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Placental insufficiency is the failure of the placenta to supply nutrients to the fetus and remove toxic wastes; it is a common cause of intra uterine growth restriction (IUGR), fetal distress peri and postnatal mortality. Specifically gestational diabetes and hypertension during pregnancy alters placental architecture which contributes to insufficiency of the placenta. Placenta is the most accurate record of infant’s prenatal experiences. Clinical condition such as hypertension and diabetes that complicate pregnancy leads to significant structural changes in placenta, these histological changes and morphological alterations in placenta lead to insufficiency, resulting in IUGR and fetal distress. In the present study morphology of placentas collected from diabetic and hypertensive pregnancy will be observed, the histo-pathological findings will be recorded and correlated to birth weight, APGAR scores and congenital anomalies of babies and will be compared to the findings in normal placentas also. This study will be beneficial for obstetrician and pediatrician in gathering knowledge about patho genesis of placental insufficiency; it will add to the knowledge on placental morphology and will high light the abnormalities in placental anatomy.

Alanoud Aladel,1 Fahmida Khatoon,2 Mohammad Idreesh Khan,3 Azzah Alsheweir,1 Malak Ghazi Almutairi,4 Sami Owaidh Almutairi,4 Faisal Khalid Almutairi,5 Kudaibergen Osmonaliev,6 Mirza Masroor Ali Beg6,7 1Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences in Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass, 51921, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Clinical Nutrition, Almethnab General Hospital, Qassim Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al Mithnab, Saudi Arabia; 5Laboratory Department, Armed Forces Hospital in Qassim, Medical Services, Ministry of Defense Qassim Buraydah Al-Rass, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; 6Faculty of Medicine, Alatoo International University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; 7Centre for Promotion of Medical Research, Bishkek, KyrgyzstanCorrespondence: Mirza Masroor Ali Beg, Email mirzamasroor1986@gmail.comObjective: Growing epidemics of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity have become a serious health concern. Since miRNAs and vitamin levels affect the development and progression of numerous pathogenic diseases, including diabetes, the present study aimed to evaluate miRNA-143 and miRNA-145 expression and vitamin-D status among obese and non-obese T2DM patients.Methods: The study included 100 clinically confirmed newly diagnosed obese and non-obese T2DM cases and 100 healthy subjects. Total RNA was extracted from collected blood samples and 100 ng of RNA was used for cDNA synthesis, then TaqMan assay was performed to evaluate the miRNA-143 and miRNA-145 relative expression.Results: T2DM cases with hypertension (4.08 fold, p=0.01; 5.36 fold, p=0.009), fatigue (5.07 fold, p=0.04; 5.32 fold, p=0.03) and blurred vision (5.15 fold, p=0.01) showed higher miRNA-143 and miRNA-145 relative expression compared with their counterparts, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between miRNA-143 and miRNA-145 expression and decreased vitamin-D status in T2DM had significant association with impaired blood glucose fasting (p=0.001) and HDL level (p< 0.0001). Obese T2DM cases showed higher miRNA-143 and miRNA-145 expression compared with their counterparts. Vitamin-D deficient T2DM cases had higher miRNA-143 and miRNA-145 expression (5.69 fold, 5.91 fold) compared with insufficient (4.27 fold, p=0.03; 4.61 fold, p=0.03) and sufficient (4.08 fold, p=0.002; 4.29 fold, p=0.003). ROC curve for miRNA-143 and miRNA-145 between obese T2DM vs non-obese T2DM cases, at best possible cutoff value of 4.39 fold, 4.0 fold showed increased miRNA-143 and miRNA-145 expression, the sensitivity and specificity were 85%, 88% and 61%, 53% respectively (AUC=0.83, p< 0.0001; AUC=0.81, p< 0.0001).Conclusion: Higher miRNA-143 and miRNA-145 expression could be a predictive indicator for obese T2DM cases, decreased status of vitamin-D was also significantly associated with impaired fasting blood sugar and HDL level, therefore it is important to evaluate the vitamin-D status among T2DM cases for better clinical outcome during the intervention.Keywords: type 2 diabetes, obesity, vitamin-D, miRNA, expression, prognostic marker

Introduction: Mitral stenosis is a condition characterized by the narrowing of the mitral valve, which regulates blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to find the mid-term clinical and echocardiographic outcomes of percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Material and Methods: The present study was a retrospective observational study conducted at Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad. The study included a total of 70 patients who underwent percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) between 1st January 2022 and 30th June 2022. Results: A total of 70 patients who underwent PTMC at Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, between 1st January 2022 and 30th June 2022 were included in this retrospective observational study. The mean age of the patients was 39.2 ± 12.8 years, and 52 (74.3%) were females. The mean mitral valve area (MVA) prior to PTMC was 0.9 ± 0.2 cm^2 that increased to 1.8 ± 0.3 cm^2 after the procedure, and it was statistically significant (p

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide. The prognosis and treatment of breast cancer depend largely on various prognostic factors, including tumour grade, hormone receptor status, and HER2/neu overexpression. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to find the impact of evaluation of tumour grade by core needle biopsy on clinical risk assessment and patient selection for adjuvant systemic treatment in breast cancer Material and Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in Services Hospital, Lahore during January 2020 to January 2021. The study participants were women with breast cancer who underwent core needle biopsy for tumour grade evaluation at a single institution during the study period. Results: Of the 70 patients included in the study, the mean age was 58 years (range, 32-85 years), and the majority were postmenopausal (60%). Most patients had invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) (85%), and the remainder had invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) (15%). Most patients had stage II (45%) or stage III (35%) breast cancer at the time of diagnosis. All patients underwent core needle biopsy for tumour grade evaluation. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study supports the use of core needle biopsy as a reliable method for evaluating tumour grade in breast cancer patients. Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term outcomes of patients who are treated based on tumour grade assessed by core needle biopsy.

Objective: The aim of this study is to explore the role of molecular DNA, DNA Phenotyping and Polymerase Chain Reaction in samples relevant to genetic investigation. The Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is a macromolecule which has propelled our capacity of understanding the function of an organism at the cellular level, how organism reproduce and replicate, and pass their subjective genetic information from one generation to the other. DNA is also referred to as the genetic “Blueprint” of an organism and found to possess all information pertaining to the specific being. Nuclear DNA is present within the nucleus and is significant in developing immunity for the cell and depends on the information incorporated within its framework. Mitochondrial DNA exists in varying locations in frequencies of two to ten copies within mitochondria. The most familiar body fluids come across in molecular medicine laboratories is blood, semen and saliva and further more are vaginal fluids, urine and sweat. Bones, teeth, soft tissues etc. are also essential biomarkers for DNA-phenotyping. Methodology: The methods for research for this particular study is to demonstrate a review of relevant literature to examine the molecular genetics and the application of genome and DNA-amplification into molecular medicine investigations. To conduct a literature review a qualitative research design is the most suitable research design. It provides the rationale for assessing the human behaviour and assists to legalize and authenticate the data which is selectively collected from the secondary sources. Results: Every individual’s DNA consists of minor alterations a change in these restriction places would result in different profile of restriction fragments. Genome wide population substructure is large enough to determine ancestry with large number of Autosomal SNPs at the level of continental resolutions. Conclusion: The advances in human genomics and molecular genetics have provided success and advances by determining the cellular origin and estimating the age of sample and disposition time. The Phenotypical characteristics like hair and eye color demonstration in criminal cases has yielded better inferences however, DNA phenotyping illustrates a limited approach wherein incorporated into biological material analysis. The accuracy of DNA technology is incredibly useful for professionals like lawyers, anthropologists, homicide detectives etc. in the field of molecular medicines and is expected to improve in years to come. Key Words; Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) , Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing and Short Tardem Repeat (STR)

Infertility is an important medical and social problem in the world and male factor is responsible for about 8% to 15% of couples. A couple is said to be infertile if a female does not conceive after having unprotected sexual intercourse for one year. Variation have been observed in rates and etiology of infertility in terms of gender, sexual history, lifestyle, society, and cultural background this review summarizes current evidence regarding diagnosis and treatment of infertility

Aim: The proposed investigation aims to inspect the relationship between the growth and development of the economy and taxation in the case of Pakistan. Methods: The study adopts secondary quality approach and research design for data collection and data analysis. The study collects secondary data from authentic sources for the period of 2013 to 2021, where all the latest articles are selected which that used the ARDL approach for empirical analysis. The research applies secondary qualitative data analysis techniques such as systematic literature review and thematic analysis to develop reliable findings and valid findings by comparing and contrasting findings of previous researches. Results/Findings: The results of the study indicate that in the overall economic growth of Pakistan is negatively affected by taxation policy in the country. Thus, the research implies some policy changes, which includes that it could be imperative to reduce the indirect taxes if the administration wants to amplify economic growth.

Diabetes is a common among general population with many oral manifestations; persistent deprived glycemic control has been associated with the incidence and progression of diabetes related complications including gingivitis and periodontitis which the most common cause of tooth loss, evidence suggests that periodontitis affects glucose control in diabetes. The disease evoked bacteremia can cause elevation in serum pro inflammatory cytokines leading to elevated lipid levels and ultimately inflicting a hypoglycemic agent resistance syndrome and tributary to destruction of duct gland beta cells. Treating chronic odontology infections is crucial for managing polygenic disorder. Aim of this literature review is to look at the impact of odontology medical aid on glycemic management in sort II diabetic patients.

Objective: The purpose of the study is to explore and recognize the variety of reasons that belie the female student body decision of opting for medicine as a career option. Methods: An interview based study, with both closed and open ended questions, was conducted amongst the female medical students of public and private sector medical colleges in Saudi Arabia. Material and information were gathered using this interview-based questionnaire which the female students were asked to fill out. The duration of study was from 1st October 2021 to 30th January 2022. Analyzed on SPSS version 22. Results: A total of 900 female medical students participated with 336 (37.3%) from pre-clinical years and 564 (62.7%) from clinical years. The mean age of the respondents was 20.7+1.8 years. The results imply a variety of reasons for the choice of medicine as a profession by the females with majority stressing the desire to serve humanity and the attached respect and acceptance as the other attracting factors. Minor reasons also exist that are discussed in greater depth in the article. Conclusion: It is evident that in spite of the overwhelming obstacles still prevalent and the conservative attitudes towards career oriented females, women’s deciding to enter the field of medicine is on the increase, as it makes it easier to stand up for when they are wronged and make their own choices. The government can help further by increasing the initiatives to get more females to enroll in the MBBS programs all over the country.

Sehar-un-Nisa Hassan,1 Aqeela Zahra,2 Nuzhat Parveen,3 Fahmida Khatoon,2 Naseer Ahmad Bangi,4 Hassan Hosseinzadeh5 1Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, 81451, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, 81451, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, 81451, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, 42353, Saudi Arabia; 5School of Haelth and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, AustraliaCorrespondence: Aqeela Zahra, Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, 81451, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966583675414, Email a.zahra@uoh.edu.saPurpose: To determine the relationship of various domains of quality of life (QoL) with healthcare adherence during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia.Methods: The study sample comprised 795 participants among which 203 had a current diagnosis of any major NCDs, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, asthma, chronic pulmonary diseases, and chronic psychiatric illnesses and a control group of 592 participants who had no NCD. Participants completed an online survey questionnaire which obtained data on socio-demographic variables, types of NCDs, and healthcare adherence during the year 2020, the period during which Saudi Arabia underwent the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) assessed the QoL in four domains physical, psychological, social and environmental and used standard scores in the analysis. GraphPad Prism 5 and SPSS 25V were employed for the statistical analysis. Bar graphs and frequency distribution tables present descriptive data. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were computed to determine the significance of the relationship between QoL and healthcare adherence.Results: Almost equal proportions of participants with NCDs (n=109/203; 54%) and without NCDs (n=327/592; 55%) demonstrated nonadherence to their regular healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic (χ 2=0.14; p=0.71). Patients with NCDs experienced lower quality of life in the psychological, social and environmental domains of QoL (p< 0.05). Results from the multivariate regression analysis showed that female gender (AOR=1.52; p< 0.05) psychological QoL (AOR=1.99; p< 0.05), social QoL (AOR=1.98; p< 0.05) and environmental QoL (AOR=1.95; p< 0.05) significantly relate with adherence to healthcare.Conclusion: Psychological, social and environmental may influence healthcare adherence among patients with NCDs during pandemics and should be focused on while devising future healthcare policy and interventions.Keywords: quality of life, COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare, adherence, non-communicable diseases, behaviors

Background: The diseases due to nutritional deficiencies or imbalanced diet can be due to different factors. These factors can be biological or environmental. The study indicated that there will be increase risks of acquiring diseases as a result of irregular intake of diet. These risks include the increased risk of diseases such as liver abnormality, hypertension, lipids deposition, and other diseases. Methodology: The databases used for the collection of secondary information include Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Besides, the keywords used for the searching of relevant research articles include “experimental rats, nutritional deficiencies. Hypothalamus, mechanisms studies, gene ontology, metabolic syndromes”. There were the use of female rats (n=8) and the weight was ranged between 200 to 250 grams. The experimental rats were placed in a cycle of 12 h light/dark. An adequate amount of water and food was provided for about one week to the rats before starting the experiment. Enzymatic procedures were used for the analysis of cholesterol, fatty acids, and triglycerides. Glucose concentrations in the blood samples were also assessed using the glucose meter. The insulin levels were also measured by using the assay kits. The hybridisation, scanning, and normalization of the data were also done. The extracted RNA from the hypothalamus was transcribed by using the “Superscript II RNAseH- Reverse-Transcriptase”. The t-test was also performed using statistical software. The groups of genes and their altered expressions were studied after the malnutrition conditions. The results obtained through PCR were expressed in the form of average and standard deviation values [1]. The mRNA expression levels in the samples of the hypothalamus were also assessed. The data were compared using the student test. The significance levels were measured at p < 0.05. Findings: The findings of the study also indicated that the transcription of co-regulators is also link with the nutritional and temporal cues to the metabolism process by means of their association with circadian clock. The findings revealed that the hypothalamic circuits and its nutritional programming plays significant role in the regulation of energy homeostasis which is a major factor of obesity development in association with malnutrition in early life development. Conclusion: Conclusively, it has been identified that the deficiency of nutrients during developmental period such as prenatal and postnatal is linked with the enhanced risk of different types of diseases in childhood as well as in adulthood.

Colorectal cancer is one of the major malignancies world-wide, accounting for approximately 20% of incident cases. The incidence and mortality have dramatically increased over the past 10th decades in Saudi Arabia. It has been argued that the change in epidemiological pattern is due to the implementation of a way of life style, characterized by use of junk foods and lack somatic exercise. The pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodyn amics (PD) of various drug are also under study for Colon cancer patients. It is remarkable that a lack of routine exercise or activity is supplementary evident for GIT cancer than any other cancer combined. Obesity has been reported to be associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer, and closely associated with the level of physical activity in this study the effect of sociodemographic factor on biochemical aspects of Cancer is further analyzed. Aim of this study is to determine the awareness and perception of Colorectal cancer in Saudi Arabia and to find out the dietary habits and use of fiber diet among them in order to identify the subpopulation that can be recipients of awareness and screening programs. About 317 subjects was selected after taking written consent on a detailed prescribed questionnaire. Sociodemographic data and information about dietary habits was collected along with biophysical data. All information and the obtained results were analyzed by using SPSS 23. Results: Most of the respondents (51% and 71.9%) knew what is colon and its function. About 11.7%, 62.1% and 22.1% respectively answer high, moderate and low incidence of CRC in Saudi Arabia while 66.9% knew that bowel cancer is 90% curable if detected early. 42% respondent shoed that that there is a an association between IBD and CRC and 75% know the correct time of screening for CRC. Very few respondents know the correct symptoms, risks factors, and screening modalities of Colorectal cancer. Mass media and books are most common method to know about colorectal cancer. Conclusions: Most of the respondent have enough knowledge about CRC although Screening awareness and modalities for screening of CRC need to be further acknowledged. Although they have enough awareness about CRC still most of the study population showed unhealthy life style and few of them use fiber diets and Vegetables and fruits as daily ingredient.

The present work was conducted to study the effect of low fat diet (LFD), almonds, green coffee, mackerel fish and the combination of all of them on loss of weight, lipid profile, serum glucose, leptin hormone, liver enzymes and kidney functions of obese rats. Methods: In this research, researcher used normal male albino rats (n=42). This group of rats was divided into two major groups. The first group (n=6 rats) fed on standard diet and was considered as a group of negative control. The second group (n= 36 rat) fed high fat diet for six weeks on to induce of obesity. Rats in the second group were randomly assigned to six equal subgroups: Subgroup (1) fed on HFD (consist of 20% fat) and used as (control positive) 1; Subgroups (2) fed on LFD containing only (10% fat) and used as (control positive) 2. Subgroup The third sub-group feeds on low fat diet LFD containing (almonds, which provided the diet with 5% oil hydrogenated oils 4% and soy oil 1%). Subgroup (4) fed on LFD and treated each rat daily in this group with 3 ml green coffee. Subgroup (5) fed on LFD containing (mackerel fish, which provided the diet with 5% fat, hydrogenated oils 4% and soy oil 1%). Subgroup (6) fed on LFD containing (almonds which provided the diet with 5% oil and mackerel fish which provided the diet with 5% oil) and treated each rat daily in this group with 3 ml green coffee The obtained data were tested with one-way ANOVA (mean ± standard deviation and one-way ANOVA test) using SAS package and compared with each other using the LSD (least significant differences at P< 0.05. Results: Body weight gain % of rats increased significantly by feeding on a high-fat diet, also, serum "glucose, leptin hormone, cholesterol, triglyceride, lipoprotein cholesterol except HDL-c, kidney functions, liver increased in rats fed on HFD, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased, in comparison with the group of negative control group fed on basal diet. Conclusion: Treatment of obese rats with LFDs, LFDs containing almond, LFDs containing green coffee, LFDs containing mackerel fish, and obese rats treated with all these improved all parameters.

In many aspects of life quality, bio-contaminants and indoor air quality have had catastrophic consequences, including a negative impact on human health with an increased prevalence of allergic respiratory reactions, asthma, and infectious diseases. We aimed to evaluate the quality of indoor air environment and find out the association between human health and indoor air pollution and also to assess the physical health status of a group of Saudi and non-Saudi populations during this pandemic. Also, we aimed to assess the most common health condition or symptoms associated with ventilation. A questionnaire was distributed online to test indoor air quality, ventilation status, common signs and symptoms of any allergy or mental status and their relationship to certain variables. A total of 362 respondents were included. Before living in the current home, flu or Influenza and chapped lips were more prevalent than allergies and chapped lips signs while living in the current home. (12.2% , 10.8% vs. 18.5% , 13.55% before and after respectively) Multiple colds were the second most common symptom (10.2%). Hoarse voice and headaches were the least common symptoms experienced; each constituted 4.4%. During the COVID-19 Pandemic, most respondents wore a facemask, approximately 76.5%; and almost one-third of respondents had bright natural light inside the current home (43.1%). The presence of natural light within the current home was significantly associated with symptoms experienced during living in the current house (p

Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is an important component of pulmonary innate immunity. It is mainly produced by type 2 alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells, but is also found in extra pulmonary tissues and blood. It acts as a primary host defense against inhaled microorganisms. It also enhances adaptive immunity by activating T cells. SP-D deficiency can lead to upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Obesity has reached global epidemic proportions in both adults and children and is associated with numerous co-morbidities and insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes & obesity are highly associated with recurrent pulmonary & extra pulmonary infections. The primary objective of this study was to determine the association of serum surfactant protein D levels with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objectives: To assess the role of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in improving personal hygiene in Saudi Arabia. Methods : We administered a questionnaire distributed online between 19 and 28 May 2020 to determine alterations in personal hygiene practices during this pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic phase. Results : We included 211 respondents from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in this study. Improvement at different levels was detected in all examined personal hygiene items compared to the pre-pandemic stage. The percentages of respondents who always washed their hands after coming back home (34.1%), used soap to wash their hands (58.8%), used a hand sanitizer outside (5.2%), wore a face masks while outside (1.4%) and washed their hands before preparing and/or eating food (74.9%) was increased before the pandemic to 89.6%, 90%, 63.5%, 59.2% and 89.1% during the pandemic, respectively. The percentage of respondents who never shake hands with people they know increased from 0% before the pandemic to 62.6% during the pandemic. The mean duration of washing hands with soap significantly increased from 13.31 seconds before the pandemic to 28.01 seconds during the pandemic ( p less than 0.0001). Conclusion : The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a noticeable improvement in the personal hygiene habits in Saudi Arabia mainly those related to COVID-19 prevention. Saudi Med J 2020; Vol. 41 (11): 1263-1269 d oi: 10.15537/smj.2020.11.25402 How to cite this article: Zakout YM, Khatoon F, Bealy MA, Khalil NA, Alhazimi AM. Role of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the upgrading of personal hygiene. A cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2020 Nov;41(11):1263-1269. doi: 10.15537/smj.2020.11.25402.

The research aims to identify the inhibitory potential of natural dietary phytochemicals against non-insulinotropic target protein alpha-glucosidase and its possible implications to diabetes mellitus type 2.A data set of sixteen plant-derived dietary molecules viz., 4,5-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone, apigenin, bromelain, caffeic acid, cholecalciferol, dihydrokaempferol 7-o-glucopyranoside, galactomannan, genkwanin, isoimperatorin, luteolin, luteolin 7-o-glucoside, neohesperidin, oleanoic acid, pelargonidin-3-rutinoside, quercetin, and quinic acid were taken to accomplish molecular docking succeeded by their comparison with known inhibitors including acarbose, miglitol, voglibose, emiglitate, and 1-deoxynojirimycin. Among all phyto-compounds, bromelain (ΔG: -9.54 kcal/mol), cholecalciferol (-8.47 kcal/mol), luteolin (-9.02 kcal/mol), and neohesperidin (-8.53 kcal/mol) demonstrated better binding interactions with alpha-glucosidase in comparison to the best-known inhibitor, acarbose (ΔG: -7.93 kcal/mol). Molecular dynamics simulation of 10 ns duration, CYP450 site of metabolism identification, and prediction of activity spectra for substances depicted the bromelain as the most stable inhibitor compared to luteolin and acarbose. Findings of molecular interactions, molecular dynamics study, metabolism, and biological activity prediction proved bromelain as a potential alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. Thus, bromelain might be helpful as an insulin-independent therapeutic molecule towards controlling and managing diabetes mellitus type 2.

Exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke is a public health problem in countries with high prevalence of active smoking such as Pakistan. However, few studies have assessed the prevalence and risk factors for exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke.To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke in Pakistan.This study used data from the 2017-2018 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey to calculate the prevalence and determinants of second-hand tobacco smoke exposure. Sociodemographic characteristics, family size and exposure to media by the respondents were the independent variables. The chi-square test and logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke and the independent variables.hy9.The survey included 61 940 adults, of which 30 027 (48.5%) were males and 31 913 (51.5%) females. The overall prevalence of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke was 34.3%: 35.6% among males and 33.2% among females. Higher education level and rural residence were significantly positively associated with exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke among both sexes. Having a radio was inversely associated with exposure while having a television was positively associated with exposure among both sexes. Large family size was inversely associated with exposure. Currently and previously married females had significantly greater risk of exposure than never-married females.Tailored health interventions and policies are needed that target populations at high-risk of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke. Strict smoking bans in public places should be implemented to limit exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke in Pakistan.معدل انتشار تدخين السجائر غير المباشر ومحدّداته في باكستان.عقيلة زهرة، سحرالنسا حسن،أسماء باتول، نافيد إقبال، فهميدا خاتون، محمد عطية.يمثل التعرُّض لدخان السجائر غير المباشر مشكلة من مشكلات الصحة العامة في البلدان التي يرتفع فيها معدل انتشار التدخين النشط، مثل باكستان. إلا أنه لا يُوجَد سوى عدد قليل من الدراسات التي قيَّمت مدى انتشار التعرُّض للدخان غير المباشر، وعوامل الخطر المرتبطة بهذا التعرض.هدفت هذه الدراسة الى تقدير معدّل انتشار التعرض لدخان السجائر غير المباشر والعوامل المرتبطة بذلك التعرض في باكستان.استخدمت هذه الدراسة بيانات من المسح السكانيي والصحي لباكستان لعام -2017–2018، لحساب معدل انتشار التعرض لدخان السجائر غير المباشر ومحدِّدات ذلك التعرض. وقد بحثت الدراسة متغيرات مستقلة، هي: السمات الاجتماعية والسكانية، وعدد أفراد الأسرة، ومدى تعرض من أجابوا عن الاستبيان لوسائل الإعلام. واستُخدم اختبار مربع كاي وتحليلات الانحدار اللوجستي لتقييم العلاقة بين التعرض لدخان السجائر غير المباشر والمتغيرات المستقلة.شملت الدراسة 61940 بالغًا، منهم 30027 (48.5٪) من الذكور و 31913 (51.5٪) من الإناث. وبلغ المعدل العام لانتشار التعرُّض للدخان غير المباشر 34.3٪: 35.6٪ بين الذكور و 33.2٪ بين الإناث. وقد ارتبط ارتفاع مستوى التعليم والعيش في الريف ارتباطًا إيجابيًّا كبيرًا بالتعرض لدخان السجائر غير المباشر بين الجنسين. وفيما يتعلق بوسائل الإعلام، ارتبط امتلاك مذياع ارتباطًا عكسيًّا بالتعرض، في حين ارتبط امتلاك التلفزيون ارتباطًا إيجابيًّا بالتعرض بين الجنسين. وقد ارتبط كِبََر عدد أفراد الأسرة ارتباطًا عكسيًّا بالتعرض. وقد زادت احتمالات التعرض بين الإناث المتزوجات حاليًّا واللاتي كن متزوجات من قبلُ زيادةً كبيرة عن الإناث اللاتي لم يسبق لهن الزواج.هناك حاجة إلى وضع تدخلات وسياسات صحية مُصممة كي تلائم فئات السكان ممَّن يزيد خطر تعرُّضهم لدخان السجائر غير المباشر، وتكون موجهة إليهم. وينبغي تطبيق حظر صارم للتدخين في الأماكن العامة في باكستان، للحد من التعرض لدخان السجائر غير المباشر.Prévalence et déterminants du tabagisme passif causé par la cigarette au Pakistan.L'exposition à la fumée secondaire de cigarette est un problème de santé publique dans les pays où la prévalence du tabagisme actif est élevée tels que le Pakistan. Cependant, peu d'études ont évalué la prévalence du tabagisme passif et les facteurs de risque y afférents.Estimer la prévalence de l'exposition à la fumée secondaire de cigarette ainsi que les facteurs associés à celle-ci au Pakistan.La présente étude a utilisé les données de l'enquête démographique et sanitaire 2017-2018 du Pakistan pour calculer la prévalence et les déterminants de l'exposition passive à la fumée de cigarette. Les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, la taille de la famille et l'exposition des répondants aux médias constituaient des variables indépendantes. Le test du chi carré et les analyses de régression logistique ont été utilisés pour évaluer la relation entre l'exposition passive à la fumée de cigarette et les variables indépendantes.L'enquête portait sur 61 940 adultes, dont 30 027 (48,5 %) étaient des hommes et 31 913 (51,5 %) des femmes. La prévalence globale du tabagisme passif était de 34,3 % : 35,6 % chez les hommes et 33,2 % chez les femmes. Un niveau d'éducation plus élevé et la résidence en milieu rural étaient associés de manière significativement positive à l'exposition à la fumée secondaire chez les deux sexes. Le fait de posséder une radio était inversement associé au tabagisme passif, tandis que le fait de posséder une télévision était positivement associé à ce type d'exposition chez les deux sexes. La grande taille de la famille était inversement associée au tabagisme passif. Les femmes mariées au moment de l'étude et précédemment présentaient un risque d'exposition passive à la fumée de cigarette considérablement plus élevé que les femmes jamais mariées.Des interventions et des politiques sanitaires adaptées sont nécessaires pour cibler les populations à haut risque d'exposition à la fumée secondaire de cigarette. Des interdictions strictes de fumer dans les lieux publics devraient être mises en œuvre pour limiter l’exposition au tabagisme passif au Pakistan.

International audience; Cancer vaccines consist of nucleic acid derivatives such as plasmid DNA, small interfering RNA and mRNA, and can be customized according to the patient's needs. Nanomedicines have proven to be exceptionally good as miniaturized drug carriers, and thus they offer great advantages for delivering cancer vaccines. This review provides an overview of the literature on cancer vaccines, from their inception to current developments in the field.

Introduction: Yerba mate tea, a concoction made from the leaf extracts of the tree Ilex paraguariensis, is a broadly consumed non alcoholic beverage in Latin America which is gaining rapid introduction into the world market. Aim: To explore the influence of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) powder and beverage on induced hypercholesterolemic rats. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out for a duration of one year from February 2020 to January 2021 at University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia, on 48 male Albino rats divided into six subgroups; Control (-) group: group fed a basal diet. Rats in the other five groups fed on basal diet containing 2% cholesterol+0.25% bile salts for two weeks to induce hypercholesterolemia. Then those rats were subdivided into: control(+)group:groupthatremainedhypercholesterolemic.Yerba Mate Powdered (YMP) 15% group: fed on hypercholesterolemic diet+YMP15%; YMP 10% Group: fed on hypercholesterolemic diet+YMP10%; Yerba Mate Beverage (YMB) 15% group: fed on a hypercholesterolemic diet+YMB 15%; and YMB 10% group: fed on a hypercholesterolemic diet+YMB 10%. Results: It was found that, with increasing the amount of Yerba Mate powder or beverage, the total cholesterol, triglycerides, Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C), Aspartate Transaminase (ALT), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), urea nitrogen and glucose levels decreased significantly (p

Biocontaminants are minute particles derived from different biological materials. Indoor biocontaminants are associated with major public health problems. In Gulf countries, it is more precarious due to the harsh climatic conditions, including high ambient temperatures and relative humidity. In addition, due to COVID-19 pandemic, most of the time public is inside their home. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the load of biocontaminants in the indoor environment of Hail city. The results showed that most of the bacteria are gram-positive and higher in polymicrobial (87.1%) than monomicrobial (62.7%) association. There was no significant association with sample collection time and types of isolates. The most abundant microbes found in all samples were Staphylococcus aureus followed by Bacillus spp. Among Gram-negative bacterial isolates, E. coli was most common in tested indoor air samples. The study will be useful to find the biocontaminants associated with risk factors and their impact on human health in the indoor environment, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. These results indicate the need to implement health care awareness programs in the region to improve indoor air quality.

The proposed ring oscillator is fundamentally constructed by cascading series of delay cells, complying with the Barkhausen oscillation criterion of gain and phase shift. Focusing the need of low voltage design, which leads to an increased delay cell integration The number of delay cell reflects a high speed with low power consumption. Barkhausen criterion highlights the need of increased number of cascade differential amplifier based delay cell. To overcome the constraint of power dissipation, VCOs with reduced number of delay stages and the operation of sub threshold region has been widely used. In this paper a low power voltage controlled ring oscillator is implemented using the 250nm CMOS technology provided by generic with 2.5 volt power supply. The circuit is a modification of conventional ring oscillator. In favor of easy implementation of the module in small die size a nine stages of differential amplifier has been adopted to fabricate the proposed VCRO. The optimization design are done using S-EDIT software to make the oscillator as small as possible. In, addition Tanner tools is used in the analysis and simulation to verify the predicted performance. The proposed design is suitable for PLL and Timer circuits. The optimized ring oscillator is then compared with the previous design done by other researchers. The existence of various topologies of high-frequency ring oscillator highlight an essential design breakthrough optimizing to the power dissipation and tuning range of 125 MHz-561.798 MHz. The ring oscillator is able to operate with 2.5v supply and consuming around 3.6mwatt.

To be aware of non compliant TB patients for drug loyalty and also investigating the dread for drugs in them. For public health community, tuberculosis (TB) has accessible confront in the developing countries although curative drugs exist, yet TB has remained the foremost killers among infectious diseases. The TB treatment regimen is long, intensive and fraught with potential side effects. For these reasons, only about 20% of people with TB successfully complete treatment. Cross sectional survey was conducted on a non-probability purposive sample of 349 TB patients attending JPMC Chest OPD, Malir Chest Clinic and Ojha Institute of Chest Diseases, Karachi in the month of June and July, 2007. All the patients who were administered Anti- tuberculous drugs (ATT) under Direct Observed Treatment Strategy (DOTS) in the above mentioned period were included in the study. The total response rate was 93%. Out of 349 TB patients observed, 43% (150) were males and 57% (199) were females. 94% of the patients were following DOTS i.e. they regularly came to the clinics, but 5% were those who did not follow it regularly and skipped the daily medicine. Only 13% have quit taking medication themselves. 60% of the patients experienced side effects of the anti-TB drugs whereas 40% didn't experience any side effects. Proper counseling regarding the treatment options and side effects of the treatment can help reduce the challenges associated with adherence to the TB treatment.

To determine difference in the perceptions and preferences of medical and non-medical students about utilization of different teaching methods. White Board, Overhead Projector, PowerPoint presentations, Computer Assisted (CD ROM's)/Web Based learning and Problem Based learning in order to recommend ways for their optimal utilization. Methods: Cross sectional survey was conducted on a convenient sample of 1173 undergraduate students belonging to medical and non-medical colleges from May 2011 to September 2011. The total response rate was 90.23%. Results: Over all 30.2% of the students chose PBL to be a reliable mode of teaching and 32.4 % believed that it provides a better learning experience. Majority of the students (34.8%, 43.5% and 40.8%) preferred case studies over PBL, Lectures, role playing and video tapes and believed that case studies develops the ability to understand the topic better and it is an interesting and interactive teaching method respectively. Majority of the medical students chose PBL whereas the non-medical students preferred case studies to be the best teaching method.