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The interests and operations of two of the largest Peking-registered companies, the Chinese Engineering and Mining Company and the Peking Syndicate, and their relationship with the Foreign Office are scrutinized. The scrutiny reveals a picture, in which, the crosscutting cosmopolitan interests subsumed under 'the City' pulled in different directions at different times.

The financial services sector becoming international, the companies would be expected to perform strategically in the cross-national market structure of various financial products. The study involving multi-level latent class analysis, applied on eight financial products, across 15 European countries with 1000 consumers each is presented.

Some African developing countries did not understand the implications of liberalization changes in WTO and GATS services with respect to financial services. The banking industry may expand rapidly in spite of problems such as corruption and lack of transparency.

I. INTRODUCTION One of the most significant trends in financial services during the last several decades has been the continuing internationalization and interconnection among local securities markets and market intermediaries. [...]

Creating a global environment for uniform financial claims has the potential of harming domestic economies. The urge to create a global financial market is fanned by the belief that financial crisis in one nation can be transmitted to other nations. Mexico's experience, however, refutes this belief. An international financial market motivates debtors to rely on commercial and industrial loans, resulting in imperiled government securities and local economies.

Advances in telecommunications and computer technology have increased the flow of goods and services within a country, and among different countries. This globalization of trading activities has created a parallel demand for global financing services. The latter has enhanced international allocation of capital and widespread distribution of financing risks. However, the countries' financial interdependence also increases the risk of an economic crises of global intensity, such as what happened in Asia. It is, therefore, imperative for the governments to adopt healthy macroeconomic policies.

The fall in Japanese stock prices affected the US market significantly due to the binding of risk-based capital requirements to lending activities of Japanese banks in the US. The study also reveals that the transmission of stock market declines may be done through the lending responses of foreign branches of Japanese banks. The decline in lending activities ultimately led to the decline in lending supply in the US as one-fifth of all US lending requirements depended on Japanese banks operating in the US.

The slight increase in aggregate interconnectedness of international financial centers and international banks from 1980 to 1990 can be attributed to the accumulation of more extensive networks of individual banks. For future research it is therefore recommended that for the number of interconnections established by banks from a center, the role of absolute size of economies and banks, and the competition between centers for the number of banks in a center, may prove very useful.

A growing literature in geography and regional science has confirmed the importance of services in the economic restructuring of American metropolitan areas (Noyelle and Stanback 1984; Goe 1990; Israilevich and [...]

Foreign financial companies have been seeking entry to Japanese financial markets, with eventual success over the myriad barriers. Competitive equality with Japanese companies has become the norm, helped by the efforts of foreign governments such as the US. However, these markets are so competitive that foreign companies cannot make significant increases in market share and will remain on the fringes of their markets.

The 1988 Capital Movements Directive (CMD) and the 1990 Money Laundering Directive (MLD) of the EC conflict with each other. While the CMD is intended to facilitate a unified financial services industry that is more competitive in the world, the MLD undoes many of the CMD's advantages. An example of the conflict is occurring in Luxembourg over the issue of bank secrecy.

THERE MAY BE NO FORCE GREATER in the drive to expand the reach and power of financial corporations worldwide than Citigroup. Born out of a merger between Citibank and Travelers [...]