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Demographic aging has led to an increase in the number of people with multiple needs requiring different types of care delivered by formal and informal carers. The distribution of care tasks between formal and informal carers has a significant impact on the well-being of carers and on how efficiently care is delivered to users. The study has two aims. The first is to explore how task division in care for older people differs between two neighboring countries with different forms of familialism: Slovenia (prescribed familialism) and Austria (supported familialism). The second is to explore how income and gender are associated with task division across these forms of familialism. Multinomial logistic regression is applied to SHARE data (wave 6, 2015) to estimate five different models of task division, based on how personal care and household help are distributed between formal and informal carers. The findings show that the task division is markedly different between Slovenia and Austria, with complementation and supplementation models more frequent in Austria. Despite generous cash benefits and higher service availability in Austria, pro-rich inequalities in the use of formal care only are pervasive here, unlike in Slovenia. Both countries show evidence of pro-poor inequalities in the use of informal care only, while these inequalities are mostly absent from mixed models of task division. Generous cash transfers do not appear to reduce gender inequalities in supported familialism. Supported familialism may not fundamentally improve inequalities when compared with less generous forms of familialism. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 2. 8. 2022. Article no. 9423. Bibliografija: str. 15-18. Abstract.

Background: Unmet care needs are usually defined in terms of receiving sufficient help in instrumental activities and activities of daily living. Research on unmet needs is mostly based on quantitative data. Older persons’ and informal carers’ views and experiences have received less attention. Methods: In this paper, we rely on a definition of unmet needs which includes both unmet needs due to insufficient care and those situations where informal carers experience undue strain. Using theory-driven content analysis, we examine community-dwelling older adults’ and their informal carers’ experiences of unmet needs: what kind of unmet needs they have, why and in which ways these needs are left unmet and what would they want to do to improve the situation. The data consists of interviews gathered in Austria, Finland and Slovenia. Results: Results of the analysis reveal that unmet needs are largely psychosocial in nature. The predominating task-oriented care systems often do not consider these as care needs. Using methods of qualitative content analysis, we conclude that care users’ unmet psychosocial needs are related to lacking a personal relationship with care workers; means to maintain or develop social contacts and pursue activities and interests; and adequate home care services or respite care. Excessive responsibilities are put on informal carers as they top up and fill in the insufficient care. Conclusions: This study contributes to a broader understanding of unmet care needs: the relational aspects of care and the universal nature of psychosocial care needs should be addressed in care services. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 10. 3. 2022. Članek št. 104672. Bibliografija: str. 7-8. Abstract.

In countries with prevalent family care and less developed care services, it is important to understand the ways families cope with the care needs of their frail family members as part of policy learning to make care systems more sustainable. Filial care is a vital element of family care, yet is significantly restrained by the involvement of carers in the labour market unequal gender distribution of the care burden and insufficient recognition of, and policy support, for family care. This article considered the issue of the sustainability of elderly care in a familialist country, Slovenia, by identifying the coping strategies families adopt for the provision of care. To this end, in-depth qualitative databased on a purposeful sample of 55 community-resident users of social home care services and their 55 family carers were used. We identified five external coping strategies: use of formal care services, use of extended family network, use of wider community network, cohabitation, and home adjustments. Among internal strategies, we detected work-related adjustments abandoning leisure activities abandoning vacations establishing new routines accepting and finding satisfaction in care increased psychological distress, such as worries and overburdening and some unmet care recipient needs. Very few strategies may be described as supported by policy actions, despite such support being essential for increasing the sustainability of the family-based care model.

The paper provides a comparative investigation into public attitudes to family policies. It shows that citizens’ support for family policies is diverse across different welfare regimes with respect to four countries belonging to distinct regimes: the United Kingdom, Germany, Norway and Slovenia. Using qualitative data, we unpack the ways individuals view the need for family policies, the rationale they use to explain their support for family policies and for imposing restrictions on access to family policies – ie. why, for whom and under which conditions. We find that social rights narratives are common in Norway; a social investment logic is prevalent in Germany and Slovenia; while in the United Kingdom, the dominant view is closer to the work-central individualised responsibility narrative of neoliberalism. In addition, we find differences across regimes in which family policies should target. In the United Kingdom and Germany, the focus is much more on providing support to activate parents, while in Norway and partly Slovenia, the focus is on providing well-being for children. The findings show that despite some convergence in family policies across Europe in recent times, we still find clear diversity in what and for whom family policies are for, its rationale largely embedded in the larger institutional normative structures of the welfare state. The results not only contribute to the literature on the relationship between public attitudes and welfare institutions, but also point towards shifting ideas about the role of family policies in the context of societal change. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 20. 1. 2022. Bibliografija: str. 13-14. Abstract.

In Balkans region, uneven development under global capitalism has led to significant differences in housing commodification patterns, related (social and housing) policy and associated inequalities. In this article we describe commodification patterns in Slovenia, Serbia and Greece by considering the diversity existing in the semiperiphery. We do this by comparing processes of privatisation of housing, development of the rental sector, strategies to homeownership and legal frameworks of protection of property and housing rights. We find some similarities in specific individual and familial commodification patterns and also pronounced inequalities but also semiperiphery diversity, which has been produced and maintained by the presence (or absence) of policies and state care provided for certain vulnerable groups. These diverse aspects arise from specific local, regional and global histories of housing struggles that mean the responses to them have varied. In this research, we show that Balkans semiperipheral territories must not be regarded as a passive background but as a landscape in which active agents participate in creating and transforming commodification patterns.

Despite the development of various housing options across Europe, older people often face the choice of staying at home with the support of family and/or formal services or moving to a care home, but how people vary regarding these preferences and how newer cohorts will be different is under-researched. This study explores the housing choices of older people under the condition of liminality, which is defined as the hypothetical condition of high care needs. The most common choices available are compared that is, staying at home (with social home-care support or visits to a daycare centre) or moving to supported housing or a care home. Cluster analysis revealed five distinct groups of older people that were differentiated in their choices between various options of moving versus staying at home, either by using home care or daycare. Differences between the clusters along three dimensions that influence decisions to move or stay, namely levels of attachment, satisfaction with housing and availability of support, which often function as limits on the options that are preferred, were explored. The results present the complexity of the decision-making process under imagined conditions of liminality and show a great diversity among people's preferences. They also indicate that a significant share of older people have a strong preference for only one option (two of the cluster groups).

Slovenia makes a compelling case for care policy analysis since it is marked by extreme dichotomy in care. Therefore, placing Slovenia on a continuum of care regimes ranging from defamilialised to familialised with respect to care is difficult, with care for children being highly defamilialised, and care for older people highly familialised. The country’s childcare policies build on a historically well-developed system of public childcare provision and generous leave policies, together with a well-developed social protection system targeting families. These have been retained and, in some cases, were expanded, still following the 2009 economic crisis, certain austerity measures were introduced. On the other hand, care policies for older people started to develop later and after the initial growth they relatively stagnated (especially the social home-care system). A comprehensive long-term care system has yet to be developed and become a subject of ongoing political debates. Further, unlike in childcare, the increasing role of private actors can be observed in this sector. In the article, we discuss these care policy developments in Slovenia in terms of the role of relevant actors (state, family, private actors) with an emphasis on the views of people regarding care, based on data gathered within an innovative method of democratic forums. The article reveals that the dichotomy of care policies, as well as the differing recent trends in family policies for children and care for older people, is not present in people’s attitudes and their preferences for the arrangement of such policies., Slovenija pruža dobre argumente za analizu politike skrbi jer je obilježava izrazita dihotomija u području skrbi. Stoga je teško smjestiti Sloveniju u kontinuum režima skrbi koji se proteže od defamilijaliziranog do familijaliziranog, gdje je skrb za djecu izrazito defamilijalizirana, a skrb za starije osobe izrazito familijalizirana. Mjere skrbi za djecu u zemlji oslanjaju se na povijesno dobro razvijeni sustav javne skrbi za djecu i izdašne politike o dopustu, zajedno s dobro razvijenim sustavom socijalne zaštite usmjerenom na obitelji. Te su mjere zadržane i, u nekim slučajevima, proširene, no uslijed ekonomske krize iz 2009. godine uvedene su određene mjere štednje. S druge strane, politike skrbi za starije osobe počele su se razvijati kasnije i nakon početnog rasta relativno su stagnirale (posebice sustav socijalne usluge pomoći u kući). Sveobuhvatni sustav dugoročne skrbi tek se treba razviti i postati tema kontinuiranih političkih debata. Nadalje, za razliku od skrbi za djecu, u ovom se sektoru može uočiti povećana uloga privatnih aktera. U radu raspravljamo o razvitku tih politika skrbi u Sloveniji u odnosu na ulogu relevantnih aktera (država, obitelj, privatni akteri), s naglaskom na stavove ljudi o skrbi na temelju podataka prikupljenih u sklopu inovativne metode demokratskih foruma. Rad ukazuje na to da dihotomija politika skrbi, kao i različiti noviji trendovi u obiteljskim politikama za djecu i u skrbi za starije osobe, nisu prisutni u stavovima ljudi i u njihovim preferencijama za uvođenje takvih politika.

Population ageing is a major structural change impacting the development of all European welfare states, including Slovenia. Trends in restructuring welfare systems undertaken for various reasons frequently show retrenchment of the welfare state and, at the same time, the growing role of other actors in providing welfare, such as the market and the community (family and civil society organisations). In the article, we analyse the role of different actors in the welfare triangle - the state, the market and the community - in the future provision of care for the elderly. The article is based on analysis of data gathered using the democratic forums method where the participants discussed the welfare state's future and priorities in Slovenia in 2040. Based on qualitative data analysis, the main findings are that the participants perceive the obligation to care for the elderly as largely being based on the principles of reciprocity and need. They perceive the welfare state's role as a priority, the role of the market as being minimal, while the role played by the community is seen as important for reassuring social inclusion and preventing isolation of the elderly. Staranje prebivalstva je ena izmed glavnih strukturnih sprememb, ki zadevajo razvoj večine evropskih držav blaginje in tudi Slovenije. Pri tem so trendi sprememb sistemov blaginje zaradi različnih dejavnikov pogosto usmerjeni k umiku in zmanjšanju vloge držav ter večanju vloge drugih akterjev, kot sta trg in skupnost (družina in civilnodružbene organizacije) pri zagotavljanju blaginje. V članku analiziramo vlogo posameznih akterjev blaginjskega trikotnika - države, trga in skupnosti - pri oskrbi starih ljudi v okviru razvoja mešane blaginje v slovenskem sistemu blaginje. Članek se osredotoča na vprašanje, kakšen je pogled ljudi na vlogo posameznih akterjev blaginjskega trikotnika pri skrbi za stare ljudi v prihodnosti. Članek temelji na analizi diskusij demokratičnega foruma, v katerem so udeleženci razpravljali o prihodnosti in prednostnih nalogah države blaginje v Sloveniji v letu 2040. Na podlagi kvalitativne analize diskusij ugotavljamo, da udeleženci prepoznavajo zavezo za oskrbo starih ljudi predvsem kot temelječo na recipročnosti in potrebi. Kot prioritetno poudarjajo vlogo države, vloga trga je majhna, skupnost pa ima pomembno vlogo predvsem pri spodbujanju socialne vključenosti in zmanjšanju osamljenosti.

Housing is a basic human good and right. It plays a versatile role, allowing people to fulfil a number of needs, and it is not limited only to one%s immediate living space, but also includes an individual%s wider living environment. People%s relationship toward housing and their living environment changes over the course of their lives. Especially in old age, housing becomes more important. Research shows that the elderly want to remain in their home environments as long as possible because they are closely attached to them. In order to determine whether these findings also apply to Slovenia, this article analyses how attached the elderly in Slovenia are to their homes and wider living environment and how satisfied they are with living there. The elderly%s views were obtained with a survey, and a statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software, based on the calculation of various statistical correlation tests. The analysis confirmed the assumption that the Slovenian elderly are also very attached to their homes or home environments and are satisfied with living there. In addition, the analysis showed some differences among the elderly in this regard depending on their age, where they live and how long they have been living in their current homes. Stanovanje spada med osnovne človekove dobrine in pravice. Njegova vloga je mnogostranska, saj omogoča zadovoljevanje številnih človekovih potreb, poleg tega stanovanje ni omejeno le na ozek bivalni prostor, ampak vključuje tudi širše bivalno okolje, v katerem posameznik prebiva. Odnos posameznika do stanovanja in bivalnega okolja se skozi njegovo življenje spreminja. Zlasti v času starosti naj bi dobilo stanovanje še poseben pomen. Kot kažejo raziskave, želijo starejši zato čim dalj časa ostati v svojem bivalnem okolju, saj naj bi bili nanj navezani. Da bi ugotovili, ali spoznanja o navezanosti starejših na lastno bivalno okolje držijo tudi za Slovenijo, smo v članku analizirali, koliko so na svoje stanovanje in širše bivalno okolje navezani starejši v Sloveniji in kako so z bivanjem v njem zadovoljni. Mnenja starejših smo pridobili z anketiranjem, statistično analizo pa smo opravili s programom SPSS, in sicer na podlagi izračuna več statističnih testov povezanosti. Analiza je potrdila našo predpostavko, da so tudi slovenski starejši na svoj dom oziroma domače okolje zelo navezani in da so z bivanjem v njem zadovoljni. Pokazalo se je še, da so med starejšimi glede tega nekatere razlike, ki so odvisne od tega, koliko so ljudje stari, kje živijo in koliko časa že bivajo v svojem domu.

Today we are facing the need to renovate large housing estates with multi-family buildings, as they are facing various problems. The key element of such renewal is the participation of residents, which is based on the feeling of control over the quality of life in a neighbourhood, i.e. the empowerment of neighbourhood residents. The article presents the results of a survey on neighbouring relations carried out in the Municipality of Ljubljana. Empowerment was operationalised with three dimensions: attitudes, knowledge and behavioural. We analyse the factors linked with the empowerment of residents in multi-family buildings. These are socio-demographic factors as well as attachment to the neighbourhood, contact with neighbours and trust among neighbours. Danes se soočamo s potrebno prenovo večstanovanjskih sosesk, na katere se vežejo različni problemi. Kot ključen element prenove se kaže vpetost in sodelovanje stanovalcev teh sosesk, za kar je pomemben občutek nadzora nad kakovostjo življenja v soseski, tj. opolnomočenost posameznikov na tej ravni. Uporabljeni so primarni podatki raziskave o medsosedskih odnosih, izvedene v Mestni občini Ljubljana. Pri tem smo opolnomočenje operacionalizirali na podlagi treh dimenzij: odnosne dimenzije, dimenzije znanja in dimenzije delovanja na ravni soseske. V članku analiziramo dejavnike, ki vplivajo na stopnjo opolnomočenosti prebivalcev v večstanovanjskih stavbah, pri čemer opazujemo vpliv sociodemografskih spremenljivk ter hkrati tudi vpliv dejavnikov, kot so navezanost na sosesko, stiki s sosedi in zaupanje med sosedi.

Privatisation of a large share of the housing stock was characteristic of all central and eastern European countries, which left the majority of these countries with an impoverished social housing sector and therefore little opportunity for housing most vulnerable groups. Even though it was envisaged that this sector would gradually develop, this has not happened in Slovenia. This article analyses the acceptability of a limited number of alternative housing solutions. The alternatives were evaluated by applicants for social housing in the Municipality of Ljubljana. The survey was carried out by post and targeted unsuccessful applicants for social housing, with 1,048 respondents. On the basis of hierarchical cluster analysis, we identified three distinctive groups of applicants in relation to the acceptability of alternative housing options: those preferring shared homeownership (and social rental housing), those open to all alternatives, and those with a strong preference for social rental housing. Our findings thus demonstrate that applicants for housing vary significantly in their readiness and means to more actively engage in their housing solutions, but only if there are opportunities available. Privatizacija velikega dela najemnih stanovanj, ki je bila značilna za vse srednje- in vzhodnoevropske države, je imela za posledico to, da se je sektor socialnih stanovanj zelo zmanjšal in za najbolj ranljive skupine pustil le malo priložnosti za stanovanje. Čeprav je bilo predvideno postopno povečanje, v Sloveniji do tega ni prišlo. V tem članku analiziramo za nekaj izbranih možnosti, koliko bi bile te za prosilce za socialna stanovanja v Mestni občini Ljubljana sprejemljive kot alternativa socialnemu stanovanju. To smo ugotavljali s poštno anketo, na katero je odgovorilo 1.048 prosilcev, ki so se prijavili na razpis za socialno stanovanje in na njem niso bili uspešni. Z uporabo hierarhičnega razvrščanja v skupine smo glede na odnos do ponujenih stanovanjskih možnosti prosilce razvrstili v tri skupine: tiste, ki so izbrali so/lastništvo in/ali socialno stanovanje; tiste, ki so bili odprti do vseh možnosti, in tiste, ki bi sprejeli le socialno stanovanje. Naši rezultati kažejo, da se prosilci močno razlikujejo glede pripravljenosti in sredstev za aktivnejšo udeležbo pri dostopu do stanovanja, seveda če le imajo take priložnosti.

Due to demographic change, Slovenia is facing the important challenge of how to provide care for the elderly and ensure their quality of life. Social home care is a service for elderly people who wish to remain in their home for as long as possible. In this article, we analyse the quality of social home care as perceived by the users of social home care. We applied the model for evaluating access to services developed by Penchansky and Thomas (1981; 1984). The analysis is based on the first representative survey of users of social home care (2013). Employing the hierarchical clustering method we identified three groups of users who have different perceptions of the quality of social home care, namely those very satisfied with care, those dissatisfied with the price of social home care, and those dissatisfied with social home care. Through multinomial regression analysis we discovered that very satisfied users differ from dissatisfied ones (with price) in their income, the price of the care they are paying, and unfulfilled needs. Dissatisfied users are those with intensive use of social home care, high levels of need, health problems and receiving care from large organisations. Slovenija se zaradi intenzivnih demografskih sprememb tako kot druge sodobne družbe sooča s pomembnimi izzivi na področju zagotavljanja kakovostne starosti in razvoja storitev za starejše. Socialna oskrba na domu je storitev, ki je namenjena starejšim ljudem, ki si želijo starost čim dlje preživeti v domačem okolju. V prispevku se ukvarjamo s percepcijo kakovosti socialne oskrbe na domu z vidika uporabnikov. Uporabili smo model vrednotenja dostopa do storitev, ki opredeljuje pet komponent presojanja kakovosti storitev (Penchansky in Thomas, 1981; 1984). Na podatkih prve reprezentativne slovenske raziskave uporabnikov pomoči na domu (2013) smo z razvrščanjem v skupine našli tri skupine uporabnikov glede na njihovo ovrednotenje dostopa. Z multinominalno regresijsko analizo smo ugotovili, da se zelo zadovoljni uporabniki od nezadovoljnih razlikujejo - glede na finančno dostopnost socialne oskrbe na domu - po dohodku in ceni socialne oskrbe na domu ter občutku, da bi potrebovali več pomoči. Zaskrbljujoče pa je, da so to intenzivni uporabniki socialne oskrbe na domu z veliko potrebo po oskrbi, težavami s spominom, oskrbujejo pa jih organizacije z večjim številom uporabnikov.

As in other countries, the family is the main provider of care for older people in Slovenia. However, with the development of social home care in the 1990s, an important addition to informal care has been introduced. The first Slovenian representative survey of social home care users (2013) has been used to assess the care arrangements among users of social home care and the impact of both need across activities of daily living and the availability of informal care networks on care arrangements. The level of functional impairment (an indicator of need) and household composition (an indicator of availability of crucial elements of an informal care network) have proved to be indicative of the levels of usage of particular care arrangements; distinguishing between informal care only, formal care only, and mixed care. Podobno kot drugod tudi v Sloveniji v skrbi za starejše prevladuje družina kot pomemben ponudnik skrbi in opore. Vendar pa je razvoj oskrbe na domu v devetdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja prinesel novega pomembnega akterja na tem področju. Na podatkih prve reprezentativne slovenske raziskave uporabnikov pomoči na domu (2013) so bili analizirani tipi oskrbe uporabnikov pomoči na domu ter vpliv dveh dejavnikov nanje, in sicer potreba po pomoči pri posameznih aktivnostih vsakdanjega življenja ter dostopnost neformalnega omrežja. Rezultati analize pokažejo na ključnen pomen stopnje funkcionalne sposobnosti starejše osebe in pa sestave gospodinjstva na uporabo različnih tipov oskrbe - pri čemer smo razlikovali med izključno neformalno oskrbo, izključno formalno oskrbo ter kombinacijo neformalne in formalne oskrbe.

The primary interest of this article is to understand the organisation of community care in Slovenia. There are several differences at the local level regarding how the formal care of the older people is organised (e.g. the existence of social home care services) and to what extent other services have developed (e.g. institutional care for the older people, intergenerational centres, community nursing, NGOs and interpersonal assistance). We focus on two services, institutional care and social home care, and present the typology of community care in Slovenia. Four clusters were obtained via a hierarchical method (k-means clustering). Clusters of municipalities are comprised of municipalities that have similar characteristics of care for older people, taking into account both institutional care and social home care. The results have shown that municipalities in Slovenia differ dramatically in the availability of care for the older people. Some offer only a poor quality of care (mainly smaller rural municipalities), while others offer higher quality of care and a strong combination of both institutional and social home care. V članku želimo razumeti kako je organizirana oskrba za starejše v posameznih občinah. Občine se namreč korenito razlikujejo v tem, kako je oskrba starejših organizirana, tj. organiziranost oskrbe na domu, kot tudi institucionalne oskrbe, patronažne službe, neprofitnega sektorja ter medosebnih odnosov in pomoči. Osredotočimo se na dve storitvi, in sicer institucionalno oskrbo in pomoč na domu. Predstavimo tipologijo skrbi v skupnosti v Sloveniji na podlagi hierarhične metode razvrščanja. Skupine občin, ki so nastale, se združujejo glede na podobnost značilnosti skrbe starejših, kjer se upošteva tako institucionalna oskrba kot oskrba na domu. Rezultati so pokazali 4 skupine, ki se med seboj izrazito razlikujejo v kakovosti oskrbe starejših, saj nekatere skupine nudijo le nizko kakovost oskrbe, druga pa visoko kakovost z dobro razvito tako institucionalno oskrbo kot pomoč na domu.

This paper discusses evaluation in care homes, with a focus on participative evaluation, which specifically aims to empower people through participation, the development of valid local knowledge and further changes in the organisational culture in care homes. After an overview of various methods generally used to assess the quality of services in care homes, we use the model of participative evaluation as a yardstick against which to examine the quality of the evaluation practices among Slovenian care homes. Firstly, a survey among managers revealed various types of evaluation used and the fact that nearly all homes use it. Secondly, in DSO Fužine (chosen as a case study), a qualitative study was performed by placing the "evaluation practice" into the local frame of awareness and by means of a focus group of residents, aiming to identify residents' perceptions of the power of their voice regarding the daily life in home, regarding various power instances and the role of evaluation practice. The overall perception of residents was they have a fair control over life in the home, a form of "direct democracy"; while these findings cannot be generalised to all homes, they certainly represent a surprising extra quality in comparison to the present "outside world" of the currently troubled Slovenian society. Prispevek obravnava evalvacijo v domovih za starejše, s poudarkom na participativni evalvaciji, katere specifični cilj je krepiti moč/opolnomočiti ljudi s sodelovanjem, z razvijanjem skupnega lokalnega znanja ter s spreminjanjem organizacijske kulture v domu. Po kratkem pregledu raznovrstnih metod ocenjevanja kakovosti storitev v domovih za starejše analiziramo evalvacijske prakse v slovenskih domovih za starejše in kakovost ter praks primerjamo s participativno evalvacijo kot idealno-tipskim modelom. Najprej, z rezultati naše ankete direktorjev domov ugotovimo, da evalvacijo uporabljajo skoraj vsi domovi in to zelo različne metode. Nadalje smo izvedli fokusno skupino med prebivalci Doma starejših občanov Fužine izbranega kot študije primera in tako umestili evalvacijske prakse v lokalni okvir znanja. Na podlagi fokusne skupino smo ugotavljali kakšna je percepcija prebivalcev doma glede njihovega vpliva v vsakdanjem življenju doma, nasproti različnim vodilnim strukturam ter vlogo evalvacije pri tem. Splošna ugotovitev članov fokusne skupine je bila, da imajo precejšen vpliv na življenje v domu in obliko neposredne demokracije. Teh izsledkov sicer ne moremo posplošiti na vse domove, zagotovo pa predstavljajo presenetljivo visoko kakovost v primerjavi z "zunanjim svetom" sodobne krizne slovenske družbe.

Modern society is occupied with the problem of decreasing civic engagement - an important civic virtue. In this context, higher educational institutions are important settings where participation can be learned and fostered. This article seeks to emphasize the importance of spatial organisation in higher education institutions in influencing youth participation. Namely, spatial organisation can foster or hinder civic virtues, such as civic participation and interpersonal trust. In an explorative case study of two universities, the University of Ljubljana and Tokyo Metropolitan University, we wish to illustrate the importance of place in stimulating participation. In our analysis of examples of spatial organisation from the two universities, we pay special attention to the following elements: physical organisation (e.g., building design, design of public spaces) and social/functional organisation (e.g., commercial facilities, recreational facilities). The result is a set of spatial maps indicating the frequency and nature of the use of (public) spaces. To conclude, we discuss spatial characteristics in the context of the increasing consumerism and privatisation of (public) spaces within universities. Eno ključnih vprašanj v sodobni družbi je problem zmanjševanja civilnega udejstvovanja in participacije posameznikov, še posebno med mladimi. Univerze so pomembne družbene inštitucije, v okviru katerih se lahko posamezniki učijo ter udejanjajo državljanske vrednote, med katere spada tudi participacija. V članku tako naslovimo vprašanje prostorske organizacije univerz kot pomembnega dejavnika, ki lahko vpliva na participacijo mladih. Organizacija prostora namreč lahko povečuje ali pa ovira državljanjske vrednote, kot sta participacija in zaupanje med ljudmi. V prispevku predstavljamo eksplorativno raziskavo dveh študij primerov, in sicer Univerze v Ljubljani in Univerze v Tokiju, s katerima želimo ilustrirati pomen prostora za participacijo mladih. Analizirali smo prostorsko organiziranost obeh univerz, pri čemer smo se posebej osredotočili na fizično in funkcionalno/družbeno organizacijo prostora. Rezultat so zemljevidi, ki kažejo naravo in pogostost uporabe javnih prostorov. V diskusiji se navežemo na prisotnost trendov potrošništva in privatizacije javnih prostorov v okviru univerz ter razmišljamo o njihovih posledicah za participacijo mladih.

Introduction: This article addresses the problems of one of the most vulnerable groups in society - older people. We examine the health risks facing older people in everyday life based on their own subjective perceptions. By analysing coping strategies, we discover diverse ways older people help themselves when faced with various risks. Methods: This paper is based on a study with a two-stage mixed method research design that combines quantitative and qualitative methods. The initial quantitative survey data on the quota sample (N=558) is later expanded in the primary qualitative part employing a grounded theory approach with multi-stage coding procedures, analysing 35 semistructured in-depth interviews. Results: In older people's perceptions, health risks largely dominate. Health problems can highly endanger one's quality of life, which is strongly represented by the category of independence. To better cope with health-threatening circumstances of everyday life, older people use various active and passive coping strategies, ranging from the use of technological aids to self-limitation and receiving social support. Discussion: The analysis of coping strategies represents a suitable approach for observing older people as active agents promoting their own well-being. On the basis of their individual coping strategies, we are able to indirectly assess which areas we could do more in for the autonomy and social inclusion of older people in our society. Izhodišča: Članek obravnava problematiko ene najranljivejših skupin v družbi, tj. starejših, in sicer tveganja za zdravje, s katerimi se v vsakdanjem življenju srečujejo starejši po njihovi subjektivni percepciji. Nato na osnovi strategij shajanja analizira načine, na katere si starejši pomagajo, ko so soočeni z različnimi tveganji. Metode: Prispevek temelji na raziskavi z dvostopenjskim modelom z integracijo kvantitativnih in kvalitativnih metod. Kvantitativni podatki ankete na kvotnem vzorcu (N = 558) so nadgrajeni v temeljnem kvalitativnem delu, ki s pristopom "grounded theory" z večstopenjskim kodiranjem analizira 35 polstrukturiranih poglobljenih intervjujev. Rezultati: V percepciji starejših so tveganja za zdravje v veliki meri prevladujoča. Zdravstvene težave lahko močno ogrozijo kakovost življenja, ki jo kot najpomembnejšo kategorijo predstavlja neodvisnost. Starejši z različnimi aktivnimi in s pasivnimi strategijami, ki segajo od uporabe tehnologij do omejevanja in prejemanja socialne opore, shajajo z zdravje ogrožajočimi okoliščinami vsakdanjega življenja. Razprava: Analiza strategij shajanja predstavlja primeren način raziskovanja, ki pokaže starejše kot dejavne akterje, ki sami skrbijo za lastno blagostanje. Na osnovi individualnih strategij lahko tudi posredno razberemo, na katerih področjih bi družba lahko storila več za avtonomnost in vključenost starejših prebivalcev naše družbe.

The problem of reconciling work and family life is recognised and comprises the subject of much research. However, the influence of work on community life and neighbourly relations, which is a theme of this article, is not so well recognised and debated. The author analyses the influence of work status and importance ascribed to work on sense of community. The analysis is based on a small quantitative survey in two neighbourhoods in Ljubljana (Fužine and Murgle). The findings indicate that work status is not as important as the value of work, i.e. the importance ascribed to work. People who feel that work is important have a smaller sense of community, i.e. they socialise with their neighbours less, are less attached to their neighbourhood. On the other hand, people who value more friends, family and free time have a greater sense of community. Vdor delovnega življenja v zasebno, družinsko življenje je v raziskovanju pogosto poudarjen problem, manj pa je raziskan vpliv spremenjenih delovnih razmer na življenje lokalnih skupnosti in na sosedske odnose. Te teme se loteva pričujoči članek. Na podlagi manjše kvantitativne raziskave v dveh ljubljanskih soseskah (Fužine in Murgle) avtorica analizira vpliv delovnega statusa in odnosa do dela na občutek pripadnosti skupnosti. Ugotavlja, da bolj kot sam delovni status na navezanost na skupnost in pogostost stikov s sosedi vpliva odnos, ki ga imajo ljudje do dela. Tako posamezniki, ki večji pomen pripisujejo delu, čutijo večjo odtujenost v soseski, manj zaupajo sosedom ipd. Nasprotno pa posamezniki, ki večji pomen v življenju dajejo družini, prijateljem, prostemu času, čutijo manjše nezaupanje in manjšo odtujenost v soseski.

A cohesive society is a society in which all its parts contribute to the collective social project and welfare, and where conflicts between social aims and groups are minimised. Along with other relevant factors, welfare systems have an influence on the cohesion of contemporary societies. Existing welfare systems such as the conservative-corporatist, social-democratic, liberal, catholic and former state-socialist types are based on different hierarchies of spheres (such as the market, state, civil society and community) from which we obtain resources for social protection and welfare. The consequences of these differences in the hierarchies are the different levels of decommodification in society. This seems particularly important for studying tensions in society as one of the perspectives of observing social cohesion since the welfare systemćs characteristics influence the relations among different social groups. The article analyses the level of (perceived) tensions among the following groups: old and young, rich and poor, workers and management, men and women. In the framework of a comparative analysis among selected EU countries the authors try to show how the studied countries are classified according to the level of tensions in society and what is its relationship with the welfare systems established in the examined countries. Kohezivna družba je tista družba, v kateri vsi njeni deli pripomorejo h kolektivnemu družbenemu projektu in blaginji, konflikti med družbenimi cilji in skupinami pa so zmanjšani na najmanjšo mogočo mero. Na kohezivnost sodobnih družb imajo poleg drugih dejavnikov nedvomno vpliv tudi sistemi blaginje, ki so se izoblikovali v zgodovinskem razvoju posameznih družb. Obstoječi blaginjski sistemi kot so konservativno-korporativistični, socialno-demokratski, liberalni, katoliški ter nekdanji državno-socialistični temeljijo na različnih hierarhijah sfer (kot so trg, država, civilna družba in skupnost) iz katerih posamezniki pridobivamo sredstva za zagotavljanje socialne varnosti in blaginje. Razlike v hierarhiji sfer v zagotavljanju socialne varnosti in blaginje pa imajo za posledico različno stopnjo dekomodifikacije v družbi. Ta se zdi še posebej pomembna pri proučevanju nestrpnosti v družbi kot možni perspektivi opazovanja družbene kohezije, saj sistemi blaginje s svojim delovanjem posegajo v odnose med različnimi skupinami v družbi in lahko nanjo pomembno vplivajo. V članku avtorici analizirata stopnjo (zaznane) nestrpnosti med naslednjimi skupinami: starimi in mladimi, bogatimi in revnimi, delavci in menedžmentom ter moškimi in ženskami. V okviru primerjalne analize med izbranimi državami Evropske unije ugotavljata kako se proučevane države razvrščajo glede na stopnjo nestrpnosti v družbi in v kakšnem odnosu je ta stopnja s sistemi blaginje, ki so značilni za obravnavane države.

Mobility of households has positive effects on a macro level, as it is linked to the optimal distribution of household in the housing fund and indicates an equilibrium of supply and demand. In the article housing strategies of household in city of Ljubljana are presented. Special emphasis is given to theeconomic status and financial ability of households (for moving). Through this the authors try to discern how well the housing market in Ljubljana is functioning. Furthermore, past and future financial strategies of movers are analysed and on the basis of this analysis future needs of households are identified. In the conclusion the authors present some possible measures to aid households and promote housing mobility and (consequently) also housing conditions of inhabitants of Ljubljana. The data source is Housing survey 2005. Selitve oz. mobilnost gospodinjstev ima pozitivne učinke na makro ravni, saj je povezana z optimalno porazdelitvijo gospodinjstev znotraj sklada stanovanj in pomeni iskanje ravnovesja med ponudbo in povpraševanjem. V tem članku predstavljava stanovanjske strategije prebivalcev Ljubljane s posebnim poudarkom na ekonomskem statusu in finančnih zmožnostih selivcev. Na ta način poskušava ugotoviti, kako uspešno deluje stanovanjski trg v Ljubljani. Analizirava tudi (pretekle in prihodnje) finančne strategije selivcev ter na podlagi teh identificirava njihove potrebe ter v sklepu predlagava možne ukrepe za pomoč pri stanovanjski mobilnosti in izboljševanju stanovanjskih razmer Ljubljančanov. Vir podatkov je Stanovanjska anketa 2005.