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Bu araştırma 2018-2019 yıllarında Ordu İli Turnasuyu lokasyonunda ‘Palaz’ fındık çeşidinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada topraktan artan dozlarda çinko sülfat (ZnSO4) gübrelemesinin fındıkta ‘sağlam iç oran ve kusurlu meyve oranlarına (çıtlak meyve, küçük iç, siyah uçlu iç, buruşuk iç, abortif, küflü, çürük ve çift iç) etkisi araştırılmıştır. Birinci yıla kıyasla ikinci yıl bütün uygulamalarda sağlam iç oranlarında artış, kusurlu meyve oranlarında da azalışların meydana geldiği belirlenmiştir. Sağlam meyve oranının en fazla T1 uygulamasında arttığı saptanmıştır. Fındıkta topraktan ZnSO4 gübrelemesinin, kusurlu meyve oranını azaltarak sağlam meyve oranını arttırdığı ve bu nedenle fındık kalitesi üzerine önemli etkisi olduğu yapılan çalışma ile ortaya konmuştur.

Amaç: Bu araştırmada, Cd ve gidya uygulamaları altında yetiştirilen ekmeklik ve makarnalık buğday çeşitlerinin kuru madde verimi, kadmiyum (Cd) ve mineral besin elementleri (fosfor, potasyum, kalsiyum, magnezyum, demir, bakır, çinko, mangan) alımı üzerine olan etkilerini araştırmak amaçlanmıştır.Materyal ve metot: Sera koşullarında, saksı denemesinde iki ekmeklik (Eser ve Demir) ve iki makarnalık (Altın ve Kızıltan) buğday çeşitleri tesadüf parselleri deneneme desenine göre 3 farklı Cd (0, 5 ve 10 mg Cd kg-1 toprak) ve 4 farklı gidya (%0, %2, %4 ve %8 toprak) dozları altında yürütülmüştür. Çalışma sonunda, Cd ve mineral besin elementleri (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn ve Mn) ölçülmüştür. Araştırma bulguları: Artan dozlarda gidya uygulamalarının kuru madde üretimi üzerine etkilerinde farklılar olduğu saptanmıştır. Buna göre, gidya’nın %2 uygulamasıyla en yüksek kuru madde verimi elde edilmiş olup kontrole göre %187 oranında artış sağlamıştır. Araştırmada, buğday türlerinin Cd alımlarında önemli farklılıkların olduğu belirlenmiştir. Makarnalık buğday çeşitlerine ekmeklik buğday çeşitlerinden daha fazla Cd taşındığı bulunmuştur. Artan dozlarda gidya uygulamalarının buğday türlerine Cd taşınması üzerine etkisi farklı olmuştur. Buna göre, kontrol saksılarıyla kıyaslandığında ekmeklik buğdayların Cd konsantrasyonunu gidya uygulamasına bağlı olarak arttırmasına karşın makarnalık buğdayların Cd konsantrasyonunu azaltmıştır. Gidya uygulamalarına bağlı olarak, buğday türleri arasında besin elementleri taşınımlarında farklılıkların olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ekmeklik buğday çeşitlerinin P, Cu, Zn ve Mn alımları makarnalık buğdaylara göre daha fazla olmasına karşın makarnalık buğday çeşitlerinde de K, Ca, Mg ve Fe besin elementleri ekmeklik buğday çeşitlerine kıyasla daha fazla taşındığı bulunmuştur.Sonuç: Gidya uygulamalarının Cd ile kirli alanlarda makarnalık buğdaylara Cd taşınımını azaltabileceği ve mineral besin elementlerinin taşınımını artırabileceği için kullanımı önerilebilir., Objective: In this study, bread and durum wheat grown under Cd and gyttja applications. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cultivars on dry matter yield, cadmium (Cd) and mineral nutrients (phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, manganese) intake.Materials and methods: In the greenhouse conditions, two bread (Eser and Demir) and two durum (Altın and Kızıltan) wheat varieties were carried out under 3 different Cd (0, 5 and 10 mg Cd kg-1 soil) and 4 different gyttja (0%, 2%, 4% and 8% soil) doses according to the randomized plot design in the pot experiment. At the end of the study, Cd and mineral nutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) were measured.Results: It has been determined that there are differences in the effects of increasing doses of gyttja applications on dry matter production. Accordingly, the highest dry matter yield was obtained with 2% application of gyttja and it increased by 187% compared to the control. In the study, it was determined that there were significant differences in Cd uptake of wheat species. It was found that more Cd was transported to durum wheat varieties than bread wheat varieties. The effects of increasing doses of gyttja applications on Cd transport to wheat species were different. Accordingly, compared to the control pots, it increased the Cd concentration of bread wheats due to gyttja application, but decreased the Cd concentration of durum wheats. Depending on the gyttja applications, it was determined that there were differences in nutrient transport between wheat species. Although the uptake of P, Cu, Zn and Mn in bread wheat varieties is higher than in durum wheat, it was found that K, Ca, Mg and Fe nutrients were transported more in durum wheat varieties compared to bread wheat varieties.Conclusion: The use of gyttja applications can be recommended as it can reduce Cd transport to durum wheat in Cd polluted areas and increase the transport of mineral nutrients.

Cadmium(Cd) is a non-essential heavy metal that is highly toxic even at very low concentrations. Although Cd is a non-essential trace metal, when reached to high levels in agricultural soils, it can be easily absorbed by plants. Cadmium accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its subsequent transfer to food chain is an important problem worldwide. Bentonite is a material essentially composed by montmorillonite and related clay minerals of the smectite group. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of bentonite (0, 3, 6 and 12%) application on Cd uptake of bread wheat growing in high Cd (0, 5 and 10 mg/kg soil) application. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions acid soil. The experiment was conducted randomized block design with three replicates. The results revealed that shoot dry weight of bread was significantly increased with increasing doses of bentonite applications. While the dry weight of shoot without bentonite application was 480 mg/plant, it increased approximately 2 fold with 12% bentonite application. Cadmium concentration with the bentonite of control application decreased 4 times from 20.74 ppm to 5.07 ppm with application of 12% bentonite. The results show that Cd toxicity in the shoot was alleviated by bentonite treatment.

One of the prerequisites for high yield and quality in hazelnut farming is accurate fertilization based on soil and leaf analysis. This study is carried out to determine fertility status of the soils under hazelnut cultivation in Ordu Province by testing physical and chemical properties of the soil samples taken from 40 hazelnut orchards. The texture, pH and lime status of the soils were determined and compared with the limit values. Accordingly, it was determined that the soils were generally low in lime and pH levels were changing from slightly acidic to slightly alkali. The comparison of mineral nutrition elements of the soils with the limit values revealed that 90%, 62.5%, 100% and 52.5% of the soils were deficient for phosphorous, calcium, magnesium and zinc, respectively. The results of the present study indicated that there was a nutritional problem in the soils under hazelnut cultivation. This nutritional problem can be solved using multi nutritional fertilizers in hazelnut cultivation.

Interaction of phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) is a crucial factor affecting crop yield in agricultural production. A greenhouse experiment was established to investigate the effects of P (0, 25, 50, ...

Cadmium (Cd), an important environmental polluter reaching into soils from different sources, is not an essential element in animal and human nutrition. Cadmium, when present in high concentrations, is an element with toxic effect to humans, animals and plants. One of the important factors affecting Cd accumulation in plants is salinity status of the soils. In this study, it was determined how different salts effected Cd accumulation in plants. When increasing rates of NaCl, Na2SO4 and CaCl2 applied into the soil, it was determined that Cd accumulation capacity of the plants increased only with the forms of Cl-1 salts, particularly with NaCl. It was found that, among different salts applied with increasing ratios (NaCl, Na2SO4 ve CaCl2), NaCl salt remarkably increased green part Cd concentration. With comparing the effects of different salts on Cd uptake, green part Cd concentration in the Cl-1 salt applied condition was higher than those of the plants treated with SO4-2 salt. The Cd concentration of the plants was affected differently when the salt was applied as NaCl and CaCl2 forms. The increasing effect of chlorine on Cd concentration mostly occurred when it was applied as Na form. With the present of calcium, the increasing effect of Cl on Cd uptake was less comparing to Na ion. In conclusion, the application of Cd and different salts with increasing rates decreased dry matter yield of green part but increased Cd accumulation by plant.

Bu araştırma, sera koşullarında, tesadüf parselleri deneme deseninde Cd ile kirlenmiş topraklara farklı (NaCl, KCl ve CaCl2) tuz uygulamalarının Cd alımı üzerine etkisi belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Kadmiyum’suz ve Cd’lu koşullarda Cl’un Na+, K+ ve Ca+2 formunda uygulanmasıyla bitki kuru madde verimi azalma eğilimi göstermiştir. Bu azalma, en belirgin olarak Cl’un 4.0 g kg-1 olarak verildiği NaCl ve KCl uygulamalarında görülmüştür. Buna göre, Cd’un en yüksek dozunda kontrol bitkisinde kuru madde verimi 649 mg bitki-1 iken, Cl’un 4.0 g kg-1 düzeyinde Na formunda uygulandığı koşulda, kuru madde verimi yaklaşık olarak 2.5 kat azalarak 276 mg bitki-1’ye, K formunda uygulanmasıyla ise yaklaşık olarak 2 kat azalarak 352 mg bitki-1 düzeyine inmiştir. Makarnalık buğday yeşil aksam Cd konsantrasyonunun artmasında Cl- tuzlarının önemli etkileri belirlenmiştir. Artan Cd dozlarında, Cl’un Na+, K+ ve Ca+2 formlarının uygulandığı tüm dozlarda yeşil aksam Cd konsantrasyonu artmıştır. Herhangi bir tuzun uygulanmadığı ve Cd’un 1 mg kg-1 düzeyinde uygulamasında, kontrol bitkisinin Cd konsantrasyonu 8.31 mg kg-1 olduğu buna karşın Cl’un 4.0 g kg-1 olarak verildiği Na+, K+ ve Ca+2 formlarında yeşil aksam Cd konsantrasyonu sırasıyla 26.4, 20.2 ve 13.5 mg kg-1’a yükselerek %217, %143 ve %62 oranında arttığı saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak tuzların makarnalık buğdayda Cd alımını artırdığı ve bu artışta tuzlara eşlik eden katyonların önemli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Farklı tuz Na+, K+ ve Ca+2 formları arasında da Cd konsantrasyonunu en fazla arttırmada Na+>K+>Ca+2 şeklinde bir sıralamanın olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Bu çalışmanın amacı Ordu ilinde fındık tarımı yapılan bazı alanların topraklarda yarayışlı çinko (Zn) beslenmesi bakımından genel durumunu belirlemek ve ayrıca toprakların çeşitli fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerinin yarayışlı Zn element kapsamlarıyla ilişkilerini saptamaktır. Bu amaçla Ordu ili Ünye ilçe sınırından Gülyalı ilçe sınırının sonuna kadar olan bazı bahçelerden 0 – 30 cm derinlikten 130 adet toprak örneği alınmıştır. Alınan toprak örneklerinden DTPA yöntemiyle ekstrakte edilebilir Zn, Fe, Mn ve Cu belirlenmiştir. Mikro elementlerden toprakta yarayışlı bor (B) analiziyle sonuçlarının açıklanmasında yardımcı olacak bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal analizler de yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarında fındık veriminin artmasında rolü olacak çarpıcı sonuçlar bulunmuştur. Fındık yetiştiriciliği yapılan bahçelerde büyük bir mineral beslenme problemi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle fındık yetiştiriciliğinin yoğun olarak yapıldığı bahçelerde genellikle asit bölge toprakları olduğundan Zn’nun yetersizliğinden ziyade Zn’nun fazlalığının olduğu sanılmaktadır. Ancak bu bilginin aksine Ordu ili fındık bahçelerinin Zn ile beslenmesinin oldukça yetersiz olduğu belirlenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, en düşük Zn konsantrasyonu 0.05 mg kg-1 iken en yüksek Zn konsantrasyonu 1.94 mg kg-1 olduğu belirlenmiş ve ortalama 0.45 mg kg-1 olarak saptanmıştır. Toprakta yarayışlı Zn kritik sınır değerleriyle karşılaştırıldığında toplam örneklerin % 78’i 0.2-0.7 mg kg-1 arasında olup Zn bakımından “az” ve % 11’i de

Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in plant tissues has recently gained a worldwide-growing concern due to food safety and health care. Soil salinity is an important causal agent influencing Cd accumulation in cereal grains and durum wheat is known as the most sensitive to Cd toxicity among cereals. This research is aimed at evaluating influence of soil salinity on cadmium accumulation in durum wheat grain. Influence of NaCl doses (0, 200 and 1000 mg kg -1 ) on Cd concentration in durum wheat grain ( Triticum turgidum L. durum ) grown in soils treated with Cd (0 and 1.0 mg kg -1 ) was established. Grain Cd concentration in control plants (without Cd and NaCl) was 21 µg kg -1 , while 200 and 1000 mg kg -1 NaCl doses resulted in 60 and 75 µg kg -1 Cd with 300% and 400% increase, respectively. Grain Cd concentration in Cd-treated soil arose from 1325 µg kg -1 in the control plants to 1778 and 2411 µg kg -1 in the plants exposed to 200 and 1000 mg kg -1 NaCl, respectively. The present study reveals that soil salinity increases Cd accumulation in grain even if soil Cd level is very low. Further, cadmium is transported to grain easily and soil salinity enhances such carriage in Cd-contaminated soils .

Bu çalışmanın amacı, yüksek Cd konsantrasyonuna sahip toprağa çinko (Zn) uygulamaları ile ekmeklik ve makarnalık buğdayın Cd alımına olan etkisini araştırmaktır. Çalışma sera koşullarında Zn noksanlığına sahip kireç içeriği yüksek bir toprakta tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre dört tekerrürlü olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Denemede Cd uygulamaları 0 (Cd 0) ve 10 (Cd10) mg kg -1 Cd dozlarında uygulanmıştır. Çinko uygulamaları ise topraktan 0 (Zn 0) ve 10 (Zn 10) mg kg -1 Zn ile toprak + yapraktan (Zn10+3Y; Zn10+8Y) olacak şekilde yapılmıştır. Yapraktan Zn uygulamalarına sapa kalkma döneminde başlanmış ve haftada 1 defa olmak üzere 3 ve 8 defa yapraktan %0,1 dozunda ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O uygulaması yapılmıştır. Bitkiler tane olgunluk döneminde hasat edilmiş ve tanelerde Zn ve Cd konsantrasyonları belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlardan topraktan ve toprak+yapraktan Zn uygulamaları ile ekmeklik ve makarnalık buğdayların tane Zn konsantrasyonlarında önemli artışların olduğu görülmüştür. Toprağa Cd uygulaması ile Karacadağ çeşidine göre Harran-95 çeşidinin tanesinde daha fazla Cd birikimi olduğu görülmüştür. Karacadağ çeşidinin kontrol koşullarında 31 ?g kg -1 olan Cd konsantrasyonu, Cd 10 koşullarında 3.616 ?g kg -1 ’e, Harran çeşidinin ise 70 ?g kg -1 tane Cd konsantrasyonu Cd10 koşullarında 8.434 ?g kg -1 ’e yükseldiği görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte, toprak, toprak + yapraktan Zn uygulamaları, makarnalık buğday çeşitlerinin tane Cd konsantrasyonlarını önemli ölçüde azaltmıştır. Haran-95 çeşidinin Cd 10 koşullarında 8.434 ?g kg -1 olan tane Cd konsantrasyonu, Zn10 koşullarında 6.464 ?g kg -1 ’a, Zn10+3Y koşullarında 7.932 ?g kg -1 ’a, Zn10+8Y koşullarında ise 6.745 ?g kg -1 ’a düşmüştür. Sonuçlardan makarnalık buğday çeşidinin ekmeklik buğday çeşidine göre topraktan daha fazla Cd aldığı görülmüştür. Bunun yanında topraktan ve yapraktan Zn uygulamaları ile makarnalık buğday çeşidinin Cd alımında daha fazla azalma olduğu görülmüştür. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of zinc application on Cd uptake of bread (Karacadağ) and durum (Harran-95) wheat growing in high Cd concentrations. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions in Zn-deficient calcareous soil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replicates. In the experiment, Cd was applied 0 (Cd0) and 10 (Cd10) mg kg -1 . The Zn application was 10 mg kg -1 Zn (soil+leaf) (10 mg kg -1 Zn + 3 applications from leaf; 10 mg kg -1 Zn + 8 applications from leaf). The Zn application was started at the end of the tillering stage in ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O form at 0.1% dose as 3 (3F) and 8 (8F) times of leaf application per a week. The plants were harvested at grain maturity stage and the Cd and Zn concentrations of grains were determined. The results revealed that Zn concentrations of both bread and durum wheat varieties were significantly increased with the soil Zn and soil+leaf Zn applications. The Cd accumulation in Harran-95 variety with soil Cd treatment was higher than that of Karacadağ variety. The Cd concentration (31 ?g kg -1 ) in the control conditions of Karacadağ varieties increased to 3.616 ?g kg -1 in Cd 10 conditions, which was 70 ?g kg -1 in control conditions of Harran variety and increased to 8.434 ?g kg -1 in Cd10 conditions. However, soil and leaf Zn applications have significantly reduced the grain Cd concentrations of durum wheat variety. Cadmium concentration in Harran-95 cultivar at Cd10 dose was 8.434 ?g kg -1 before addition of Zn, and it was decreased to 6.464 ?g kg -1 , to 7.932 ?g kg -1 and to 6.745 ?g kg -1 with Zn10, Zn10+3Y and Zn10+8Y applications, respectively. The results showed that the durum wheat variety removed higher Cd than the bread wheat variety. In addition, the decrease in grain Cd concentrations was the highest in durum wheat variety with the soil and leaf Zn applications.

In this research, the effect of boron fertilization on leaf mineral concentration, nut yield and percent kernel in 'Tombul' hazelnut was determined. The experiment in a randomized complete block design was carried out in a farm orchard with soil B concentration of 0.02 mg kg(-1) in Carsamba-Samsun location in 2013 and 2014 using boron fertilizer of colemanite source. Boron fertilization was carried out as 6 g B ocak(-1) (T(1)) and 12 g B ocak(-1) (T2), along with the control (T(0)). Supplying doses of colemanite (T(1) and T(2)) resulted in an increase in nut yield in both years, in comparison to the control. The yield increase due to boron application in the first year was statistically nonsignificant. In the second year, boron fertilization caused a significant yield increase from 55.5 kg da(-1) in the control plot to 69.2 and 72.4 kg da(-1) in T(1) and T(2) applications, with a 24.7 and 30.4% yield increase, respectively. As a result of increasing doses (T(1) and T(2)) of B fertilization of colemanite source, increases in nut yield were determined. 6 g B ocak(-1) soil colemanite application produced significant yield increases in both years as compared to the control and percent kernel, these increased from 48 to 52%, and from 46 to 50% in the first and second year with 8.3 and 8.6% increases, respectively. In hazelnut orchards with boron deficiency, boron fertilization increased the cluster formation, nut yield and percent kernel, decreasing empty hazelnuts.

Fındık üretiminin yaklaşık %70’i Türkiye’nin Karadeniz kıyılarında yapılmaktadır. Toplam üretilen fındığın yaklaşık %28’i Ordu’da yetiştirilirken, en büyük ilçesi olan Ünye’de 29.671 ha alanda 30 bin tondan fazla üretim yapılmaktadır. Ünye’de dekar başına alınan fındık veriminin diğer bazı ilçelere göre daha düşük kaldığı görülmektedir. Fındıkta yüksek verim ve kaliteli üretim için tarım arazilerinin besin elementi içerikleri belirlenmeli ve doğru gübreleme programı oluşturulmalıdır. Fındıkta verim ile ilişkili elementlerin başında fosfor gelmektedir. Fosfor sağlıklı bir kök sitemi ve yüksek çiçeklenme için gerekli bir elementtir. Bu çalışmada, Ordu ili Ünye ilçesindeki fındık bahçelerinin bazı toprak özellikleri ve fosfor (P) elementi yönünden beslenme durumu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Ünye toprakları genel olarak hafif asit reaksiyonlu, killi ve kumlu killi tın bünyeye sahip, az kireçli, tuzsuz ve organik maddece iyi olduğu saptanmıştır. Toprakların %35’inde bitkiye yarayışlı fosfor (P) noksanlığı görülürken bu değerin yaprak örneklerinde %10 olduğu belirlenmiştir., Approximately 70% of world hazelnut production takes place in the Black Sea region of Turkey. While 28% of the total hazelnuts are produced in Ordu province, more than 30 thousand tons of production is supplied by Unye, the largest district with an area of 29,671 ha. Hazelnut yield per decare in Unye is lower than some other districts. For high yield and quality in hazelnut production, the nutrient content of agricultural lands should be determined and correct fertilization program should be established accordingly. Phosphorus is an essential element for a healthy root system and high flowering. In this study, some soil properties and nutritional status in terms of phosphorus (P) element of hazelnut orchards in Unye district of Ordu were determined. According to the results obtained from the research, it has been determined that the soils of Unye are generally slightly acidic, low in lime, salt-free, sandy clay loam with a good organic matter concentration. While phosphorus deficiency was observed in 35% of the soils, this value was determined as 10% for the leaf samples.

Kadmiyum, yüksek konsantrasyonlarda bulunduğunda bitki, hayvan ve insanlara toksik etkisi olan bir elementtir. Toprak ve bitkilerde kadmiyumun (Cd) birikiminin olması nedeniyle dokularında 3 mg kg-1’dan fazla Cd içeren bitkileri düzenli olarak tüketen insanlarda Cd’un toksik etkileri görülmektedir. Bu nedenle, dünya genelinde topraklarda ve bitkilerde Cd’un birikiminin boyutları ve bitkilerde birikiminin azaltılmasına yönelik araştırmalar hızla artmaktadır. Bu araştırma, sera koşullarında brokoli (Brassica oleracea italica) bitkisine farklı potasyumlu (KCl, K2SO4 ve KNO3) gübrelerin 4 farklı dozda (0, 200, 600 ve 1800 mg kg-1) uygulanmasıyla bitkinin Cd alımı üzerine etkisi belirlenmiştir. Potasyumun Cl-, NO3- ve SO4-2 formlarında ve (0, 200, 600 ve 1800 mg kg-1) uygulandığı dozlarda yeşil aksama Cd taşınması tüm dozlarda kontrole göre artmıştır. Artan dozlarda KCl uygulanmalarının tamamında K’un NO3- ve SO4-2 formlarına göre kontrole göre kuru madde verimini azaltırken yeşil aksam Cd alımını arttırmıştır. Kadmiyumun 2.5 mg kg-1 ve K’un 1800 mg kg-1 Cl-, NO3- ve SO4-2 formları uygulandığında, kuru madde verimleri 2.3, 2.41, 2.36 g bitki-1 olduğu ve yeşil aksam Cd alımlarının ise sırasıyla 23.9, 18.4 ve 17.9 mg kg-1 olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu araştırmada, Cl- anyonunun NO3- ve SO4-2 anyonlarına göre brokoli (Brassica oleracea italica) bitkisinin yeşil aksamında Cd alımının daha fazla olması muhtemelen Cd-Cl kompleksinin Cd absorbsiyonuna katıldığını göstermektedir. Bu sonucunda da topraklarda Cd+2 'nın biyoyararlığını artırmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, Cd kontamine olmuş topraklara potasyumlu gübre uygularken formların ve oranların dikkate alınması gerekliği belirlenmiştir.

Bu çalışmanın amacı biber bitkisine farklı dozlarda çinko (Zn) ve hümik asit (HA) uygulamalarının yeşil aksam kuru madde verimi ve Zn konsantrasyonu üzerine olan etkilerini belirlemektir. Bu amaçla sera koşullarında yürütülen saksı denemesinde 3 farklı çinko dozu (0, 5, 10 mg kg-1) ve 4 farklı hümik asit (0, 50, 100, 200 mg l-1) uygulaması yapılmıştır. Artan dozlarda uygulanan Zn ve HA dozlarının ortalama kuru madde veriminde sırasıyla %13 ve %21’lik bir artış olduğu saptanmıştır. En fazla kuru madde veriminin 10 mg kg-1 Zn ile 200 mg l-1 HA uygulamasında olduğu ve kontrole kıyasla %32 lik bir artış sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Çinko ve hümik asit uygulamalarının bitki Zn konsantrasyonu arasındaki ilişki incelendiğinde ortalama Zn konsantrasyonunda kontrol grubuna göre en fazla artış sırasıyla %14 ve %18 olarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler incelendiğinde, 10 mg kg-1 Zn ile 200 mg l-1 HA ‘nın birlikte uygulamasında bitki Zn konsantrasyonunda kontrol grubuna göre %45’lik bir artışın olduğu saptanmıştır. Çinko ve hümik asitin birlikte uygulandığı durumlarda hem yeşil aksam kuru madde miktarında hem de Zn konsantrasyonunda daha fazla artışların meydana geldiği belirlenmiştir., The aim of this study is to determine effect of different doses of zinc (Zn) and humic acid (HA) on dry matter yield and Zn amount of pepper plant vegetative parts. For this purpose, 3 doses of zinc (0, 5 and 10 mg kg-1) and 4 doses of humic acid (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg l-1) were applied to pepper plants grown in a pot experiment in greenhouse condition. Increasing Zn and HA doses resulted in average increases of 13% and 21% in dry matter yield over the control, respectively. The highest dry matter yield was recorded at the combined application of 10 mg kg-1 Zn and 200 mg l-1 HA, with a yield increase of 32%. The mean zinc amount increased by 14% and 18% with Zn and HA applications. The application of 10 mg kg-1 Zn and 200 mg l-1 HA produced 45% increase in zinc amount of vegetative parts. When zinc and humic acid were applied together, it was determined that there were more increases in both dry matter content and Zn amount.

Bor (B) bitkilerin büyüme ve gelişmeleri için gerekli mikroelementtir. Borun bitkideki noksanlık ve fazlalık aralıkları birbirine çok yakındır. Bor gübrelemesinde bitkinin isteği dikkate alınmalıdır. Çileklerde bozuk şekilli meyve oluşumları birçok faktörle ilişkilidir. Bozuk şekilli meyve oluşumunun yetersiz tozlanma ve döllenmeden kaynaklandığı ve bu durumun bor beslenmesiyle ilişkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Genellikle çilek üretiminde bitkiler tam beslenemediğinde elde edilen meyvelerin bir bölümünün bozuk şekilli elde edilmesi ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Özellikle çilek bitkisinde B gübre uygulamalarıyla meyve kalitesinin artırılması mümkündür. Bu araştırmada sera koşullarında B noksan bir toprak kullanılarak topraktan artan dozlarda (0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg B kg-1) bor gübrelemesinin Camarosa ve Sweet Charlie çilek çeşitlerinin bozuk şekilli meyve oluşumları, yaprak mineral element konsantrasyonu ve verim üzerine etkileri belirlenmiştir. Hiç B gübrelemesi yapılmayan kontrol bitkilerinde bozuk şekilli meyvelerin oluştuğu ve ekonomik kayıpların olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Düşük doz (2,5 mg B kg-1 toprak) B gübrelemesinin bozuk şekilli meyve oluşumunu azalttığı, yüksek doz (10,0 mg B kg-1 toprak) B gübrelemesinin toksik etki ettiği ve oluşan meyvelerin küçük ve meyve ağırlığının düşük olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, düşük doz (2,5 mg B kg-1 toprak) B gübrelemesinin çilek yapraklarının toplam Azot (N) ve kalsiyum (Ca) miktarında azalmaya neden olmasına karşın fosfor (P), potasyum (K), mangan (Mn), çinko (Zn) ve bakır (Cu) konsatrasyonunu arttırdığı saptanmıştır. Bu araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, B bakımından yetersiz olan topraklarda düşük miktarda B gübrelemesiyle çilek meyvesinde bozuk şekilli oluşumların azaltılarak ekonomik kayıpların minimize edilmesi ve meyve kalitesinin arttırılmasının mümkün olabileceği ortaya konmuştur.

The present study was designed to examine the antimicrobial activity and to determine mineral contents of commonly consumed wild vegetables, which utilized mostly in southern parts of Turkey. Ten plantsbelonging to the different taxa (Arum dioscoridis Sm., Chenopodium album L., Malva sylvestris L., Mentha longifolia (L) Huds., Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton, Papaver rhoeas L., Polygonum aviculare L., Rumex acetosella L., Sinapis alba L. and Urtica dioica L.) were individually screened for their possible antibacterial and antifungal activities using both polar (methanolic) and nonpolar (n-hexane) crude extracts. The extracts were tested against both standard American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and Refik Saydam Turkish National Type Culture Collection (RSKK) and clinically isolated (CI) bacterial strains and two ATCC fungal strains. The efficacy of each plant extracts was tested by serial micro dilution method (MIC). Analyzed plant extracts demonstrated antimicrobial activity with the MIC values ranging 16 to 64 mu g/ml against culture collection Gram negative bacteria and. 256 mu g/ml against isolated strains. The MIC values for selected extracts ranged from 16 to 256 mu g/ml against culture collection Gram positive bacteria and. 256 mu g/ml against isolated strains. Among the plants tested, C. album (aqueous-methanolic) extracts demonstrated the highest antimicrobial activities againstall the test microorganisms with the best MIC (16 mu g/ml) value. Furthermore, major and trace element concentrations were also screened and evaluated for their potential risk for public health by comparing with established limits proposed by various scientific reports.

Deficiency of sulphur (S) is an important limiting factor of plant growth for sustainable agricultural production. The decline in sulphur dioxide emission, decrease in S-containing fertilizer consumption due to the high cost of S-fertilizers, breeding of new high yielding species are thewell known causes of S-deficiency. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of several doses of K2SO4-S, CaSO4-S and elemental-S applied on growth, shoot dry matter yield, S and N concentrations of wheat cultivar. The experiments were conducted in three soils differed from available S concentrations. Effects of different S-treatments (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg S kg-1) and S-forms had significant effects on shoot dry matter yields of plants. Sulphur from different S-sources did not increase shoot S-concentrations in Eskisehir and Konya soils, but increase was significant obtained in the Harran soil. Shoot S-concentration in Harran soil for zero K2SO4treatment was 0.09%, the values were 0.22, 0.26 and 0.27% respectively for 25, 50and 100 mg kg-1treatments. The results indicated significant effects of S-treatments on plant growth and yield mostly based on soil properties, especially the available S-levels. Deficiency of sulphur (S) is an important limiting factor of plant growth for sustainable agricultural production. The decline in sulphur dioxide emission, decrease in S-containing fertilizer consumption due to the high cost of S-fertilizers, breeding of new high yielding species are thewell known causes of S-deficiency. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of several doses of K2SO4-S, CaSO4-S and elemental-S applied on growth, shoot dry matter yield, S and N concentrations of wheat cultivar. The experiments were conducted in three soils differed from available S concentrations. Effects of different S-treatments (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg S kg-1) and S-forms had significant effects on shoot dry matter yields of plants. Sulphur from different S-sources did not increase shoot S-concentrations in Eskisehir and Konya soils, but increase was significant obtained in the Harran soil. Shoot S-concentration in Harran soil for zero K2SO4treatment was 0.09%, the values were 0.22, 0.26 and 0.27% respectively for 25, 50and 100 mg kg-1treatments. The results indicated significant effects of S-treatments on plant growth and yield mostly based on soil properties, especially the available S-levels.

BACKGROUND: Medicinal plants commonly used and traded in Turkey were monitored for their cadmium and selected micronutrient (copper, iron, manganese and zinc) content. RESULTS: Cadmium was not detected in any sample of licorice extract, linden flowers or nettle leaves. However, in the rest of the samples, cadmium was found in the range of 7–126 µg kg−1, with the highest concentration in chamomile leaf. Of all the monitored trace elements, the highest concentration found was 520 mg kg−1 iron in zahter. The highest copper, manganese and zinc concentrations were found in rose hips (24 mg kg−1), Turkish oregano (58 mg kg−1) and zahter (50 mg kg−1), respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study reveal that cadmium and trace element concentrations in medicinal plants commonly used as traditional medicines in Turkey are well below the critical levels. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry

This study was carried out in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkiye in 2004. In the study, botanical characteristics of some wild edible plants, consumed abundantly in the region, such as Trachystemon orientalis, Similax excelsa, Ornithogalum umbellatum, Amaranthus retroflexus, Aegopodium podograria and Urtica diocia were firstly determined. Thereafter, some chemical analyses were performed in order to determine nutritive values of these plants. In the study, dry matter, crude oil, ash, protein, nitrogen, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn and vitamin C contents in the dried plant samples were evaluated. Nutritive values of these plants were compared with the other wild and cropped vegetables aspect of human nutrition. As a result, mineral contents and nutritional values of the plants evaluated in the present study were richer than that of the conventional vegetable crops.

WOS: 000183045000022 Thlaspi caerulescens is one of the best-known heavy metal hyperaccumulating plant species. It exhibits the ability to extract metals from soils and accumulates them in shoots at extremely high concentrations, particularly zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd). Using T caerulescens (J. and C. Presl, ecotype Prayon) and a closely related non-accumulator species T arvense, greenhouse experiments were carried out to study shoot growth (dry matter production) and Zn and Cd uptake from a severely Zn-deficient calcareous soil (DTPA-Zn: 0.09 mg kg(-1) soil) supplemented with increasing amounts of Zn (0, 0.05, 0.5, 5, 25 and 75 mg kg(-1) soil) and Cd (0 and 25 mg kg(-1) soil). Shoot dry matter production of T caerulescens was severely depressed by Zn deficiency, while in T arvense, Zn deficiency slightly reduced growth. At the lowest Zn supplies (0 and 0.05 mg Zn kg(-1) soil), T caerulescens showed very severe Zn deficiency symptoms, including decreased leaf size and development of chlorosis and whitish-brown necrosis on the younger leaves. These symptoms were slight in T arvense. At the highest Zn supply, leaves of T caerulescens did not show any symptoms, but in T. arvense there were some necrotic patches on the margins of older leaves, probably due to Zn toxicity. With increasing Zn supply from 0 to 75 mg kg(-1) soil, shoot dry matter production was increased by 4-fold in T caerulescens and only 1.3-fold in T arvense. Supply of Cd resulted in marked decrease in shoot growth of T. arvense, particularly under low Zn supply, but had no effect on the growth of T caerulescens. At the low soil Zn levels ( < 0.5 mg Zn kg(-1)) shoot Zn concentrations were lower in T caerulescens compared with T arvense, and were below 10 mg Zn kg(-1) dry weight. However, at the high supplies of Zn ( > 5 mg Zn kg(-1)), shoot Zn concentrations were considerably higher in T. caerulescens than T arvense. Increase in Zn supply from 0 to 75 mg kg(-1) enhanced shoot Zn concentrations by 84-fold in T caerulescens and only 8-fold in T arvense. Shoot Zn concentrations of both species were not affected by Cd supply, while increase in Zn supply did not affect Cd concentrations in shoot of T caerulescens, but markedly reduced them in T. arvense. The results demonstrate that T. caerulescens is extremely sensitive to Zn deficiency in soils, but tolerant to excessive accumulation of Zn and also Cd in shoot, while T arvense is tolerant to Zn deficiency but not to accumulation of Zn and Cd in shoot. Hyperaccumulation of Zn in T. caerulescens possibly depends on the existence of high concentrations of plant-available Zn in soils, which suggests that root-based mechanisms associated with increasing metal availability in the rhizosphere (e.g., rhizosphere acidification or release of Zn-mobilizing organic compounds from roots) only play a minor role in metal hyperaccumulation by T caerulescens. The findings also suggest that the processes causing the metal hyperaccumulation trait in T caerulescens also cause this plant species to be sensitive to Zn deficiency stress. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Humic acids have many benefits for plant growth and development, and these effects may be maximized if these materials are combined with micronutrient applications. In the present study, pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of zinc (Zn) humate and ZnSO4 on growth of wheat and soybean in a severely Zn-deficient calcareous soil (DTPA-Zn: 0.10 mg kg -1 soil). Plants were grown for 24 (wheat) and 28 days (soybean) with 0 or 5 mg kg-1 of Zn as either ZnSO4 or Zn humate. Zinc humate used in the experiments was obtained from Humintech GmbH, Germany, and contained 5% of Zn. When Zn was not supplied, plants rapidly developed visible symptoms of Zn deficiency (e.g., chlorosis and brown patches on young leaves in soybean and necrotic patches on middle-aged leaves in wheat). Adding Zn humate eliminated Zn-deficiency symptoms and enhanced dry matter production by 50% in soybean and 120% in wheat. Zinc-humate and ZnSO4 were similarly effective in increasing dry matter production in wheat; but Zn humate increased soybean dry matter more than ZnSO4. When Zn was not supplied, Zn concentrations were 6 mg kg-1 for wheat and 8 mg kg-1 for soybean. Application of Zn humate and ZnSO4 increased shoot Zn concentration of plants to 36 and 34 mg kg-1 in wheat and to 13 and 18 mg kg-1 in soybean, respectively. The results indicate that soybean and wheat plants can efficiently utilize Zn chelated to humic acid in calcareous soils, and this utilization is comparable to the utilization of Zn from ZnSO4. Under Zn-deficient soil conditions, plant growth and yield can be maximized by the combined positive effects of Zn and humic acids. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. This study was supported by Humintech GmbH (Düsseldorf, Germany).

PubMedID: 16959595 Using two barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivars (cvs. Tokak and Hamidiye) nutrient solution experiments were conducted in order to study the genotypic variation in tolerance to Cd toxicity based on (i) development of leaf symptoms, (ii) decreases in dry matter production, (iii) Cd concentration and (iv) changes in antioxidative defense system in leaves (i.e., superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, ascorbic acid and non-protein SH-groups). Plants were grown in nutrient solution under controlled environmental conditions, and subjected to increasing concentrations of Cd (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 µmol/L Cd) for different time periods. Of the barley cultivars Hamidiye was particularly sensitive to Cd as judged by the severity and earlier development of Cd toxicity symptoms on leaves. Within 48 h of Cd application Hamidiye rapidly developed severe leaf Cd toxicity symptoms whereas in Tokak the leaf symptoms appeared only slightly. Hamidiye also tended to show more decrease in growth caused by Cd supply when compared to Tokak. The differences in sensitivity to Cd between Tokak and Hamidiye were not related to Cd concentrations in roots and shoots or Cd accumulation per plant. With the exception of catalase, activities of the enzymes involved in detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were markedly enhanced in Hamidiye by increasing Cd supply. By contrast, in Tokak there was either only a slight increase or no change in the activities of the antioxidative enzymes. Similarly, levels of ascorbic acid and especially non-protein SH-groups were increased in Hamidiye by Cd supply, but not affected in Tokak. The results indicate the existence of a large genotypic variation between barley cultivars for Cd tolerance. The differential Cd tolerance found in the barley cultivars was not related to uptake or accumulation of Cd in plants, indicating importance of internal mechanisms in expression of differential Cd tolerance in barley. As a response to increasing Cd supply particular increases in antioxidative mechanisms in the Cd-sensitive barley cultivar Hamidiye suggest that the high Cd sensitivity of Hamidiye is related to enhanced production and oxidative damage of ROS. © 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Recent scientific studies have proven the importance of trace elements on human health. The main food supplies are plants and animals, which are significant sources of these minerals. Studies on determining mineral compositions of herbs, spices and some other crops have increased all over the world. Published works revealed that spices, herbs and medicinal plants should be consumed to obtain beneficial trace elements. Selenium (Se), one of the most vital trace elements, has a significant role in human diet acting as a preventative agent against some serious illnesses. Despite numerous scientific works on mineral compositions of medicinal and aromatic plants, investigations of selenium content in these foods could not be successfully studied until recently due to the lack of suitable analytical methods for selenium analysis. Thus, publications on selenium concentrations of foods are recent. In this regard, selenium contents of some medicinal and aromatic plants commonly used as spices, herbal teas and traditional medicines in Turkey were studied in the present research. Selenium contents of the most used parts of these plants were analyzed by ICP-OES (Varian Vista-Pro, Australia). Of the analyzed 26 medicinal and aromatic plants, the highest Se concentration (1133 μg kg-1) was found in sweet basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) and the lowest in sumac ( Rhus coriaria L.) fruits (11 μg kg-1).