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Abstract Background Mechanical thrombectomy has been shown to reduce thrombus burden and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and to improve right ventricular (RV) function in patients with high-risk or intermediate-high-risk pulmonary embolism (PE). As hemodynamic data after mechanical thrombectomy for PE are scarce, we aimed to assess the hemodynamic effects of mechanical thrombectomy in acute PE with right heart overload. Methods In this prospective, open-label study, patients with acute symptomatic, computed tomography-documented PE with signs of right heart overload underwent mechanical thrombectomy using the FlowTriever System. Right heart catheterization was performed immediately before and after thrombectomy and after three months. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed before thrombectomy, discharge, and at three months. This analysis was done after 20 patients completed three months of follow-up. Results Twenty-nine patients (34% female) underwent mechanical thrombectomy, of which 20 completed three months follow-up with right heart catheterization. Most patients were at high (17%) or intermediate-high (76%) risk and had bilateral PE (79%). Before thrombectomy, systolic PAP (sPAP) was severely elevated (mean 51.3 ± 11.6 mmHg). Mean sPAP dropped by -15.0 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI]: -18.9 to -11.0; p

Abstract Aims Remote monitoring (RM) of thoracic impedance represents an early marker of pulmonary congestion in heart failure (HF). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) may promote fluid overload in HF patients. We investigated whether concomitant CKD affected the efficacy of impedance‐based RM in the OptiLink HF trial. Methods and results Among HF patients included in the OptiLink HF trial, time to the first cardiovascular hospitalization and all‐cause death according to the presence of concomitant CKD was analysed. CKD was defined as GFR

Abstract Aims Early start and patient profile‐oriented heart failure (HF) management has been recommended. In this post hoc analysis from the SHIFT trial, we analysed the treatment effects of ivabradine in HF patients with systolic blood pressure (SBP) 25% (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.72–1.01 vs. HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.71–0.90, P interaction = 0.53), and NYHA III–IV and II (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.74–0.94 vs. HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.69–0.94, P interaction = 0.79). The effect was more pronounced in patients with RHR ≥ 75 compared with

Abstract Aims We aim to assess the theoretical impact of the atrial flow regulator (AFR) on survival in heart failure. Methods and results The prospective, multicentre, open‐label, non‐randomised PRELIEVE study (NCT 03030274) assessed the safety and efficacy of the Occlutech AFR device in patients with symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) (left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 15% and

Objective Dietary sodium intake represents a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. The study sought to analyse the sodium content of effervescent dietary supplements and drugs in Germany and the USA.Design Comparative cross-sectional study.Setting and methods The sodium content of 39 dietary supplement effervescent tablets available in Germany was measured in May and June 2022 using optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled argon plasma. The sodium content of 33 common pharmacy-only effervescent tablets (over-the-counter (OTC) drugs) in Germany was obtained from the summary of product characteristics. We compared the sodium content of the measured German dietary supplement effervescent tablets to that of 51 dietary supplement effervescent tablets available in the USA (data: National Institutes of Health’s Dietary Supplement Label Database).Results The measured sodium content in the German dietary supplements was 283.9±122.6 mg sodium/tablet, equivalent to 14±6% of the maximum recommended daily sodium intake (MRDSI). Vitamin products had the highest (378.3±112.8 mg, 19±6% of MRDSI), and calcium products had the lowest mean sodium content (170.4±113.2 mg, 9±6% of MRDSI). Vitamin products contained significantly more sodium than magnesium (378.3 mg vs 232.7 mg; p=0.004), calcium (378.3 mg vs 170.4 mg; p=0.006) and mineral products (378.3 mg vs 191.6 mg; p=0.048). The sodium content measured in products available in Germany was higher when compared with the declared sodium content on the label of the products sold in the USA (283.9 mg vs 190.0 mg; p

Background To analyze the quantity and impact of cardiovascular research done in Africa or coauthored by researchers based in Africa, their determinants, and the patterns of research collaboration. Methods and Results We retrieved data from Web of Science and additional sources. We analyzed temporal trends from 1971 to 2021 and geographical distribution, research impact using country‐level h‐index, international research cooperation, and associations of research quantity and quality using linear regression. The annual volume of cardiovascular research from Africa has increased from 4 publications in 1971 to 3867 in 2020 and currently represents ~3% of the global cardiovascular research output. Authors from South Africa (28.1%) and Egypt (24.1%) accounted for more than half of all publications from African countries, and they had the highest h‐index (209 and 111, respectively). Important collaborators outside Africa included the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Australia. The country's publication count was associated with larger population size (P

Abstract Background Guidelines recommend physical activity to reduce cardiovascular (CV) events. The association between physical activity and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with and without diabetes is unknown. We assessed the association of self-reported physical activity with renal and CV outcomes in high-risk patients aged ≥ 55 years over a median follow-up of 56 months in post-hoc analysis of a previously randomized trial program. Methods Analyses were done with Cox regression analysis, mixed models for repeated measures, ANOVA and χ2-test. 31,312 patients, among them 19,664 with and 11,648 without diabetes were analyzed. Results Physical activity was inversely associated with renal outcomes (doubling of creatinine, end-stage kidney disease (ESRD)) and CV outcomes (CV death, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure hospitalization). Moderate activity (at least 2 times/week to every day) was associated with lower risk of renal outcomes and lower incidence of new albuminuria (p

Abstract This study quantified the distribution of nerves and adjacent anatomies surrounding human common hepatic artery (CHA) as guidance for catheter based denervation. CHA collected from cadaveric human donors (n = 20) were histologically evaluated and periarterial dimensions and distributions of nerves, lymph nodes, pancreas and blood vessels quantified by digital morphometry. Nerve abundance decreased significantly with distance from the aortic ostium (P

As a consequence of the continued Covid-19 lockdown in Germany, in-hospital teaching for medical students was impossible. While lectures and other theoretical training were relatively easily converted into online sessions using platforms such as Moodle, Zoom and Microsoft Teams, this was not the case for practical skills and clinical interventions, such as bronchoscopy or colonoscopy. This study describes a workaround that was implemented at the Saarland University Hospital utilizing virtual reality equipment to convey the impressions of shadowing clinical procedures to the students without physical presence. To achieve this, 3D 180° videos of key clinical interventions of various internal medicine specialities were recorded, cut, and censored. The videos were uploaded to the e-learning YouTube channel of our institution and shared with the students via the private share function. The students could choose whether to use a VR-viewer to watch the videos immersively or to watch them without a viewer on a screen non-immersively. At the end of the course after 1 week, the students completed a questionnaire anonymously focusing on learning-success regarding the presented topics, a self-assessment, and an evaluation of the course. A total of 27 students watched the videos with a VR-Viewer and 74 watched non-immersively. Although the VR-viewer group self-assessed their expertise higher, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the learning-success test score. However, students in the VR-viewer group rated the learning atmosphere, comprehensibility, and overall recommendation of the course significantly higher. They also agreed significantly more to the statement, that they gained a better conception of the presented procedures, and that virtual reality might be an appropriate tool for online teaching. Video-assisted teaching facilitates learning and might be a valuable add-on to conventional teaching.Abbreviations: Covid-19: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; 3D: three-dimensional; 2D: Two-dimensional; VR: virtual reality

Abstract Heart failure (HF) does not occur in a vacuum and is commonly defined and exacerbated by its co‐morbid conditions. Neurohormonal imbalance and systemic inflammation are some of the key pathomechanisms of HF but also commonly encountered co‐morbidities such as arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cachexia, obesity and sleep‐disordered breathing. A cornerstone of HF management is neurohormonal blockade, which in HF with reduced ejection fraction has been tied to a reduction in morbidity and mortality. Pharmacological treatment effective in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction did not show substantial effects in HF with preserved ejection fraction. Here, we review novel device‐based therapies using neuromodulation of extra‐cardiac targets to treat cardiometabolic disease.

Background. Ultrasound-accelerated thrombolysis (USAT) is a safe and effective treatment for patients with intermediate–high-risk pulmonary embolism (PE). In all studies investigating USAT in the setting of PE, the recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator (rt-PA) alteplase or actilyse was used. Currently, there is a shortage of alteplase (Alteplase, Boehringer Ingelheim) in Europe. It is unknown whether the efficacy of urokinase (UK) is comparable with alteplase for USAT in patients with PE. Methods. Patients with intermediate–high-risk PE undergoing USAT with urokinase and alteplase were included in this study. One-to-one nearest neighbour matching was performed to account for baseline differences. We identified one patient treated with USAT and UK (n = 9) for each patient treated with USAT and alteplase (n = 9). Results. A total of 56 patients underwent USAT. The treatment was successful in all patients. The propensity score matched the identified nine pairs of patients. There were no statistically significant differences in the change in right ventricle-to-left ventricle (RV/LV) ratio (0.4 ± 0.3 versus 0.5 ± 0.4, p = 0.54), systolic pulmonary artery pressure (17.3 ± 8.0 versus 18.1 ± 8.1, p = 0.17), or improvement of RV function (5.8 ± 3.8 versus 5.1 ± 2.6, p = 1.0). The complication rates were comparable (11% in both groups, p = 0.55). There were no deaths in hospital or during 90 days in either group. Conclusions. In this case-matched comparison, the short-term clinical and echocardiographic outcomes showed comparable results between USAT–UK and USAT–rt-PA.

AimsAddition of ezetimibe to statin therapy is recommended by current guidelines when low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) targets are not achieved with statin monotherapy. Fixed-dose combinations (FDC) improve medication adherence and facilitate risk factor control. We assessed prescription trends of ezetimibe as monotherapy or FDC with statins.MethodsData from the German Institute for Drug Use Evaluation (DAPI) containing dispensing data of >80% of community pharmacies were analyzed. Prescriptions over time of lipid-lowering agents at the expense of the statutory health insurance (SHI) were extrapolated to all SHI-insured persons, representing approximately 88% of the total German population. Drug utilization was expressed as defined daily doses per 1,000 SHI-insured persons per day (DID).ResultsOf all lipid-lowering drug prescriptions in 2021, 91.2% were statin monotherapy. Ezetimibe was prescribed as monotherapy or FDC with statin in 4.4 and 2.9%, respectively. DID steadily increased for statin (69%) and ezetimibe (424%) monotherapies between 2012 and 2021. In contrast, statin-ezetimibe FDC prescriptions exhibited only a minor increase (29%). The proportion of statin-ezetimibe FDC among all statin prescriptions was stable over time at approximately 3%. FDC prescription rates by specialists were higher compared to general practitioners and varied considerably between geographic areas.ConclusionCombination lipid-lowering therapy is prescribed to a minority of patients. Prescriptions of ezetimibe as monotherapy increased to a much greater extent than statin-ezetimibe FDC. Considering the low proportion of patients achieving their LDL-C target and improved adherence to FDC compared to separate pills, statin-ezetimibe FDC may be utilized to improve the management of dyslipidemia.

Aims: Differentiation of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy in healthy athletes from pathological LV hypertrophy in heart disease is often difficult. We explored whether extended echocardiographic measurements such as E/e’ and global longitudinal strain (GLS) distinguish physiologic from maladaptive hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, excessively trained athletes’ hearts and normal hearts. Methods: Seventy-eight professional athletes (cyclists n = 37, soccer players n = 29, handball players n = 21) were compared with patients (n = 88) with pathological LV hypertrophy (hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM, n = 17), hypertensive heart disease (HHD, n = 36), severe aortic valve stenosis (AVS, n = 35) and with sedentary healthy individuals as controls (n = 37). Results: LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was ≥50% in all patients, athletes (median age 26 years, all male) and the controls (97% male, median age 32 years). LV mass index (LVMI) and septal wall thickness was in normal range in controls, but elevated in cyclists and patients with pathological hypertrophy (p 11 mm, GLS (≥−18%) has a specificity of 79% to distinguish between physiological and pathological hypertrophy. Conclusion: GLS and E/e’ are reliable parameters unlike left ventricular mass or LV ejection fraction to distinguish pathological and physiological hypertrophy.

BackgroundStroke is the second leading cause of death world-wide. A comprehensive scientometric study regarding ischemic stroke research has not been performed yet. This study aims at investigating the global research output on ischemic stroke research.MethodsAll 21,115 articles regarding ischemic stroke were retrieved from the Web-of-Science-Core-Collection and analyzed regarding regional differences, the authors' sex, subtopics of stroke, as well as international research collaborations.ResultsA total of 132 different countries participated, with the USA contributing most publications with 4,614 (21.9%), followed by China with 3,872 (18.3%), and Germany with 1,120 (5.3%). Analyzing the scientific quality of different countries by H-index, the USA ranked first with an H-index of 202, followed by Germany (H-index 135) and the United Kingdom (UK;H-index 129). The most frequently used topic was “Clinical Neurology” with 9,028 publications. Among all first authors attributed to their sex, 32.3% of all first authors were female and 67.7% were male (4,335 vs. 9,097). The proportion of female last authors was comparatively lower at 22.4% (3,083 publications) compared with 77.6% male authors (10,658 publications). There was a broad network of international collaborations.ConclusionsResearch in ischemic stroke has substantially increased over time. Scientists from the USA have the highest number of publications, followed by China and Germany. Measured by the H-index, the USA held the highest publication quality, followed by Germany and the UK. The scientific landscape was male-dominated with 67.7% of all first authors being male. Worldwide international collaborations play a major role in ischemic stroke research.

Background We sought to investigate sex‐specific differences in authorship of cardiovascular research over the past decade. Methods and Results All 387 463 cardiovascular publications between 2010 and 2019 were retrieved from Web of Science. Articles increased from 19 960 to 29 604 articles per year (P>0.001). The number of articles written by female first authors increased by 76.3% (6434–11 343 articles) and by 35.0% for male first authors (13 526–18 261) (P

BackgroundGlycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice root extract, exhibits antiviral and immunomodulatory properties by direct inhibition of the pro-inflammatory alarmin HMGB1 (High-mobility group box 1).ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore the role of liquorice intake on the viral entry receptor ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) and the immunoregulatory HMGB1 in healthy individuals and to explore HMGB1 expression in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) or non-COVID-19 in ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome patients).Material and methodsThis study enrolled 43 individuals, including hospitalised patients with i) acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19 (n = 7) or other underlying causes (n = 12), ii) mild COVID-19 (n = 4) and iii) healthy volunteers (n = 20). Healthy individuals took 50 g of liquorice (containing 3% liquorice root extract) daily for 7 days, while blood samples were collected at baseline and on day 3 and 7. Changes in ACE2 and HMGB1 levels were determined by Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Additionally, HMGB1 levels were measured in hospitalised COVID-19 patients with mild disease or COVID-19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and compared with a non-COVID-19-ARDS group.ResultsLiquorice intake significantly reduced after 7 days both cellular membranous ACE2 expression (-51% compared to baseline levels, p = 0.008) and plasma HMGB1 levels (-17% compared to baseline levels, pConclusionsLiquorice intake modulates ACE2 and HMGB1 levels in healthy individuals. HMGB1 is enhanced in mild COVID-19 and in ARDS with and without COVID-19, warranting evaluation of HMGB1 as a potential treatment target and glycyrrhizin, which is an active component of liquorice root extract, as a potential treatment in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 respiratory disease.

BackgroundTransient elastography (TE) allows non-invasive quantification of liver stiffness (LSM) and steatosis (controlled attenuation parameter, CAP). Here we test the feasibility and utility of TE in the emergency department (ED) and investigate whether LSM predicts longer hospitalization and reimbursement for non-elective patients.MethodsLSM and CAP were determined in prospectively recruited consecutive adult patients admitted to the ED of a tertiary referral center. Patients were stratified according to the 9.1 kPa and 13.0 kPa LSM cut-offs. Elastography measurements were correlated with clinical and outcome parameters, including duration of hospital stay and hospitalization costs.ResultsIn 200 ED patients (133 men, age 18 - 97 years), median LSM was 5.5 kPa (2.4 - 69.1 kPa), and median CAP was 252 dB/m (100 - 400 dB/m). In total, 39 patients (19.5%) presented with LSM ≥ 9.1 kPa, and 24 patients (12.0%) presented with LSM ≥ 13.0 kPa. Heart failure (n = 19) was associated with higher LSM (p = 0.045). Patients with LSM ≥ 9.1 kPa were significantly (p < 0.01) more likely to require longer hospitalization than those with lower LSM. Patients with LSM ≥ 13.0 kPa generated significantly (p = 0.001) higher costs as compared to patients with low LSM.ConclusionsTransient elastography represents an easily accessible screening tool in ED that might help identify patients in need of increased health care resources.

Aims Surgical and FFP2 masks are recommended to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The cardiopulmonary effects of facemasks in patients with chronic heart failure are unknown. This prospective, cross-over study quantified the effects of wearing no mask (nm), surgical mask (sm), and FFP2 mask (ffpm) in patients with stable heart failure. Methods 12 patients with clinically stable chronic heart failure (HF) (age 63.8±12 years, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 43.8±11%, NTProBNP 573±567 pg/ml) underwent spiroergometry with and without masks in a randomized sequence. Comfort/discomfort was assessed using a standardized questionnaire. Results Maximum power was reduced with both types of masks (nm: 108.3 W vs. sm: 101.2 W vs. ffpm: 95.6 W, pConclusion Both surgical and FFP masks reduce exercise capacity in heart failure patients, while FFP2 masks reduce oxygen uptake and peak ventilation. This reduction in cardiopulmonary performance should be considered in heart failure patients whose daily life activities are often just as challenging as exercise is for healthy adults.

Waterpipe smoking has developed into a major and rapidly growing global tobacco epidemic affecting more than 100 million people worldwide. This study identifies and analyzes comprehensively all available data on the cardiovascular effects of waterpipe smoking. Databases PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies published until December 2019 assessing cardiovascular effects of waterpipe smoking. We included experimental, cohort, cross-sectional and case-control studies and excluded systematic reviews, case reports/series and qualitative studies. Studies not conducted in humans or not distinguishing waterpipe smoking from other forms of smoking were also excluded. A total of 42 studies with 46 cardiovascular parameters were eligible for analysis. The meta-analysis included 31 studies with 38,037 individuals. Results showed that one waterpipe smoking session leads to immediate increases in heart rate and blood pressure (P < 0.001). Compared to non-smokers, waterpipe smokers had significantly lower high-density lipoprotein levels (P < 0.001), higher levels of low-density lipoprotein (P = 0.04), triglyceride (P < 0.001) and fasting blood glucose (P = 0.03) and higher heart rate (P = 0.04) with a tendency to have higher blood pressure. Mean heart rate, blood pressure and lipids levels did not differ between waterpipe and cigarette smokers, except for total cholesterol, being higher among waterpipe smokers (P < 0.001). Current level of evidence suggests that waterpipe smoking is associated with substantial adverse effects on cardiovascular system, which seem to be similar to those of cigarette smoking. Longitudinal studies are required to scrutinize the magnitude of these effects.

We present a patient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and accompanying aortic valve stenosis who had a myocardial infarction with a significant proximal left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis. The primary percutaneous coronary intervention resulted in a notable improvement in the left ventricular outflow tract gradient and global longitudinal strain. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.)

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic challenged many national health care systems, with hospitals reaching capacity limits of intensive care units (ICU). Thus, the estimation of acute local burden of ICUs is critical for appropriate management of health care resources. In this work, we applied non-linear mixed effects modeling to develop an epidemiological SARS-CoV-2 infection model for Germany, with its 16 federal states and 400 districts, that describes infections as well as COVID-19 inpatients, ICU patients with and without mechanical ventilation, recoveries, and fatalities during the first two waves of the pandemic until April 2021. Based on model analyses, covariates influencing the relation between infections and outcomes were explored. Non-pharmaceutical interventions imposed by governments were found to have a major impact on the spreading of SARS-CoV-2. Patient age and sex, the spread of variant B.1.1.7, and the testing strategy (number of tests performed weekly, rate of positive tests) affected the severity and outcome of recorded cases and could reduce the observed unexplained variability between the states. Modeling could reasonably link the discrepancies between fine-grained model simulations of the 400 German districts and the reported number of available ICU beds to coarse-grained COVID-19 patient distribution patterns within German regions.

The antihypertensive felodipine is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine type, and its pharmacodynamic effect directly correlates with its plasma concentration. As a sensitive substrate of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 with high first-pass metabolism, felodipine shows low oral bioavailability and is susceptible to drug–drug interactions (DDIs) with CYP3A4 perpetrators. This study aimed to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) parent–metabolite model of felodipine and its metabolite dehydrofelodipine for DDI predictions. The model was developed in PK-Sim® and MoBi® using 49 clinical studies (94 plasma concentration–time profiles in total) that investigated different doses (1–40 mg) of the intravenous and oral administration of felodipine. The final model describes the metabolism of felodipine to dehydrofelodipine by CYP3A4, sufficiently capturing the first-pass metabolism and the subsequent metabolism of dehydrofelodipine by CYP3A4. Diastolic blood pressure and heart rate PD models were included, using an Emax function to describe the felodipine concentration–effect relationship. The model was tested in DDI predictions with itraconazole, erythromycin, carbamazepine, and phenytoin as CYP3A4 perpetrators, with all predicted DDI AUClast and Cmax ratios within two-fold of the observed values. The model will be freely available in the Open Systems Pharmacology model repository and can be applied in DDI predictions as a CYP3A4 victim drug.

These practice guidelines on the management of arterial hypertension are a concise summary of the more extensive ones prepared by the Task Force jointly appointed by the European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology. These guidelines have been prepared on the basis of the best available evidence on all issues deserving recommendations; their role must be educational and not prescriptive or coercive for the management of individual subjects who may differ widely in their personal, medical and cultural characteristics. The members of the Task Force have participated independently in the preparation of these guidelines, drawing on their academic and clinical experience and by objective examination and interpretation of all available literature. A disclosure of their potential conflict of interest is reported on the websites of the ESH and the ESC.

Background It is currently unknown if antihypertensive drugs can be monitored in oral fluid (OF) using liquid chromatography coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry. Methods and Results We assessed adherence using liquid chromatography coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry in OF, plasma, and urine of 56 consecutive patients with hypertension referred to a tertiary hypertension unit. Of these patients, 59% were completely adherent (all drugs detectable in urine), whereas 29% and 13% were partially adherent (1 drug not detectable in urine) or nonadherent (>1 drug not detectable in urine), respectively. Adherent patients were on fewer antihypertensive drugs (P=0.001), had fewer daily drug doses (P=0.012), and had lower 24‐hour ambulatory systolic (P=0.012) and diastolic (P=0.009) blood pressures than nonadherent or partially adherent patients. Most drugs were detected in urine compared with plasma and OF (181 versus 119 versus 88; P=0.001). Compared with urine and plasma, detection rates of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and diuretics were lower in OF. There was no difference in the frequency of detecting β blockers (P=1.0) and calcium channel blockers (P=0.063) when comparing OF with urine. There was no difference in the number of calcium channel blockers (P=0.727), β blockers (P=1.000), thiazide diuretics (P=0.125), and α‐2 agonists (P=0.125) identified between OF and plasma. Conclusions This study shows the feasibility of drug adherence testing for several antihypertensive drugs, especially those without acidic components, in OF, with a similar recovery compared with plasma. Therefore, drug adherence testing in OF should be further explored as a noninvasive approach, which can easily be performed in an “out‐of‐office” setting.

Background Central arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation is under investigation for treatment of severe hypertension. We evaluated the effects of AVF for initiation of hemodialysis on systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure in patients with end‐stage renal disease. Methods and Results Data search included PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of peer‐reviewed studies reporting the effects of the creation/ligation of an AVF on blood pressure in patients with end‐stage renal disease was performed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis), PRISMA‐P (PRISMA for systematic review protocols), and ROBINS‐I (Risk of Bias in Non‐Randomized Studies) criteria by the Cochrane Bias Methods Group. All studies in which the results could have been biased by hemodialysis were excluded. A total of 14 trials including 412 patients with end‐stage renal disease (AVF creation, n=185; AVF ligation, n=227) fulfilled the criteria and were subsequently analyzed. Average blood pressure in patients with no/closed AVF was 140.5/77.6 mm Hg with a mean arterial blood pressure of 96.1 mm Hg. Following creation of AVF, systolic blood pressure significantly decreased by 8.7 mm Hg (P

Poor adherence to antihypertensive drug therapy is a well-recognized problem and can be assessed by mass spectrometry-based analyses of body fluids. However, contrary statements exist whether drug quantification in blood or qualitative screening in urine is more suitable. The present pilot study aimed to further elucidate the power of blood plasma drug concentrations for adherence monitoring by developing and validating a quantification procedure for nine antihypertensive drugs (amlodipine, bisoprolol, candesartan, canrenone, carvedilol, metoprolol, olmesartan, torasemide, and valsartan) in blood plasma using liquid–liquid extraction and an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry analysis. The procedure should then be used for an adherence assessment and compared with the results of an established qualitative urine screening. Selectivity, carryover, matrix effect, accuracy, precision, dilution integrity, and stability were successfully validated, except for amlodipine. The applicability was demonstrated by analyzing 19 plasma samples containing 28 antihypertensive drugs and comparing the measured concentrations with calculated dose-dependent reference plasma concentration ranges. The interpretation of plasma concentrations was found to be more sophisticated and time-consuming than that of urine screening results, and adherence could not be assessed in two cases (10%) due to measured plasma concentrations below the lower limit of quantification. However, 14 out of 19 subjects were classified as adherent (75%) and three as nonadherent (15%), in contrast to 19 (100%) that were claimed to be adherent based on the results of the qualitative urine screening. Nevertheless, further data is needed to estimate whether plasma quantification is superior in terms of assessing adherence to antihypertensive medication.

The beta-blocker metoprolol (the sixth most commonly prescribed drug in the USA in 2017) is subject to considerable drug–gene interaction (DGI) effects caused by genetic variations of the CYP2D6 gene. CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (5.7% of US population) show approximately five-fold higher metoprolol exposure compared to CYP2D6 normal metabolizers. This study aimed to develop a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict CYP2D6 DGIs with metoprolol. The metoprolol (R)- and (S)-enantiomers as well as the active metabolite α-hydroxymetoprolol were implemented as model compounds, employing data of 48 different clinical studies (dosing range 5–200 mg). To mechanistically describe the effect of CYP2D6 polymorphisms, two separate metabolic CYP2D6 pathways (α-hydroxylation and O-demethylation) were incorporated for both metoprolol enantiomers. The good model performance is demonstrated in predicted plasma concentration–time profiles compared to observed data, goodness-of-fit plots, and low geometric mean fold errors of the predicted AUClast (1.27) and Cmax values (1.23) over all studies. For DGI predictions, 18 out of 18 DGI AUClast ratios and 18 out of 18 DGI Cmax ratios were within two-fold of the observed ratios. The newly developed and carefully validated model was applied to calculate dose recommendations for CYP2D6 polymorphic patients and will be freely available in the Open Systems Pharmacology repository.