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Este artigo busca compreender como a situação da produção e abastecimento alimentar no Espírito Santo é considerada no Plano Plurianual (PPA) 2012-2015. O nível de produção das principais culturas demonstrou queda substancial na produção de alimentos básicos e na especialização em alguns produtos exportáveis. Tal processo tem impacto no preço dos alimentos evidenciado pelo valor da cesta básica em Vitória, podendo afetar o nível de segurança alimentar dos domicílios capixabas. Por fim, considerando o PPA 2012-2015 vimos que todas essas questões não são objeto de preocupação ou de estratégias em programas de governo. The present article tries to understand how the situation of food production and supply in Espírito Santo is dealt by the Pluriannual plan (PPA) 2012-2015. The level of the main food cultures production has fallen substantially as well as the specialized production of some exportable goods. It was noticed that this process has an impact on the prices of food evidenced by the food basket price in Vitória. This process can affect the level of food safety for the locals. Finally, considering the PPA 2012-2015, it was detected that these issues aren’t object of concern or strategies in governmental programs. Este artículo busca comprender cómo la situación de la producción y abastecimiento alimentario en Espírito Santo y se considera en el Plan Plurianual (PPA) 2012-2015. El nivel de producción de las principales culturas demostró una caída substancial en la producción de alimentos básicos y en la especialización en algunos productos exportables. Este proceso tiene impacto en el precio de los alimentos evidenciado por el valor de la canasta básica en Vitória, lo que puede afectar el nivel de seguridad alimentaria de los domicilios capixabas. Por último, considerando el PPA 2012- 2015, hemos visto que todas estas cuestiones no son objeto de preocupación o de estrategias en programas de gobierno.

В статье рассматривается динамика российско-монгольской торговли за последнее десятилетие: несмотря на значительные колебания показатели товарооборота на сегодняшний день достигли исторического минимума. На основе данных таможенной статистики проанализирована включенность российских регионов в торговлю с Монголией, проведена их группировка по разнообразию экспортируемых товаров. Отмечены структурные изменения в российском экспорте товаров, где наиболее выраженной стала тенденция наращивания поставок продовольствия на монгольский рынок., The article examines the changes in Russian-Mongolian trade over the past decade: despite some significant swings, the trade turnover indicators have now reached a historical minimum. On the basis of customs statistics data, the involvement of Russian regions in trade with Mongolia is analyzed, and they are grouped according to the variety of exported goods. Structural changes in Russia’s exports of goods are noted, and the most significant trend of increasing food supplies to Mongolia is underlined.

Aims: Climate change may weaken the human immune system. Nutrient deficiency also reduces the ability to fight infections, which is a major cause of immune system deficiencies. Climate change influences food security and, in turn, enhances the prevalence of malnutrition globally. The purpose of the present study was to accumulate evidence indicating the role of climate changes, food insecurity, and weakened immune systems in the COVID-19 pandemic. Information & Methods: This review study was conducted using the keywords Covid-19, pandemics, epidemics, climate change, micronutrients, the immune system, and a search for domestic and international databases. Findings: Significant associations were found between the unpredictable occurrence of new zoonotic pathogens and reduced immunity, micronutrient malnutrition, and global climate crisis. Conclusion: Lack of integrative health care strategies may play a major role in viral epidemics. The evidence indicates that climate change and food shortage can debilitate the immune system and increase the risk of new epidemics.

Food production is affected by climate change, and, in turn, food production is responsible for 20–30% of greenhouse gases. The food system must increase output as the population increases and must meet nutrition and health needs while simultaneously assisting in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Good nutrition is important for combatting infection, reducing child mortality, and controlling obesity and chronic disease throughout the life course. Dietary guidelines provide advice for a healthy diet, and the main principles are now well established and compatible with sustainable development. Climate change will have a significant effect on food supply; however, with political commitment and substantial investment, projected improvements will be sufficient to provide food for the healthy diets needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Some changes will need to be made to food production, nutrient content will need monitoring, and more equitable distribution is required to meet the dietary guidelines. Increased breastfeeding rates will improve infant and adult health while helping to reduce greenhouse gases. This research is funded in part by a grant from the Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED)

В связи с реформированием законодательства о сельском хозяйстве и продовольственном обеспечении, а также включением вопросов сельского хозяйства в качестве сферы совместного ведения Российской Федерации и ее субъектов в Конституцию РФ по итогам общенародного голосования 1 июля 2020 г. подробного теоретического рассмотрения требует вопрос об основных целях и задачах агропродовольственной политики современного Российского государства, правового закрепления основных экономических мер в сфере сельского хозяйства и продовольствия. Критерии продовольственной безопасности, обозначаемой как «устойчивое состояние социального и экономического развития страны», представляют собой целевые показатели не только для отечественного аграрного сектора, но и для органов и должностных лиц публичной власти как гаранта прав граждан на достойные условия жизни. В статье рассматривается содержание понятий «продовольственная независимость», «продовольственная обеспеченность» как основных критериев физической доступности продуктов питания. В контексте теории так называемого «продовольственного суверенитета» высказываются предложения о надлежащей реализации признака «верховенства» государственной власти в агропромышленном комплексе и связанных с ним отраслях национальной экономики, распределении полномочий между федеральным центром и органами власти субъектов Российской Федерации в области продовольственного обеспечения и сельского хозяйства., In connection with the reform of the legislation on agriculture and food supply, as well as the inclusion of agricultural issues as a sphere of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities in the Constitution based on the results of the popular vote on July 1, 2020, the question of the main goals requires detailed theoretical consideration. and the tasks of the agri-food policy of the modern Russian state. Criteria for food security, referred to as «a stable state of social and economic development of the country», are targets not only for the domestic agricultural sector, but also for public authorities and officials as a guarantor of citizens' rights to decent living conditions. The article examines the content of the concepts «food independence», «food security» as the main criteria for the physical availability of food. In the context of the theory of the so-called. «food sovereignty» proposals are made on the proper implementation of the sign of «supremacy» of state power in the agro-industrial complex and related sectors of the national economy, the distribution of powers between the federal center and the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of food supply and agriculture.

Awareness of the requested quantity and characteristics of emergency supplies is crucial for facilitating an efficient relief operation. With the aim of focusing on the quantitative study of immediate food supplies, this article estimates the numerical autoregressive integrative moving average (ARIMA) model based on the actual data of 14 key commodities in the Sendai City of Japan during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. Although the temporal patterns of key food commodity groups are qualitatively similar, the results show that they follow different ARIMA processes, with different autoregressive moving averages and difference order patterns. A key finding is that 3 of the 14 items are significantly related to the number of temporary residents in shelters, revealing that the relatively low number of different items makes it easier to deploy these key supplies or develop regional purchase agreements so as to promptly obtain them from distributors.

By Order of the Government of the Russian Federation № 1215-r dated July 3, 2014, the Concept for the Development of Domestic Food Aid in the Russian Federation was approved [1]. For the purposes of this Concept, domestic food aid is understood to mean a system of state aid to the population of the Russian Federation in the form of direct food supplies to interested parties or the provision of funds for their purchase of food in order to improve nutrition and achieve its balance, taking into account rational norms of food consumption. In accordance with the Federal Law of July 17, 1999 № 178-FZ "On State Social Assistance" [2], targeted state social assistance, including in the form of cash payments and in the form of food, is provided to low-income families, low- income citizens living alone, other categories of citizens in accordance with the normative legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and state regional programs at the expense of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The amount of such assistance, conditions and procedure for its provision are also determined by the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Food is delivered directly to beneficiaries or distributed to citizens through a network of social stores. Also, citizens in need, especially pensioners, disabled people, are provided with free or preferential meals in social canteens at social service institutions and at special homes for lonely elderly people. Distribution received the provision of free food packages by certain categories of citizens, including senior citizens, large families, parents with disabled children, as well as guardians, trustees, foster parents and foster carers. In some regions, various forms of monetary compensation have been introduced to citizens who find themselves in difficult life situations for the purchase of food and hot meals, including using electronic means. The implementation of the Concept will be carried out by the executive authorities within the framework of the established powers through the implementation of an action plan for the development of the system of domestic food aid in the Russian Federation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the possibilities of organizing domestic food aid in the Russian Federation.

Within the past decades, we observe the growth of the meat production both in developed and developing countries. World meat production in 2010-2018 increased by 16% from 286 million tons to 331 million tons, according to the data of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). During this period, the poultry meat production has demonstrated the most intensive increase – by 24% (pig meat production – by 12%, beef and veal production – by 9%, sheepmeat production – by 13%). Consumption of poultry meat increases regardless of region or their income level. But per capita consumption growth rates will remain higher in developing countries. In many countries, the poultry industry is the only livestock sector that has managed to be successfully adapted to the market economy conditions. The governments of many developed countries strongly supported the industry during this period. The growth of the poultry meat production was ensured not only by the increase in poultry population, but also by the transfer of the industry to an intensive industrial basis. Success of the poultry industry is a fundamentally new and to some extent an unexpected trend in the world agriculture. It can be called a «poultry-farming revolution». The aim of this article is to evaluate the influence of the poultry industry on world food supply. Structural changes in global meat market are analyzed based on recent FAO statistical databases with special attention to geographic concentration or relocation of production and trade across major geographical zones. The findings indicate some possible shifts in export and import structure of meat in near future.

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la disponibilidad de los alimentos y bebidas que pueden incluirse en la merienda escolar según la Ley 19.140, en supermercados de Montevideo, en 2015. Se seleccionaron, por conveniencia, cadenas de supermercados cuyas sucursales estuviesen distribuidas en la ciudad, de manera de abarcar gran parte de la superficie y alcanzar sectores de la población de diverso nivel socioeconómico. Es un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. La población de estudio fue el total de los alimentos ofertados, correspondientes al Grupo 1 y 3 de la ley, que deben cumplir con los criterios nutricionales exigidos para incluirse en la merienda escolar. Las fuentes de información fueron las listas de los alimentos ofertados provistas por los supermercados o sus sitios web oficiales, fichas técnicas de Nutriguía, y rotulados nutricionales de productos de las góndolas. Se evaluaron 803 productos alimenticios. En el 80% de los casos no se pudo evaluar la totalidad de los criterios nutricionales exigidos por la ley, debido a que la declaración obligatoria del rotulado nutricional no incluye azúcares refinados, criterio que sí se tiene en cuenta para categorizar las meriendas como adecuadas para los centros educativos. De éstos, el 59% fueron No Adecuados para la merienda escolar. En el 20% restante, se evaluaron los seis criterios nutricionales de la ley; y de ellos, el 77% de los productos fueron No Adecuados para la merienda escolar. Existe por lo tanto, una elevada proporción de productos No Adecuados para este destino. El aporte calórico, las grasas totales y las saturadas fueron los criterios nutricionales excedidos en la mayoría de los productos evaluados. Hay un largo camino por recorrer por parte de la industria para superar estas limitantes y contar con una oferta de productos acordes a la ley. Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a disponibilidade dos alimentos e das bebidas que podem ser incluídos no lanche escolar segundo a Lei 19.140, em supermercados de Montevidéu, em 2015. Foram selecionadas, por conveniência, cadeias de supermercados cujas sucursais estivessem distribuídas na cidade, de forma de abranger grande parte da superfície e atingir setores da população de diferentes níveis sócio-econômicos. Estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal. A população de estudo foi o total dos alimentos oferecidos, correspondentes ao Grupo 1 e 3 da lei, que devem cumprir com os critérios nutricionais exigidos para ser incluídos no lanche escolar. As fontes de informação foram as listagens dos alimentos oferecidos, fornecidas pelos supermercados ou seus sítios web oficiais, fichas técnicas da Nutriguia, bem como rotulagens nutricionais dos produtos nas prateleiras. Foram avaliados 803 produtos alimentares. Em 80% dos casos, não foi possível avaliar a totalidade dos critérios nutricionais exigidos pela lei, devido a que a declaração obrigatória da rotulagem nutricional não inclui açúcares refinados, critério que sim é levado em consideração para categorizar os lanches como adequados para os centros educacionais. Destes, 59% foram Não adequados para o lanche escolar. No 20% restante, foram avaliados os seis critérios nutricionais da lei; e deles, 77% dos produtos foram Não adequados para o lanche escolar. Existe, por conseguinte, uma elevada proporção de produtos Não adequados para o lanche escolar. O valor calórico, as gorduras totais e as gorduras saturadas foram os critérios nutricionais excedidos na maioria dos produtos avaliados. Existe um longo caminho para percorrer por parte da indústria, para superar estas limitações e contar com uma oferta de produtos nos supermercados que estejam de acordo com a lei. Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the availability of foods and drinks that can be included in school snacks in compliance with Law 19,140 in Montevideo supermarkets, in 2015. Supermarket chains whose branches were scattered in the city were selected for convenience, so as to cover a large part of the area and to reach different socioeconomic sectors of the population. This is an observational, descriptive and transversal study. The studied population was the total of available foods corresponding to Groups 1 and 3 of such law which have to comply with the nutritional criteria required to be included in school snacks. The information sources were the lists of foods provided by supermarket or their official websites, Nutriguía technical specifications and nutrition facts labels of products found in supermarket aisles. 803 food products were evaluated. In 80% of them it was not possible to evaluate all the nutritional criteria required by law, since the mandatory declaration of nutritional labeling does not include refined sugars, a criterion that is taken into account in order to categorize the snacks as appropriate for educational centers. Of these, 59% were Not Suitable for school meals. In the remaining 20%, the six nutritional criteria of the law were evaluated; and of these, 77% of the products were Not Suitable for school meals. Therefore, a high number of products are Not Suitable for this purpose. Caloric intake, total and saturated fats were the nutritional criteria exceeded in most of the evaluated products. There is a long way to go on the part of the industry to overcome these limitations and offer products in supermarkets that comply with the law.

This study reviews policy developments in recent years and, in the light of that, explores ways in which further consensus might be reached among WTO members to reduce farm trade distortions - and thereby also progress the multilateral trade reform agenda. Particular attention is given to ways that would boost well-being in developing countries, especially for those food-insecure households still suffering from poverty and hunger.

Improving the productivity of smallholder farms in Sub-Saharan Africa offers the best chance to reduce poverty among this generation of rural poor, by building on the limited resources farming households already possess. It is also the best and shortest path to meet rising food needs. Using examples from farmers' maize and rice fields, and comparisons with Asia, this paper examines why the set of technologies promoted to date have produced localized successes rather than transformational change. The paper explains the limitations of alternative policies that are not centered on small farms. It provides indicative examples of how resource-management technologies can supplement seed-fertilizer technologies to speed an African Green Revolution.

The report Africa Can Help Feed Africa (World Bank 2012) showed that increasing food staples1 supply can be met by better connecting African markets to each other. That report called for a stronger focus on removing trade barriers and building on the forces of regional integration. This report builds on the lessons of Africa Can Help Feed Africa by looking into the specific circum¬stances met in West Africa, home to one-third of the continent’s population and to some of its most vulnerable countries. Staple foods are the main source of calories in Africa and in West Africa. In that region, rice, followed by maize and cassava, provides the main source of calories in coastal countries, with millet and sorghum being an important source of food in Sahelian countries (Haggblade et al. 2012). The challenge of food supply is particularly acute in West Africa with some of the world’s fastest growing populations, including urban populations. West Africa’s 2011 population of 342 million is expected to increase to 516 million by 2030 and to 815 million by 2050 (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division 2013); in this time frame, the region’s urban population will grow from 44 percent to 63 percent of the total population (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division 2014). As this report will show, strong reasons exist to bring a more strategic focus on promoting regional trade. The first compelling reason is that there is already a sizeable amount of trade in the region, revealing existing important complementarities between countries in the ECOWAS space. Because a large share of this trade is informal, this reality is not always well taken into account. A second reason is that developing these complementarities by facilitating trade and creating the regional soft and hard infra¬structure to incite cross-border flows would further enable (a) the exploitation of comparative advan¬tages and economies of scale in the region; (b) access to and diffusion of better production technologies; (c) competitive access to inputs, research, and extension services; and (d) improved security in the face of shocks that lead to food crises. Finally, a third reason is that existing national policies that affect trade are, by and large, inefficient and incoherent at the regional level; therefore a better use of policy making and institutions is needed to achieve food policy objectives.

This report provides an analysis of food security in Moldova. It attempts to outline the specific characteristics of food insecurity found in Moldova and to identify its underlying causes. This report provides a basis on which sound public policy can be built. The understanding of food security as a concept has evolved in Moldova over time, but policy has remained focused on food availability as the primary attribute of food security. The report looks at how many people are food insecure in Moldova, where these people live, who they are, and why they face food security challenges. The report adopts the international food security concept and analytical framework based on the four key dimensions: (i) the availability of food; (ii) access to food; (iii) utilization of food; and (iv) the stability of these three dimensions over time. The report is divided into following parts. The part one outlines the methodology used and provides a brief overview of Moldovas agriculture sector. In part two the report focuses on overall food security outcomes by assessing how many people are food insecure in Moldova, where do they live, who they are, and when is food security most affecting them. Part three provides a comprehensive analysis of the four dimensions of food security (availability, access, utilization, and stability) and identifies bottlenecks. Part four introduces the institutional actors and the policy framework. The report concludes with policy recommendations.

This paper builds on the global experience and Mali s context to identify an effective nutrition approach as well as costs and benefits of key nutrition programs, as part of a resilience agenda after the crisis. It is intended to help guide the selection of the most cost-effective interventions as well as strategies for scaling these up. The paper looks at both relevant nutrition-specific interventions, largely delivered through the health sector, and at multisectoral nutrition-sensitive interventions delivered through other sectors such as agriculture, social protection, and water and sanitation that have the potential to strengthen nutritional outcomes in Mali. We first estimate that the costs and benefits of implementing 10 nutrition-specific interventions in all regions of Mali would require a yearly public investment of $64 million. The expected benefits are large: annually about 480,000 Disability-adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and more than 14,000 lives would be saved and over 260,000 cases of stunting among children under five would be averted. However, because it is unlikely that the Government of Mali or its partners will find the $64 million necessary to reach full national coverage, we also consider three potential scale-up scenarios based on considerations of their potential for impact, the burden of stunting, resource requirements, and implementation capacity. Using cost-benefit analyses, we propose scale-up scenarios that represent a compromise between the need to move to full coverage and the constraints imposed by limited resources. We identify and cost six nutrition-sensitive interventions that are relevant to Mali s context and for which there are both evidence of positive impact on nutrition outcomes and some cost information. These findings point to a powerful set of nutrition-specific interventions and a candidate list of nutrition-sensitive approaches that represent a highly cost-effective approach to reducing child malnutrition in Mali.