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This study presents an experimental investigation of the fire response of six columns strengthened with polyparaphenylene benzobisoxazole (PBO) FRCM system, and tested in a large-scale furnace following ASTM E119 standards. The parameters investigated included the number of PBO-FRCM layers and the presence of a fireproofing insulation layer. Test results highlighted the effectiveness of PBO-FRCM in insulating the column, with the strengthened column showing a substantial 31.9% reduction in temperature readings at the concrete surface compared to its unstrengthened counterpart. Furthermore, the presence of Sikacrete 213F fireproofing system reduced temperature readings within the column's section by an average of 65%. Based on the experimental results, a parametric numerical study were developed and verified using ABAQUS software. The parameters studied included the number of PBO-FRCM layers (0, 1, and 2 layers), the presence of a 30 mm thick insulation layer, and the axial preloading taken as 40, 60, and 75% of the ultimate column's capacity. The model accurately predicted the temperature readings across the columns. Strengthening the columns with PBO-FRCM significantly increased their resistance during fire, doubling fire-resistance duration with one layer. Adding fireproof insulation led to significant increase in load resistance duration. The percentage drop in temperature after 1 hour of fire exposure was around 70% at the FRCM surface for the insulated column strengthened with one layer of FRCM. Higher preload percentages reduced both the fire-resistance duration and ductility of the columns. For the group of columns strengthened with one layer, increasing the preloading percentage to 60% and 75% resulted in decreases in the fire-resistance duration of 35% and 73%, respectively.

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) emerged as a promising material for modern construction, offering unparalleled strength, durability, and versatility. However, there is limited research regarding UHPC's response to fire, prompting urgent investigation and analysis. This paper presents an experimental study focused on evaluating the effect of different types of fibers on the fire performance of UHPC circular columns. The fiber types considered in this study included steel fibers (SF), a hybrid mix of steel and polypropylene fibers (SPPF), and polyvinyl alcohol fibers (PVAF). Additionally, a control column was cast without the inclusion of any fibers. All UHPC specimens were subjected to standard fire exposure, following the ASTM E119 fire test. The results indicated a substantial resistance to spalling with the incorporation of fibers. Moreover, the column featuring PVAF exhibited the lowest internal temperature readings among the columns. Columns reinforced with SF and SPPF exhibited uniform spalling on all sides.

Photovoltaic (PV) solar cells are at the forefront of sustainable electricity generation technologies, yet they exhibit relatively low efficiency. Typically, less than 20 % of the solar energy absorbed is converted into electrical energy, with the remainder converts into heat. This heat increases the PV panel's operating temperature, negatively impacting its efficiency and life expectancy. To mitigate this, a novel approach using multi-layered phase change materials (PCMs) has been examined in this study. The approach involves integrating organic PCMs (OPCMs) with metallic PCMs (MPCMs), enhancing PV panel cooling efficiency by attaching the multi-layer PCM to the panel's rear. This study, employing ANSYS FLUENT software's solidification and melting model, explores the impact of multi PCM layers thickness and total multi layers thickness on PV cell temperature and electrical efficiency. The analysis reveals that a multi-layered PCMs configuration with a thickness ratio of 15:85 between MPCM (CERROLOW-117® alloy) and OPCM (RT44) significantly decreases temperature rise in PV cells, resulting in a temperature drop of 59.6 °C. This improvement boosts PV panel performance by an average of 35.8 % compared to panels lacking cooling systems during peak sun hours under hot climate conditions characterized by ambient temperatures of 40 °C and high solar radiation exceeding 1000 W/m². This suggests that a carefully optimized PCM layering approach could markedly improve PV system efficiency, offering a practical solution to the overheating problem and extending the operational life of PV installations.

This investigation delineates the enhancement of fly ash (FA) properties through mechanical treatments for sustainable construction applications and reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. FA, a byproduct of coal combustion in power generation, inherently exhibits limited pozzolanic activity. This research evaluates the impact of particle size reduction via dry and wet milling treatments on FA's pozzolanic behavior. The study's comparative analysis involves three FA variants: untreated raw material, dry-milled, and wet-milled FA. Extensive characterization encompassed chemical composition, physical properties, and microstructural features. Results demonstrate a marked improvement in pozzolanic activity in milled FAs, with wet milling yielding superior outcomes in particle size reduction (98% diminution compared to raw FA) and pozzolanic reactivity. The comparative assessment underscores wet milling's efficacy over dry milling and untreated FA in enhancing FA's performance as a sustainable construction material. In light of these findings, the study advocates for continued exploration of FA treatments, aiming to optimize their utility in eco-friendly construction practices.

This research employs response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize and model ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) formulations, integrating desert sand and varying proportions of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), specifically fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). By investigating the influence of desert sand and SCM contents, the study aims to discern their impact on the workability and 7-day compressive strength of UHPC. Employing a central composite design (CCD), thirteen separate mixes were formulated. Key responses, namely workability and compressive strength, were evaluated. The developed models underscore the enhancement in UHPC performance through the partial replacement of cement with SCMs. Notably, an optimal combination of 75% desert sand and 30% SCMs resulted in a workability of 69.4 mm and a 7-day compressive strength of 46.01 MPa. The findings emphasize the potential for eco-friendly concrete in the construction industry, also prompting further exploration into long-term strength and higher SCM concentrations.

Dynamic Strain Aging (DSA) is the irregular increase in metal strength that results from the diffusion of impurity atoms and their interactions with dislocations during plastic deformation at specific strain rates and temperatures. Commercially Pure Titanium (CP–Ti) has been reported to exhibit DSA over a broad range of temperature and strain rates during plastic deformation owing to the impurity atoms diffusion. The current work focuses on the modification of the physical-based Voyiadjis Abed (VA) model by introducing an additional term, based on the concentration and diffusion kinetics of different impurities, to capture DSA in CP-Ti. The analysis of diffusion parameters indicates that the hydrogen impurity diffuse into the dislocation core and interact with the mobile dislocations, thus defining the temperature range for the activation of DSA at low and high strain rates. The results show that the modified VA model could capture DSA in CP-Ti over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures when the recommended novel modification based on physical and microstructural parameters was introduced.

The disposal of hazardous waste materials in landfills and open areas creates a severe impact on the environment. Silica Fume (SF), a by-product from the ferrosilicon and silicon industry, is generated in high quantities. Recent studies have highlighted the advantages of reusing SF to produce high-strength concrete (HSC) and ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) instead of discarding it. This paper herein reviews the current research on SF in concrete and discusses the physical and chemical properties, mechanical properties, durability, and microstructure. Depending on the concentration of the SF, flexural, tensile, and compressive strength was positively influenced. Also, SF improved the pore size to increase drying shrinkage through the pozzolanic reaction. A few studies showed the disadvantages of SF exhibiting the negative impact on workability and shrinkage of concrete. The influence of SF on cement hydration products should be analyzed from the microstructure perspective.

This paper analyzes the bearing capacity of two-layered soil medium using finite element (FE) software ABAQUS/CAE 2023. Although geotechnical engineers design foundations for layered soil, majorly current geotechnical studies emphasize single homogenous soil. So, this research has significant novelty as it focuses on layered soil and adds to the current literature. A nonlinear FE model was prepared and analyzed to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of two-layered soil (sandy soil over clayey soil). The Drucker–Prager and Mohr–Coulomb models were used to represent sandy soil and clayey soil layers, respectively. Strip footing material properties were considered isotropic and linearly elastic. This study performed parametric studies to understand the effects of thickness, unit weight, and the modulus of the elasticity of sandy soil on the ultimate soil bearing capacity. Additionally, it also analyzed the effect of the cohesive strength of clayey soil on layered soil bearing capacity. Results showed that an increase in sandy soil layer thickness strengthens the layered soil, and thus, improves the bearing capacity of soil. Increasing the sandy soil layer thickness over footing width (h1/B) ratio from 0.15 to 2.0 improved the ultimate bearing capacities with elastic settlements of 350 mm and 250 mm by 145.62% and 101.66%, respectively. Additionally, for a thicker sandy soil layer, an increase in the unit weight and modulus of the elasticity of sandy soil led to higher ultimate bearing capacity. Furthermore, it was concluded that an increase in clayey soil’s cohesive strength from 20 kPa to 30 kPa resulted in a 24.31% and 3.47% increase in soil bearing capacity for h1/B = 0.15 and h1/B = 2.0, respectively. So, the effect of cohesion is prevalent in the case of a thicker clayey soil layer.

Environmental degradation is on the rise due to escalating pollution caused by raw material depletion and the increasing demand for concrete products. Consequently, researchers and scientists have dedicated significant efforts towards developing sustainable, eco-friendly concrete using renewable materials. Among these materials, Volcanic Ash (VA) and other Natural Pozzolana (NP) types have emerged as promising Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs). VA and NP types play a crucial role in reducing costs, energy consumption, and environmental impacts associated with cement production. Thus, it is imperative to investigate the characteristics of VA and NP and their influence on the performance of concrete and cement mortar. This paper presents a comprehensive review of previous studies examining the effect of VA and other NP types on the mechanical properties of concrete while evaluating their chemical, physical, and microstructure characteristics. The findings from these studies indicate that the properties of concrete primarily depend on the characteristics and quantities of NP employed. Notably, silica dioxide (SiO2) comprises the predominant component in VA compositions. In most cases, an increase in VA and NP content within concrete mixtures leads to a reduction in strength. Finally, recommendations and suggestions for future research are provided to enhance concrete properties and achieve the development of sustainable construction materials.

In recent days, the increase in significant infrastructure projects has led to urgent requirements for the use of high strength concrete (HSC) and ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC). However, the use of cement and its derivative products, such as concrete, is associated with a high generation of carbon dioxide (CO2). The construction industry contributes about 8% of the total global CO2 production. Therefore, there is an urgent need to use agriculture-waste materials such as palm oil fuel ash (POFA) to help reduce environmental concerns associated with concrete. The accumulation of palm oil waste over an extended period of time causes environmental pollution. The use of these materials is expected to improve the environment by reducing the disposal of this waste in landfills and open areas. The chemical composition of POFA can vary depending on the source and processing methods. Elevated levels of impurities such as organic matter, unburned carbon, and chloride content in POFA can adversely affect the setting time, workability, and long-term durability of concrete. The optimal mix proportioning and replacement levels of POFA in concrete need to be carefully determined. Incorporating higher levels of POFA without proper adjustments to the mix design can result in detrimental effects on fresh and hardened concrete properties, including reduced compressive strength and decreased resistance to chemical attacks. This paper will highlight the impacts of POFA on the properties of HSC and UHPC in their fresh and hardened states. Durability and microstructure properties were also discussed. The use of ultrafine POFA helped in reducing the rapid chloride permeability and water absorption of HSC, thus improved its structure. Lastly, some recommendations for future studies are presented.

For the past decade, researchers have been experimenting with the use of Demolished Concrete Lumps (DCLs) in structural members, as it has been proven to be a promising method to recycle concrete in different field applications. Although there have been several studies on incorporating DCLs in Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) members, there are no studies that evaluate its effect on the flexural performance of CFST beams. Therefore, this paper focuses on studying the flexural behavior of CFST beams with DCLs, where the DCLs are inserted at the center of the cross-section. In total, fourteen circular CFST and two circular Steel Tube (ST) specimens were tested under bending using a four-point loading setup. The specimens are categorized into two different steel tube sections, where two circular sections of D/t = 55 (C1) and D/t = 45 (C2) were considered. The CFST specimens within each steel tube category differ in DCLs particle sizes and DCLs inner occupation area. CFST beams filled completely with normal concrete were also tested as control specimens. In addition, two CFST specimens from the steel section C2 were left partially hollow at the center to study the contribution of DCLs to the overall flexural performance. The results were very promising as the flexural behavior of DCL CFST specimens was very similar to the control CFST specimens. The DCLs’ particle sizes and the inner occupation area had minimal effect on the ductility, stiffness, yielding capacity, and ultimate capacity of the CFST specimens. The maximum percentage reduction in the flexural capacity between DCL CFST and control specimens were less than 2% for both sections whereas the percentage gain was up to 7%. Furthermore, the obtained flexural capacities were compared with nominal predictions from different design codes and models. All codes underestimated the capacities of all CFST specimens, with Han's model being the most conservative, followed by EC4, BS-5400–5, and AISC-LRFD, respectively.

Externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) have been widely used for strengthening and retrofitting applications. However, their efficacy is hindered by the poor resistance of their epoxy resins to elevated temperatures and their limited compatibility with concrete substrates. To address these limitations, fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM), also known as textile reinforced mortar (TRM), systems have emerged as an alternative solution. In this study, experimental tests were performed on concrete cylinders confined with FRCM systems that consisted of mineral mortar and poliparafenilenbenzobisoxazole fabric (PBO). The cylinders with concrete strengths of 30, 45, and 70 MPa, were confined with one or two FRCM layers, and were subjected to different target temperatures (100, 400, and 800 °C). The experimental results highlighted the confinement effect of FRCMs on the compressive strength of the tested cylinders. Cylinders exposed to 100 °C exhibited a slight increase in their compressive strength, while no specific trend was observed in the compressive strength of cylinders heated to 400 °C. Specimens heated up to 800 °C experienced a significant reduction in strength, reaching up to 82%.

This work presents a numerical simulation of ballistic penetration and high velocity impact behavior of plain and reinforced concrete panels. This paper is divided into two parts. The first part consists of numerical modeling of reinforced concrete panel penetrated with a spherical projectile using concrete damage plasticity (CDP) model, while the second part focuses on the comparison of CDP model and Johnson-Holmquist-2 (JH-2) damage model and their ability to describe the behavior of concrete panel under impact loads. The first and second concrete panels have dimensions of 1500 mm × 1500 mm × 150 mm and 675 mm × 675 mm × 200 mm, respectively, and are meshed using 8-node hexahedron solid elements. The impact object used in the first part is a spherical projectile of 150 mm diameter, while in the second part steel projectile of a length of 152 mm is modeled as rigid element. Failure and scabbing characteristics are studied in the first part. In the second part, the comparison results are presented as damage contours, kinetic energy of projectile and internal energy of the concrete. The results revealed a severe fracture of the panel and high kinetic energy of the projectile using CDP model comparing to the JH-2 model. In addition, the internal energy of concrete using CDP model was found to be less comparing to the JH-2 model.

Compression and flexure members such as columns and beams are critical in a structure as its failure could lead to the collapse of the structure. In the present work, numerical analysis of square and circle short columns, and reinforced concrete (RC) beams reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer composites are carried out. This work is divided into two parts. In the first part, numerical study of axial behavior of square and circular concrete columns reinforced with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP)bars and spiral, and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) wraps is conducted. The results of the first part showed that the axial capacity of the circular RC columns reinforced with GFRP increases with the increase of the longitudinal reinforcement ratio. In addition, the results of the numerical analysis showed good correlation with the experimental ones. An interaction diagram for BFRP RC columns is also developed with considering various eccentricities. The results of numerical modeling of RC columns strengthened with CFRP wraps revealed that the number and the spacing between the CFRP wraps provide different levels of ductility enhancement to the column. For the cases considered in this study, column with two middle closely spaced CFRP wraps demonstrated the best performance. In the second part of this research, flexural behavior of RC beams reinforced with BFRP, GFRP and CFRP bars is investigated along with validation of the numerical model with the experimental tests. The results resembled the experimental observations that indicate significant effect of the FRP bar diameter and type ont he flexural capacity of the RC beams. It was also shown that Increasing the number of bars while keeping the same reinforcement ratio enhanced the stiffness of the RC beam.

This research investigates the flexural behavior and serviceability performance of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) reinforced concrete (RC) beams cast with normal- and high-strength concretes (NSC and HSC). Carbon FRP (CFRP) and steel-reinforced concrete beams were also included for comparison purposes. Four-point bending tests were performed on a total of 14 slender beams with dimensions of 180 mm × 230 mm × 2200 mm. The main aim was to examine the improvement in the performance of BFRP RC beams using HSC and to assess its compatibility with the recommendations and guidelines of the ACI440 Code. The test results were reported and discussed in terms of flexural capacity, deflection, crack width, reinforcement and concrete strains, and failure modes. The results revealed that the flexural capacities of BFRP beams were slightly underestimated by ACI440.1R-15 while reasonable predictions were observed for the cracking moments in HSC and NSC. The use of HSC as compared to NSC enhanced the cracking and ultimate moments of all BFRP RC beams by 10% and 16%, respectively. Furthermore, the average bond-coefficient (kb) value for BFRP-RC beams was found to be 0.70 which is much lower than the conservative kb value suggested by the ACI440 guidelines for sand-coated FRP bars.

The application of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) bars in the building industry has grown intensively over the years, due to their numerous advantages such as corrosion resistance. However, current guidelines in design codes disregard the contribution of FRP bars in compression. The need of investigation of compressive mechanical properties of FRP bars is important, while there is a lack of experimental tests under varying dynamic and quasi-static loading rates. The present paper aims to evaluate the compressive strength and failure modes of glass and basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP and BFRP) bars. A series of quasi-static and dynamic tests were performed on different FRP bar sizes. Dynamic tests were conducted using the drop hammer procedure and different loading rates were achieved through varying the weight of mass and height of fall. Results showed that GFRP bars attained higher compressive strengths than BFRP bars for the same loading conditions. GFRP bars exhibited compressive strength in the range of 300 MPa to 600 MPa while the maximum compressive strength of BFRP bars was 470 MPa. The increase in the bar diameter resulted in an increase in the compressive strength of most FRP bars. However, Some FRP bars showed different variation in their compressive strengths at high loading rates. Finite element (FE) models were also developed to simulate the FRP bars under dynamic tests by considering the orthotopic material nature of the FRP composites. The FE models were verified with the experiments and successfully described qualitatively the trends observed during the full-scale drop-hammer tests.

The ever-growing interest in additive manufacturing (AM) is evidenced by its extensive utilisation to manufacture a broad spectrum of products across a range of industries such as defence, medical, aerospace, automotive, and electronics. Today, most laser-based AM is carried out by employing continuous-wave (CW) and long-pulsed lasers. The CW and long-pulsed lasers have the downside in that the thermal energy imparted by the laser diffuses around the irradiated spot and often leads to the creation of heat-affected zones (HAZs). Heat-affected zones may degrade the material strength by producing micro-cracks, porous structures and residual stresses. To address these issues, currently, attempts are being made to employ ultrafast laser sources, such as femtosecond (fs) lasers, in AM processes. Femtosecond lasers with pulse durations in the order of 10−15 s limit the destructive laser–material interaction and, thus, minimise the probability of the HAZs. This review summarises the current advancements in the field of femtosecond laser-based AM of metals and alloys. It also reports on the comparison of CW laser, nanosecond (ns)/picosecond (ps) lasers with fs laser-based AM in the context of heat-affected zones, substrate damage, microstructural changes and thermomechanical properties. To shed light on the principal mechanisms ruling the manufacturing processes, numerical predictions are discussed and compared with the experimental results. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this review is the first of its kind to encompass the current status, challenges and opportunities of employing fs lasers in additive manufacturing.

The present paper aims at providing a comprehensive investigation of the abilities and limitations of strain gradient crystal plasticity (SGCP) theories in capturing different kinds of localization modes in single crystals. To this end, the small deformation Gurtin-type SGCP model recently proposed by the authors, based on non-quadratic defect energy and the uncoupled dissipation assumption, is extended to finite deformation. The extended model is then applied to simulate several single crystal localization problems with different slip system configurations. These configurations are chosen in such a way as to obtain idealized slip and kink bands as well as general localization bands, i.e., with no particular orientation with respect to the initial crystallographic directions. The obtained results show the good abilities of the applied model in regularizing various kinds of localization bands, except for idealized slip bands. Finally, the model is applied to reproduce the complex localization behavior of single crystals undergoing single slip, where competition between kink and slip bands can take place. Both higher-order energetic and dissipative effects are considered in this investigation. For both effects, mesh-independent results are obtained, proving the good capabilities of SGCP theories in regularizing complex localization behaviors. The results associated with higher-order energetic effects are in close agreement with those obtained using a micromorphic crystal plasticity approach. Higher-order dissipative effects led to different results with dominant slip banding.

The objective of this paper is to investigate the mechanical response of EN08 steel at quasi-static and dynamic strain rates. Uniaxial tensile tests under quasi-static regime (from 0.0015 s−1 to 0.15 s−1) are conducted on EN08 steel at a range of temperatures between 298 K and 923 K. Dynamic compression tests are also performed by using a drop hammer and by considering different masses and heights to study the material response at strain rates up to 800 s−1. Through the stress-strain responses of EN08 steel, a strong dependency of the yield stress as well as the ultimate strength on the strain rate and temperature is recognized. Furthermore, the strain hardening is highly affected by the increase of temperature at all levels of strain rate. The microstructure of the steel is also examined at a fracture by using SEM images to quantify the density of microdefects and define the damage evolution by using an energy-based damage model.

In this work, three numerical necking criteria based on finite element (FE) simulations are proposed for the prediction of forming limit diagrams (FLDs) for sheet metals. An elastic–plastic constitutive model coupled with the Lemaitre continuum damage theory has been implemented into the ABAQUS/Explicit software to simulate simple sheet stretching tests as well as Erichsen deep drawing tests with various sheet specimen geometries. Three numerical criteria have been investigated in order to establish an appropriate necking criterion for the prediction of formability limits. The first numerical criterion is based on the analysis of the thickness strain evolution in the central part of the specimens. The second numerical criterion is based on the analysis of the second time derivative of the thickness strain. As to the third numerical criterion, it relies on a damage threshold associated with the occurrence of necking. The FLDs thus predicted by numerical simulation of simple sheet stretching with various specimen geometries and Erichsen deep drawing tests are compared with the experimental results.

Abstract In this paper, forming limit diagrams (FLDs) for an aluminum alloy are predicted through numerical simulations using various localized necking criteria. A comparative study is conducted for the FLDs determined by using the Lemaitre damage approach and those obtained with the modified Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) damage model. To this end, both damage models coupled with elasto-plasticity and accounting for plastic anisotropy have been implemented into the ABAQUS/Explicit software, through the user-defined subroutine VUMAT, within the framework of large plastic strains and a fully three-dimensional formulation. The resulting constitutive frameworks are then combined with four localized necking criteria to predict the limit strains for an AA6016-T4 aluminum alloy. Three of these necking criteria are based on finite element (FE) simulations of the Nakazima deep drawing test with various specimen geometries, while the fourth criterion is based on bifurcation theory. The simulation results reveal that the limit strains predicted by local criteria, which are based on FE simulations of the Nakazima test, are in good agreement with the experiments for a number of strain paths, while those obtained with the bifurcation analysis provide an upper bound to the experimental FLD.

Abstract Chewable gels represent an excellent alternative to oral dosage forms, such as tablets and capsules, owing to their appealing appearance, easy swallowing, and attractive colors. Given the inherent instability of vitamin C, particularly within chewable gels, it is imperative to enhance its stability and mitigate its degradation during processing and storage. Oleogel, systems prepared through an environmentally friendly and pollution-free method, exhibit a three-dimensional network structure that eliminates oxygen, alleviates oxidation, and enhances vitamin C stability. This study focused on optimizing vitamin C-fortified oleogel-based chewable gels using Plackett–Burman and D-Optimal design methodologies to maximize vitamin C stability while maintaining favorable mechanical properties. The optimal formulation, Opt-C, was achieved by crystallizing the gel at -18 °C, incorporating 2.5 g of distilled monoglyceride (DMG), and maintaining an oleogel-to-chewable gel ratio of 10%. Opt-C was comprehensively characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and its stability was rigorously assessed. Furthermore, a nondestructive assay method for vitamin C determination in chewable gels was developed employing near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and chemometric techniques. Storage studies demonstrated that Opt-C retained 85% of its vitamin C content during accelerated tests over ten weeks, surpassing the 69% retention observed in the control chewable gel. Opt-C exhibited a slower release of vitamin C in simulated digestive fluids; however, this release profile did not adversely impact the overall availability of vitamin C. Ultimately, the developed multivariate model successfully predicts vitamin C concentration: root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC): 0.284, $${\text{R}}_{\text{cal}}^{2}$$ R cal 2 : 0.9906; RMSE cross-validation (RMSECV): 0.501, $${\text{R}}_{\text{val}}^{2}$$ R val 2 : 0.9722; RMSE prediction (RMSEP): 0.670, $${\text{R}}_{\text{pred}}^{2}$$ R pred 2 : 0.9154. This innovative approach enhances the stability of water-soluble vitamins in chewable gels. Graphical Abstract