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Introduction. The study of the vocabulary of the dialectological dictionary, which has its own phonetic, grammatical and lexical-semantic features depending on the area of distribution, is considered relevant because it allows one to understand the richness of the national language. The dictionary contains hundreds of local folk words and expressions that are of cultural and historical value, while remaining poorly studied from the point of view of reflecting the “language” of folk culture. The article pays attention to lexical units that are relevant to the national linguistic consciousness, focusing on the structural variability of dialect vocabulary and the preservation of old vocabulary of certain semantic fields. The purpose of the study is to consider the lexical units of the dialectological dictionary, the ethnolinguistic interpretation of the material being studied, aimed at reconstructing the corresponding fragment of the linguistic picture of the world. Materials and methods. The material for the study was the lexical units of the Mordovian dialectological dictionary, which convey the most diverse aspects of life. The article was written in line with ethnolinguistic research. The work used the method of selecting vocabulary material, the method of identifying semantic groups, the method of semantic analysis, as well as descriptive, comparative and contrastive methods. Results and Discussion. For the first time, understanding the regional picture of the world is considered on the basis of the Mordovian dialectological dictionary. Everyday vocabulary was subjected to analysis and a brief linguocultural assessment: folk names for kitchen utensils and food, clothing, hats, embroidery and jewelry, games and holidays, individual household items, their functions in the everyday life of a peasant. A peculiar feature of this vocabulary is its close connection with the life of the people, indicating the territorial distribution in everyday life of certain groups of the population. The article systematizes the vocabulary denoting flora and fauna, terminology of kinship and properties, special attention is paid to dilexemic complexes, which are a vivid means of expression in folklore works. Conclusion. The dictionary is presented as a lexicographical way of reflecting the material and spiritual culture of an ethnic group, as a way of preserving folk speech culture.

Introduction. The article considers some aspects of the national-state building of the Finno-Ugric peoples in the USSR. It highlights the ways of realization of the policy of the Soviet power in this matter. Its positive achievements, as well as contradictions and omissions in the implementation process are represented. The research aims at giving the complex analysis and the objective assessment of the national-state building processes of the Finno-Ugric peoples in the USSR. Materials and Methods. The article summarized legislative documents and materials contained in the works of Soviet and contemporary authors on this problem. Such methods of research as comparative, historical, genetic, legal, descriptive, logical were used to achieve the goal. It also employed the method of actualization which allowed to connect the development of modern processes with the historical experience of the past. Results and Discussion. The research traced the dynamics and certain tendencies of the realization of the national policy towards the Finno-Ugric peoples in the USSR. The analysis of the national-state building processes among them allowed concluding about the significance of the Soviet stage in their development, despite some contradictions, mistakes and omissions in the actions of the Soviet leadership. Underestimation of the national problems of the ethnic groups within the USSR, along with many other unsolved problems in the economy, politics, spiritual and social spheres, accumulated in the State, eventually led to its collapse, which led to problems in geopolitics. Conclusion. Considering all aspects of nation-state building in the USSR made it possible to conclude on the significance and value of creating national administrative-territorial formations among Finno-Ugric peoples, whose continuations are the present-day national subjects of the Russian Federation. The conclusion was made that the established foundations of the nation-state structure of the Russian Federation should be preserved as an important factor in the preservation and development of Finno-Ugric peoples.

After the battle of Poltava in 1709, many Swedish officers and soldiers were taken prisoners of war and had to spend some ten years as captives in Eastern Russia and Siberia. One of them was second lieutenant Anders Pihlström, who kept a diary on his way to Siberia and during his years as a prisoner in Tomsk and Tobolsk. In the present article some notes on his encounters with Finno-Ugric peoples are presented, which bear witness to Pihlström's curiosity and open-mindedness. To make full use of his diary, however, it is necessary to identify the place-names, which are frequently presented in peculiar forms often influenced by Swedish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of Finno-Ugric kinship is based on the linguistic affinity of the languages spoken by these peoples. The fact of Finno-Ugric linguistic affinity was academically established in the 18th century, and this inspired further scholarly searches for historical links between these peoples. Not only material and spiritual culture, but also the study of physical anthropology was regarded as potential sources for demonstrating the Finno-Ugric kinship and its historical developments. The focus of this article is on the darker side of tracing Finno-Ugric connections through material evidence. The quest for knowledge included search for material proof and thus, ritual and holy objects as well as human remains were conceptualised above all as scientific data that was to be acquired by any means and regardless of the sentiments and ideas that the local people might have had about it. The occasionally gruesome methods used to gather evidence for the development of Finno-Ugric kinship demonstrate the power of scholarly constructions and ideas. In this, the early ethnography of Finno-Ugric peoples echoes the attitude and strategies of the budding discipline of cultural anthropology more generally. The idea of kinship did not have effect on the fieldwork methods – the attitude of Finnish and Hungarian scholars towards their Eastern kin remained colonial. Moreover, operating in the framework of imperial Russia and benefitting from this, the scholars can be considered as agents of colonial power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The institutions of marriage and family seem to be an integral component of the traditional livelihood of peoples, reflecting their history, features of life and activities. The Finno-Ugric ethnic groups, over the centuries of their existence, have formed original layers of marriage and family traditions, many elements of which have been preserved to this day. The article provides a comparative legal and anthropological analysis of the marriage and family customs of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga region. Materials and Methods. The article is based on the literature, archival materials on the state of marriage and family relations of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga region in the late XIX–XX centuries. It is based on a legal-anthropological methodology, which includes both relevant theoretical approaches and research methods of collecting materials. The comparative method makes it possible to compare certain elements of the institutions of marriage and family among individual Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga region, to identify their common and special features. The hermeneutic method implies a deeper penetration into the logic of human legal thinking in the study of legal customs. Results and Discussion. In the social life of the Finno-Ugric peoples, family rituals and customs related to marriage and wedding played an important role and family life. Great importance was attached to domestic deities. Many traditional features have been preserved in the regulation of marriage and family relations for a long time, which was due to the slow pace of the formation of market relations, patriarchal features of the family way of life, and the strength of family and kinship ties. Wedding ceremonies were characterized by great complexity and diversity. They were connected with different stages of the wedding, marking the transition of a young man and girl to a new social status; they were supposed to contribute to a more successful implementation of this event, to sanction it in the eyes of relatives and fellow villagers. Conclusion. The Finno-Ugric ethnic groups of the Volga region have developed many similar features of traditional culture and way of life, which indicates the traditions of interpenetration and interaction. Despite the common things and the general similarity of customs in the sphere of marriage and family relations, peoples also have distinctive properties, features of worldview, customary law, and other socionormative relations.

Introduction. The use of the axiological field of the Finno-Ugric culture within the framework of the formation of the socio-humanitarian component of modern education presupposes the acquisition of new knowledge related to the study of the value dominants of the Finno-Ugric culture in diachrony and the ways of their actualization in modern society. The article considers the study of the ethnocultural values of the Finno-Ugric peoples on the example of the Baltic-Finnish (Karelians, Vepsians), Perm (Udmurts, Komi), Volga (Mordovins, Mari), Ugric (Khanty, Mansi) groups. Materials and Methods. The material was the data of a questionnaire on the value dominants of the Finno-Ugric culture and the ways of their actualization in modern society. The research methodology includes a combination of humanitarian (cultural-anthropological, axiosociometric, functional, cross-cultural) approaches and natural research methods of analysis (mathematical statistics). Results and Discussion. With the help of the questionnaire developed by the authors, a cross-cultural study was carried out, which made it possible to identify the system of ethnocultural values of the Finno-Ugric peoples, as well as the most important value dominants characteristic of these peoples at the present stage. The main mechanisms of actualization of the value dominants of the Finno-Ugric culture, as well as Russian experience, are demonstrated. Conclusion. The main provisions and conclusions of the work can be used in the further study of the problem of the place and role of the axiological field of ethnoculture in a renewing society, as well as to optimize the ethno-cultural policy of modern Russia, including ethno-branding of territories.

Introduction. The article attempts to analyze the dynamics of the number and features of the distribution of the Finno-Ugric peoples on the territory of Kazakhstan at the end of XX – beginning of XXI century. Materials and Methods. The research is based on statistical data from the population censuses of Kazakhstan and the USSR in 1970–2009 and literature on this scientific topic. The study is based on comparative-historical, statistical and systematic approaches, which allowed us to reveal the dynamics of the ethnogeographic development of the Finno-Ugric peoples. Results and Discussion. Thirteen Finno-Ugric peoples currently live on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Based on the analysis of the data of the last five population censuses, it assumes about the relationship between the number of ethnic groups and the number of peoples similar in language and culture, with the political situation in the country, social and cultural conditions. It considers the topic of settlement of the Finno-Ugric peoples in the regions of Kazakhstan. Conclusion. The Finno-Ugric peoples living on the territory of Kazakhstan since the end of the XIX century, retain their connection with their historical homeland, cultural and ethnic identity. After the collapse of the of the Soviet Union, the majority of the Finno-Ugric peoples began to decline rapidly, due to the active outflow of the population to their ethnic homeland and to other CIS countries.

Of considerable interest in the study of the housebuilding traditions and innovations of the Finno-Ugric population of the forest belt of the Middle Volga region are the works of the 18th – early 20th century researchers. In this period, random episodic surveys were carried out in the territory of the Middle Volga region. A significant event was the holding of the 4thArchaeological Congress in Kazan in 1877, during which it was decided to publish the annual scientific journal “Bulletin of the Society of Archaeology, History and Ethnography (IOAIE)”. The journal not only provided information about the newly discovered archaeological artifacts and sites, but also featured a scientific discussion concerning the possibility of housebuilding development across the population of the Middle Volga region. The issue of the construction of permanent structures in the territory was also of interest for geologists, natural scientists and ethnographers. In this regard, the purpose of the paper is to analyze the scientific works of the 18th – early 20th centuries dedicated to the study of the origins and development of housebuilding practiced by the population of the forest belt of the Middle Volga region in the 2nd – 1st millennium BC. The authors came to the conclusion that archaeological research and ethnographic realities presented in the scientific evidence of the 18th – early 20thcenturies are of great importance in terms of source studies for the research of the various aspects of the life of the ancient population of the region.

Introduction. The article explores the role and place of ethnosport in the national culture as an important factor in returning to authenticity in order to preserve the identity of ethnic groups. Materials and Methods. The authors pay attention to the theoretical substantiation of ethno-sport as a methodological basis of designing and forecasting the processes of formation and functioning of socio-cultural systems in the conditions of the processes of ethnocultural representations in sports, which are gaining momentum and go beyond the boundaries of places of compact residence of ethnic groups, national states and continents. The authors emphasize that the methodology of studying ethno-sports is of interdisciplinary nature of emerging trends in the area of physical activity in the conditions of globalization processes. Results and Discussion. The article studies the role and place of traditional games in actualizing the axiological field of Finno-Ugric peoples’ culture in modern society in order to preserve the identity of ethnic groups under conditions of cultural localization. Special attention is paid to the revival of ethnic sports within the traditional holidays of Finno-Ugric peoples. The article emphasizes that ethnosport is based on the moral and ethical views of peoples, expressed in the original festivals described in the works of oral folk art. Conclusion. Along with the usual performances of folk groups in the framework of folk festivals, traditional games are getting more popular. It is important to note that this approach is quite historic, because the competitive game tradition has served as the cultural core of the national holiday for centuries. Despite the fact that the territories inhabited by Finno-Ugric peoples have different approaches to the revival and maintenance of ethnic sports, in general, Finno-Ugric territories demonstrate a significant interest in this sphere of national identity. Traditional games have become part of the cultural policy of Finno-Ugric republics.

The study examines the territorial organization of the Ural peoples and languages, reveals the features of the regional interaction and population dynamics, addresses the problems of the ancestral homeland and ethno genesis, the role of Finno-Ugrians in the history of Russia, highlights the acute issues of preserving languages and culture. The research focuses on some features in the development of the Uralic ethnic groups within the framework of the Russian civilization. It is alleged that the ethnic and political consolidation of most Finno-Ugric tribes was born in the bowels of the ancient Russian state and the first sprouts of the future unity of peoples were born, and their role in the powerful national-state construction that unfolded on the huge Eurasian territory of Russia in the period between 16th and 20th century is analyzed. The outcomes confirm that the Finno-Ugric peoples have always been an organic part of the Russian ethno-cultural mosaic. They actively participated in the strengthening of the state, mastered its vast natural wealth, and created the economic power of the country. Due to the fact that in Finno-Ugric, significant attention is paid to the problems of preserving languages and culture among Samoyed peoples, which cannot be called Finno-Ugric, we propose to use the term "Uralistics" more widely. This is a more accurate concept and can be used in the study of cultural processes among the peoples united in the Uralic language family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The features of the functioning of the Russian language in four Finno-Ugric republics of the Russian Federation, peoples of which entered the Russian state in the XV-XVI centuries, are examined. The consequences of the violent Christianization of the Finno-Ugric peoples are commented. The demographic features of the republics, as well as the current ratio of the Russian and the titular population are characterized. Based on the data on the reduction of the titular population, the question is raised about the possibility of calling these republics Finno-Ugric. The current situation of the Russian and state Finno-Ugric languages in the most important areas of communication is examined in detail. Particular attention is paid to legal acts establishing the status of languages in these republics, namely, laws on languages. Conclusions are drawn about the influence of laws on the linguistic situation and the linguistic competence of the population of the republics. The characteristic types of bilingualism in these regions are determined. The dominant position of the Russian language is stated. It is argued that national languages cannot compete with Russian. A forecast is made on the further development of the situation, in particular, on the functioning of national titular languages and Russian as state language. The novelty of this study is in the combination of historical and modern data, allowing to give a complete picture of the influence of the Russian language on the situation in the republics, to study the reasons for its distribution and dominance in these republics.

The article is devoted to the emergence and development of bilingualism and multilingualism in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The questions of appearance and settlement of representatives of Slavic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic and other ethnic groups with their own languages and culture in the territory of modern Bashkortostan are considered. Special attention is paid to the three most numerous groups of the population of the Republic: Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars. The story of the appearance of Mari, Udmurts, Mordvins and representatives of other peoples in the Bashkir territories is told. The author also focuses on the current language situation and on the legislative protection of the rights of national minorities and their languages in Bashkortostan. The relevance of the article is determined by the attention of the Russian and world community to the situation of national languages and the problem of their preservation. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that the emergence of bilingualism and multilingualism in Bashkortostan is associated with the moment of Bashkir lands settlement the by the non-Bashkir population. It is indicated that, settling compactly or dispersed, it was adjacent to representatives of foreign-speaking ethnic groups, which led to interethnic communication. These circumstances explain the emergence of different types of bilingualism - national-Russian, national-national and (less often) Russian-national, and some types of trilingualism in Bashkortostan.

Introduction. The work is of relevance due to the ambiguity of the status of small peoples: legislation of many countries (including Russia), being aimed at supporting small ethnic groups, is difficult to implement in practice. The article intends to analyze the situation concerning small ethnic groups living in Russia, created by the system of legislative acts. Materials and Methods. The study employed the method of content analysis, which allowed for a qualitative analysis of documents and their subsequent valid interpretation and comparison. Results. It has been revealed that Russia has not ratified the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and has its own understanding of the term; therefore the state does not recognize the right of peoples to own lands and does not establish a dispute settlement procedure. In theory, Russia provides ethnic groups with a wide range of rights, for example, the right to use lands and the right to receive education in their mother tongue. However, imp lementation of these provisions is often limited or completely impossible due to insufficient resources or conflicts of laws. It has been identified that generally the legislation makes provision for strengthening the unity and integrity of the state as the main goal of the state national policy. Discussion and Conclusion. The legislation on small peoples is of a declarative nature, so there is a need for regulation of relations between the state, enterprises and the indigenous population. Since the legislation is quite flexible due to changes in society, further monitoring of the acts adopted by the state on small ethnic groups and of the mechanisms introduced is necessary and appears to be a matter for further research.

The Vikings’ rise in Northern Russia is a chapter in European history that is yet to be written. Political, linguistic and mental barriers have meant that this period of Northern Russia’s great expansion was sadly neglected by historians. But after 1990, with the opening of Russia’s archives for western researches, we can finally begin collecting the small pieces for a jigsaw puzzle of the Vikings’ journey in the area of the Kola Peninsula. Recent archaeological finds help us to support the theory that the Viking voyages in the White Sea and the Arctic Ocean have had greater significance and extent than previously thought. This article will shed new light on Bjarmaland, the Bjarmians and why the Vikings for many centuries pilgrimage to the area where Arkhangelsk is today. Were they in the area at all? And how there still are traces in our modern society of this era. Furthermore, the trade connections between Vikings, Bjarmians and Russians will be put into a larger perspective and the Vikings’ trade routes in both Eastern and Western Europe will be described.

Izhorians: A disappearing ethnic group indigenous to the Leningrad region There is no body of research focusing specifically on Izhorians, a Finno-Ugrian minority group indigenous to the Leningrad region. Information about them is usually embedded in wider studies investigating Finnic minorities living at the intersection of Russia, Estonia and Finland. Consequently, it is fragmented, disjointed and marginalised, and available almost only in Russian, Estonian or Finnish. However, the most recent report on the state of the Izhorian language (which is part of a general study of Finnic minority languages in Russia) is available in English. Even though information about Izhorians lacks unity and cohesion, all researchers share the same concern, namely that Izhorians are disappearing as a distinct ethnic group. This concern manifests itself as a tendency to follow the dynamics of the Izhorian population, paying special attention to statistical data. Accordingly, this paper begins with a presentation of those data as a feature that connects all available research and proceeds to a commentary clarifying the reasons for the decline of this ethnic group. It also evaluates the current state of the Izhorian language. This review article presents a concise overview of selected research findings related to various issues concerning the study of Izhorians, including works by A. I. Kir′ianen, A. V. Labudin and A. A. Samodurov (2017); A. I. Kir′ianen (2016); N. Kuznetsova, E. Markus and M. Muslimov (2015); M. Muslimov (2005); A. P. Chush′′ialova (2010); F. I. Rozhanskiĭ and E. B. Markus (2013); and V. I. Mirenkov (2000). Iżorowie – zanikająca rdzenna grupa etniczna w regionie leningradzkim Jak dotąd, nie ma literatury badawczej skupiającej się na Iżorach, rdzennej ugrofińskiej grupie etnicznej żyjącej w regionie leningradzkim. Informacje na ich temat zwykle stanowią część szerszych prac dotyczących mniejszości bałtofińskich na pograniczu Rosji, Estonii i Finlandii, są zatem fragmentaryczne, rozproszone, zmarginalizowane i dostępne niemal wyłącznie w językach rosyjskim, estońskim lub fińskim. Najnowsze studium dotyczące stanu języka iżorskiego (stanowiące część ogólnego opracowania na temat bałtofińskich mniejszości językowych w Rosji) jest dostępne w języku angielskim. Pomimo tego, że badania dotyczące Iżorów cechuje brak spójności, wszyscy badacze podzielają obawę o ich przetrwanie jako odrębnej grupy etnicznej, co przejawia się w tendencji do śledzenia dynamiki populacji, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem danych statystycznych. Autorka wychodzi od przedstawienia tych danych jako elementu łączącego wszystkie dostępne badania i omawia przyczyny zanikania Iżorów jako odrębnej grupy etnicznej. Artykuł przedstawia również ocenę obecnego stanu języka iżorskiego. Zawiera też zwięzły przegląd wyników wybranych badań dotyczących Iżorów i omawia prace takich autorów jak: A. I. Kir′ianen, A. V. Labudin i A. A. Samodurov (2017); A. I. Kir′ianen (2016); N. Kuznetsova, E. Markus i M. Muslimov (2015); M. Muslimov (2005); A. P. Chush′′ialova (2010); F. I. Rozhanskiĭ i E. B. Markus (2013); V. I. Mirenkov (2000).

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The Upper Volga region was an area of contacts of Finno-Ugric, Slavic, and Scandinavian speaking populations in the 8th-10th centuries AD. However, their role in the formation of the contemporary gene pool of the Russian population of the region is largely unknown. To answer this question, we studied four populations of Yaroslavl oblast ( N = 132) by a wide panel of STR and SNP markers of the Y-chromosome. Two of the studied populations appear to be genetically similar: the indigenous Russian population of Yaroslavl oblast and population of Katskari are characterized by the same major haplogroup, R-M198 (xM458). Haplogroup R-M458 composes more than half of Sitskari's gene pool. The major haplogroup in the gene pool of the population of the ancient town of Mologa is N-M178. Subtyping N-M178 by newest 'genomeera' Y-SNP markers showed different pathways of entering this haplogroup into the gene pools of Yaroslavl Volga region populations. The majority of Russian populations have subvariant N3a3-CTS10760; the regular sample of Yaroslavl oblast is equally represented by subvariants N3a3-CTS10760 and N3a4-Z1936, while subvariant N3a4-Z1936 predominates in the gene pool of population of Mologa. This N3a4-Z1936 haplogroup is common among the population of the north of Eastern Europe and the Volga-Ural region. The obtained results indicate preservation of the Finno-Ugric component in the gene pool of population of Mologa and a contribution of Slavic colonization in the formation of the gene pool of the Yaroslavl Volga region populations and make it possible to hypothesize the genetic contribution of the 'downstream' (Rostov- Suzdal) rather than 'upstream' (Novgorod) Slavic migration wave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical memory turns out to be an important ethnopolitical phenomenon, when the events of the past of the peoples are used as an argument in the political activities of any entity. The example of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Russian Federation is used to show the practice of using facts of the past for political purposes.

The article presents the results of the conference held in Saransk on November 30, 2011. It was attended by archaeologists from ten Russian cities. Special attention was paid to topics as the renewal of archaeological research in the Mordovian Republic after a 10-year break; archaeological sites conservation s and rescue studies; controversial issues of the archeology of the Middle Volga region, especially those referring to the Neolithic and the Early Iron Age; ethnic composition of the population of the region in the Early Middle Ages; problems of linguistics. A collection of contributions was published prior to the start of the conference.

This study explores the legal and institutional position of Finno-Ugric languages according to the language laws of the national republics in post-Soviet Russia. The aim is to understand whether the republican authorities intended to use the official designation of state language as a policy device with which to ensure the revival of titular languages. The approach of the study is to test revivalist theories that establish a link between official status and language revival by comparing the number of institutionalised elements of official status in the republics. For the purpose of comparison, the study focuses on education and work environment among the domains within the public sphere of language use. The results demonstrate that the framing of official status in these sectors provided only some additional opportunities for the expansion of language use, while the extent of their institutionalisation directly correlated with the level of political representation of ethnic elites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anthropological material used for stature analysis was collected by Karin Mark in 1955-1976. It consists of the measurement data of 112 Finno-Ugric, nine Indo-European and 12 Turkic peoples' groups. In total there were 133 ethnic and territorial groups with 12,236 people. The article gives an overview of the variability of stature in all local territorial groups of all Finno-Ugric and some of their neighbouring peoples. The average statures by summative ethnic groups are also given. The studied peoples are characterised by a rather great variability of stature -- from 157.7 cm to 176.9 cm, the shortest peoples being West Siberian Khants and Mansi, the tallest -- Finnish Swedes, Estonians and Finns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a short overview of the variability of eye and hair colour of Finno-Ugric and their neighbouring peoples on the basis of Karin Mark's studies (22 ethnic groups, consisting of 133 local ethnic groups, a total of approximately 13,000 individuals). Eye and hair colour in Finno-Ugric peoples varies rather greatly. The percentage of blue and grey eyes (light, 0 points) ranges in different groups from 2 to 80, of mottled (1 point) from 16 to 63, and of brown eyes (dark, 2 points) from 0 to 42. Still, in most groups, light eyes are dominant; dark eyes are rarer. The average point for eye colour (M) varies from 0.24 to 1.39. Regional variability of hair colour in Finno-Ugric peoples is greater than that of eye colour, although the picture is similar. Fair hair (0-2 points or No 9-26 on the Fischer scale) occurs among 2-50%, brown hair (3 points or No 6-8) among 22-71% and black hair (4 points or No 4-5 and 27) among 7-76% of subjects. The average point varies from 2.42 to 3.73. In most Finno-Ugric peoples, red hair is rare, in some groups even non-existent. The percentage of red hair exceeds 1% in Finnish Swedes (average 1.4%), Bessermen (1.6%) and Komi-Permyaks (1.8%). Udmurts form an exception among the peoples studied with a particularly high percentage of red-haired persons (4%, var 1.0-7.3%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a short overview of the variability of stature, head and face measurements in Finno-Ugric and their neighbouring peoples on the basis of Karin Mark studies (22 ethnic groups, consisting of 133 local ethnic groups, over 12,000 individuals in total) [6, 7, 8]. The article describes the dependence of head and face measurements on stature. The studied peoples are characterised by considerable anthropological variety. The mean stature of these peoples varies between 157.7-174.7 cm, head length between 186.3-195.9 mm, head breadth between 150.8-159.8 mm, etc. Dependence of head measurements on stature is rather great. The correlation coefficient is the highest between the head module and stature (r=0.80), followed by head length (r=0.74) and head breadth (r=0.55). It is also high between forehead breadth and stature (r=0.61). Among the face measurements, the most greatly dependent on stature is physiognomic facial height (r=0.60), followed by morphological facial height (r=0.44). The breadth measurements of the face are less dependent on stature: bizygomathic breadth (r=0.30) and bigonial breadth (r=0.24). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]