertelnym. Materiał i metody: Opinie takie wydawane są w oparciu o zgromadzony materiał dowodowy oraz wiedzę biegłego z zakresu broni i amunicji, balistyki jak również z zakresu medycyny anatomopatologicznej. Wyniki: Tego rodzaju kompleksowe analizy pozwalają na wydanie szczegółowej, a zarazem precyzyjnej opinii jako szczególnego środka dowodowego, mającego najistotniejsze znaczenie w przebiegu całego postępowania procesowego. Dlatego też niezmiernie ważnym jest właściwe zabezpieczenie materiału dowodowego w postaci pocisku lub jego fragmentów i konfrontacji tych elementów z oceną rany postrzałowej, a przede wszystkim kształtu i rozmiaru kanału postrzałowego oraz chwilowej jamy postrzałowej. Tego rodzaju postępowania są dość skomplikowane, gdyż wymagają od biegłego szerokiego spektrum wiedzy, dlatego też niejednokrotnie celem rozwikłania skomplikowanej materii będącej przedmiotem opiniowania, zachodzi konieczność wydania opinii nawet przez kilku biegłych. Konkluzja: Opiniowanie sądowe w sprawach dotyczących postrzału, w tym ze skutkiem śmiertelnym, wymaga od biegłego interdyscyplinarnej wiedzy specjalistycznej. Wszelkie analizy w tym zakresie oparte powinny być o ekspertyzę balistyczną w aspekcie oceny rany postrzałowej. Połączenie tych dwóch elementów warunkuje wydanie obiektywnej i niebudzącej wątpliwości interpretacyjnych opinii.

The paper presents the epizootic situation of rabies in Poland during the last decade. During this period, the annual oral immunisation of free-living foxes was continued, but in recent years it has only covered selected regions. This was due to the decreasing number of virus cases found in free-living foxes, confirmed by 2019, when the virus was found in only one fox in the Lublin Province. The results indicate that despite high costs, oral fox immunisation (ORV) treatments have had the desired effect by eliminating rabies in terrestrial mammals. At the same time, an increasing tendency for virus occurrence in bats was noted during this period. These animals have now become the primary reservoir of the virus in Poland. In addition, in 2019 rabies in bats was found in voivodeships that were considered virus-free, and thus no preventive vaccination of foxes was carried out in them. This confirms the thesis that there are no geographical barriers to the spread of the virus. These elements are quite relevant and are very important in the field of epizootic threat as well as public health.