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3. Sunflower crop and climate change: vulnerability, adaptation, and mitigation potential from case-studies in Europe

Author

Debaeke Philippe, Casadebaig Pierre, Flenet Francis, and Langlade Nicolas

Subjects
CO2, temperature, crop model, biotic stress, water deficit, Oils, fats, and waxes, TP670-699
Abstract

Climate change is characterized by higher temperatures, elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, extreme climatic hazards, and less water available for agriculture. Sunflower, a spring-sown crop often cultivated in southern and eastern regions of Europe, could be more vulnerable to the direct effect of heat stress at anthesis and drought during its growing cycle, both factors resulting in severe yield loss, oil content decrease, and fatty acid alterations. Adaptations through breeding (earliness, stress tolerance), crop management (planting dates), and shifting of growing areas could be developed, assessed and combined to partly cope with these negative impacts. New cultivation opportunities could be expected in northern parts of Europe where sunflower is not grown presently and where it could usefully contribute to diversify cereal-based cropping systems. In addition, sunflower crop could participate to the mitigation solution as a low greenhouse gas emitter compared to cereals and oilseed rape. Sunflower crop models should be revised to account for these emerging environmental factors in order to reduce the uncertainties in yield and oil predictions. The future of sunflower in Europe is probably related to its potential adaptation to climate change but also to its competitiveness and attractiveness for food and energy.

Published
2017
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4. Rapeseed is an efficient energy crop which can still improve

Author

Flenet Francis, Poupart Antoine, and Wagner Dominique

Subjects
biofuels, rapeseed, energy balance, greenhouse gas emissions, Oils, fats, and waxes, TP670-699
Abstract

The ability of biofuels to contribute efficiently to the replacement of fossil energy and to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions has been a matter of debate. Hence, there is a need to assess accurately the energy balance of biofuels and their ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, in order to evaluate and to improve the benefit for society. In rapeseed, the energy ratio (energy produced per unit of non-renewable energy input) is well above 2 whatever the method of calculation. In order to investigate the variability of energy ratios and to identify ways of improvement, a study was conducted in France in 2005 and 2006. The method of mass allocation of input energy was used for calculations, instead of the substitution method, because with this method the results do not depend on the utilization of co-products. Hence, this method is better adapted to follow improvements. A great variability in the energy ratio was observed in 2005 and 2006. Seed yields and energy cost of fertilizer N explained most of this variability. Hence, improvements should focus on increasing yield with little increase in energy cost, and on decreasing wasting of N fertilizer. However the farmer incomes, and the net production of energy per hectare, must also be a matter of concern. The inventories of greenhouse gas emissions of biofuels are still uncertain because of the great variability of soil emissions, due to environmental and management factors. Hence, in order to assess the effect of rapeseed on greenhouse gas emissions, methods based on process-oriented models accounting for these factors must be used. Such models give promising results, but further testing is still needed.

Published
2007
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5. Colza et apports azotés : enjeux d’une compétitivité durable et voies de recherche

Author

Pilorgé Étienne, Evrard Jacques, Flenet Francis, Pinochet Xavier, and Reau Raymond

Subjects
oilseed rape, nitrogen, sustainable competitiveness, cropping system, Oils, fats, and waxes, TP670-699
Abstract

Nitrogen is a key factor in the sustainable competitiveness of oilseed rape crop and production systems, at the crossroads of economic and environmental stakes. The different research areas to meet these issues are examined, as well as their complementarities.

Published
2006
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6. French environmental communication on sunflower and rapeseed oils based on life cycle assessment

Author

Badey Laureen, Lahitte Natie, Flenet Francis, and Bosque Fabrice

Subjects
Rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, vegetable oil, life cycle assessment, environmental communication, greenhouse gases, water, Oils, fats, and waxes, TP670-699
Abstract

The French “Grenelle” laws sparked a French national experiment trialling the environmental labelling of fast-moving consumer goods. The data required for this labelling scheme are generated by carrying out a life cycle assessment (LCA). The aim of this study is to provide all necessary information to fit the national experiment for two standard oils: sunflower oil and rapeseed oil. The complete oil life cycle was studied, from oilseed farming through to the end-of-life of the packaging. We focused heavily on the impacts of crushing and refining. The seed processing data was collected from different plants that are representative of the French crushing/refining industry and packaging site practice. The data inventory was used to calculate the identified environmental labelling indicators, i.e. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and water consumption. The production of 100g of refined bulk sunflower and rapeseed emits 89 and 127 g equivalent CO2 and consumes 1.7 L and 0.8 L of water, respectively. Most impacts on the studied indicators stem from the farming phase. Energy and water consumptions during crushing and refining also weigh on the studied indicators. The results of this study provide a relevant overview of all sunflower and rapeseed oils produced in France, and are usable as standard values for vegetable oil producers and users. Oil supply chain operators can use these values to compare to their own process values and gauge the improvements brought about by their ecodesign strategies. For example, using a biomass boiler, using less packaging, and making different choices on seed suppliers can lead to a lower set of impact values.

Published
2013
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7. Risques de pertes de nitrate par lixiviation à court et moyen terme dans les rotations céréalières incluant du pois ou du colza

Author

Schneider, Aidan, Carrouée, Benoît, Flenet, Francis, Champolivier, Luc, Cohan, Jean-Pierre, Jeuffroy, Marie-Hélène, and Beillouin, Damien

Subjects
Pois, Colza, Blé tendre, Céréales, Rotation, Nitrate, Reliquat azoté, Lixiviation, Impact environnemental, Pea, Oil seed rape, Wheat, Cereals, Crop sequence, Soil inorganic nitrogen, Leaching, Environmental impact
Abstract

Les pertes de nitrate par lixiviation sur la période hivernale qui suit la récolte d’une culture ont été largement étudiées dans les années 1990 et 2000 dans différents dispositifs en France et à l’étranger. Cette étude quantifie les stocks d’azote minéral du sol et la lixiviation du nitrate lors du deuxième automne-hiver après la récolte d’une culture de pois, de colza, ou de blé. La lixiviation pluri-annuelle pour des successions céréalières comprenant du pois ou du colza a également été analysée à partir de simulations basées sur des mesures de stock d’azote en entrée hiver. Pendant l’automne qui suit un pois ou un colza, la lixiviation est augmentée, par rapport à un blé. Au contraire, pendant l’automne qui suit un blé de pois ou un blé de colza, la lixiviation de nitrate est réduite, par rapport à un blé de blé, grâce à une meilleure utilisation de l’azote disponible par le second blé. Grâce à cette compensation inter-annuelle, la diversification des rotations céréalières, par l’introduction de pois ou de colza, n’augmente pas les risques de lixiviation par rapport à des successions à base de céréales. En outre, la culture de pois réduit les pertes ponctuelles d’azote liées à l’usage d’engrais (sur la culture elle-même et la culture suivante sur laquelle la fertilisation est réduite), celles liées à la volatilisation de composés azotés et à leur redéposition partielle, et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre comme le protoxyde d’azote, conduisant à un bilan azoté globalement positif pour les successions intégrant cette légumineuse., During the 90s and 2000s, the nitrate losses through leaching during the winter period following a given crop have been widely studied in France and abroad. This study quantifies soil mineral nitrogen contents and nitrate leaching during the second autumn-winter period after harvest of a pea, a rapeseed or a wheat. Nitrate leaching during successive years for cereal-based sequences including pea or rapeseed has also been studied from simulations based on measurements of soil nitrogen content at the beginning of winter in various crop sequences. During the autumn following a pea or an rapeseed, nitrate leaching is increased, compared to a wheat crop. On the opposite, during the autumn following a pea-wheat sequence or an rapeseed-wheat sequence, nitrate leaching is reduced, compared to a wheat-wheat sequence, due to a higher use efficiency of the available soil inorganic N by the 2nd wheat crop. Thanks to this inter-annual compensation, the diversification of cereal-based crop sequences by the introduction of a pea or a rapeseed does not increase the risk of nitrate leaching compared to cereal-based crop sequences. In addition, a pea crop allows to decrease N losses linked to the use of fertilizers (both on the crop itself and on the following crop, where N fertilisation is lowered), and thus N losses linked to ammonium volatilization and its partial redeposition, and greenhouse gas emissions such as nitrogen protoxide.

Published
2017

8. Impact de l'introduction des légumineuses dans les systèmes de culture sur les émissions de N2O

Author

Cohan, Jean-Pierre, Cadillon, Adeline, Dubois, Sophie, Duval, Rémi, Flenet, Francis, Justes, Eric, Mary, Bruno, Massad, Raia Silvia, PLAZA BONILLA, Daniel, Schneider, Anne, Station Expérimentale de la Jaillière, ARVALIS - Institut du végétal [Paris], Institut Technique de l'Agriculture Biologique (ITAB), Institut Technique de la Betterave (ITB), Département des Etudes opérationnelles, Terres Inovia, AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Agroressources et Impacts environnementaux (AgroImpact), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Agroalimentaire et de la Forêt (Compte d’affectation spéciale « développement agricole et rural »), Comité Français d'Etude et de Développement de la Fertilisation Raisonnée (COMIFER). FRA., and Groupement d’Études Méthodologiques pour l’Analyse des Sols (Gemas). FRA.

Subjects
[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

National audience

Published
2015

10. Considering the variability of farming practices improves the LCA of biodiesel from oilseed rape

Author

BEN AOUN, Wassim, El Akkari, Monia, Gabrielle, Benoit, Flenet, Francis, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Oléagineux Métropolitains (CETIOM), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech

Subjects
oilseed rape, emissions modeling, LCA, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], biodiesel, farming practies
Abstract

Communication avec actes, texte intégral; Nitrogen fertilization practices have a significant effect on the LCA results of biodiesel chains, which warrants reliable inventory data. In this study focused on the Lorraine region (eastern France), we established a typology of oilseed rape fields based on fertilization practices, and used the agro-ecosystem model CERES-EGC in lieu of generic emission factors to simulate the productivity and externalities associated with oilseed farming. The results were subsequently used to generate an LCA of biodiesel from oilseed rape. We also tested the effect of improved practices on the LCA results. In Lorraine, oilseed rape crops appeared to be frequently over fertilized compared to best management practices. Switching to improved practices with optimal fertilization has a potential to reduce the GWP of 1 megajoule of biodiesel by around 6 gr CO2eq, against a total life-cycle of 43.9 gr CO2eq.

Published
2014

12. Protéines du pois protéagineux. Maîtriser la teneur en azote des graines : des résultats en parcelles picardes

Author

Chambenoit, Caroline, Faloya, Vincent, Flenet, Francis, Masset, Bertrand, Boizard, Hubert, Lhuiller-Soundele, A., Roullet, G., Unité de Recherche Agronomie Laon-Reims-Mons (UA LRM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and ProdInra, Migration

Subjects
[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE] Environmental Sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, PISUM SATIVUM VAR ARVENSE, AGRONOMIE, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

National audience

Published
2000

14. ABA content and some key enzyme activities in response to water stress

Author

Nicco, C., Flenet, Francis, PIQUEMAL, M., Latche, J.C., Cavalie, G., Unité de recherche Agronomie de Clermont (URAC), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
BIOCHIMIE, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
1992

16. Rapeseed is an efficient energy crop which can still improve

Author

Flenet, Francis, Poupart, Antoine, Wagner, Dominique, Flenet, Francis, Poupart, Antoine, and Wagner, Dominique

Abstract

The ability of biofuels to contribute efficiently to the replacement of fossil energy and to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions has been a matter of debate. Hence, there is a need to assess accurately the energy balance of biofuels and their ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, in order to evaluate and to improve the benefit for society. In rapeseed, the energy ratio (energy produced per unit of non-renewable energy input) is well above 2 whatever the method of calculation. In order to investigate the variability of energy ratios and to identify ways of improvement, a study was conducted in France in 2005 and 2006. The method of mass allocation of input energy was used for calculations, instead of the substitution method, because with this method the results do not depend on the utilization of co-products. Hence, this method is better adapted to follow improvements. A great variability in the energy ratio was observed in 2005 and 2006. Seed yields and energy cost of fertilizer N explained most of this variability. Hence, improvements should focus on increasing yield with little increase in energy cost, and on decreasing wasting of N fertilizer. However the farmer incomes, and the net production of energy per hectare, must also be a matter of concern. The inventories of greenhouse gas emissions of biofuels are still uncertain because of the great variability of soil emissions, due to environmental and management factors. Hence, in order to assess the effect of rapeseed on greenhouse gas emissions, methods based on process-oriented models accounting for these factors must be used. Such models give promising results, but further testing is still needed.

Published
2007
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18. Risques de pertes de nitrate par lixiviation à court et moyen terme dans les rotations céréalières incluant du pois ou du colza

Author

damien BEILLOUIN, Schneider, Aidan, Carrouée, Benoît, Flenet, Francis, Champolivier, Luc, Cohan, Jean-Pierre, Jeuffroy, Marie-Hélène, Agronomie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Union Nationale Interprofessionnelle des Plantes Riches en Protéines (UNIP), Terres Inovia, ARVALIS - Institut du végétal [Paris], projet CASDAR 7-175 « Pois-Colza-Blé » et projet CASDAR « LEG-N-GES », and AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
Impact environnemental, Rotation, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Oil seed rape, Crop sequence, Pea, Lixiviation, Cereals, Pois, Céréales, Colza, Nitrate, Soil inorganic nitrogen, Environmental impact, Blé tendre, Reliquat azoté, Wheat, Leaching
Abstract

Ce numéro est constitué d’articles issus des « 1ères rencontres francophones sur les légumineuses » (RFL1), organisées les 31 mai et 1er juin 2016 à Dijon.; During the 90s and 2000s, the nitrate losses through leaching during the winter period following a givencrop have been widely studied in France and abroad. This study quantifies soil mineral nitrogencontents and nitrate leaching during the second autumn-winter period after harvest of a pea, a rapeseedor a wheat. Nitrate leaching during successive years for cereal-based sequences including pea orrapeseed has also been studied from simulations based on measurements of soil nitrogen content atthe beginning of winter in various crop sequences. During the autumn following a pea or an rapeseed, nitrate leaching is increased, compared to a wheat crop. On the opposite, during the autumn following apea-wheat sequence or an rapeseed-wheat sequence, nitrate leaching is reduced, compared to awheat-wheat sequence, due to a higher use efficiency of the available soil inorganic N by the 2nd wheatcrop. Thanks to this inter-annual compensation, the diversification of cereal-based crop sequences bythe introduction of a pea or a rapeseed does not increase the risk of nitrate leaching compared tocereal-based crop sequences. In addition, a pea crop allows to decrease N losses linked to the use offertilizers (both on the crop itself and on the following crop, where N fertilisation is lowered), and thus Nlosses linked to ammonium volatilization and its partial redeposition, and greenhouse gas emissionssuch as nitrogen protoxide.; Les pertes de nitrate par lixiviation sur la période hivernale qui suit la récolte d’une culture ont étélargement étudiées dans les années 1990 et 2000 dans différents dispositifs en France et à l’étranger.Cette étude quantifie les stocks d’azote minéral du sol et la lixiviation du nitrate lors du deuxièmeautomne-hiver après la récolte d’une culture de pois, de colza, ou de blé. La lixiviation pluri-annuellepour des successions céréalières comprenant du pois ou du colza a également été analysée à partir desimulations basées sur des mesures de stock d’azote en entrée hiver. Pendant l’automne qui suit unpois ou un colza, la lixiviation est augmentée, par rapport à un blé. Au contraire, pendant l’automne quisuit un blé de pois ou un blé de colza, la lixiviation de nitrate est réduite, par rapport à un blé de blé,grâce à une meilleure utilisation de l’azote disponible par le second blé. Grâce à cette compensationinter-annuelle, la diversification des rotations céréalières, par l’introduction de pois ou de colza,n’augmente pas les risques de lixiviation par rapport à des successions à base de céréales. En outre, laculture de pois réduit les pertes ponctuelles d’azote liées à l’usage d’engrais (sur la culture elle-même etla culture suivante sur laquelle la fertilisation est réduite), celles liées à la volatilisation de composésazotés et à leur redéposition partielle, et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre comme le protoxyded’azote, conduisant à un bilan azoté globalement positif pour les successions intégrant cettelégumineuse.

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