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As China's population ages and the notion of contemporary people evolves, an increasing number of elderly people opt to spend their final years in a nursing home. Recently, there have been more fires in nursing facilities for the elderly. As a result, using computer simulation technology, this paper creates an evacuation micro-simulation model for the elderly and nursing staff, investigates the impact of psychological characteristics and evacuation behavior of the elderly and nursing staff on fire escape during the fire evacuation process, and designs fire evacuation for nursing homes. Based on the nursing home's regular evacuation paradigm, the study examines the behavioral elements. To simulate the three models and the influence of various behavioral and psychological features on fire evacuation, the authors utilized the MATLAB software, which is based on Agent theory and cellular automata. The simulation results show that the three models proposed in this study are capable of accurately describing reality.

In this study, scenarios were developed to evaluate evacuation safety in the event of a fire in a shopping center with a connected passageway and to reduce Required Safe Egress Time (RSET). The RSET for all occupants by scenario is as follows: The first scenario which used the general evacuation route took 20 minutes and 7 seconds. The second scenario which used the third floor’s connected passageway for third and fourth floor, and using first floor entrance for first and second floor to evacuate took 14 minutes and 11 seconds. The evacuation time was 36 minutes and 52 seconds for scenario 3, which only used the fire escape stairs. The fourth scenario took 4 minutes and 19 seconds and used a connected passageway on every floor. Overall, this study shows that RSET for all occupants is reduced when a connected passageway is installed on every floor in shopping centers. Henceforth, more research is needed to determine whether connected passageway is a single firefighting object or a separate structure.

Aiming at the current research on the escape path of complex building fires with the problem about lack of path prediction correction and multi-person escape, this paper proposes an analytical method of real-time dynamic escape path prediction based on Building Information Model (BIM). The method uses a Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) to simulate the spread of the fire and analyzes the simulated data of BIM model, and dynamically adjusts simulation of the spread of fire according to the real-time situation of fire. This method is designed for path planning for the single and multi-person escapes. The single-person escape path planning uses real-time dynamic methods to locate the evacuee and obtain the fire situation. The Dijkstra algorithm is used to derive the shortest escape route with BIM integration information, and the fire spread simulation data and escape speed are used to predict and correct the path to achieve the best escape path planning in real-time dynamic. The multi-person escape path planning predicts the congestion according to the single-person escape route. When the congestion is predicted, the corresponding evacuation process is carried out to avoid the hazard caused by the fire escape and crowding so as to realize rapid escape at the scene of fire. Through the BIM 3D model, the dynamic fire escape path can be visualized for the evacuees. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by constructing a prototype system for the analysis.

Introduction/purpose: Safety in high residential buildings presents a very important and always actual task. In case of some unforeseen and dangerous occurrences, their residents must be evacuated. Fire, earthquakes, and terrorism are only some of such situations. The speed of evacuation from high residential buildings depends on many different factors. A particularly difficult and complex evacuation task concerns buildings without fire escape stairs. Methods: The modeling method was used in this paper. Based on a real object - a residential building, an appropriate simulation model was realized in appropriate simulation software. Results: The results of this paper have shown that, out of four scenarios, the fastest evacuation was for the evacuation speed of 1.75 m/s. The first two scenarios did not report any jams, unlike the third and fourth scenario; in the third scenario, the occupants' speeds were 0.75 m/s and 1.25 m/s while in the fourth scenario, the simulated occupants' speeds were from 0.75 m/s to 1.75 m/s. Conclusion:The usage of appropriate simulation software enables fast, precise, safe and cheap calculation of evacuation times and it can significantly improve evacuation procedures and evacuation strategies.

Nowadays, indoor fire accidents are common. This, in turn, makes us think of a smart solution for this modern era. Many methods have been developed and implemented to control fire accidents. However, most of the preventing measures do not focus on how to escape the building during the initial stage of the fire accident. In this paper, a strategy has been developed to help people inside the building to find an efficient and safest route to exit from their current location. This model is developed based on A* algorithm which is a popular AI technique in finding the shortest path between the source and the destination. Temperature sensors have been used to detect the room temperature, and based on the collected data from the sensors, the safest and the shortest path is decided. The Azure Cloud platform is used to process the collected data and to execute the algorithm.

Prescribed burns produce smoke pollution, but little is known about the spatial and temporal pattern because smoke plumes are usually small and poorly captured by State air-quality networks. Here, we sampled smoke around 18 forested prescribed burns in the Sydney region of eastern Australia using up to 11 Nova SDS011 particulate sensors and developed a Generalised Linear Mixed Model to predict hourly PM2.5 concentrations as a function of distance, fire size and weather conditions. During the day of the burn, PM2.5 tended to show hourly exceedances (indicating poor air quality) up to ~2 km from the fire but only in the downwind direction. In the evening, this zone expanded to up to 5 km and included upwind areas. PM2.5 concentrations were higher in still, cool weather and with an unstable atmosphere. PM2.5 concentrations were also higher in larger fires. The statistical model confirmed these results, identifying the effects of distance, period of the day, wind angle, fire size, temperature and C-Haines (atmospheric instability). The model correctly identified 78% of hourly exceedance and 72% of non-exceedance values in retained test data. Applying the statistical model predicts that prescribed burns of 1000 ha can be expected to cause air quality exceedances over an area of ~3500 ha. Cool weather that reduces the risk of fire escape, has the highest potential for polluting nearby communities, and fires that burn into the night are particularly bad.

Studying an individual’s emergency escape capability and its influencing factors is of great practical significance for evacuation and escape in subway emergencies. Taking Zhengzhou Zijing Mountain Subway station as the prototype, and using VR technology, a virtual subway fire escape scene was built. Combined with the total escape time, the total contact time with fire, and the total contact time with smoke, it proposed a calculation formula on emergency escape capability. A total of 34 participants with equal gender distribution were recruited to carry out the virtual subway fire escape experiment, and participants’ physiological data (heart rate variability, skin conductance) were real-time recorded by ErgoLAB V3.0 throughout the whole experiment. The emergency escape capability of each participant was evaluated quantitatively, and the related influencing factors were analyzed. The results show that for the age ranges (19–22 years old) in the experiment, the emergency escape capability of women is significantly lower than that of men (p &lt, 0.05), although there is no significance in emergency escape capability in DISC personality types (p &gt, 0.05), the mean emergency escape capability of people with influence personality type is the worst, and that of people with compliance type is the best, during virtual fire escape vs. baseline, Mean_SC and Mean_HR both increased very significantly (all p &lt, 0.01), and participants were under stress during their virtual fire escape. There is a significant negative correlation between emergency escape capability and LF_increase_rate (p &lt, 0.05), and a remarkably significant negative correlation between emergency escape capability and LF/HF_increase_rate (p &lt, 0.01), the greater the increase rate of LF or LF/HF, the smaller the emergency escape capability, with excessive stress probably not being conducive to emergency escape. There is a very significant negative correlation between an individual’s emergency escape capability and the degree of familiarity with the Zijing Mountain subway station (p &lt, 0.01). The findings provide references and suggestions on the emergency management and emergency evacuation for government and subway departments.

The design of protected fire escape routes is a process in which a number of technical aspects that are set by Czech technical standards must be considered. The assessment of protected fire escape route's ventilated premises is subject to strict values, which when designed, or when created additionally, often force us to resort to specific measures, like a forced ventilation, enlargement of openings, which leads to expensive construction. This paper focuses on the use of so-called engineering methods to solve this problem, specifically the computational fluid dynamics method, which finds application in the revalidation of otherwise unmet ventilation criteria.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the most poisonous gases present in the atmosphere. It also called the silent killer of twenty-first century. CO is produced into the environment by incomplete combustion of carbon containing compounds. It causes lots of people die every year including the firefighters. The main aim of this work to find out the literature study of standard respiratory escape masks for ambient temperature CO oxidation purposes. The research under concern is applicable for developing respiratory protection systems for military, mining, and space devices. There are many catalysts which are active for this process under different conditions. Among these catalysts, the hopcalite (CuMnOx) is one of the best-known catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation. It is a low-cost, easily available, and highly stable catalyst. The hopcalite catalyst is active for a longer time and would be tolerant of moisture and impurities in reacting gases. The catalyst surface and reacting gases forever play a key role in catalytic reactions. Hopcalite is an ideal catalyst for use in next-generation respiratory protection devices. Although there are numerous research papers present on this topic until now no one review are present for demanding this issue. So there is a space in this area; it has been made an attempt to seal this hole by this review.

Virtual training of metro fire evacuation definitely becomes considerably more efficient and convenient immigration of trainees from the PC desktop to mobile web browsers. However, web browsers face extreme difficulty in sustaining online visualization of large-scale building information modeling (BIM) data on metro, FDS smoking data, crowding passengers, and planning of fire evacuation path simultaneously due to the weak rendering capability and limited networking bandwidth. Herein, a novel lightweight Web3D technology roadmap is proposed to address these problems. First, the lightweight preprocessing of metro BIM data is performed by semantic and geometric retrieval of repetitive entities. Second, crowding passengers are visualized online by reusing several avatars and behavior randomly in terms of textures and scales in a lightweight manner. Third, substantial smoking data are reduced by redundancy elimination and voxel normalization and rendered online with spirit texture particle. Finally, the backbone escape paths are extracted by clustering the virtual evacuation traces that are collected by virtual reality devices, such as HTC VIVE, as initial heuristics, and a lightweight metro fire evacuation planning evacuation based on adaptive ant colony optimization is realized on mobile web browsers. Numerous tests have been conducted online, and experimental results show that the proposed method can be loaded remotely in a few seconds and visualized on mobile web browsers smoothly.

Shopping centres used by people for shopping, social, cultural and entertainment purposes in daily life; They are public places with a large number of visitors. Likely, emergencies such as fire, earthquake, accident, explosion, poisoning and sabotage actions may occur due to the built and natural environment in shopping centres with different users, including employees and visitors. Emergencies are essential for shopping centres with heavy traffic. In the past years, many fire actions took place in such places, causing loss of life and property. For this reason, prevention of disasters and ensuring effective evacuation is a severe issue of shopping centres. When designing and building shopping malls, they must be prepared following regulations and standards. For fire, which is an essential disaster in the study; Regulation on Protection of Buildings from Fire, ISO 7010 (Graphical Symbols - Safety Colors and Safety Signs - Registered safety signs), ISO 16069 (Graphical symbols-Safety signs-Safety Way Guidance Systems) and ISO 23601 (Safety Identification - Escape And Evacuation Plan Signs) The criteria for preparing emergency action plans were determined based on the standards. In the field study; The plans, sizes and locations of 6 closed shopping centres in Kayseri were evaluated. Accordingly, emergency action plans were prepared following the observations and architectural plans made in the shopping centres subject to the study. Based on the plans, the fire escape, door, cabinet, security hall, and circulation area dimensions of the building were evaluated by the fire regulations. Emergency escape, evacuation assembly point, safety way pictograms and criteria for emergency and fire evacuation plans were examined according to the standards. The most compliant shopping center with the standards and regulations is Kayseripark, and the most incompatible shopping center is Mix Kayseri. None of the shopping centers have an Emergency Action Plan that complies with the standards. As a result of the research, problems related to the shopping centre management and design were identified, and recommendations were developed depending on the legislation and standards. In line with the recommendations, it is aimed to provide awareness on the importance of emergency action plans in buildings and to guide the design and use of safe buildings against emergencies.

The most fire-related fatalities are due to the smoke inhalation of the toxic gases. It is related to the victims being trapped in the building when the building was on fire. It was also reported that major deaths from fire related are from the toxic gases inhalation produced by the fire while the deaths due to fire flames and burning was about one third of the total deaths. The access to the exit door was blocked and they could not exit through the window due to the permanent grille installation. It was well aware that most Malaysian homeowners installed grilles on their house windows or doors for security reason since there are lots of break-ins incidences. To overcome the issue, this work introduces a window grille with keyless locking system. The design incorporated keyless system that can be operated or opened without a key. Several designs for implementing this solution have been described. These designs are divided into three sections, which is a grille design, expansion designs which use to accommodate a wide range of window-sized and keyless locking systems. The size and type of grille suitable for Malaysian residents as well as the more efficient keyless locking system has been studied in detail using the method of case study and survey method. Step of patent research, market analysis and benchmarking are used as methods for collecting reference data. The most effective fire escape window grille keyless locking system has been studied and designed from this project. An important factor in designing a fire window grille is the design that can be opened and does not require a key operation. The results of the design and analysis tested are presented such that they can be used as an aid to the design of fire escape features.

Wearable electronics appear more frequently in the personal protective equipment market (PPE) primarily to assure information and alarm functions for the user. However, despite their advantages, there remain doubts concerning the level of protection that these devices can guarantee and their conformity to requirements laid down in PPE legislation. This paper investigates the factors that need to be assessed to confirm that such devices function correctly under anticipated use conditions. To this end, we considered a case study of an air-purifying fire escape respirator (APER) integrated with a radio-based positioning system and alarming device. In particular, we examined the parameters associated with the operation of the alarm and the information functions (the visibility and audibility of the alarm signals and the radio signal strength of the positioning system). This study provides evidence that the anticipated use conditions and the APER construction have a combined effect on the correct functioning of the embedded electronics. Based on these findings, we identified additional requirements that should be considered by PPE manufacturers at the design stage as well as by health and safety practitioners when evaluating the protection levels of PPE with embedded electronics.

In view of the fact that the planned path of the traditional A* algorithm in the fire map may be close to the fire area, which is not conducive to the escape of personnel on the scene, the heuristic cost of the algorithm is improved. In the improved algorithm, when the nearest fire point of the path is less than three safe distances, the heuristic cost adds the safe distance cost to make the planned path away from the fire area; when the distance is long, it is still the traditional A* algorithm. The simulation results show that the path planned by the improved A* algorithm is far away from the fire area compared with the traditional A* algorithm.

The complicated interior structure of the high-rise buildings brings great difficulties for fire escape routes planning. Existing two-dimensional (2D) emergency evacuation models are utilized to solve the problem of guidance and rescue for fire responders. However, these models are faced with a bottleneck of low security due to limited environmental information and no consideration of trapped personnel behavior features. In this paper, we propose DERP, a dynamic escape route planning method that achieves accurate disaster site avoidance and safety route planning considering fire situation awareness in a smart building. DERP is enabled by two novel designs. First, a three-dimensional (3D) fire information model is constructed by cellular automata considering the overall situation of indoor 3D topological structure, fire situation and crowd distribution. Second, a multiple constraints 3D indoor emergency escape route planning algorithm is designed based on a 3D path safety function. The experimental results show that DERP can plan and adjust the escape route timely and dynamically, thus increasing the escape probability of the trapped people.

This paper proposes a simulation experiment teaching framework for airport fire escape based on virtual reality and artificial intelligence (AI) technology. It uses virtual reality technology and fire science theory to realize the construction of virtual fire scene and management of firefighting facilities, simulates fire dynamics with the help of fire dynamics simulator, and finally evaluates the quality of fire escape based on AI technology. Two example cases demonstrate that the system works well and has promising to become a new teaching mode for fire drill in civil aviation airports.

Safety signs play a very important role in people&rsquo, s evacuation during emergencies. In order to explore the appropriate color for subway safety signs, four safety signs of different color combinations are designed, and the virtual reality, eye-tracking technology, and physiological indicator measurement are used in a virtual subway fire escape experiment. A total of 96 participants with equal distribution in gender and four different color combination groups were recruited. Participants&rsquo, eye-tracking and physiological data (heart rate, skin conductance) were real-time recorded through ErgoLAB V3.0 in the whole experiment. The relationship between Color_of_safety_sign and escape performance, eye-tracking indicators, and physiological indicators is discussed respectively through SPSS. The results show that &ldquo, Green and black&rdquo, group has the best evacuation escape performance, low cognitive load, high search efficiency on safety signs, and the highest stress level and immersion and &ldquo, can be the most appropriate color for safety sign. This research is of certain significance for improving the function of subway fire-fighting infrastructure and the resilience of the metro system. Moreover, it can provide references and advice on risk management, emergency evacuation, and so on.

Timber construction and fire safety are two terms which often lead to discussions, especially if it concerns multi-storey timber buildings. The scientific investigations presented here demonstrate the extent to which the use of a timber facade provides sufficient fire safety for people and the environment. Research work on prefabricated timber frame facade systems is carried out at the Department of Timber Construction at University of Innsbruck. The investigations are performed in three steps. Step 1: Typical fire exposure of buildings, building classes, requirements of high-rise buildings (>22 m fire escape level) and the properties of the materials in question are investigated. Special attention is given to the use of sustainable and ecological materials. Step 2: Performing reaction to fire tests and fire resistance tests with various materials and constructions which are included in classification reports. For this facade system also a connector system and a specific joint design for easy mounting was developed in a PhD thesis. Step 3: This facade element is tested for its suitability for its use in high-rise buildings. In fire tests is shown that the wooden substructure in the facade does not contribute the fire during a certain time. So the ban of inflammable materials in high-rise buildings could be mitigated. The scientific results show that the use of timber in prefabricated facade elements can meet the required criteria.

The function or intended use of a device such as a fire escape is escape from fire, whether or not it is ever actually used as such or it acquires other uses. Biological function, on the other hand, depends, in one way or another, on actual use. Philosophical attempts to explain artifact function by analogy with biological function or to build a unified theory of function are nonetheless common. What such attempts routinely overlook, however, is the role of forethought in intentional function. I defend the traditional intended use view of function, emphasize the role of forethought and argue that design intentions are rationally grounded in a design brief, for which there is no obvious natural analogue.

Eye tracking technology can help to explore user psychology and is widely used in design evaluation, user gaze and behavior analysis. In this paper, we propose a new method to analyze indoor fire escape behavior using head-mounted virtual environment combined with eye tracking. The eyeball tracking module is installed in HTC Vive VR helmet glasses by building indoor fire scene. We collect the three-dimensional position, movement and gaze information of eyes and head simultaneously in the virtual environment. The spatial cognitive process of participants escaping from fire emergency scene is analyzed by the combination of scene walkthrough location information and eye movement information. In order to verify the applicability of the method, we conducted an experiment to collect the movement information of 20 participants. The results show that our method can create qualitative attention maps and quantitative eye movement information, and provide technical support for the evaluation of indoor escape identification system.

Dış kaçış merdivenlerinde erişime ve kullanıma yönelik sorunların var olması ve sürekliliği nedeniyle binalarda yangın güvenliği açısından tehlikeli durumlar söz konusudur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, dış kaçış merdivenlerindeki tehlike kaynaklarının ortadan kaldırılması ya da azaltılması ve bu kaynakların kullanıcılar üzerinde oluşturabileceği zararların önlenmesidir. Çalışmada, mevcut binalarda bulunan dış kaçış merdivenlerindeki tehlikelerin önlenmesine yönelik yapılacak düzenlemelerde, hangi tehlike kaynaklarının dikkate alınması gerektiğini tespit etmek ve çözüm üretmek amacıyla yeni bir risk analizi modeli önerilmiştir. Bu model, İstanbul’un 10 ilçesinde yapılan alan çalışmasıyla sınanmış ve dış kaçış merdivenlerindeki risklerin yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, önerilen modelin dış kaçış merdivenlerinde var olan tehlike kaynaklarının, bina sayısı ve tehlike düzeyi dikkate alınarak derecelendirilmesinde ve risklerin analiz edilerek tehlikelere karşı çözümler üretilmesinde, başarılı bir biçimde kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir.

This paper develops a systematic hybrid approach that integrates Available Safe Egress Time (ASET), Required Safe Egress Time (RSET), numerical simulation, and Multi-Attribute Decision Analysis (MADA) to support fire safety risk assessment and to discover the worst fire scenarios for improving evacuation efficiency. Three factors, namely heat release rate, fire location, and occupants, are used to identify the most likely fire scenarios with a high-potential risk. The main classes of hazards yielded by fire, including heat (temperature), toxic gases (carbonic oxide), and smoke obscuration (visibility), are employed as untenability criteria for the estimation of ASET in the numerical simulation. A more comprehensive indicator, SITotal, is proposed to quantify the magnitude of the overall safety risk of a building fire, in order to fully consider the fire escape performance in different evacuation routes. One realistic subway station located at the Wuhan Metro System in China is utilized as a case to testify the applicability and feasibility of the proposed approach in this research. Result indicate that (i) among the identified four most likely fire scenarios, Scenario IV, where the fire is located at the exit of Sair I at the hall floor of the station with a heat release rate of 3 MW/m2, is identified to be the worst fire scenario with an associated lowest value of SITotal; (ii) the fire release rate plays a very significant role in the magnitude of the fire safety risk, as a 50% increase of the fire release rate can lead to a rough 36% decrease of SITotal; and (iii) exits should be regarded as super bottlenecks with significant importance during the fire escape process, and much more attention should be paid to those bottlenecks in the possible evacuation routes. The simulation models developed in this research are further validated by the observed results from the field test and experiment. This research contributes: (a) to the body of knowledge by providing an improved ASET/RSET approach that is capable of taking numerical factors (i.e., fire, building, and human features) into account to assess the safety risk of fire conditions in a three-dimensional environment; and (ii) to the state of practice by providing a more accurate data-driven solution for the perception and discovery of the worst fire scenarios. Nanyang Technological University The National Key Research Projects of China (Grant No. 2016YFC0800208), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51378235, 51578260, 71801101 and 71571078), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2018M632880) and Start-up Grant at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, (No. M4082160.030) are acknowledged for their financial support of this research. The authors also want to thank Assistant Engineer Ms. Menjie Liu from the China Three Gorges Corporation in China for her assistance in data collection and analytics.

This paper proposes an optimal fire escape algorithm based on the A* pathfinding algorithm in building fire situations. This algorithm uses building map coordinates to generate the escape path while ignoring diagonal directions. A potential function is calculated by considering situational factors, such as fire location, smoke, and heat information, to estimate the effect on the user’s escapability based on his or her location within the building. The calculated potential function determines the path with the lowest cost and illuminates the escape route with leading lights to aid the user to escape hazardous situations that might cause loss of orientation. The proposed algorithm suggests safer, shorter paths and aims to safely lead people to exits while minimizing the dangers of smoke and poisonous gases inside buildings. The coordinates of a real-life building environment were obtained to prove the effectiveness of the escape-route algorithm. Simulation results provided different lowest-cost paths based on various building fire situations.

A fire sensitive plant, Banksia quercifolia R.Br., that often occurs as thickets embedded in forest landscapes in south-west Australia was exposed to repeated broad-scale fires at short intervals. Fire severity and patchiness was mapped using satellite imagery and the response of the B. quercifolia population monitored. Over the study period, the mean interval of fire in the landscape in which B. quercifolia occurred was 1.7 yr—almost half the juvenile period of the species—and the landscape fire frequency was six fires per decade. The population increased in response to episodes of fire escape and fire-caused mortality and consequent regeneration. Unlike surrounding vegetation, immature B. quercifolia thickets were not flammable under conditions of mild weather and moist fuels, so they burnt at a lower frequency than more flammable vegetation in the surrounding landscape, enabling the species to persist. When the thickets had developed sufficiently to burn, the plants had reached maturity and regenerated readily from seed. However, the juvenile period increased by 58 % following a period of 16 % below average rainfall, which has implications for fire management in a drying climate.

Day-care centers and kindergartens are increasing along with the damage caused by fire year after year. Infants and toddlers have a low response capability than adults to fire situations such as heavy smoke which causes less or zero visibility thus it is difficult in evacuation route during dangerous fire situations. Because of these circumstances, teachers need to build a safe pathway signage system along with the usual fire safety training needs of infants and children. In this paper, we propose a system for fire escape which marks the escape routes and are automatically implemented through the push function that smartphone recognizes during the real-time fire situation, and establish a system that verifies its authenticity.

Fire disaster is one of the most common hazards that threaten public safety and social development: how to improve the fire escape and rescue capacity remains a huge challenge. Here, a 3D honeycomb-structured woven fabric triboelectric nanogenerator (F-TENG) based on a flame-retardant wrapping yarn is developed. The wrapping yarn is fabricated through a continuous hollow spindle fancy twister technology, which is compatible with traditional textile production processes. The resulting 3D F-TENG can be used in smart carpets as a self-powered escape and rescue system that can precisely locate the survivor position and point out the escape route to timely assist victim search and rescuing. As interior decoration, the unique design of the honeycomb weaving structure endows the F-TENG fabric with an excellent noise-reduction ability. In addition, combining with its good machine washability, air permeability, flame-retardency, durability, and repeatability features, the 3D F-TENG may have great potential applications in fire rescue and wearable sensors as well as smart home decoration.

This study Performance – Based Life Safety Analysis of the Hospital Building reference NFPA 101, Life Safety Code. Four simulation scenarios were selected for this simulation. First, fire in a patient room; evacuation time is 2,847.3 seconds after the announcement. Second, fire in a storage room near the canteen; evacuation time is 3,014.5 seconds after the announcement. Third, from the first and second scenarios have a nonoperative fire alarm system which increases evacuation time that is 3,122.0 seconds and 3,235.8 seconds respectively. From simulation results shows that the first problem is the bottleneck at the fire escape door. It must be modified by expanding the door. And the second problem is the slow movement of the patient that has to solve the problem by having a staff to help evacuate.

The preparation and practice of home-escape plans are important strategies for individuals and families seeking to reduce and/or prevent fire-related injury or death. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with, home-escape plans in the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The study used data from two surveys&mdash, a 2016 fire safety attitudes and behaviour survey administered to high-risk individuals (n = 296) and a 2013 NSW health survey covering 13,027 adults aged 16 years and above. It applied multinomial logistic regression analyses to these data to identify factors associated with having a written home-fire escape plan, having an unwritten home-fire escape plan and not having any home-fire escape plan. The prevalence of written home-escape plans was only 4.3% (95% CI: 2.5, 7.5) for the high-risk individuals and 7.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.3, 8.6) for the entire NSW population. The prevalence of unwritten escape plans was 44.6% (95% CI: 38.8, 50.5) for the high-risk individuals and 26.2% (95% CI: 25.1, 27.2) for the NSW population. The prevalence of no-escape plan at all was 51.1% (95% CI: 45.2, 56.9) for the high-risk individuals and 65.9% (95% CI: 64.8, 67.1) for the NSW population. After adjusting for other covariates, the following factors were found to be significantly associated with unwritten-escape plan and no-escape plan prevalence: speaking only the English language at home, practicing home-fire escape plans infrequently, being married, being female and testing smoke alarms less often. Future fire interventions should target people who speak only English at home and people who test their smoke alarms infrequently. These interventions should be accompanied by research aimed at reversing the trend toward use of more flammable materials in homes.

When the clock strikes eight in Brooklyn, a suspenseful drama begins to unfold in real time. Audiences can interact and peer into the lives of eight disenfranchised tenants entangled in a murder, and must embrace their voyeuristic tendencies in this rich and unique interactive series to reveal a gripping truth.

In view of the needs of personnel behavior research in fire scenarios, a virtual experimental platform is set up to conduct research on personnel behavior in fire sites. The fire scenario is divided into two aspects: static and dynamic. In static aspect, the artistry and repeatability of the building are constructed by modeling software. In the aspect of dynamics, the change of building structure is realized by unity3D software, and the influence of structural change on Wayfinding Behavior is shown. It is intended to pave the way for the experimental platform for the study of personnel behavior in the subsequent fire field.

The rapid progress in the virtual reality(VR) technology present new opportunities for researchers in areas that are difficult, dangerous or expensive to study in the real world. The authors take advantage of the commercial availability of these VR devices to build a high-rise building fire escape which providing a highly immersive VR simulation game approach, designed to simulate pre-evacuation human reactions in fire emergencies. We replicated this fire scene in our virtual environment (VE) using Unity3D game engine and the HTC Vive head mounted VR display. The results gathered from this virtual simulation were compared to the data from real fire condition to test the effectiveness of the information provided from this VE. Subjective responses show that our simulation-based VR was effective, realistic, and engaging. Overall, the study results confirm the efficacy of the VR technology for research on people's pre-evacuation behavior under fire