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The Covid-19 pandemic in Chile was declared as such in March 2020. As a result, the Ministry of Education compiled guidelines to provide continuity to the formative processes, through which the concept of remote learning emerged. This research paper aims at identifying academic satisfaction of pedagogy students in a higher education institution (HEI) regarding learning in the virtual mode in the pandemic context. A quantitative, non experimental, cross-sectional methodology was used. The sample consisted of 337 students in 6 pedagogical courses at an HEI in the Araucanía region to whom a questionnaire on satisfaction with virtual teaching was administered. Results indicated that student satisfaction was low regarding the way content was handled and evaluation mechanisms used in the virtual mode. However, high satisfaction was shown in the items corresponding to teacher-student interaction. In addition, we found no statistically significant differences in the items related to the fulfillment of expectations and learning achieved in the virtual mode, either by gender, level of study, program, or academic performance. Finally, there was high dissatisfaction with virtual teaching during the present academic cycle. We recommend the systematic evaluation of the indicators of educational quality, mainly linked to the treatment of the content, the evaluation mechanisms used, and the teacher-student interaction channels, since they improve the academic performance of HEIs.

Chile is facing an environmental crisis and the territory of the Mapuche people is no exception. This is largely due to extractivism, which refers to the massive extraction and exploitation of natural resources in an indiscriminate manner. The objective of this study was to reveal the implications of extractivism and environmental pollution in Mapuche territories in the Araucanía region. The methodology used was qualitative, based on constructivist grounded theory. In-depth interviews and participant observation were used to collect data. The participants were 46 kimeltuchefes. The main results revealed extensive monocultures of non-native trees: pine and eucalyptus, which consume large amounts of water. They also revealed environmental pollution and indiscriminate forestry extractivism related to these trees, which generate soil degradation and water pollution. These consequences reduce biodiversity and disturb the ngenh (spiritual beings and protectors of nature). They also affect the Mapuche’s agricultural activities and, in turn, their health and subsistence. In addition, non-native tree monocultures, environmental pollution and forestry extractivism transgress the az mapu (Mapuche code of ethics and behaviour), which disturbs the ethical, moral and spiritual relationship between the Mapuche and nature. They also have negative implications for the küme mogen (good living of the Mapuche), since they violate the balance and harmony between the Mapuche and all living beings, elements and spiritual beings that are part of nature. This also violates the reciprocity between the Mapuche and nature. It was concluded that there have been violations of the human rights of the Mapuche people, given that they are exposed to harmful environmental conditions that put their health and subsistence at considerable risk. In this sense, the Mapuche are experiencing a spiritual, physical, cognitive, attitudinal, affective and material imbalance. Ultimately, the state of Chile must generate intercultural environmental public and educational policies aimed at generating environmental awareness and creating actions to solve environmental problems in order to protect Mapuche and non-Mapuche territories.

Objective Estimate and georeferenced the prevalence of CVD mortality, explore possible associated factors and analyze whether public policies generated in Colombia have managed to control or reduce CVD mortality. Materials and methods Mortality data were taken between 1993 and 2017, deaths were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases standard (ICD-10). The average percentage of deaths due to CVD was calculated, associated factors were identified. An approach was made around public policies and the State's action to guarantee the right to health. Results The average percentage of deaths by CVD to 2017 was 29.2%. In the age group of 15 to 45 years, there was a higher percentage of deaths in men. Since 2011 the world average was exceeded, from 1993 to 2017 the average percentage of mortality increased by 18.2%. Conclusions In Colombia there are public policies regarding controlling the burden and mortality of noncommunicable diseases, these policies conform to international conventions, although the statistics have shown results contrary to those expected. A rigorous application of the policies adopted by the state and an active participation of the private sector are urgently needed.

Antecedentes: La salud bucal es un componente esencial de la salud general y se ha reconocido que es fundamental para la determinación de la CVRS por lo que la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud bucal (CVRSB) también es un constructo multidimensional que expresa el grado de percepción sobre la comodidad, satisfacción o insatisfacción de una persona en su vida diaria respecto a su salud bucal. Objetivo: Determinar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud bucal en adultos de la ciudad de Quito-Ecuador 2021. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo; trasversal, se utilizó el muestreo no probabilístico de redes o bola de nieve. El proceso consistió en localizar a personas residentes en la Ciudad de Quito que tengan 18 años en adelante a través de las plataformas virtuales correo electrónico, WhatsApp y Facebook. La muestra quedo conformada por 403 participantes. El cuestionario recogió datos sociodemográficos y los ítems de OHIP-14. Resultados: El 65% de los encuestados reportó tener ingresos inferiores a 400$ mensuales y el 85% no contaba con un seguro odontológico. Respecto a la CVRSB se encontró que solo en la dimensión malestar psicológico un porcentaje importante de los individuos encuestados auto-informaron una percepción negativa de su CVRSB (32% de la sumatoria a menudo, casi siempre y siempre). Conclusiones: Respecto a la CVRSB, un porcentaje importante de los individuos encuestados auto-informaron una percepción negativa en la dimensión malestar psicológico. No así en las demás dimensiones. Los resultados de las mediciones de del OHIP-14 pudieron estar influenciados por el bajo nivel de ingreso de los individuos que los ubica como población vulnerable y ello pudo intervenir en la percepción de su CVRSB ya que al enfrentar necesidades más urgentes para sus condiciones materiales de vida pudieran estar restando importancia al impacto de sus afecciones bucales.

RESUMEN Los objetivos de este artículo son describir las características del abordaje de vinculación de bases de datos administrativos y sus usos en investigación en salud pública, y discutir las potencialidades y retos para su implementación en Ecuador. La vinculación de bases de datos permite integrar datos de una misma persona dispersos en distintos subsectores como salud, educación, justicia, inmigración y programas sociales, y posibilita investigaciones que informen una gestión más eficiente de programas y políticas sociales y de salud. Las principales ventajas del uso de bases de datos relacionadas son la diversidad de datos, la cobertura poblacional, la estabilidad temporal y el costo menor en comparación con la recolección de datos primarios. A pesar de la disponibilidad de herramientas para procesar, vincular y analizar grandes conjuntos de datos, el uso de este abordaje es mínimo en los países de América Latina. Ecuador tiene un alto potencial para explotar este abordaje, debido a la obligatoriedad del uso de un identificador único en la prestación de servicios de salud, que permite la vinculación con otros sistemas de información nacionales. Sin embargo, enfrenta una serie de retos técnicos, ético-legales, culturales y políticos. Para aprovechar su potencial, Ecuador necesita desarrollar una estrategia de gobernanza de datos que incluya normativas de acceso y uso de los datos, de manera simultánea con mecanismos de control y calidad de los datos, una mayor inversión en formación profesional en el uso de los datos dentro y fuera del sector salud, y colaboraciones entre entidades gubernamentales, universidades y organizaciones de la sociedad civil.

—Antiphytum charruasorum, a new endemic species from western Uruguay, is described. This is the only South American species in the genus with white corolla and an infra-medial cicatrix on the ventral face of the eremocarp, both features shared with the North American species ofAntiphytum, in sharp contrast with the blue corolla and the basal cicatrix at the end of a stipe-like prolongation that characterizes all South American species in the genus.Antiphytum charruasorumincreases the diversity of the genus in South America, as well as the endemism and distribution range into Uruguay. Moreover, this new species adds novel features inAntiphytumsuch as the irregularly dichasial inflorescences, the hirsute faucal appendages, the eremocarps with a tissue plug from the gynobase, and the habitat where the species has been reported.

Background In Argentina, there is evidence suggesting the obesity prevalence follows a social gradient. We analyze geographical differentials and trends in obesity burden according to socio-demographic conditions in Argentina (2005-2013). Methods The geographical distribution (n = 24 provinces) of the obesity burden in adult population of Argentina in 2005, 2009, and 2013 was analyzed by using mapping techniques. The National Survey of Chronic Diseases Risk Factors datasets were used to estimate and map the age-standardized prevalence of obesity (ASPO) and group-specific prevalence (% obesity) by province and year. Population groups were defined according to socio-demographic factors: age, sex, income level, education, and poverty level (by unsatisfied basic needs –UBN). Results Most of the provinces had an increasing ASPO between 2005 and 2013. In 2013, 75% of the provinces showed an ASPO above 20% in men, while 50% of the provinces exceed this ASPO value in women. In both sexes, the middle-aged group presented the most unfavorable situation. Overall, all the socio-demographic groups considered showed growing trends in obesity prevalence, although there were geographical disparities. Among the middle-income level population, a marked rising change was observed from 2009 to 2013. The population with incomplete primary education presented higher prevalence for all the years studied compared to the population with university education. Conclusions Since 2005, there was an overall increase in obesity prevalence in Argentina, with persistence of geographical disparities according to socio-demographical conditions. Key messages An overall rising trend in obesity prevalence was observed in Argentina. Geographical disparities by social groups were observed.

We aimed to develop models to explain performance and pacing during a 10-km running trial. Well-trained runners (n = 27, VO2max = 62.3 ± 4.5 mL·kg−1·min−1) divided into High (HPG, T10km = 33.9 ± 1....

Some rural areas of Ecuador, including the Imbabura Province of the Andes Highlands, are experiencing a double burden of malnutrition where micronutrient deficiencies persist at the same time obesity is increasing as many traditional home-grown foods are being replaced with more commercially prepared convenience foods. Thus, the relationships among agricultural food production diversity (FPD), dietary diversity (DD), and household food insecurity (HFI) of the rural small holder farmers need further study. Therefore, we examined these associations in small holder farmers residing in this Province in the Andes Highlands (elevation &gt, 2500 m). Non-pregnant maternal home managers (n = 558, x age = 44.1, SD = 16.5 y) were interviewed regarding the number of different agricultural food crops cultivated and domestic animals raised in their family farm plots. DD was determined using the Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women Score (MDD-W) based on the number of 10 different food groups consumed, and household food insecurity (HFI) was determined using the 8-item Household Food Insecurity Experience Scale. The women reported consuming an average of 53% of their total food from what they cultivated or raised. Women with higher DD [MMD-W score &ge, 5 food groups (79% of total sample)] were on farms that cultivated a greater variety of crops (x = 8.7 vs. 6.7), raised more animals (x = 17.9 vs. 12.7, p &lt, 0.05), and reported lower HFI and significantly higher intakes of energy, protein, iron, zinc, and vitamin A (all p &lt, 0.05). Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that FPD was only modestly related to DD, which together with years of education, per capita family income, and HFI accounted for 26% of DD variance. In rural areas of the Imbabura Province, small holder farmers still rely heavily on consumption of self-cultivated foods, but greater diversity of crops grown in family farm plots is only weakly associated with greater DD and lower HFI among the female caretakers.

This paper aims to present the design and implementation of a prototype that recognizes grooming attacks in the context of COP (child online protection) using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning hybrid model, via Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). The solution uses a vector representation of words as the semantic model and the implementation of the model was made using TensorFlow, evaluating the classification of grooming for a text (dialogue) prepared asynchronously in a controlled environment according to methodologies, techniques, frameworks and multiple proposed techniques with his development described. The model predicts a high number of false positives, therefore low precision and F-score, but a high 88.4% accuracy and 0.81 AUROC (Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic).

Modern food systems generate social inequalities in the access to healthy food, but some families maintain behaviors that provide an alternative to these systems. Agroecological consumers (ACs) and non-agroecological direct market consumers (DMCs) are key actors in alternative food systems. We assessed the characteristics of ACs and DMCs using data from a representative sample of households in Ibarra, Quito and Riobamba (n = 2914). We also deepened the exploration of motivations for adopting these practices through mini-ethnographies with families who were identified as ACs or DMCs (n = 15). We found motivations related to personal health problems, food quality (e.g., taste, freshness), and safety (e.g., avoiding pesticides) to be key. Other motivations were price and community solidarity with farmers. Barriers included inconvenience, lack of awareness, and insecurity of market location. Using Chi-square tests, we found differences between ACs and DMCs on place of residence, education, employment, health, and diet. Controlling for socioeconomic and health variables using logistic regressions, we found DMC dietary habits to be similar to the remainder of the study population, except that they were less likely to eat processed foods less frequently (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.6, 95% confidence interval 0.4&ndash, 0.9). In contrast, ACs were more likely than the remainder of the study population to control their salt intake (3.2, 1.9&ndash, 5.2) and have greater knowledge of nutrition labels (2.8, 1.7&ndash, 4.6). They were more likely to eat traditional foods frequently (1.9, 1.1&ndash, 3.3), fruit and vegetables daily (1.6, 1.0&ndash, 2.8), and processed foods less frequently (2.7, 1.5&ndash, 4.8). Hence, these two types of alternative food provisioning practices (AC and DMC) were adopted by different types of consumers, with heterogenous motivations and food consumption practices. These findings have implications for public health initiatives aiming to scale up the nutrition and ecological potential of alternative food systems.

The objective of this article is to describe the characteristics of addressing the linkage of administrative databases and the uses of such linkages in public health research, and also to discuss the opportunities and challenges for implementation in Ecuador. The linkage of databases makes it possible to integrate a person's data that may be scattered across different subsectors such as health, education, justice, immigration, and social programs. It also facilitates research that can inform more efficient management of social and health programs and policies. The main advantages of using linked databases are: diversity of data, population coverage, stability over time, and lower cost in comparison to primary data collection. Despite the availability of tools to process, link, and analyze large data sets, there has been minimal use of this approach in Latin American countries. Ecuador is well positioned to implement this approach, due to compulsory use of a unique ID in health services delivery, which permits linkages with other national information systems. However, the country faces several cultural, technical, ethical, legal, and political challenges. To take advantage of its potential, Ecuador needs to develop a data governance strategy that includes standards for data access and data use, as well as mechanisms for data control and quality, greater investment in professional training in data use both within and beyond the health sector, and collaborations between government entities, universities, and civil society organizations.Os objetivos deste artigo são descrever as características do método de vinculação de bancos de dados administrativos e sua utilização em pesquisa em saúde pública e examinar o potencial e os desafios para sua implementação no Equador. A vinculação de bancos de dados possibilita integrar dados de uma mesma pessoa dispersos em subsetores diversos como saúde, educação, justiça, imigração e programas sociais e realizar pesquisas para subsidiar a gestão mais eficiente de programas e políticas sociais e de saúde. Entre as principais vantagens de utilizar bancos de dados vinculados estão diversidade dos dados, cobertura populacional, estabilidade temporal e custo menor em comparação à coleta de dados primários. Apesar de existirem ferramentas para processar, vincular e analisar grandes conjuntos de dados, a utilização deste método é mínima nos países da América Latina. O Equador possui um grande potencial para beneficiar-se com este método devido à obrigatoriedade do uso de um identificador único na prestação de serviços de saúde, o que permite a vinculação com outros sistemas de informação nacionais, mas enfrenta uma série de desafios técnicos, éticos-legais, culturais e políticos. Para aproveitá-lo, o país precisa elaborar uma estratégia de governança de dados contendo um conjunto de normas para o acesso e a utilização simultâneos com mecanismos de controle e qualidade dos dados, maior investimento em formação profissional no uso dos dados dentro e fora da área da saúde e colaboração entre entidades governamentais, universidades e organizações da sociedade civil.

Amphiphilic aromatic polymers have been synthesized by grafting aliphatic polyketones with 4-(aminomethyl)benzoic acid at different molar ratios via the Paal-Knorr reaction. The resulting polymers, showing diketone conversion degree of 16%, 37%, 53%, and 69%, have been complexed with the redox-active 2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride, a precursor molecule with which aromatic-aromatic interactions are held. Upon addition of ascorbic acid to the complexes, in situ reduction of the tetrazolium salt produced 1,3,5-triphenylformazan nanoparticles stabilized by the amphiphilic polymers. The stabilized nanoparticles display highly negative zeta potential [-(35-70) mV] and hydrodynamic diameters in the submicron range (100-400 nm). Nonaromatic polyelectrolytes or hydrophilic aromatic copolymers showing low linear aromatic density and high linear charge density such as acrylate/maleate and sulfonate/maleate-containing polymers were unable to stabilize formazan nanoparticles synthesized by the same method. The copolymers studied here bear uncharged nonaromatic comonomers (unreacted diketone units) as well as charged aromatic comonomers, which furnish amphiphilia. Thus, the linear aromatic density and the maximum linear charge density have the same value for each copolymer, and the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance varies with the diketone conversion degree. The amphiphilia of the copolymers allows the stabilization of the nanoparticles, even with the copolymers showing a low linear aromatic density. The method of nanoparticle synthesis constitutes a simple, cheap, and green method for the production of switchable totally organic, redox-active, pH-sensitive nanoparticles that can be reversibly turned into macroprecipitates upon pH changing.

The sustainability of food systems is recognized as important, but to move towards sustainability individuals must play a larger role, becoming responsible food consumers. Based on diverse literatures and observed practices, the multidisciplinary Ekomer research team conceptualized responsible food consumption and designed a Responsible Consumption Index (RCI). The RCI was applied in a sample of randomly selected households in three city regions, or counties of Ecuador (Ibarra, Quito, and Riobamba) and in samples of individuals shopping at agroecological food outlets or fairs (open air markets). We describe the heterogeneous distribution of our RCI’s dimensions, the overall score across different populations and present some preliminary analyses of its positive relationship with daily fruit and vegetable consumption as well as table salt reduction practices. We reflect on the meaning of our findings and their implications for strengthening more sustainable and healthier food regimes in city regions.

Antecedentes: La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) conlleva una alta morbimortalidad; los programas de prevención son eficaces para lograr mejores desenlaces clínicos.Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de inicio de diálisis y mortalidad en un grupo de adultos con ERC avanzada y evaluar qué variables clínicas y demográficas se asocian con estos desenlaces.Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva en el que se evaluaron 511 pacientes con ERC en estadios 3 a 5, admitidos en un programa de prevención entre abril 2010 y mayo 2013. Se calcularon tasas de densidad de incidencia. La asociación entre los factores clínicos y demográficos con los desenlaces se evaluó usando regresión de Cox.Resultados: Los 551 pacientes evaluados contribuyeron con 1.199 años-riesgo; del total de pacientes 301 (54,6%) fueron mujeres; la media de edad fue de 75,8 años; las principales causas de ERC fueron hipertensión 431 (78,2%) y diabetes 101 (18,3%). Al ingreso al estudio, la mediana de tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG) fue 40,9 ml/min/1,73m² y la de índice de masa corporal IMC fue de 22,9 kg/m².La tasa de inicio de diálisis fue 2,1 por 100 pacientes-año; se observó que otras causas de ERC (diferentes a hipertensión) y la diabetes, predicen mayor riesgo de inicio de diálisis, por el contrario, la mayor TFG y la mayor edad, menor riesgo.La tasa de mortalidad fue 2.9 por 100 pacientes-año, los mejores predictores encontrados para este desenlace fueron TFG, IMC y sexo masculino; la elevación de la TFG y del IMC, están asociadas con menor riesgo. Conclusión: La mayor TFG disminuye el riesgo para ambos desenlaces; a diferencia de otros estudios, la edad avanzada parece ser predictor de bajo riesgo de mortalidad y no fue un buen predictor de inicio de diálisis.

Resumen Las alteraciones oculares en el paciente critico no son infrecuentes, muchas de ellas pasan inadvertidas o se consideran parte de los cambios experimentados por los enfermos que son atendidos en unidades de cuidado intensivo. Afortunadamente la mayoria suele corresponder a entidades benignas, transitorias y autolimitadas pero otras pueden reflejar condiciones sistemicas graves con resultados ominosos si el diagnostico y tratamiento se retrasan o son inapropiados. Presentamos el caso de un paciente hospitalizado por un evento cardiopulmonar quien desarrolla de manera aguda alteraciones en la superficie ocular evidenciadas durante la evaluacion clinica asociadas a perdida visual en presencia de una bacteriemia por Pseudomona Aeruginosa y que fue manejado bajo impresion diagnostica de endoftalmitis endogena.

OBJECTIVEDiagnosing nosocomial meningitis (NM) in neurosurgical patients is difficult. The standard CSF test is not optimal and when it is obtained, CSF cultures are negative in as many as 70% of cases. The goal of this study was to develop a diagnostic prediction rule for postoperative meningitis using a combination of clinical, laboratory, and CSF variables, as well as risk factors (RFs) for CNS infection.METHODSA cross-sectional study was performed in 4 intensive care units in Medellín, Colombia. Patients with a history of neurosurgical procedures were selected at the onset of febrile symptoms and/or after an increase in acute-phase reactants. Their CSF was studied for suspicion of infection and a bivariate analysis was performed between the dependent variable (confirmed/probable NM) and the identified independent variables. Those variables with a p value ≤ 0.2 were fitted in a multiple logistic regression analysis with the same dependent variable. After determining the best model according to its discrimination and calibration, the β coefficient for each selected dichotomized variable obtained from the logistic regression model was used to construct the score for the prediction rule.RESULTSAmong 320 patients recruited for the study, 154 had confirmed or probable NM. Using bivariate analysis, 15 variables had statistical associations with the outcome: aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), traumatic brain injury, CSF leak, positioning of external ventricular drains (EVDs), daily CSF draining via EVDs, intraventricular hemorrhage, neurological deterioration, age ≥ 50 years, surgical duration ≥ 220 minutes, blood loss during surgery ≥ 200 ml, C-reactive protein (CRP) ≥ 6 mg/dl, CSF/serum glucose ratio ≤ 0.4 mmol/L, CSF lactate ≥ 4 mmol/L, CSF leukocytes ≥ 250 cells, and CSF polymorphonuclear (PMN) neutrophils ≥ 50%. The multivariate analysis fitted a final model with 6 variables for the prediction rule (aSAH diagnosis: 1 point; CRP ≥ 6 mg/dl: 1 point; CSF/serum glucose ratio ≤ 0.4 mmol/L: 1 point; CSF leak: 1.5 points; CSF PMN neutrophils ≥ 50%: 1.5 points; and CSF lactate ≥ 4 mmol/L: 4 points) with good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit = 0.71) and discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.94).CONCLUSIONSThe prediction rule for diagnosing NM improves the diagnostic accuracy in neurosurgical patients with suspicion of infection. A score ≥ 6 points suggests a high probability of neuroinfection, for which antibiotic treatment should be considered. An independent validation of the rule in a different group of patients is warranted.

ResumenLa ehrlichiosis es una infección no reconocida ni sospechada en nuestro medio, sin embargo, ciertas características epidemiológicas hacen que deba pensarse en esta entidad a la hora de abordar a un paciente con un cuadro clínico compatible. Presentamos el caso de un soldado joven con factores de riesgo claros para zoonosis, con fiebre, erupción petequial, trombocitopenia, hepatitis y disfunción orgánica múltiple a quien se le confirmó infección por Ehrlichia chaffeensis por medio de serología luego de descartar infecciones comunes y otras infecciones por vectores.Existen limitaciones en los registros de este tipo de enfermedades pues no son de notificación obligatoria y un alto número cursan de manera subclínica, lo que hace probable un elevado subregistro. La importancia de tener en mente esta condición radica en que el retraso del tratamiento se asocia a mayor incidencia de complicaciones, incluyendo desenlaces fatales.AbstractHuman ehrlichiosis is an infection that is neither suspected or recognized in our country. Certain epidemiologic clues should arouse suspicion for this entity when the symptoms are suggestive. We present a case of a young soldier with clear risk factors for zoonotic infection, with fever, a petechial rash, thrombocytopenia, hepatitis and multiple organ failure, for whom a diagnosis of Ehrlichia chaffeensis was confirmed by serology after ruling out common infections and other infections caused by vectors.There are important limitations in documenting these cases, because there is no mandatory public reporting and a significant proportion of these cases are asymptomatic, leading to underdocumentation. It is however, of critical importance to raise awareness about this entity since delays in treatment portend a higher incidence of complications, including death.

Calibration is an important process in traffic microsimulation modelling since it enables to represent reality more accurately. In this research we present a general methodology for the calibration process and develop a calibration software for Transmodeler traffic microsimulation. This software follows this methodology and has specific methods for its main steps. We propose an experiment design model to select parameters. In addition we used two genetic algorithms to search the optimal values for the parameters. Besides, this software presents an innovative module to explore and visualize the output of the calibration process. In this paper we present the general design of the software which we tested, alongside our methodology, in a case of study in the city of Pereira, Colombia. The results show that it can find optimal values for the parameters and give the user a global view of the process. It indicates that this software has the capability to calibrate traffic microsimulation models.

OBJECTIVES The nutrition and physical activity transitions, characterized by increased consumption of high energy density foods and more sedentary lifestyles, are associated with increased obesity and hypertension in Ecuador. These transitions have been characterized primarily in urban areas, which may neglect variation in specific rural areas of Ecuador. Therefore we examined the extent of the differences in dietary and activity patterns, obesity prevalence, and blood pressure (BP) in urban and rural-dwelling women in the Ecuadorian central highlands. METHODS Urban-dwelling women (UW, n = 198, mean age = 44 years) from three areas of a city of 250,000 residents and rural women (RW; n = 202, mean age = 47 years) from three remote communities in the same province (Chimborazo) were randomly selected and surveyed for dietary and activity practices, BP, and anthropometrics. RESULTS Ninety percent of UW reported obtaining their food primarily from markets while 65% of RW women obtained their food primarily from their own cultivation. Cookies, cakes, candies, ice cream, and French fries were consumed more frequently by UW. RW reported lower consumption of beef, poultry, and chicken, as well as fruits, milk, and white rice. UW compared to RW women spent less time walking and in strenuous work activities. Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2 ) (UW = 18.7% vs RW = 9.2%) and hypertension (UW = 15.7%, RW= 3.0%) were more common in UW. Average systolic and diastolic BP was significantly higher in UW. CONCLUSIONS The nutrition and physical activity transitions appear more evident in urban- compared to rural-dwelling women, and are associated with more obesity and higher BP.

Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación sobre la pérdida gradual del interés hacia las matemáticas de 163 estudiantes del Colegio Filipense “Nuestra Señora de la Esperanza” de la ciudad de San Juan de Pasto (Nariño). Los datos se recolectaronpor medio de un cuestionario tipo Likert y entrevistassemiestructuradas. Finalmente, se concluyó que la pérdida del interés hacia esta disciplina se debe a varios motivos: la desaparición paulatina del juego y de actividades didácticas que en la educación básica tenían una mayor presencia, la falta de actividades de motivación por parte del profesor y la poca relación que los estudiantes de la educación media ven a los temas tratados en clase de matemáticas con la vida diaria.

Background Among small Andean potato farmers, greater pesticide use and better linkage to markets are promoted as ways to improve farm outputs and incomes. The health of household members is assumed to improve with higher incomes, although evidence to support such an assumption remains scarce. Objective Using a multidisciplinary approach, we sought to characterize agricultural systems producing potatoes and to assess relationships between these characteristics and farm household health indicators. Methods We included seven communities linked to a regional agricultural potato production platform (socio-organizational “space” for potato commercialization) in Chimborazo, Ecuador. The unit of analysis was the community, each of which was classified according to its level of intensity of potato production as more intensive, intermediate, or less intensive. Data on crop management, household food intake, child anthropometry, and impacts of pesticide use on adult health were collected by survey. Results The net income from potato production was similar in communities with more intensive and intermediate production systems and lower in those with less intensive systems. However, deficits in protein intake were more common among children in communities with more intensive systems (63%) than among those in communities with intermediate (53%) and less intensive (37%) systems. Deficits in thiamin and riboflavin intake were more prevalent in communities with more and less intensive systems than in those with intermediate systems. In contrast, the prevalence of moderate chronic malnutrition, as measured by height-for-age, was greater among children in communities with less intensive systems (27%) than among those in communities with intermediate (5%) and more intensive (7%) systems. Across all intensities, frequent use of highly hazardous pesticides was associated with adverse health effects. Conclusions Agricultural development programs need to work more cross-sectorally to realize the potential health benefits associated with intensification of production.

Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de sedentarismo en los estudiantes del programa de fisioterapia durante el II periodo de 2014 de la Fundación Universitaria María Cano, extensión Popayán.Materiales y Métodos: Investigación descriptiva de corte transversal, con enfoque cuantitativo; la muestra estuvo constituida por 230 estudiantes universitarios de pregrado del programa de fisioterapia de la Fundación Universitaria María Cano, extensión Popayán; para la recolección de la información se utilizaron dos instrumentos, el primero diseñado para recolectar información acerca de variables sociodemográficas, antropométricas y de estilos de vida; el segundo es el Test de sedentarismo modificado de Pérez-Rojas-García que permite identificar el nivel de sedentarismo.Resultados: El 97% del total de la población evaluada se clasificó como sedentarias y solo el 3% como activas; con respecto al IMC se evidenció que las personas con un IMC normal o por debajo de este se encontraron dentro de la clasificación de sedentarias.Conclusiones: Según el Test de sedentarismo modificado de Pérez-Rojas-García los estudiantes de dicha institución presentan alto nivel de sedentarismo, conllevando a tener una gran probabilidad a que esta población tienda a sufrir a largo plazo enfermedades o condiciones patológicas, las cuales generan altos índices de morbimortalidad; por tal motivo, es una prioridad y necesidad crear conciencia sobre las implicaciones que conlleva en un futuro el sedentarismo y aún más acompañado de estilos de vida no saludables. Objective: To determine the level of sedentary nature of the physiotherapy program students during the second period 2014 at the María Cano University Foundation, Popayán.Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive study with quantitative approach; the sample consisted of 230 undergraduate students of the physical therapy program at the María Cano University Foundation, Popayán; two instruments were used for collecting information: the first designed to collect information about sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle variables; the second is the Rojas García Pérez modified sedentary Test which identifies the level of sedentary nature.Results: 97% of the total population evaluated was classified as sedentary and only 3% as active; with respect to BMI it was evident that people with a normal BMI or below this were within the classification of sedentary.Conclusions: According to the Rojas García Pérez modified Sedentary Test students of that institution have high level of inactivity leading to having a high probability to suffer long-term diseases or pathological conditions which generate high rates of morbidity and mortality; for that reason it is a priority and a need to raise awareness of the implications the sedentary nature has in the future even more when it is accompanied by unhealthy life styles.

Objective: To estimate the reference values of the questionnaire SF-12 version 2, its validation and subsequent analysis by principal components and to estimate the correlation to the dimensions of quality of life related to health for the adult non-institutionalized population in Barranquilla, Colombia. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Surveys were applied to 1,480 non institutionalized adults aged 20 years and older. The references of central tendency, dispersion and analysis of internal consistency were calculated using Cronbach’s alpha and correlation interclass using principal component analysis. Results: The highest average scores were presented in the domains of pain, 91.8 (± 19.6). Social functioning was second with 90.6 (± 22.2). The lowest scores were mental health with 49.6 (± 12.0) and general health with 59.4 (± 23.5). Males reflected higher scores than women in the dimensions of social function, physical functioning, and physical role. However, mental health in women showed greater punctuation. Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.73, while for the physical role and emotional role it was 0.85. Mental health was the lowest at 0.59. The inter-scale correlation coefficients resulted in ranges from intermediate to low (r=0.74 to -0.14; p=0.00). In the analysis of components, the first component corresponds to the dimensions of pain related to general health, physical functioning, physical role, emotional role and vitality. The second component corresponds to mental health and social functioning. Conclusion: Useful results to adjust health programs focused on gender and assess the extent of health intervention results. The values can be used as normative references for the Caribbean region of Barranquilla, Colombia.

Introducción: La falla cardiaca, es un síndrome clínico habitualmente progresivo que con frecuencia comienza como disfunción sistólica ventricular izquierda y culmina con manifestaciones clínicas diversas de fallo de bomba y bajo gasto cardiaco hasta la muerte. Objetivo: Caracterizar los factores de riesgo que están asociados al desarrollo de disfunción sistólica ventricular izquierda y falla cardiaca secundaria como parte del espectro del síndrome de falla cardiaca en la población de Barranquilla-Colombia. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con fuente secundaria de un estudio de salud global en la ciudad de Barranquilla-Colombia, en el que se hizo análisis univariado y bivariado para describir factores de riesgo asociados a la disfunción sistólica ventricular izquierda. Resultados: Se obtuvieron las prevalencias de cuatro factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de disfunción sistólica ventricular izquierda: hipertensión arterial 29.7%, obesidad 26.5%, hiperglucemia 4.6%, hipercolesterolemia 8.2% en pacientes mayores de 40 años los cuales tienen mayor riesgo. Discusión: Este estudio buscó llamar la atención sobre la disfunción sistólica ventricular izquierda, como una condición de descripción relativamente reciente y de potencial impacto en la salud de las poblaciones y los recursos de los sistemas de salud. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de los factores de riesgo para este estado pre-clínico podría llegar a ser alta y estos pacientes ameritarían, según recomendación de cierta evidencia, tamización para disfunción sistólica ventricular izquierda, así como estudios adicionales son requeridos.Cómo citar este artículo: Giraldo YM, Muñoz F, Navarro E, Segura ÁM. Factores de riesgo para disfunción sistólica ventricular izquierda en adultos de un programa de salud global. Rev Cuid. 2017; 8(1): 1519-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.v8i1.371

Introducción. La implementación de modelos de gestión de enfermedad (MGE) ha demostrado mejores desenlaces en salud.Objetivo. Describir la tasa de hospitalización y mortalidad en una cohorte de pacientes con tratamiento de diálisis en la que se implementó un MGE.Materiales y métodos. Estudio de cohorte prospectivo en el que se incluyeron pacientes prevalentes en diálisis, mayores de 18 años, pertenecientes a la entidad promotora de salud del régimen contributivo Nueva EPS y con al menos tres meses de intervención con MGE en la red Renal Therapy Services (RTS) entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2014. Para el análisis se usaron modelos multivariables de supervivencia y estadística descriptiva.Resultados. Se evaluaron 2 525 pacientes; la mediana de edad fue 64.5 años (RIC=19), el 56.9% (n=1 437) estaban en hemodiálisis, el 59.5% (n=1 503) fueron hombres y se encontró una tasa de hospitalización de 1.15 eventos por paciente/año (IC95%: 1.10- 1.19) con 9.6 días hospitalarios paciente/año. La tasa de mortalidad fue de 146 muertes por 1 000 pacientes/año (IC95%: 130.3-163.6).Conclusión. A pesar de la alta comorbilidad observada en esta población en diálisis intervenida con un MGE, se encontraron desenlaces clínicos favorables. Introduction: The implementation of disease management models (DMM) has shown better health outcomes.Objective: To describe hospitalization and mortality rates in a cohort of patients on dialysis in which a DMM was implemented.Materials and methods: Prospective cohort study in which prevalent dialysis patients, older than 18 years of age, belonging to the health promoter of the contributory scheme (Nueva EPS), and with at least three months of intervention with DMM, were included in the Renal Therapy Services Network (RTS) between January 1 and December 31, 2014.To conduct the multivariate analysis, survival models and descriptive statistics were used.Results: 2 525 patients were evaluated; median age was 64.5 years (IR=19); 56.9% (n=1 437) were on hemodialysis; 59.5% (n=1,503) were male, and a hospitalization rate of 1.15 events per patient/year was found (95% CI: 1.10-1.19) with 9.6 hospital patient days/year. The mortality rate was 146 deaths per 1 000 patients/year (95% CI: 130.3-163.6).Conclusion: Despite the high comorbidity observed in the population undergoing dialysis managed with DMM, favorable clinical outcomes were found.