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Background: Soft tissue paradigm shift has accentuated significance of soft tissue variables in diagnosis & treatment planning. Aim: To find a correlation between facial soft tissues and underlying vertical facial patterns in young untreated patients. Methods: The lateral cephalograms of 170 young individuals were divided into three equal groups, i.e., long, average, and short face, in accordance with the vertical facial patterns. This was done using a cross-sectional research design. Upper and lower lip lengths and extent of lip protrusion were measured for each individual. Non-probability consecutive sampling was done. The relationship between face soft tissue and the vertical facial pattern was examined using the Pearson Correlation test and less than 0.05 p-value was held statistically significant. Result: Significant correlation between upper and lower lip lengths and vertical facial form was found. Similarly significant positive correlation between protrusion of upper and lower lips and vertical facial pattern was found. Conclusion: Cephalometric analyses suggest the vertical dimensions of facial soft tissues conform to the vertical skeletal patterns. The long facial patterns have increased lip lengths and procumbent lips. MeSH words: Cephalometric analysis, Cross-sectional study, Vertical facial pattern, Lip length

Background and Purpose: Many innovations are constantly emerging with the advances in modern medicine and also it is occurring in various traditional medicines as they are considered to be safe and economical in current increasing health care financial burden. Due to emerging of MDR (multiple drug resistance) microorganisms and reduce efficacy of Modern medicines researchers and clinicians are required to revisit the traditional and alternative medicines. Material and Method: Extracts of garlic (Allium sativum), turmeric (Curcuma longa), amla (Emblica officinalis) and honey were prepared at concentration of 1mg/mL, 2mg/mL, 3mg/mL and were tested on different cancdidal species like Candida Albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida Parapsilosis and Candida Krusei and on Fluconazole as a positive control. Disc Diffusion Test for antifungal assay was performed. Results: The anti-fungal effect was maximum at 3mg/mL concentration for all the herbal extracts. Zone of inhibition for fluconazole, was highest (35.00 ± 1.73). Among herbal extracts zone of inhibition for garlic was maximum (16.67 ± 0.88), followed by turmeric (12.67 ± 1.20), honey (11.00 ± 0.58 ), amla (9.33 ± 0.67 ). Similarly for each dose, comparing the mean zone of inhibition between antifungal groups Tukey test showed significantly (p

Cognitive Radio (CR) is an innovative approach based on Software Defined Radio (SDR) that utilizes frequency spectrum efficiently to accommodate large number of users. Fast & fine spectrum sensing (to determine available free spectrum) is the primary objective in CR systems. Spectrum sensing is effected by multipath and shadowing which are the major hindrances in wireless communication; there are different methods to perform spectrum sensing. This paper aims to investigate the spectrum sensing through energy detection method over different fading channels (AWGN, Rayleigh, Nakagami) and shows a detailed comparison of these channels parameters based on simulation results. Degradation of performance as a result of multipath & shadowing is improved by collaborative spectrum sensing. Initially, spectrum sensing is compared using different channels and then improvement in results is shown using collaborative spectrum sensing.

The increased contention and collisions in dense networks trigger excessive scans for finding AP. The collective effect of simultaneous probes from all devices create even more contention in the network. Eventually, the devices start continuous cycles of probing since network condition does not improve after the handoff. Traces we have collected during Infocom 2012 and at busy airport terminals show this impact of probing on dense networks. In this paper, we propose Dynamo-Probing that obtains AP information from nearby active scan using its novel scan mode, Opp-Scan, and by switching to active scan when such opportunities are not available. By avoiding sending probes for each device in the network, Dynamo-Probing reduces the network overload due to probing and thus improves communication quality. Results from our ns-2 simulations capture a 78% improvements in network association time and up to an 82% improvements in throughput for very dense networks. By being adaptive to network density and interoperable with legacy devices, Dynamo-Probing provides an appropriate scan solution that ensures survival in dense networks and good performance in sparse networks.

The high vulnerability of nodes in a WSN to jamming arises from the low resilience to jamming signals, easy differentiability of packet types and high predictability of wakeup schedules. In this paper, we propose Jam-Buster — a jam-resistant solution for a single channel WSN that increases resilience by using multi-block payload, eliminates differentiation by using equal size packets and reduces predictability by randomizing the wakeup times of the sensors. While each of these individual components is quite simple, the combination of the three components results in a jam-resilient system that forces the jammer to spend more energy to be effective and so reduce its own lifetime.

Wireless sensor networks typically conserve energy by following a periodic wakeup-sleep schedule: nodes minimize idle time and spend most of their time in a low power sleep state. In order to communicate and exchange data in such a network, the current duty-cycling MAC protocols either require tight synchronization between the neighbor wakeup schedules or spend a significant amount of energy in signaling the sleeping nodes. In contrast, this paper presents Neighborhood-based Power Management (NPM), an energy efficient asynchronous MAC protocol that minimizes signaling overhead through opportunistically gained knowledge about neighbor wakeup schedules. Unlike the synchronization-based MAC protocols, NPM does not require a priori knowledge of the wakeup schedules. Using only a minimal exchange of schedule information, NPM reduces the signaling overhead by shortening the wakeup signal. Furthermore, NPM uses its wakeup signal to awaken all receivers in the neighborhood of the sender, enabling all sender-receiver pairs in that neighborhood to communicate. Our extensive evaluations show that NPM outperforms popular B-MAC [1], X-MAC [2] and SCP [3] protocols under all network conditions. NPM reduces the signaling overhead, with up to 74% savings in energy and 80% reduction in delay.

Synchronization and signaling are two common approaches used for coordination in duty-cycling wireless sensor networks. In this paper we analyze the trade off between these two approaches used for energy-efficient communication. Finally, we present Neighborhood-based Power Management (NPM), a hybrid MAC protocol that minimizes signaling overhead through opportunistically gained knowledge about neighbor wakeup schedules. Unlike the synchronization-based MAC protocols, NPM does not require a priori knowledge of the wakeup schedules. Using only a minimal exchange of schedule information, NPM reduces the signaling overhead by combining adaptive preambling with its neighborhood wakeup mechanism. Our simulations show that NPM outperforms popular B-MAC [1], X-MAC [2] and SCP [3] protocols under all network conditions.