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Desde el año 1980, Chile mantiene una carta magna establecida en un período de dictadura sostenido por 17 años. En el año 2020, por medio de un plebiscito que tuvo como resultado la aprobación de un cambio constitucional, se concreta el proceso hacia una nueva constitución. Para dicho cambio, se requirió de la elección de personas civiles seleccionados por la ciudadanía, por lo que se realizó una campaña transmitida por televisión abierta denominada franja electoral. El análisis de esta franja, a partir de las teorías de framing, constituyó el objeto de estudio de esta investigación. Se llevó a cabo un levantamiento de información que conformó el corpus, a partir del cual se describieron los marcos de sentido (frames) dominantes en el contenido. Los hallazgos obtenidos permitieron dilucidar las temáticas de interés de cada conglomerado y que debiesen estar presentes en los debates en torno a la redacción de la nueva carta magna.

Objective: To evaluate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) skills performance and retention in schoolchildren aged 8 to 12 years following instruction by their teachers and with the guidance of a school nurse using paediatric manikins. Design: Descriptive simulation trial. Method: A school nurse provided support to six schoolteachers as they taught a modified 40-minute CPR course. Pupils were shown an out-of-hospital cardiac-arrest recognition video followed by a CPR simulation using paediatric manikins. 117 schoolchildren aged 8 to 12 years received the training. Both the schoolchildren and teachers completed a survey before and afterwards. Children completed an out-of-hospital cardiac-arrest recognition test and a 1-minute CPR test 1 week later. Results: After training, schoolchildren increased their self-efficacy as rescuers (8 ± 2 vs 10 ± 2; p Conclusion: Schoolchildren’s teachers, who were guided by a nurse using paediatric manikins, taught children aged 10 to 12 years to perform high-quality CPR. We suggest integrating paediatric manikins as part of children’s CPR training as feedback from successful CPR performance increases motivation and confidence to act as a rescuer as well as improves skills retention.

Neuron-microglia communication through the Cx3cr1-Cx3cl1 axis is essential for the development and refinement of neural circuits, which determine their function into adulthood. In the present work we set out to extend the behavioral characterization of Cx3cr1

The diathesis–stress model of schizophrenia posits that a constitutive factor increases the vulnerability to secondary stressors. Alterations in neuron–microglia communication through the fractalkine pathway is a potential predisposing factor. Wild-type (WT) and Cx3cr1−/− (KO) mice of both sexes randomly received either a low (0.5 mg/kg) or high dose (1 mg/kg) of MK-801 or saline during early postnatal development. Neuronal apoptosis was assessed at a midpoint of the pharmacological protocol. Survival and growth rates were determined up to adulthood when innate behaviors, unconditioned anxiety, contextual memory and seizure susceptibility were evaluated, as well as hippocampal local field potential and sensory gating. Fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) depletion and MK-801 treatment had a synergistic effect, increasing neuronal apoptosis and overall mortality. Both factors independently induced long-lasting cognitive impairments in the wide array of tasks assessed. Low MK-801 dose treatment greatly augmented the mortality of pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in WT mice, an effect prevented by CX3CR1 depletion. MK-801 treatment induced a shift in the power spectrum of the hippocampal local field potential towards higher frequencies that was averted in Cx3cr1−/− mice by an opposite shift. CX3CR1 depletion severely increases the vulnerability to neonatal NMDA antagonism with additional complex interactions regarding cognitive and neurophysiological effects.

Uncontrolled external bleeding is a common cause of preventable death, and due to the environment in which these events often occur, e.g., in hostile environments, the state security forces are usually the first responders, and in many cases, if they are injured their partners provide the initial assistance. The tourniquet is a fast, effective, and easy-to-learn intervention, although there is a knowledge gap concerning training techniques. The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of a bleeding control training program on a high-fidelity mannequin in a simulated critical situation in a law enforcement training environment. A quasi-experimental study was carried out with 27 members of the state security forces. They underwent brief theoretical–practical training and were evaluated via a scenario involving a critically ill patient in a hostile environment. The results showed that no member of the state security forces completed all the tourniquet placement steps, 26 (96%) prepared the tourniquet correctly, 21 (77.8%) placed it on the leg, and all the participants adjusted the band to the thickness of the injured limb and secured the windlass to the triangular flange of the device. However, only 23 (85.2%) of the participants placed it effectively. The participants, who were members of the state security forces, were able to effectively resolve a critical situation with active bleeding in a simulation scenario with a high-fidelity mannequin after completing theoretical–practical training.

Introduction and Objectives:Massive hemorrhage (MH) is a growing pathology in military settings and increasingly in civilian settings; it is now considered a public health problem in the United States with large-scale programs. Tourniquets are the fastest and most effective intervention in MH if direct pressure is not effective.The Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) recognizes a knowledge gap in optimal education techniques for first aid providers. This review aims to describe training and evaluation methods for teaching tourniquet use to both health care and military professionals.Methods:The MEDLINE, CINAHL, WEB of Science, and Scopus databases were reviewed (from 2010 through April 2020). The quality of the selected studies was assessed using the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) scale. Studies that met at least 65% of the included items were included. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers.Results:Ten of the 172 articles found were selected, of which three were randomized clinical trials. Heterogeneity was observed in the design of the studies and in the training and evaluative methods that limit the comparison between studies.Conclusions:The results suggest that the training strategies studied are effective in improving knowledge, attitudes, and practical skills. There is no universal method, learning is meaningful but research should be directed to find out which ones work best.

Objective To assess the differences in the quality and self-perception of CPR performed with foot technique compared to the standard technique with the hands in nursing students. Methods 65 university nursing students participated in a randomized simulation crossover design study. The participants randomly performed two CPR tests: CPR by foot and CPR by hands techniques. The compression-only protocol with a 2-min test was used with the Resusci Anne QCPR® manikin and Wireless Skill Reporter® software, both from Laerdal. Results Participants had lower quality when doing CPR by foot (72%) than when doing standard CPR (91%) (p = 0.006). 95% of the participants indicated standard CPR as the technique of choice, while 92% indicated that they would use CPR by foot if it was not possible to perform standard technique. Conclusions CPR quality was lower when performing foot technique, although with positive results. It would be advisable for people with acquired CPR skills to know that they can do foot compressions in situations where they cannot use their hands.

The certified power conversion efficiency of state-of-the-art organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells has surpassed 25%, showing promising potential for commercialization. Compared with vol...

The commercial feasibility of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is not guaranteed as long as lead (Pb) is present in the active material, halide perovskites. Mixed halide tin (Sn)-based alloyed perovsk...

Nanotechnology can be used to protect plants against Fusarium Dieback and the Laurel Wilt, that are new and lethal insect-vectored diseases that can host over 300 tree species, including avocado trees. The vectors of these diseases are beetles members of the Scolytinae subfamily, notoriously difficult to control because they spend most of their lives hidden within galleries. Nevertheless, when tested on avocado bolts, some insecticides (including permethrin) provided a reduction in the number of entrance holes or beetle emergence, but the persistence of pesticide residues might have been influenced by factors like rainfall and sunlight. The present study aims to encapsulate permethrin in polylactic acid nanospheres, conferring protection against losses by physic and chemical factors, ultimately increasing its persistence. The particle size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency obtained were 393nm, -32mV, and 27%, respectively. After 96 h of exposure to UV-A light, the insecticidal activity of unencapsulated permethrin was severely diminished, having a reduction in mortality in scolytinae beetles from 80% to 40%, while the nanoencapsulated permethrin retained a 70%. The study has concluded the potential advantage of formulating permethrin into nanometric biodegradable spheres, enhancing the persistence of the insecticide while removing the use of toxic organic solvents as vehicle for the active ingredient, reducing the environmental impact.)

One of the organic components in the perovskite photo-absorber, the methylammonium cation, has been suggested to be a roadblock to the long-term operation of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite-based solar cells. In this work we systematically explore the crystallographic and optical properties of the compositional space of mixed cation and mixed halide lead perovskites, where formamidinium (FA+) is gradually replaced by cesium (Cs+), and iodide (I−) is substituted by bromide (Br−), i.e., CsyFA1−yPb(BrxI1−x)3. Higher tolerance factors lead to more cubic structures, whereas lower tolerance factors lead to more orthorhombic structures. We find that while some correlation exists between the tolerance factor and structure, the tolerance factor does not provide a holistic understanding of whether or not a perovskite structure will fully form. By screening 26 solar cells with different compositions, our results show that Cs1/6FA5/6PbI3 delivers the highest efficiency and long-term stability among the I-rich compositions. This work sheds light on the fundamental structure–property relationships in the CsyFA1−yPb(BrxI1−x)3 compositional space, providing vital insight to the design of durable perovskite materials. Our approach provides a library of structural and optoelectronic information for this compositional space.

Microparticles containing the photosensitive spinosad (SP) were obtained using a combination of chitosan (CH) and sodium lignosulfonate (SL) as encapsulating materials to develop a photoprotective system for intake administration. The microparticles were obtained by a spray drying technique and were characterized in terms of morphology (scanning electron microscopy - SEM) and particle size. In vitro release studies showed an initial burst effect that fits very well with the zero order kinetic model and then a slow release of the bioinsecticide, which fits best with the first order model. The results of this work demonstrate that the bioinsecticide carrier system developed with natural polymeric materials presents high stability to photodegradation and adequate insecticide release for use as a strategy to reduce negative impacts on the environment in agronomic practices.

Aim To analyse the effect of oxygen fraction reduction (O2 14%, equivalent to 3250 m) on Q-CPR and rescuers' physiological demands. Methodology A quasi-experimental study was carried out in a sample of 9 Q-CPR proficient health care professionals. Participants, in teams of 2 people, performed 10 min CPR on a Laerdal ResusciAnne mannequin (30:2 compression/ventilation ratio and alternating roles between rescuers every 2 min) in two simulated settings: T21-CPR at sea level (FiO2 of 21%) and T14 – CPR at 3250 m altitude (FiO2 of 14%). Effort self-perception was rated from 0 (no effort) to 10 (maximum demand) points. Results Quality of chest compressions was good and similar in both conditions (T21 vs T14). However, the percentage of ventilations with adequate tidal volume was lower in altitude than at sea level conditions (35.9 ± 25.2% vs. 54.7 ± 23.2%, p = 0.035). The subjective perception of effort was significantly higher at simulated altitude (5 ± 2) than at sea level (3 ± 2) (p = 0.038). Maximum heart rate during the tests was similar in both conditions; however, mean oxygen saturation was significantly lower in altitude conditions (90.5 ± 2.5% vs. 99.3 ± 0.5%, p Conclusion Although performing CPR under simulated hypoxic altitude conditions significantly increases the physiological demands and subjective feeling of tiredness compared to sea level CPR, trained rescuers are able to deliver good Q-CPR in such conditions, at least in the first 10 min of resuscitation.

Biodiversity is vital in the functioning of ecosystems, but it’s permanently being threatened by anthropic impacts derived from productive activities. Thus, conservation has become a global challenge. In Chile, the dissociation between economic activities and conservation has triggered numerous socio-environmental conflicts in recent decades. This work explores how different projects that give rise to these conflicts can represent an underestimated threat to biodiversity. We identified socio-environmental conflicts in Chile and their associated projects by carrying out an online review of 1035 news articles published between 2004 and 2018 using the key words “environmental conflict”. We selected articles describing a socio-environmental conflict between parties caused by a project or productive sector. Conflict-generating projects were classified by productive sector and capital origin. In addition, their geographical distribution with respect to High Conservation Value Areas (HCVAs, protected areas and priority sites for conservation) was determined. A total of 283 projects were identified from 14 different productive sectors, most of them related to energy and mining, which threaten biodiversity and human well-being mainly due to pollution and habitat destruction. Chilean companies finance most of the projects, but international companies finance over half of the energy and mining projects. Moreover, 37 % of the projects were located within HCVAs either for the establishment of future protected areas or where protected areas are currently established. As countries make new efforts to maintain and recover biodiversity, it is contradictory not to consider the threats posed by conflict-generating projects to key areas for conservation, both in public policies and in spatial planning instruments.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la calidad de la reanimacion cardiopulmonar (RCP) de personas no expertas guiada por una aplicacion movil con retroalimentacion en tiempo real. Diseno Estudio cuasi-experimental de corte transversal. Participantes Una muestra de 113 estudiantes de enfermeria sin experiencia ni formacion en RCP participaron en el estudio. Intervenciones Se realizaron tres test de RCP solo manos con compresiones continuas: 1) RCP sin dispositivo; 2) RCP con el telefono apagado, y 3) RCP guiada por APP. Se aleatorizaron tres aplicaciones diferentes (Pocket CPR®, CPR Pro® y Massage cardiaque et DSA®). Los tres test se realizaron de forma consecutiva, aleatorizados y separados 30 min entre cada uno. Se utilizo el maniqui Laerdal Resusci Anne QCPR (Stavanger, Noruega) software 2.0.0.14. Variables de interes principales Aplicaciones utilizadas. Variables demograficas para caracterizar a la muestra. Variables independientes: media de profundidad, ritmo medio, porcentaje de posicion correcta de mano, porcentaje de compresiones con reexpansion correcta, porcentaje de compresiones con profundidad correcta, porcentaje de compresiones al ritmo correcto, calidad global de la RCP. Resultados La calidad global de la RCP fue del 33,3% ± 32,7 para Pocket CPR, del 10,9% ± 22,72 para CPR Pro y del 7,8% ± 9,2 para Massage cardiaque et DSA. Con ninguna de las APP se consiguen mejorias estadisticamente significativas. El porcentaje de tiempo que el reanimador consiguio mantener el ritmo correcto mejoro con el uso de las tres APP. Conclusiones La RCP guiada por APP no mejoro la calidad global de las compresiones durante la reanimacion, si bien mejoro el porcentaje de compresiones realizadas a un ritmo correcto.

Objective To evaluate the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by lay people when guided by a mobile phone application with real-time feedback, with the comparison of three different mobile phone applications (APPs). Design A cross-sectional quasi-experimental study was carried out. Participants A sample of 113 nursing students participated in the study. Interventions Three hands-only CPR tests with continuous compressions were performed: (i) without external help; (ii) with the mobile phone turned off; and (iii) guided by APP. Three different APPs were randomly assigned (Pocket CPR®, CPR Pro® and Massage cardiaque et DSA®). The mannequin Laerdal Resusci Anne QCPR (Stavanger, Norway) 2.0.0.14 software was used. Variables of primary interest APPs used. Demographic variables characterizing the study sample. Independent variables: mean depth, mean rate, percentage of correct hand positioning, percentage of compressions with correct re-expansion, percentage of compressions with correct depth, percentage of compressions at the correct rate, and overall quality of CPR. Results Overall CPR quality was 33.3 ± 32.7% using Pocket CPR, 10.9 ± 22.72% using CPR Pro and 7.8 ± 9.2% using Massage cardiaque et DSA. None of the APPs produced a statistically significant improvement. The percentage of time that the resuscitator managed to maintain a correct compression rate improved when using all three APPs. Conclusions Cardiopulmonary resuscitation guided by phone APPs did not improve the overall quality of compressions during resuscitation, though it improved the percentage of compressions performed at the correct rate.

This study focuses on the characteristics (feasibility, resuscitation quality, and physical demands) of infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on the forearm during fast walking, performed by a trained lay rescuer.Twenty-one university students from the infant education degree participated in a randomized crossover simulation study to compare a standard pediatric CPR versus a walking pediatric CPR with a manikin on the rescue forearm. Each rescuer performed 2 resuscitation tests of 2 minutes on the infant manikin. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, physiological, and perceived effort variables were measured.The quality of chest compressions was higher in standard pediatric CPR than in walking pediatric CPR (72% vs 51%; P0.001) and overall CPR quality (59% vs 49%; P = 0.02). There were no differences between ventilation quality (47% vs 46%). Walking pediatric CPR presented a higher percentage of maximum heart rate (52% vs 69%; P0.001) and perceived exertion rate (2 vs 5; P0.001). Participants walked an average of 197 m during the test.In conclusion, pediatric walking CPR is feasible although it represents a slight quality decrease in a simulation infant CPR setting. The option "CPR while walking fast to a safe place" seems to be suitable in terms of safety both for the victim and the rescuer, as well as CPR quality in special circumstances.

ObjectiveTo compare the effectiveness of 4-month rolling-refreshers and annual retraining in basic life support (BLS) on a sample of schoolchildren.DesignProspective longitudinal trial.Setting and participantsFour hundred and seventy-two schoolchildren (8–12 years old).InterventionsSchoolchildren were instructed in BLS and then split into the following three groups: control group (CG), standard group (SG) and rolling-refresher group (RRG). Their BLS skills were assessed within 1 week (T1) and 2 years later (T2). Moreover, CG did not receive any additional training; SG received one 50 min retraining session 1 year later; RRG participated in very brief (5 min) rolling-refreshers that were carried out every 4 months.Primary and secondary outcomesHands-on skills of BLS sequence and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.ResultsBLS sequence performance was similar in all groups at T1, but SG and RRG followed the steps of the protocol in more proportion than CG at T2. When compared at T2, RRG showed higher proficiency than SG in checking safety, checking response, opening the airway and alerting emergency medical services. In addition, although the mean resuscitation quality was low in all groups, RRG participants reached a higher percentage of global quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CG: 16.4±24.1; SG: 25.3±28.8; RRG: 29.9%±29.4%), with a higher percentage of correct chest compressions by depth (CG: 3.9±11.8; SG: 10.8±22.7; RRG: 15.5±26.1 mm).ConclusionsIn 8-to-12-year-old schoolchildren, although annual 50 min retraining sessions help to maintain BLS performance, 4-month very brief rolling-refreshers were shown to be even more effective. Thus, we recommend implementing baseline BLS training at schools, with subsequently brief rolling-refreshers.

Previous pilot experience has shown the ability of visually impaired and blind people (BP) to learn basic life support (BLS), but no studies have compared their abilities with blindfolded people (BFP) after participating in the same instructor-led, real-time feedback training. Twenty-nine BP and 30 BFP participated in this quasi-experimental trial. Training consisted of a 1 h theoretical and practical training session with an additional 30 min afterwards, led by nurses with prior experience in BLS training of various collectives. Quantitative quality of chest compressions (CC), AED use and BLS sequence were evaluated by means of a simulation scenario. BP’s median time to start CC was less than 35 s. Global and specific components of CC quality were similar between groups, except for compression rate (BFP: 123.4 + 15.2 vs. BP: 110.8 + 15.3 CC/min, p = 0.002). Mean compression depth was below the recommended target in both groups, and optimal CC depth was achieved by 27.6% of blind and 23.3% of blindfolded people (p = 0.288). Time to discharge was significantly longer in BFP than BP (86.0 + 24.9 vs. 66.0 + 27.0 s, p = 0.004). Thus, after an adapted and short training program, blind people were revealed to have abilities comparable to those of blindfolded people in learning and performing the BLS sequence and CC.

Background: There are few studies that analyze ventilation volume and pressure during CPR carried out on infants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the ventilations administered using a self-inflating bag with an endotracheal tube and a face mask in manikins. Methods: a quasi-experimental simulation study with a randomized case crossover design [endotracheal tube (ET) vs. face mask (FM)] was performed. Sixty participants who were previously trained nursing students participated in the study. The estimated air volumes breathed, and the pressure generated during each ventilation were assessed and the quality of the chest compressions was recorded. Results: the ET test presented a higher percentage of ventilations that reached the lungs (100% vs. 86%; p < 0.001), with adequate volume (60% vs. 28%; p < 0.001) in comparison to FM. Both tests presented peak pressures generated in the airway greater than 30 cm H2O (ET: 22% vs. FM: 31%; p = 0.03). Conclusions: performing quality CPR ventilations on an infant model is not an easy skill for trained nursing students. Both tests presented a significant incidence of excessive peak pressure during ventilations. Specific training, focused on quality of ventilations guided by a manometer attached to the self-inflating bag, must be considered in life support training for pediatric providers.

One of the organic component in the perovskite photo-absorber, the methylammonium cation, has been suggested to be a roadblock to long-term operation of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite-based solar cells. Methylammonium-free perovskites thus represent a possible direction for more stable photo-absorbers that are also compatible with multijunction solar cells. However, most work on methylammonium-free perovskites involves cesium and formamidinium as the A-site cations, which are thermodynamically less stable than the methylammonium-based materials. In this work we systematically explore the crystallographic and optical properties of the compositional space of mixed cation and mixed halide lead perovskites, where formamidinium (FA+) is gradually replaced by cesium (Cs+), and iodide (I-) is substituted by bromide (Br-), i.e., CsyFA1–yPb(BrxI1–x)3. The crystal phases, which could be tuned by changing the tolerance factor for mixed perovskite alloys, are qualitatively determined and the composition–structure relationship is established in the CsyFA1–yPb(BrxI1–x)3 compositional space. We find that higher tolerance factors lead to more cubic structures, whereas lower tolerance factors lead to more orthorhombic. We also find that while some correlation exists between tolerance factor and structure, tolerance factor does not provide a holistic understanding of whether a perovskite structure will fully form. Given the wide range of bandgaps produced by this compositional space, an empirical expression is devised to predict the optical bandgap of CsyFA1–yPb(BrxI1–x)3 perovskites – which changes as a function of composition –, conducive to the design of absorbers with bandgaps tailor-made for specific tandem and single-junction applications. By screening 26 solar cells with different compositions, we find that Cs1/6FA5/6PbI3 delivers the highest efficiency and long-term stability among I-rich compositions. This work sheds light on the fundamental structure-property relationships in the CsyFA1–yPb(BrxI1–x)3 compositional space, providing vital insight to the design of durable perovskite materials. Our approach provides a library of structural and optoelectronic information of this compositional space.

One of the organic component in the perovskite photo-absorber, the methylammonium cation, has been suggested to be a roadblock to long-term operation of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite-based solar cells. Methylammonium-free perovskites thus represent a possible direction for more stable photo-absorbers that are also compatible with multijunction solar cells. However, most work on methylammonium-free perovskites involves cesium and formamidinium as the A-site cations, which are thermodynamically less stable than the methylammonium-based materials. In this work we systematically explore the crystallographic and optical properties of the compositional space of mixed cation and mixed halide lead perovskites, where formamidinium (FA+) is gradually replaced by cesium (Cs+), and iodide (I-) is substituted by bromide (Br-), i.e., CsyFA1–yPb(BrxI1–x)3. The crystal phases, which could be tuned by changing the tolerance factor for mixed perovskite alloys, are qualitatively determined and the composition–structure relationship is established in the CsyFA1–yPb(BrxI1–x)3 compositional space. We find that higher tolerance factors lead to more cubic structures, whereas lower tolerance factors lead to more orthorhombic. We also find that while some correlation exists between tolerance factor and structure, tolerance factor does not provide a holistic understanding of whether a perovskite structure will fully form. Given the wide range of bandgaps produced by this compositional space, an empirical expression is devised to predict the optical bandgap of CsyFA1–yPb(BrxI1–x)3 perovskites – which changes as a function of composition –, conducive to the design of absorbers with bandgaps tailor-made for specific tandem and single-junction applications. By screening 26 solar cells with different compositions, we find that Cs1/6FA5/6PbI3 delivers the highest efficiency and long-term stability among I-rich compositions. This work sheds light on the fundamental structure-property relationships in the CsyFA1–yPb(BrxI1–x)3 compositional space, providing vital insight to the design of durable perovskite materials. Our approach provides a library of structural and optoelectronic information of this compositional space.