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El capítulo 10 está sujeto a confidencialidad por el autor. 134 p., La mitigación del cambio climático requiere de un cambio en los patrones de consumo actuales. Este cambio de comportamiento puede lograrse, en teoría, mediante estrategias estructurales (incentivos) e informativas (comunicación) que fomenten el consumo sostenible. La presente tesis doctoral gira en torno a las razones por las que los consumidores siguen practicando un consumo insostenible a pesar de la aplicación de medidas de cambio de comportamiento. En su conjunto, la información procedente de la comunicación medioambiental y el incentivo de los impuestos sobre el carbono deberían poder influir en las decisiones de los consumidores. Sin embargo, los resultados empíricos y argumentos teóricos expuestos en la presente tesis revelan una realidad más compleja: ciertas estrategias de comunicación y formas de presentar el impuesto sobre el carbono tienden a generar un efecto de licencia moral que justifica el comportamiento insostenible porque hacen pensar a los consumidores que sus actos (ya sea el recordarles sus buenas acciones pasadas o el estar pagando un impuesto por contaminar) compensan la decisión de consumo que están a punto de tomar. Además, al efecto de licencia moral se suman la publicidad verde engañosa (greenwashing) y la creciente politización de la crisis climática. Los estudios que componen la presente tesis abogan por una influencia normativa explicita en la comunicación de medidas de mitigación, así como evitar mencionar explícitamente los impuestos al carbono y aplicarlos de forma velada en los precios para así evitar el efecto de licencia moral y el razonamiento políticamente motivado a la hora de fomentar el consumo sostenible. Esta tesis se presenta en formato compendio de publicaciones, compuesta por cinco artículos científicos y dos capítulos de libro.

From a provider perspective, co-creation has contributed to design more personalized, authentic and memorable destinations and experiences. However, the COVID-19 outbreak may have changed consumers' interest in high-contact and interactive activities, related to long-demonized behaviors (touching and close interplay). In a wine tourism context and based on a cost-benefit approach, the here proposed model explains consumers’ intentions to participate in high co-creation tourism activities (HCCTA) during and after the pandemic, contrasting perceived risks (costs) with expected enjoyment (benefit). Activity setting (indoor or outdoor) and two individual characteristics (age and fear of COVID-19) are analyzed as antecedents of physical risk perception. The “antecedents – costs-benefit – intentions” model was tested using PLS-SEM, with data extracted from scenario-based surveys (1299 responses) applied during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results show that perceived risks and expected enjoyment affect intentions to participate in HCCTA, while participation avoidance may be coming to an end with the alleviation of the pandemic. However, additional personal and external conditions may reinforce perceived risks. The study provides new insights regarding these dynamics for HCCTA, relevant to both theory and practice, particularly in times of health risk related to person-to-person interaction.

269 p., El agotamiento y la degradación de los recursos naturales, consecuencia de su uso insostenible por paite de una población creciente que demanda un mayor consumo y nivel de vida, ha conducido a la asimilación del concepto de desarrollo sostenible como paradigma en el que basar las políticas europeas presentes y futuras (a modo de ejemplo, el Pacto Verde Europeo, la Estrategia Española de Bioeconomía, la Estrategia de Economía Circular 2030 del País Vasco, el Basque Green Deal, etc.). En 2015, la mayoría de los países del mundo adoptaron la Agenda de Desarrollo Sostenible con sus conocidos 17 Objetivos, siendo reflejo de la necesidad imperiosa de generar un cambio profundo y justo en los sistemas de producción y consumo, pasando de un modelo lineal de «producción-consumo-desecho» a otro basado en conceptos de reutilización, recirculación, reciclaje y empleo de recursos naturales renovables. Esta transición cobra aún más urgencia por el hecho de que el cambio climático que padecemos agrava la pérdida de biodiversidad y el deterioro de los recursos naturales, y dificulta el reto asociado a la producción y el consumo sostenible. En este contexto, la bioeconomía circular y, en particular, la bioeconomía forestal circular están llamadas a desempeñar un papel fundamental en el nuevo modelo de producción y consumo sostenible. Uno de los aspectos en los que se fundamenta la bioeconomía forestal circular es el hecho de que en los países desarrollados, en general, la producción forestal no compite por terrenos que se puedan dedicar a la producción de alimentos y, además, genera cantidades notables de biomasa como materia prima en la que se apoyan las cadenas de valor centradas en la generación de productos bio-basados. Dado que la generalización de los principios de la bioeconomía circular es relativamente reciente, se hace preciso abordar el análisis del concepto, sus implicaciones y sus conexiones con otros conceptos relacionados como la economía circular o la economía verde.

Presentamos a continuación las diferentes partes de las que consta este documento que da respuesta al perfil de la plaza y a la categoría de Cátedra de Universidad: PARTE I: CONTEXTO NORMATIVO Y CIENTÍFICO PARTE II: PROYECTO DOCENTE PARTE III: ACTIVIDAD INVESTIGADORA Y PROPUESTA DE UN PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN

285 p., Esta tesis doctoral presenta un modelo para la Innovación Social bajo el nuevo paradigma de la Innovación Abierta, concretamente mediante el enfoque de las redes de innovación colaborativa, con base en la creación de Valor Social (VS) para la ciudadanía. El estudio incluye un análisis teórico, necesario para establecer el modelo de estudio y justificar las relaciones causales entre las variables que se desprenden de la literatura, y un análisis empírico, basado en un estudio cualitativo y un estudio cuantitativo. El contraste de las hipótesis se realiza a través de la metodología PLS. La muestra utilizada para el estudio se obtiene de la base de datos de Eurocities, siendo el informante clave los expertos del sector público que se dedican a proyectos colaborativos del área de la Innovación Social en la ciudad. Las contribuciones derivadas del estudio suponen la actualización de la Teoría de los Recursos al considerar la Capacidad de Innovación Social urbana como una nueva Capacidad Dinámica, un nuevo marco teórico para abordar la Innovación Social en las ciudades desde el ámbito de la gestión estratégica, el establecimiento de las variables Capital Intelectual Basado en las Redes, Gestión de la Red y Orientación a la Innovación Abierta como antecedentes y el Valor Social como una consecuencia relevante, la propuesta de herramientas para la medición y valoración de las mismas, una definición original y actualizada para la Innovación Social en el ámbito urbano, e implicaciones para los gestores locales que se han convertido en gestores de la Innovación Social urbana.

Purpose This study aims to structure a model for integrating social value into strategic management based on identifying the critical success factors (CSF) for such integration in the investigated companies. Design/methodology/approach This research was based on the actor–network theory. Through a rigorous approach to the case study methodology in a two-stage process lasting 21 months, we carried out this study. Findings Companies that use the polyhedral social accounting model in their strategic management processes do so without a reference model. We identified CSF for integrating social value, which was incorporated into a protocol model based on stakeholder theory and the use of social accounting. Practical implications Practitioners can use the proposed model to maintain the alignment of strategic performance and purpose. Using social accounting based on indicators and financial proxies allows managers to incorporate social value into strategic management in terms of financial value. Social implications The institutional demand for social information is based on the growing sensitivity of companies. Aligning social values with business strategies contributes to social sustainability. Originality/value This study focuses on an unresearched emerging phenomenon. Since the first approach to stakeholder theory, the development of a stakeholder-oriented strategy has faced the lack of a stakeholder accounting system. The polyhedral model of social accounting could help overcome this problem as it provides information that allows a novel and innovative method to make a stakeholder-oriented strategy effective.

This is an electronic version of the accepted paper in the journal CIRIEC-España, Revista de Economía Pública, Social y Cooperativa., [EN]This paper analyses the intercooperation between public administration, small agricultural producers and the supermarket cooperative Eroski in the Basque and Navarre to promote a local agrifood system. Through a case study with 22 interviews with different members of the system, certain advantages and limitations of intercooperation are identified. The retailer emerges as the main agent with the potential to drive the supply of the local agro-livestock sector and promote its professionalisation through the formation of agricultural cooperatives and other associative networks. The relevance of a correct organisational culture alignment between the retailer and its suppliers and the influence of codependence and power imbalances between these two parties are highlighted. The case offers clues to other retailers who are interested in improving their local positioning, to small local producers wishing to develop their business in a sustainable way with large scale distribution, and to public institutions wishing to promote local agrifood systems in collaboration with large retailers, [ES]Este trabajo analiza la intercooperación entre la administración pública, los pequeños productores agrarios y la cooperativa de supermercados Eroski en el País Vasco y Navarra para promover un sistema agroalimentario de proximidad. A través de un estudio de caso con 22 entrevistas a diferentes miembros del sistema, se identifican ciertas ventajas y limitaciones de esta intercooperación. El minorista emerge como el principal agente con potencial para impulsar la oferta del sector agroganadero local y promover su profesionalización a través de la formación de cooperativas agrarias y otras redes asociativas. Se destaca la relevancia y necesidad de un correcto alineamiento entre la cultura organizativa de los minoristas y la de sus proveedores y la influencia de la codependencia y los desequilibrios de poder entre ambas partes. El caso ofrece pautas a otros minoristas interesados en mejorar su posicionamiento local, a pequeños productores locales que deseen desarrollar su negocio de forma sostenible con la gran distribución y a instituciones públicas que deseen promover sistemas agroalimentarios locales en colaboración con la gran distribución.

El proyecto RENASCENCE, liderado por la UPV/EHU, reflexiona sobre los retos necesarios para el desarrollo de sistemas y entornos de alimentación sostenibles en el sistema sanitario vasco. La compra pública de alimentos se considera una herramienta fundamental para el cambio de paradigma en el sistema alimentario actual y para contribuir al desarrollo de objetivos políticos sostenibles y específicos. Es más, aprovechar la capacidad de compra de los hospitales, priorizando los alimentos locales sostenibles, ofrece la oportunidad de hacer más resilientes y sostenibles los actuales modelos de producción de alimentos y se posibilita el cumplimiento de las estrategias que llegan de Europa (ejemplo de estrategia Del Campo a la Mesa dentro del Pacto Verde Europeo). Investigadoras del proyecto RENASCENCE han publicado recientemente un documento de trabajo derivado de sesiones realizadas en colaboración con agentes de Osakidetza y del Sistema Alimentario Vasco. Asi mismo, en esta colaboración participan investigadoras del Instituto Orkestra de la Fundación Deusto. En estas sesiones de trabajo se analizó la situación actual de la compra sostenible de alimentos en Osakidetza, identificando los retos y planes de acción necesarios para el desarrollo de una estrategia alimentaria sostenible. El suministro permanente de alimentos en Osakidetza acaba de comenzar. Este documento de trabajo ofrece una hoja de ruta. Aunque esta propuesta es básica, será necesaria y útil como punto de partida para el paso a sistemas de alimentación sostenibles en Osakidetza. En concreto, este informe titulado “Estrategia de Compra Sostenible de Alimentos en los Hospitales de Osakidetza, una semilla para promover un sistema de alimentación sostenible en el sistema sanitario vasco”, contempla un total de 13 retos y 30 planes de acción.

Insolvency proceedings are strategic for the competitiveness of a national economy. The new law, but also new financial situation of organizations affect the new normal of insolvency framework. In Europe, standards aimed at creating an efficient framework for corporate insolvency resolution are constantly changing to enhance the efficiency of such mechanisms. This pursuit contrasts with the lack of specific efficiency data available to both legislators and researchers, there are no solid statistics to investigate the phenomenon from the perspective of its efficiency, which makes it impossible in practice to investigate its explanatory variables. Previous studies have led us to reflect on key information asymmetry and adverse selection problems resulting from a gap between the new challenges on insolvencies processes and options, because the lack of information. Based on this reflection, we have identified parallelisms between the lemon market, and current insolvency proceedings in Spain. Although, the legal system is modified, the insolvency process itself is a drag, for the achievement of the long-awaited efficiency of the process. It will be necessary to change, not only the legislation, but also the information provided, and create a new insolvency system because actual has “lemons signals”, this circumstance is producing negative effects on the efficiency and competence of a key figure in the process: the insolvency administrator.

Background: The 4th Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of the 2030 Agenda is supported by new educational trends that consider game-based learning as a pedagogical method in the classroom. In particular, simulation games and motivation are relevant elements since they can play a significant role in quality education. As a result, during the last few years, research into potential interventions as well as business simulation games (BSGs) for the development of intrinsic motivation (IM) in higher education have skyrocketed. However, no reviews of the interventions and outcomes in this topic have been released. Therefore, the goals of this research were (1) to analyze the relationship between the use of BSGs and the IM of students in higher education, and (2) to identify the aspects that can be promoted by the BSGs to develop IM. Methods: In accordance with PRISMA recommendations, a systematic review was carried out of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and ProQuest. Results: From the 329 investigations that were initially selected, 12 studies underwent a complete assessment, in which all interventions and results were gathered and assessed. Conclusions: There was unanimity on the importance of using BSG to foster IM in higher education.

In recent decades, the largest European worker cooperatives, and those that are the most emblematic in their countries, have been transformed into multinational companies. This article examines workers’-cooperative multinationality by providing a classifying tool based on the interaction between control rights and return rights held by foreign employees in the subsidiaries of multinational cooperatives. We illustrate our matrix of cooperative multinationality by classifying an internationalized historical cooperative, Up Group (formerly Chèque Déjeuner, SCOP). In the last few decades, the French cooperative Up has become a hybrid multinational player in the employee benefits industry by setting up capitalist subsidiaries both in France and overseas. The case study also reports on Up's innovative attempt to produce a global cooperative or a more democratic multinational enterprise through converting subsidiaries’ employees into associates.

UPV/EHU buru duen RENASCENCE proiektuak euskal osasun-sisteman elikadura-sistema iraunkorrak garatzeko beharrezkoak diren erronkei buruzko gogoeta egiten du. Elikagaien erosketa publikoa funtsezko tresnatzat jotzen da egungo elikadura sistemako paradigma aldatzeko eta helburu politiko iraunkor eta espezifikoak garatzen laguntzeko. Are gehiago, ospitaleen erosteko ahalmena aprobetxatzeak, tokiko elikagai jasangarriak lehenetsiz, elikagaiak ekoizteko egungo ereduak erresilienteagoa eta iraunkorragoak bihurtzeko gaitasuna eskaintzen du. Europatik datozen estrategiak betetzeko ahalbidetzen delarik (Itun Berdearen baitan dagoen Baserritik Mahaira estrategia adibide). RENASCENCE proiektuko ikertzaileek lan-dokumentu bat argitaratu berri dute, Osakidetzako eta Euskal Elikadura Sistemako hainbat eragilerekin elkarlanean egindako bi lan-saiotatik eratorria. Bertan, Deustu Fundazioko Orkestra institutoko ikertzaileekin lankidetzan aritu ziren ikerketa honetarako. Lan-saio horietan, Osakidetzan elikagaien erosketa jasangarriaren egungo egoera aztertu zen, eta elikadura-estrategia iraunkorra garatzeko beharrezkoak diren erronkak eta ekintza-planak identifikatu ziren. Osakidetzan elikagaien hornidura iraunkorra hasi berria da. Lan-dokumentu honek ibilbide-orri bat eskaintzen du. Proposamen hau oinarrizkoa izanik ere, beharrezkoa eta erabilgarria izango da, Osakidetzan elikadura-sistema iraunkorretara igarotzeko abiapuntu gisa. Zehazki, “Elikagaien Erosketa Jasangarrirako Estrategia Osakidetzako Ospitaleetan, Euskal Osasun sisteman elikadura sistema jasangarria sustatzeko hazi bat” tituludun txosten honek, orotara 13 erronka eta 30 ekintza plan aurreikusten ditu.

203 p., La tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo evaluar la influencia de la tecnología blockchain en los principales sectores económicos y los modelos de negocio de plataforma. Se han identificado los valores de negocio más demandados y se ha analizado la inversión en blockchain por parte de las empresas. Además, se ha desarrollado una taxonomía de los modelos de plataforma descentralizados, se ha realizado la identificación y evaluación de una muestra representativa de estas plataformas, y, por último, se ha propuesto una clasificación de los tres arquetipos de plataformas descentralizadas: hosted, federated y shared.Los resultados de la investigación han revelado que la tecnología blockchain está siendo adoptada a nivel global en todos los sectores, generando un impacto significativo en la industria. Se han identificado múltiples beneficios de esta tecnología en diferentes áreas y se ha proporcionado información detallada sobre la inversión en blockchain en distintas empresas y sectores.La tesis representa una valiosa contribución a la literatura, ya que brinda información real sobre la inversión en blockchain y caracteriza los modelos emergentes de plataformas descentralizadas. Estos resultados tienen el potencial de ayudar a los emprendedores a comprender mejor las posibilidades de la tecnología blockchain y a diseñar modelos de negocio innovadores y sostenibles.

Background: The development of quality education, as stated by the United Nations in the 4th Sustainable Development Goal of the 2030 Agenda, is a very relevant aspect to work on, and specifically, motivation can play an important role. Consequently, the development of intrinsic motivation (IM) in university education and searches for possible interventions have increased exponentially in the last decade. However, no reviews have been published analyzing the interventions and the results obtained. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to systematically analyze the development of IM in online education through the different intervention programs carried out in university teaching. Methods: A systematic review of PubMed, Web of Sciences and Scopus was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Results: Of the 255 studies initially identified, 17 were thoroughly reviewed, and all interventions and outcomes were extracted and analyzed. Most of the interventions achieved better outcomes after implementation. Five types of possible courses of action to promote IM have been identified. Conclusions: It is worth highlighting the unanimity found regarding the importance of proposing specific approaches based on the development of IM in university online teaching since it promotes satisfaction regarding studying and greater involvement of students.

Tourism in a post-pandemic era will likely be oriented toward nature because contact with nature has restorative health benefits. The purpose of this study was to analyze the antecedents of tourists’ intentions to visit nature-based resorts during a pandemic. A nationally representative sample of the Spanish population (n = 500) was recruited by an online commercial panel to test and empirically validate the proposed conceptual framework. The findings confirmed a direct relationship between negative perceptions of wearing face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic and tourists’ intentions to visit nature-based resorts. The relationship between the perceived negative effects of wearing face masks and the intention to visit nature-based resorts was positively mediated by the need for escapism. This impact was less pronounced for anxious travelers, as shown by results corroborating the moderating effect of travel anxiety. The findings of this study contribute to research on tourism crises and provide future insights into the recovery of the industry during COVID-19.

Research on salesperson creativity remains as one of the most under-researched topics in the sales literature despite the evidence that encouraging creativity in the sales domain is a source of competitive advantage. This paper aims to fill this research gap by exploring the influence of perceived ethical climate on salesperson creative performance, paying special attention to the role that emotions play in this process. Data provided by 176 supervisor–salesperson dyads confirm that the trust/responsibility dimension of an ethical climate is positively related to salesperson creative selling by increasing salespeople's organizational pride. Similarly, the perception of unethical selling practices negatively affects salesperson organizational pride, reducing the expression of creative behaviors. Moreover, the negative effect of unethical selling practices on creative performance is stronger (more negative) when salespeople's identification with an organization increases. Managerial implications and future research directions are also addressed.

Public procurement of food is seen as a critical tool for a paradigm shift and for facilitating the development of specific policy objectives to build sustainable food environments. Furthermore, the harnessing of the purchasing power of hospitals, prioritizing local and sustainable food, offers the potential to transform food production systems into more resilient production models and bring them in line with current European sustainability strategies. This paper analyses the current situation of sustainable food procurement strategies in Osakidetza, the Basque Health System, and identifies the challenges and action plans needed to develop a sustainable food strategy. Sustainable food procurement is still incipient in Osakidetza. This roadmap proposal is a basic but necessary contribution as a starting point. Likewise, we find contributions from agroecology that are interesting for the construction of sustainable food environments in health systems.

420 p., El objetivo principal de la tesis es la generación de un modelo que integre las perspectivas económica y social en la gestión estratégica de las organizaciones. Se constata la falta de modelos de referencia para tal fin; lo que es debido, por un lado, a que la investigación en la disciplina de la dirección estratégica ha estado centrada en el análisis del desempeño económico y; por otro lado, las empresas no han dispuesto de sistemas de información contable que aportaran esta doble perspectiva.La comprobación de que el modelo poliédrico de la contabilidad social se ha implantado como sistema de cálculo en organizaciones de diferente tipo y que en algunas de ellas se empieza a utilizar en el ámbito de la estrategia, refleja un fenómeno nuevo que es necesario explorar para identificar buenas prácticas y aprendizajes que puedan trasladarse a un modelo de referencia. Por ello, hemos abordado una investigación cuya principal metodología es el estudio de caso en organizaciones referentes. Este estudio viene precedido por la revisión de la literatura relevante y por un análisis comparativo entre grupos estratégicos de empresas para valorar el alcance de la información financiera en el análisis del desempeño social. Así, hemos llegado a la formulación de las bases y el desarrollo de un modelo protocolar basado fundamentalmente en la teoría de stakeholder, con el que damos cumplimiento al objetivo planteado.

El protagonismo de las finanzas sostenibles ha crecido de manera exponencial en la década de los 2010 a nivel global. Uno de los vehículos de inversión más utilizados en este ámbito, sobre todo en Europa, son los fondos de inversión. Gracias al impulso público dado a este tipo de inversión y las nuevas regulaciones en este ámbito, en especial la SFDR, la comisión europea ha sido capaz de categorizar los fondos de inversión sostenibles (artículos 8 y 9) con el fin de ayudar a los inversores a tener una información más clara. Además, la constitución de entidades de clasificación ASG, como por ejemplo el MSCI, ha contribuido a que exista una cantidad mayor de información acerca de los indicadores ASG de este tipo de vehículos de inversión. Este estudio se ha realizado con el fin de determinar las características y diferencias reales de la inversión sostenible (en especial de la inversión dirigida mediante fondos de inversión sostenibles españoles) y ayudar a los potenciales inversores a entender las diferencias entre estas nuevas categorías de fondos sostenibles y las variables tanto económicas como de sostenibilidad presentadas por estos. Asimismo, se han extraído varias conclusiones mediante un estudio empírico basado en análisis de correlación con una muestra de fondos de inversión sostenibles españoles significativa como, por ejemplo, que los fondos Artículo 9 españoles no muestran una huella de carbono significativamente inferior, ni una calificación ASG y un impacto sostenible significativamente superiores a las presentadas por los fondos Artículo 8 españoles, contrariando a los estudios previos realizados en fondos a nivel europeo.

261 p., La tesis que se acompaña trata de evaluar el impacto de la entrada en la eurozona y de la crisis subprime en las empresas españolas desde la perspectiva de la exposición al riesgo de cambio. Más en concreto, al tratarse de empresas situadas en un país perteneciente a una unión monetaria, a partir del riesgo respecto del tipo de cambio efectivo real y del tipo de cambio bilateral del dólar USA. En el riesgo de cambio de una empresa influyen dos aspectos sobre todo: la volatilidad de los tipos de cambio y la exposición de la propia empresa. En lo que se refiere a la volatilidad, las empresas españolas han pasado de un régimen de tipos de cambio controlados en el período que va desde 1994 a 1998 a un entorno de tipos de cambio fijos como son los de la eurozona. Por otro lado, a partir de 2008 han estado expuestas a la crisis subprime y a la posterior crisis de deuda soberana. El presente estudio trata precisamente de evaluar el impacto que estos hechos han tenido en las empresas españolas desde la perspectiva del riesgo de cambio, y más en concreto desde la exposición al mismo. Respecto de la exposición al riesgo de cambio, esta de forma general se puede catalogar como contable o económica. La primera surge de la necesidad de convertir los estados financieros de las operaciones exteriores que están en moneda extranjera a moneda local con fines de reporting y consolidación al cierre de un período contable. La segunda, también denominada "operativa", es la que recoge el impacto de las fluctuaciones de los tipos de cambio en los flujos de caja de las empresas y por lo tanto afecta a su valor económico. Esta última se refleja en el tipo de cambio real, que manifiesta las variaciones de los tipos de cambio nominales no compensadas con las variaciones de los precios..... De los resultados obtenidos se puede concluir razonablemente que la exposición al tipo de cambio efectivo nominal de las empresas españolas, una vez controladas las variables mencionadas, es distinta de la d

This study investigates whether a projected family firm image can affect access to financial resources, which is key to providing broader strategic options and meeting short-term financial needs, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Building on the signaling literature, we consider the family SME leaders' perspective and conceptually and empirically examine whether they believe a projected family firm image acts as a credible signal to the lender. We also examine additional boundary conditions influencing the family SME's projected image-access to financial resources relationship, by specifically investigating whether firm age and size alter the degree of the signaling effect. Our unique data on 289 Spanish family SMEs reveal that projected family firm image can act as an attractive signal to lenders, leading to better access to financial resources for SMEs. Furthermore, firm size reinforces the role of the projected family firm image as a positive signal. These findings address an important practical issue in terms of family firm stakeholder perceptions, offering contributions to the corporate branding, family business, and financing literature.

The authors would like to express appreciation to Professor Randolph-Seng and the two anonymous referees for their insightful comments on earlier versions of this article, although any errors are entirely the authors’ own responsibility. The authors also highly appreciate the institutional support received from the Family Business Centre at the UPV/EHU in collaboration with the DFB/BFA and from the Consolidated Research Group (Code OE7) at the University of Vigo (Spain)., Following a bibliometric approach, this study examines research on brand and branding in family businesses to identify influential sources and main areas of knowledge, proposes an integrative framework that provides a holistic perspective of this field with an interdisciplinary cross-fertilization view, and explores new avenues for future research and practice. Based on 449 bibliographic references retrieved from the Web of Science database through a systematic process, we employed bibliographic coupling analysis to visualize the relationships among key works in the field, and subsequently performed a literature review to deepen the analysis. The bibliographic coupling analysis structured the existing research into six thematic clusters. Four of them follow an internal perspective and focus on family business identity and its influence on the construction of corporate brand identity, whereas the other two follow an external perspective that explores how family business brands are communicated and perceived by stakeholders and the influence of corporate brands and branding on family business image and reputation. Drawing from an in-depth review of the literature, this study offers a novel integrative framework, together with a set of proposals with managerial and theoretical implications. The proposed framework aims to clarify the relationship between internal identity and management to build and communicate a family business brand. The study also shows the symbiosis that exists among family values, corporate reputation, brand equity, and awareness in family businesses. The existing interconnection between the family and business generates unique associations that are difficult to imitate. This study is the first documented attempt at a bibliometric analysis of brands and branding in family businesses, which serves to clarify the linkages between different research streams and connecting marketing, organization, and family business literature to guide future research

Oil and gas (O&G) companies are facing increasing pressure to transform their businesses in order to contribute effectively to the transition from an economy based on fossil fuels to one driven by clean energy technologies. Understanding how O&G companies can define actions to comply with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and, specifically, how they can generate a positive impact in terms of sustainability through technology innovation becomes relevant in order to guarantee the success of such transformation. To explore this issue, this article analyzes, using a case study research methodology, the sustainability strategy of an O&G company in the Basque Country region (Spain) that is undergoing a profound transformation of its overall business strategy. In particular, the analysis focuses on how the company’s innovation and research and development (R&D) activities and projects related to clean technologies contribute to fulfilling the energy- and non-energy-related SDGs. The main result of the analysis is the identification and characterization of an emerging complex public–private multi-stakeholder business and innovation ecosystem surrounding the O&G company under scrutiny with a clear focus on low-carbon technologies. This ecosystem channels knowledge and innovation synergies and spillovers at the local and regional levels, encouraging green industrial growth in different value chains, and provides insights about how O&G companies can contribute effectively to the SDGs and, at the same time, increase the sustainability of their businesses.

This study proposes and tests a model that integrates ethical leadership, internal social capital, and firm performance in small- and medium-sized family firms at different generational stages. Using the upper echelons theory and the social capital perspective of familiness, this study shows that ethical leadership can explain the effectiveness of certain behaviors in relation to family firm performance. Moreover, social capital helps spread a leader's business ethics to firm members, thus improving the family firm's performance. Our results show that founders' personalities and identities determine high internal social capital, which decreases over generations. The study also shows that internal social capital is a communicative element crucial to ethical leadership, facilitating the absorption of the culture and values of the family in the firm. This powerful resource should be promoted and supported by coherent behavior over time by senior leaders.

Background: Flipped learning (FL) is being considered, in terms of new educational trends, a beneficial pedagogical model in the classroom. In particular, FL and intrinsic motivation (IM) are key components to the model since they can be crucial to a high-quality education. FL for the development of IM in higher education, as well as searches for potential interventions have, thus improved over the past ten years. However, no reviews that analyze the findings and conclusions reached have been published. Consequently, the objectives of this paper were to analyze the relationship between the use of FL and the IM of students in higher education, and to identify the aspects that should be present in FL models to develop the IM that contributes to high-quality education. Methods: in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and ProQuest was carried out. Results: Of the 407 studies that were initially discovered, 17 underwent a full examination in which all findings and conclusions were analyzed. After implementation, the majority of the FL interventions improved IM results. Conclusion: many key aspects have been identified that must be followed in order to intrinsically motivate students using the FL methodology.

294 p., La Economía Social ocupa cada vez un papel más importante en la sociedad, por un lado, por su evolución positiva en cuanto a número de entidades y empleos generados, y, por otra, por su efecto estabilizador a la economía, debido a la resiliencia demostrada en épocas de crisis. El problema es que no existen herramientas estandarizadas que permitan monetizar el valor generado por dichas entidades. La Contabilidad Social es un sistema completo que permite la cuantificación de dicho valor, y siendo centenares de empresas las que la han implantado, esta tesis analiza los factores que impulsan a las entidades de Economía Social a implantar la Contabilidad Social, las expectativas iniciales que tienen los responsables de las entidades antes de iniciar la Contabilidad Social y la satisfacción una vez implantada.Esto se mide mediante una investigación exploratoria utilizando un análisis cualitativo, y posteriormente mediante una investigación cuantitativa basada en 160 cuestionarios. Mediante estos cuestionarios concluimos qué variables personales y organizacionales afectan a dichos niveles de expectativas y satisfacción en la implantación de la Contabilidad Social.

The buying center (BC) has captivated the attention of researchers for >50 years, becoming a central element of organizational buying behavior. While it seems easy to identify the BC participants in any given situation, the marketing literature lacks an integrative framework for examining the nature of BC. The purpose of this study is threefold: (1) to develop a rigorous BC conceptual model; (2) to provide an assessment of the BC state-of-the-art; and (3) to identify key opportunities for future research. Based on a systematic literature review, the descriptive findings indicate a decreasing number of publications since the late 2000s and that top-tier marketing journals have been almost silent since the early 90s. The domain-based findings suggest a three-layer model driving a thorough understanding of the concept, the main stages associated with BC deployment (formation, dynamics, and outcomes), and the contextual factors influencing BC decision-making.

An online reverse auction (ORA) is a dynamic procurement mechanism that allows suppliers to compete in real time via a platform to gain a buyer's business. The ORA is a technological tool introduced in the late 1990s, gaining proponents and detractors among practitioners and academics. Remarkably, while practitioner interest in ORAs has grown, related marketing and supply chain management (SCM) research has declined. This contradiction between theory and practice suggests the need to conduct a systematic review to provide readers with a state-of-the-art understanding of ORAs and recommend fruitful avenues for further research. We focus on the marketing literature and contrast the findings with SCM literature, in such an analysis practical relevance is stressed. Our study offers three main contributions: (1) integration of the cumulative marketing knowledge on ORAs in the 2002–2020 period, (2) development of a three-layer framework of the ORA domain (i.e., conceptualization, ORA as a process, and research setting), and (3) construction of a new research agenda to deal with scholarly challenges and emerging trends.

This paper provides an empirical study to identify the objective of companies that are currently investing in adopting blockchain technologies to improve their processes and services. Unlike other studies based on the theoretical potential application of blockchain technology in different sectors, the main objective of this paper is to analyze real projects and investment of companies in blockchain technology. More than 100 blockchain projects from different sectors were examined with the aim of extracting the perceived applicability and business value of blockchain technology by managers, customers, and partners. We identified the most demanded business value and functional properties in each sector and company size, as well as the relationship between the properties that are demanded together. This article assesses the main functional values attributed to blockchain, highlighting those really appreciated by companies that invest in them and identifying new applications of blockchain technology in different sectors, and generating organizational change. The article reveals that, as expected, significant deviations are already occurring between theoretical applications identified in the literature and those finally adopted by the industry.

La Vía Campesina organisations have identified the area of education and training as a strategic and priority arena of intervention to bring about change in the political-pedagogical perspective. This involves rethinking and redesigning the conventional training processes towards the collective experiences of learning, organisation, exchange and living. With this approach in mind, and based on the experiences and educational contributions made by peasant organisations, this paper presents the systematisation of the Baserritik Mundura experience, analysing and sharing the learning derived from this case study and establishing the integral role of the pedagogic proposal as an axis for systematisation. This analysis, from the logic of the systematisation of processes, promulgates the learnings of this agroecological training experience while exposing both its strengths and weaknesses. We present the learning linked to the pedagogic dimensions that, through a cross-over method, aim to create a multidimensional educational environment which transforms our subjectivities, practices and the beliefs that sustain them. This learning is presented in eight main areas related to: (1) organicity, (2) alternation, (3) the mystical and ludic-cultural dimension, (4) the contents, subjects and teaching team, (5) the proposal as a whole and its perspective of popular education and action research, (6) the transversality of the feminist perspective, (7) linguistic plurality and (8) the pedagogic political support of the process. In addition, we present considerations related to the learning identified in the systematisation itself. On the one hand, we look at the lack of training processes in the official university context related to an alternation system with an organicity linked to the territory, and the need for the practical development of a dynamic of the collective construction of knowledge with a view toward transforming the logics that underpin the existing hegemonic ideologi

208 p., La creciente globalización, el aumento de la competencia, el rápido crecimiento de las nuevas tecnologías, y las nuevas perspectivas de crecimiento que ofrecen los mercados extranjeros han impulsado la internacionalización de las empresas familiares. La internacionalización representa una estrategia de crecimiento empresarial importante para estas organizaciones que les puede permitir mantener su competitividad en el largo plazo.La internacionalización de las empresas familiares es un ámbito de investigación relativamente nuevo que está recibiendo cada vez más atención por parte de los académicos. Sin embargo, hasta ahora al analizar el efecto de las características particulares de las empresas familiares en la internacionalización, se han obtenido evidencias mixtas y resultados inconclusos. Por todo ello, considerando la necesidad de analizar las diferencias de comportamiento y la heterogeneidad de estas organizaciones, el objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral es determinar la influencia de la familia en la toma de decisiones estratégicas relacionadas con la internacionalización. Así, en este trabajo se estudia el efecto de la orientación emprendedora, la innovación y los objetivos no financieros de las empresas familiares en la internacionalización, y como estas relaciones pueden variar en función de la implicación familiar en órganos de gestión y gobierno. Este trabajo contribuye a ampliar el conocimiento de la heterogeneidad y los comportamientos diferenciados de las empresas familiares en la internacionalización empresarial.

[EN] Social accounting focuses on value transactions between organizations and their stakeholders; both market ones, where the value perceived by the different stakeholders is identified, and non-markets ones, where transactions are monetized at their fair value. There was long awareness of an emotional value translation, linked to the transfer of different products, services, remunerations, and incentives, regardless of whether they were market or non-market. Yet that emotional value seemed to be anchored in the field of psychology and managed to elude economic science. This study seeks to identify emotional value with consumer surplus and, by extension, of the other stakeholders in a value transfer process. This proposal allows the emotional value to be anchored in the micro-economy and allows it to be objectively calculated using a regression involving three elements: the market price, the fair value interval, and a perceived satisfaction score by the different stakeholders in the form of significant sampling. The result obtained not only allows Social Accounting to be complemented with emotional value, but it also facilitates its incorporation in the strategy to optimize the emotional value. Furthermore, it enables a quantification of the perceived subjective utility, which opens up a research path where some possible lines are clearly identified.

[EN] Moral hazard in an organization occurs when people make decisions and take a high risk for their own benefit, given that they would not have to bear all the negative ensuing consequences should they occur. This risk transferred to third parties is generally due to the catalysts that foster this risk, namely, information asymmetries, power, trust and temporality. The contribution of our research lies in the inclusion of moral decisions in project management, thus demonstrating the feasibility of a Moral Compliance Model (MCM). This model is a complement to legal compliance and allows a connection to be established between Risk Management, Governance & Compliance. In 2019, experimental action research, combined with a Plan-Do-Check-Action applied to a company, were used to perform the analysis. The findings show that implementing this moral model in organisations is possible. However, what moral hazard is needs to be shown, along with identifying moral hazard situations and planning how to introduce moral hazard into the risk management model in order to reduce its negative effect or, ideally, eliminate it. We provide an overview of risks, including those around moral dilemma decisions; moral hazard situations that will expand compliance to integrated compliance in which not only legal, but also moral aspects are identified and assessed. Incorporating ethical dilemmas in strategic decisions is a robust advance towards responsible businesses.

[EN] The organisational life cycle assessment (O-LCA) and the social organisational life cycle assessment (SO-LCA) of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU were conducted. The data presented in this paper support the calculation of the environmental and social footprint of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU for year 2016 [1] , and may be used as a reference for future calculations of the environmental and social footprint of higher education institutions and other organisations. This dataset provides detailed information on the UPV/EHU and the boundaries considered; on the compilation and quantification of the life cycle inventory (LCI) which included a transport survey conducted in summer 2018-; and on the modelling process followed for the calculation of the environmental and social footprints, based on the ecoinvent 3.3 database [2] and PSILCA-based Soca v1 add-on [3 , 4] , and carried out with the openLCA free software [5] . The dataset also includes the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) results provided by the CML (baseline, 2015) [6] and ReCiPe (endpoint (H), 2008) [7] LCIA methods and post-processed social impacts provided by the Social Impacts Weighting Method [3] , disaggregated by subprocesses and impact locations. Data is provided for the reference year (2016), and some aggregated data is also provided for alternative scenarios that were explored in order to check pathways to reduce social and environmental impacts of the academic activity of the UPV/EHU [1]

[EN] The first goal of this paper is to develop a theoretical and practical framework which can help to measure the emotional value generated by organizations in quantitative terms. Its second goal is to use data obtained from the UCAN (Union of Food and Agriculture Cooperatives of Navarre) in Spain as a case study to illustrate the quantification of the emotional value generated, with a view to factoring that value into a social accounting system. Ever greater recognition of the social role of organizations in recent years has led to a need for a consistent definition of the concept of socio-emotional value, and for instruments that can be used to measure that value in terms of generic social accounting. Taking the current lack of standardization in such models and instruments, especially those that deal with emotional value as its starting point, the paper proposes a new instrument for measuring that value quantitatively in such a way as to overcome some of the limitations of earlier proposals. The underlying perspective is that the monetary values identified in market and non-market transactions do not accurately account for all the value generated for different stakeholders, and that adjustments are required through a correction factor applied to the value variables identified. The quantification of the socio-emotional value generated by an organization is seen as a more comprehensive indicator of its performance, given that it provides more information and takes into account the value generated for stakeholders as a whole in all dimensions.

Participatory guarantee systems (PGSs) have emerged as a response to exclusion and intermediation processes involving third-party certification, which is currently the only guarantee system recognised by the European Union for organic food. Despite their unofficial recognition, PGSs are developing and generating shared frameworks of action. In this research, through three certification bodies (two public and one private) and eight PGSs in Spain, we investigate the similarities and differences between the procedures and tasks that both systems develop in order to generate trust in the decision-making structures involved and the responsibilities on which they are based. While the overall organisation of the systems is very similar, there are profound differences in their decision-making: their procedures and who participates in them. The differences we highlight lead us to argue that PGSs effectively solve the exclusion problems that third-party certification generates. Specifically, they offer lower costs and more accessible bureaucracy. They also generate and strengthen, through trust-building, the links and processes of local self-management and empowerment. However, developing PGSs demands much time and dedication, and their official regulation is complex, so it is difficult to predict that they will be widely adopted.

[EN] Despite advances in recognizing women's influence in all spheres of life, society has not fully acknowledged women's role and influence in business. To address this gap, this review aims to map research on women's involvement in family firms (WIFF), the most common form of business entity worldwide, which appears to provide an enabling environment for women to act as leaders and entrepreneurs. First, through a systematic process, we select 225 papers identified from the Web of Science database and perform a bibliographic coupling analysis that explores the WIFF dataset with the support of clustering algorithms. The results of the review reveal five thematic clusters: (1) female entrepreneurs and family firms; (2) women in family-firm governance; (3) family-business dynamics; (4) women in business succession; and (5) temporal and spatial dimensions of women's involvement. Second, we supplement the bibliometric analysis with a review of the literature, which enhances understanding of the research topics and theoretical perspectives adopted, helping to develop an integrative framework and formulate new research questions that support the development of this promising field of research. Thus, this review provides a robust roadmap for further investigation of key issues in the field, which can help academics, policymakers and practitioners.

Wine tourism in rural territories, sometimes organised along wine routes, increasingly attracts visitors, tourism agents, wine producers and those responsible for developing rural territories. Wine tourism is located at the intersection of two distinct business sectors: the agribusiness-oriented wine production and the hedonic service/experience-oriented tourism activity. From the tourism perspective, the visitor experience is paramount and requires an understanding of its nature, conditioning factors and possible outcomes. This study analyses tourist experiences of the Bairrada wine route/Portugal, as reported by regional visitors on TripAdvisor. Results reveal not only the overall quite positive evaluation of these experiences, but also the importance of the aesthetic and educational experience dimensions, when applying Pine and Gilmore’s consumer experience framework. Diverse experience contexts contribute to a rich terroir experiencescape, where contents are far from limited to wine, wine cellars or wineries. These contexts seem to be connected distinctly to diverse experience dimensions, whose analysis should help regional developers understand the role of core resources and conditions for attracting, satisfying and delighting visitors. Additional understanding of the relationship between experience dimensions and outcomes, namely satisfaction and destination loyalty, should further help develop wine destinations more successfully

Mindfulness has recently been identified as an antecedent of proenvironmental behavior. This study aims to consolidate and expand recent research findings by suggesting that mindfulness is associated with pro environmental behavior through cognitive reappraisal and climate change awareness. Our findings showed that mindfulness correlated with proenvironmental behavior through both cognitive reappraisal and climate change awareness. Moreover, nature connectedness was found to negatively moderate this relationship: for individuals with greater levels of nature connectedness, the influence of mindfulness on proenvironmental behavior was diminished. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed.

This study proposes a novel theoretical model on the negative effect of the perceived cognitive threat and fear of COVID-19 on full board hotel booking intentions, which includes the moderating effects of perceived coping efficacy and present-hedonism orientation. The model was tested with a representative online sample (N = 400) of the Spanish population older than 35 years. The results confirmed negative effects of threat and fear of COVID-19 on hotel booking intentions, as well as a negative moderating effect of perceived coping efficacy on the influence of fear of COVID-19. However, coping efficacy did not moderate the effect of perceived cognitive threat on hotel booking intentions. The present-hedonism orientation positively affected full board hotel booking intentions, but did not, however, reduce the negative effect of threat or fear on those intentions. The findings provide new insights for hospitality managers that can contribute to accelerate the recovery of the hospitality industry.

269 p., El agotamiento y la degradación de los recursos naturales, consecuencia de su uso insostenible por paite de una población creciente que demanda un mayor consumo y nivel de vida, ha conducido a la asimilación del concepto de desarrollo sostenible como paradigma en el que basar las políticas europeas presentes y futuras (a modo de ejemplo, el Pacto Verde Europeo, la Estrategia Española de Bioeconomía, la Estrategia de Economía Circular 2030 del País Vasco, el Basque Green Deal, etc.). En 2015, la mayoría de los países del mundo adoptaron la Agenda de Desarrollo Sostenible con sus conocidos 17 Objetivos, siendo reflejo de la necesidad imperiosa de generar un cambio profundo y justo en los sistemas de producción y consumo, pasando de un modelo lineal de «producción-consumo-desecho» a otro basado en conceptos de reutilización, recirculación, reciclaje y empleo de recursos naturales renovables. Esta transición cobra aún más urgencia por el hecho de que el cambio climático que padecemos agrava la pérdida de biodiversidad y el deterioro de los recursos naturales, y dificulta el reto asociado a la producción y el consumo sostenible. En este contexto, la bioeconomía circular y, en particular, la bioeconomía forestal circular están llamadas a desempeñar un papel fundamental en el nuevo modelo de producción y consumo sostenible. Uno de los aspectos en los que se fundamenta la bioeconomía forestal circular es el hecho de que en los países desarrollados, en general, la producción forestal no compite por terrenos que se puedan dedicar a la producción de alimentos y, además, genera cantidades notables de biomasa como materia prima en la que se apoyan las cadenas de valor centradas en la generación de productos bio-basados. Dado que la generalización de los principios de la bioeconomía circular es relativamente reciente, se hace preciso abordar el análisis del concepto, sus implicaciones y sus conexiones con otros conceptos relacionados como la economía circular o la economía verde.

In a scenario of growing demand for energy, technology applications that monitor industrial companies' energy consumption will support the integration of the value chain of suppliers, companies, and clients in a process of eco-innovation. We relate the drivers of eco-innovation to the key factors of internationalization of business models based on supporting industrial companies' energy efficiency. From a dynamic perspective, this study allows us to highlight that an entrepreneur's preestablished personal network, the lack of opportunities in do-mestic markets, and the fast-changing environment complicate the international growth pattern of eco-innovations.

167 p., El objetivo general de la tesis es testar la validez de una solución digital para mejorar el ecosistema de emprendimiento. La finalidad práctica es mejorar la coordinación del subsistema de apoyo al emprendimiento mediante una herramienta digital que permita paliar su atomización ysu falta de coordinación. Para abordarlo se plantea un experimento social que se divide en tres fases que se corresponden con las tres partes en que se estructura la investigación. Una primera, en la que se desarrolla una metodología que facilita el trabajo colaborativo de todos los grupos de interés involucrados trabajando en la búsqueda de una solución al problema y que resulta en la creación de una red de agentes apoyada en una plataforma tecnológica. Una segunda en la que esa red empieza a funcionar y se desarrolla internamente y en la que se analiza dicho desarrollo. Y una tercera en la que la red se lanza al público y se plantea una metodología para la medición del impacto de la red en el ecosistema de emprendimiento, estando dicha medición basada no solo en los datos de actividad emprendedora sino también en el capital social generado a través de las interacciones entre los diferentes grupos de interés relacionados. Cabe concluir la existencia tanto del problema como la efectividad de la solución propuesta. Este trabajo tiene relevancia académica, al permitir hacer un estudio longitudinal y ampliar el conocimiento sobre el subsistema de apoyo al emprendimiento; relevancia social, por la propia mejora del apoyo y por la metodología utilizada en la primera fase que permite un modelo de relación público-privada e; implicaciones para los responsables políticos al facilitarles el acceso a la información para medir la evolución del ecosistema de emprendimiento.

Purpose – This paper aims to propose and examine the relationship between students’ perception of service quality and dimensions and their academic achievement. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the resource-based view, a conceptual relationship between service quality and dimensions and academic achievement is proposed and tested with a sample of 380 STEM university students who attended secondary schools in a region of Spain. Findings – Service quality and four of its dimensions (i.e. empathy, reliability, responsiveness and assurance/confidence) could contribute to students’ academic achievement. The expected effect of tangible elements on academic achievement was not supported by the data. Results were controlled for student’s personal factors that have proven important in explaining academic achievement in previous studies (i.e. need for cognition, need for emotion and self-efficacy). Originality/value – Previous research has extensively studied factors affecting students’ academic achievement. However, the direct relationship between service quality and student’s academic achievement has been rarely proposed and examined. Service quality has been mostly viewed as a precursor of student satisfaction and loyalty. This research views service quality as a school higher-order capability that supplements students’ capabilities

[EN]The COVID-19 pandemic has induced a process of digital acceleration and has likely changed the attitudes of local public managers toward information and communication technology (ICT). While this attitude change has been reasonably argued, it has not been systematically measured. This study narrows this gap by measuring the attitudes of public managers before and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, this study finds that the pandemic has led public managers to be more confident in the capacity of ICT to help cities achieve their economic, social, and environmental goals and respond to challenges. Both explicit and implicit measures confirmed attitude changes. The explicit measures also indicated that the change in public managers' attitude toward ICT was similar to their change in attitude toward scientific progress and greater than their change in attitude toward other issues that have played a major role during the pandemic, namely, climate change, citizen participation, and privacy.

[EN]This paper focuses on the economics of a cross-border transmission interconnector. The domestic spot electricity price is modelled as a stochastic process with mean reversion and jumps; it also includes a deterministic part that accounts for hourly and daily sasonalities along with non-working days. The two domestic spot prices are assumed to be correlated. As an illustration of the approach, we consider the particular case of the interconnector between Spain (an 'electric island') and France. Domestic prices are first calibrated and then used for simulating the stochastic behavior of the price gap between the two countries. In addition, the actual import/export behavior as a function of the price gap is captured by a Tobit model fitted from observed data. This model is then combined with the simulated price gaps to compute a multiple series of hourly prices and exports/imports of electricity through the interconnector. Drawing on these simulations we derive the probability distributions of revenues and expenses from exports and imports, and also some risk measures. According to our results, the economics of this interconector depends on different domestic seasonalities (hourly and daily), the growing trend of the price gap and some stochastic idiosyncrasies.

This work has calculated the organisational environmental and social footprint of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) in 2016. First, input and output data flows of the UPV/EHU activity were collected. Next, the environmental and social impacts of the academic activity were modelled, using the Ecoinvent 3.3 database with the PSILCA-based Soca v1 module in openLCA software. In order to evaluate the environmental impacts, CML and ReCiPe LCIA methods were used. The Social Impact Weighting Method was adjusted for the assessment of specific social impacts. The modelling has identified some hotspots in the organisation. The contribution of transport (8,900 km per user, annually) is close to 60% in most of the environmental impacts considered. The life cycle of computers stands out among the impacts derived from the consumption of material products. More than half of environmental impacts are located outside the Basque Country. This work has also made it possible to estimate some of the impacts of the organisational social footprint, such as accidents at work, only some of which occur at the UPV/EHU. Traces of child labour and illiteracy have also been detected in the social footprint that supports the activity of the UPV/EHU. Some of the social and environmental impacts analysed are not directly generated by the UPV/EHU, but they all demand attention and co-responsibility. Based on the modelling performed, this work explores alternative scenarios and recommends some improvement actions which may reduce (in some cases over 30%) the environmental and social impacts of the UPV/EHU's activity. These scenarios and improvement actions will feed a process with stakeholders in the UPV/ EHU based on the Multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methodology.

The main objective of this study is to analyse the process of integration of health care implemented in the public health system (Osakidetza) of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country (CAPV), and assess whether the steps taken to date have helped or hindered the work of health personnel in times of COVID-19. Based on a case study, an assessment is made of the way in which certain tools of the integration process have been applied, if they have worked well and if they have led to better management of the pandemic. For the purpose of this study, a qualitative methodology is chosen consisting of a case study and in-depth interviews with health personnel at the front line of the integration process and the fight against COVID-19. This study makes two fundamental contributions. First, it analyses the health integration process in recent years in the public health system of the Basque Country. Second, it gathers the perceptions of different agents related to the Basque Health System of the way in which the tools of the integration process implemented in recent years have worked during the pandemic, detailing the positive and negative perceptions in this regard. Our conclusions offer a series of strategic recommendations linked to comprehensive patient care and the use of tools related to teleconsulting: the unified medical record, electronic prescription, and non-face-to-face care channels.

Purpose This article aims to estimate the social footprint of a higher education institution (HEI) and its potential contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) under life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective. The social organisational life cycle assessment (SO-LCA) of the academic activity of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), in northern Spain, has been performed, in order to estimate its social impacts. Method The assessment has been run using openLCA software and supported on the PSILCA-based Soca add-on for the Ecoinvent v3.3 database, covering 53 social indicators for almost 15,000 industrial sectors and goods in 189 countries. Results and discussion The analysis undertaken reflects social impacts and associated risk levels for four stakeholders: Workers, Local Community, Society, and Value Chain Actors. Labour activity in the UPV/EHU is the sub-process with the greatest social impact, followed by processes related to transport, energy, materials, and waste management. Among the socio-economic context which supports the academic activity of the UPV/EHU (indirect impacts), the existence of traces of child labour and illiteracy outside the Basque Country stands out. Further analysis would be required in order to more accurately determine the geographical location of such impacts, and also to better tackle the concept of social debt. Conclusion SO-LCA may have great potential for HEIs, helping them to identify hotspots, reduce their social footprint, and raise awareness among the academic community, which undoubtedly contributes to the knowledge, progress, human values, and sustainability these HEIs stand for.