Search

This study investigated the effect of supplementation of Malva sylvestris leaf powder (MSLP) on the production performance of broiler chicken. Ven Cobb broiler chicks (240 day-old male chicks) were distributed randomly into four treatments, each replicated four times, with 15 birds per replicate. The diets formulated were T1 (control) given basal diet only, T2 (basal diet +1.0% MSLP), T3 (basal diet +1.5% MSLP), and T4 (basal diet +2.0% MSLP). The highest improvement of 3.83% in the average daily gain (ADG) was recorded in the T3 group fed 1.5% Malva powder in the diet compared to the control (P = 0.009). The average daily feed intake (ADFI) tended to decrease with an increase in the dose of MSLP in the diet, with the lowest feed intake in the T4 group fed 2% MSLP. During the overall period (7–42 days), the feed/gain (F/G) ratio reduced significantly (P = 0.048) in the T3 and T4 groups compared to the control. The dressed and breast meat yield was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the T3 group, with no significant change (P > 0.05) in the thigh yield. The changes in the pH and water-holding capacity (WHC) of breast meat were found to be non-significant (p > 0.05) between the control and various other treatments. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the T3 and T4 groups. There was no negative effect of including MSLP in the diet on the color coordinates of breast meat among different treatments. Compared to the control, the serum immunoglobulin values increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the T3 and T4 groups. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed no difference between various treatments; however, malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) according to dietary treatments. Serum cortisol increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the T4 group compared to other treatments. The inclusion of Malva powder in the diet at the 2% level significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the coliform count compared to the control birds. Supplementation with Malva powder resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the villus height-to-crypt depth (VH:CD) ratio of broiler birds in the T3 and T4 groups. In conclusion, MSLP supplementation at 1.5% and 2% resulted in improved production performance of broiler chicken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The use of fermented agricultural by-products as novel feed additives to improve animal health and livestock production has attracted attention due to their enhanced nutritional values after fermentation. Blueberry pomace, rich in bioactive substances, has health benefits. This study investigated the effects of fermented blueberry pomace on intestinal health in late-phase laying hens. The findings indicated that dietary fermented blueberry pomace supplementation could improve small intestinal barrier function and modulate cecal microbiota in laying hens during the late laying period and thus could be a potential feed additive in poultry production. This study aimed to investigate the effects of fermented blueberry pomace (FBP) on the intestinal barrier function and cecal microbiome of aged laying hens. A total of 320 Yukou Jingfen No. 8 laying hens (345-day-old) were randomly divided into a control group, 0.25% FBP group, 0.5% FBP group, or 1.0% FBP group. The results showed that the villus height (VH) in the jejunum of the 0.25–0.5% FBP groups and villus surface area in the jejunum of the 0.25% FBP group were higher (p < 0.05), while 0.25% FBP supplementation displayed a higher (p = 0.070) VH in the ileum compared to the control group. Mucin-2 expression was upregulated (p < 0.05) in the jejunum of the 0.5% FBP group and the ileum of the 0.25–0.5% FBP groups. Compared to the control group, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 expressions were upregulated (p < 0.05) in the 1.0% FBP group. Microbiota analysis revealed that Prevotella abundance in the cecum of the 0.5–1.0% FBP groups was higher (p < 0.05) than in the 0.25% FBP group. In addition, microbial function prediction analysis showed that cecal microbiota in the 0.25% FBP group were mainly enriched by alanine/aspartate/glutamate metabolism and methane metabolism. Moreover, Spearman's correlation analysis revealed the potential correlations between the abundance of the cecal microbiota and intestinal-barrier-function-related gene expressions, as well as the short-chain fatty acid content, of laying hens. In summary, dietary FBP supplementation enhanced intestinal barrier function by improving intestinal morphology, upregulating gene expressions related to barrier function, and altering the cecal microbiota of aged laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of nanoscale synthetic zeolite powder (NZeP) levels in diet on water quality, growth performance, muscle proximate composition, and some blood biochemical indices of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings were evaluated in a 60‐day experiment. One hundred eighty fish with an average weight of 5.91 ± 0.45 g were distributed in three different groups of control (basal diet without NZeP), NZP0.5% (basal diet + 0.5% NZeP), and NZeP1% (basal diet + 1% NZeP) with triplicate. The zeolite particles were characterized via field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with X‐ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (FE‐SEM/EDS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The results revealed that the total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration in the NZeP dietary groups decreased compared to the control group after the 20th day of the experiment (p < 0.05). The TAN concentration in the NZeP1% group was lower than in the NZeP0.5% group on days 50 and 60 (p < 0.05). The final weight, weight gain, and average daily gain parameters were lower in the fish fed on NZeP1%‐supplemented diet than in other dietary groups (p < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio value decreased in the NZeP dietary groups compared to the control (p < 0.05). The lowest FCR value was recorded in the NZeP1% dietary group (p < 0.05). The muscle crude protein content increased in the fish fed on diet supplemented with NZeP1% in comparison to the control (p < 0.05). The aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentration decreased in the plasma of fish fed on NZeP‐supplemented diets compared to the control (p < 0.05). The plasma glucose concentration was lower in the NZeP1% dietary group than the control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the adding nanozeolite powder at a level of 1% to diet had positive effects on water quality, the growth performance, and muscle proximate composition of Nile tilapia fingerlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to optimize the extraction process of polysaccharides from Shang Platycodon and to analyze its hygroscopic, moisturizing and antioxidant properties. Orthogonal experiments were used to optimize the extraction process of polysaccharides from Shang Platycodon by ultrasonic-assisted water extraction and alcohol precipitation. The polysaccharides extracted under the optimal extraction process were refined and used for the determination and analysis of hygroscopic moisturizing and antioxidant properties. The results showed that the extraction rate of polysaccharides was 9.75% when the liquid-material ratio was 20 mL/g, the ultrasonic extraction temperature was 50 ℃, and the ultrasonic extraction time was 20 min, which was the best extraction process for polysaccharides from Shang Platycodon. In the case of RH 60% and RH 81%, the order of moisture absorption rate was glycerol > sodium alginate > glycerol polysaccharides; and in dry envi⁃ronment, the moisture retention rate was sodium alginate > polysaccharides of bellflower > glycerol. Polysaccharides from Shang Platycodon can scavenge hydroxyl radicals and DPPH free radicals, and the concentration of polysaccharides is positively correlated with scavenging ability. Among them, when the concentrations of polysaccharides were 2.0 mg/mL and 10.0 mg/mL, respectively, half of the hydroxyl radicals and DPPH radicals could be inhibited. Studies have shown that the polysaccharide from Shang Platycodon is not enough hygroscopic, but it has good moisturizing property and has certain antioxidant properties, which can be developed as a natural animal feed additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) on feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers.2. Data from 75,594 broilers were extracted from 17 articles (19 trials) published between January 2010 and March 2023. The main criteria for the publication selection were as follows, at least three treatments applied (negative control group without MOS or AGP versus MOS or AGP supplementation), presence of performance results, and intra-experimental variation associated with the mean of response (such as standard error). Treatments were classified as control, MOS, or AGP, and adjusted means of treatment were compared. Additionally, the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of each type of supplementation were calculated relative (Δ) to the control group (ΔADFI and ΔADG) and expressed as a percentage of the difference.3. Broilers receiving a diet supplemented with MOS had a 3.7% better BWG and 3% better FCR compared to the control diet (P < 0.001), but these variables were similar to the group receiving AGP supplementation. No significant difference was detected in FI among treatments (P > 0.050). The relationship between ΔADG and ΔADFI was linear for the MOS and AGP-supplemented group (P < 0.050). The ΔADG of broilers fed diets supplemented with MOS or AGP was 6.4% and 4.54% when ΔADFI was zero, respectively. The ΔADG of MOS increased by 0.58% for every 1% of increasing observed in ΔADFI. The corresponding value for the increased ΔADG for the AGP group was 0.69%.4. The results of this meta-analysis indicated that MOS supplementation is effective in increasing BWG and reducing FCR, similar to broilers fed a diet supplemented with AGP. Therefore, MOS is a safe and sustainable alternative for AGP-free poultry production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of scale and industrialization of animal husbandry, the era of total prohibition comes. At the same time, the beef cattle industry's demand for natural and safe feed additives is increasing day by day, and the research and development of green, safe and pollution-free substitute products is the inevitable trend of the development of beef cattle industry. Natural Chinese herbal resources are abundant in our country. Chinese herbal are rich in various nutrients and are widely used in beef cattle breeding industry. Chinese herbal feed additives have multiple functions and complex medicinal mechanism. It can cure diseases, reduce inflammation and sterilization, regulate the balance of intestinal flora, promote nutrient absorption and metabolism, improve animal production performance and immune function, feed digestibility and quality of animal products. This paper summarizes the active substances, biological functions and application of Chinese herbal additives in beef cattle breeding, aiming to provide reference for the wide application of Chinese herbal additives and the healthy breeding of beef cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. The objective was to determine the long-term effect of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) on CH 4 emission and milk production characteristics from dairy cows receiving 3-NOP in their diet for a full year, covering all lactation stages of the dairy cows. Sixty-four late-lactation Holstein-Friesian cows (34% primiparous) were blocked in pairs, based on expected calving date, parity, and daily milk yield. The experiment started with an adaptation period of 1 wk followed by a covariate period of 3 wk in which all cows received the same basal diet and baseline measurements were performed. Directly after, cows within a block were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 dietary treatments: a diet containing on average 69.8 mg 3-NOP/kg DM (total ration level, corrected for intake of nonsupplemented GreenFeed bait) and a diet containing a placebo. Forage composition as well as forage-to-concentrate ratio altered with lactation stage (i.e., dry period and early, mid, and late lactation). Diets were provided as a total mixed ration, and additional bait was fed in GreenFeed units (C-Lock Inc.), which were used for emission measurements. Supplementation of 3-NOP did not affect total DMI, BW, or BCS, but resulted in a 6.5% increase in the yields of energy-corrected milk and fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM). Furthermore, milk fat and protein as well as feed efficiency were increased upon 3-NOP supplementation. Overall, a reduction of 21%, 20%, and 27% was achieved for CH 4 production (g/d), yield (g/kg DMI), and intensity (g/kg FPCM), respectively, upon 3-NOP supplementation. The CH 4 mitigation potential of 3-NOP was affected by the lactation stage dependent diet to which 3-NOP was supplemented. On average, a 16%, 20%, 16%, and 26% reduction in CH 4 yield (g/kg DMI) was achieved upon 3-NOP supplementation for the dry period, and early, mid, and late-lactation diets, respectively. The CH 4 mitigation potential of 3-NOP was affected by the length of 3-NOP supplementation within a lactation stage dependent diet and by variation in diet composition within a lactation stage dependent diet as a result of changes in grass and corn silage silos. In conclusion, 3-NOP reduced CH 4 emission from cows receiving 3-NOP for a year, with a positive effect on production characteristics. The CH 4 mitigation potential of 3-NOP was influenced by diet type, diet composition, and nutrition value, and the efficacy of 3-NOP appeared to decline over time but not continuously. Associated with changes in diet composition, increased efficacy of 3-NOP was observed at the start of the trial, at the start of a new lactation, and, importantly, at the end of the trial. These results suggest that diet composition has a large effect on the efficacy of 3-NOP, perhaps even larger than the week of supplementation after first introduction of 3-NOP. More studies are needed to clarify the long-term effects of 3-NOP on CH 4 emission and to further investigate what influence variation in diet composition may have on the mitigation potential of 3-NOP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper shows the effect of introducing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum AG10 biomass into quail feed. Quails that received a probiotic feed additive for seven weeks demonstrated a significant improvement in such economic indicators as the dynamics of live weight, the mass of gutted carcasses and feed consumption per kg of gain. Using the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence libraries sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform, shifts in the microbiota of the cecum have been detected, which may contribute to improving the morphological and physiological parameters of quails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enteric methanogenesis in ruminants is identified as one of the primary anthropogenic sources of total atmospheric methane. Recent evidence suggests that rumen methanogenesis is significantly suppressed by lovastatin. Nevertheless, it has not been reported whether the methane reduction by lovastatin depends on ruminant livestock type, nor has fiber degradability been examined. The current research aimed to analyze the in vitro effect of lovastatin on the major fermentation end-products, gas production (GP) kinetics, and fiber degradation of a forage-based diet using rumen inoculum from sheep, goats, and cows. The experiment was conducted as a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments (dose of lovastatin: 0, 80, and 160 mg/L and three inoculum sources) in a completely randomized design. The results suggested that lovastatin did not affect the GP kinetics parameters. The anti-methanogenic properties of lovastatin were variable depending on dose and inoculum source. Lovastatin demonstrated a superior methane-lowering effect in sheep rumen inoculum compared with goat and cow inocula. The total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production was unaffected by lovastatin, but changes in acetate and valerate proportions were registered. Remarkably, lovastatin decreased the NH3-N concentration with goat and sheep inocula and the in vitro neutral fiber detergent (NDF) degradation for all inoculum sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L‐tryptophan, an essential amino acid for physiological processes, metabolism, development, and growth of organisms, is widely utilized in animal nutrition and human health as a feed additive and nutritional supplement, respectively. Despite its known benefits, safety concerns have arisen due to an eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome (EMS) outbreak linked to L‐tryptophan consumed by humans. Extensive research has established that the EMS outbreak was caused by an L‐tryptophan product that contained certain impurities. Therefore, safety validations are imperative to endorse the use of L‐tryptophan as a supplement or a feed additive. This study was conducted in tertiary hybrid [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] pigs to assess general toxicity and potential risks for EMS‐related symptoms associated with L‐tryptophan used as a feed additive. Our investigation elucidated the relationship between L‐tryptophan and EMS in swine. No mortalities or clinical signs were observed in any animals during the administration period, and the test substance did not induce toxic effects. Hematological analysis and histopathological examination revealed no changes in EMS‐related parameters, such as eosinophil counts, lung lesions, skin lesions, or muscle atrophy. Furthermore, no test substance‐related changes occurred in other general toxicological parameters. Through analyzing the tissues and organs of swine, most of the L‐tryptophan impurities that may cause EMS were not retained. Based on these findings, we concluded that incorporating L‐tryptophan and its impurities into the diet does not induce EMS in swine. Consequently, L‐tryptophan may be used as a feed additive throughout all growth stages of swine without safety concerns. L‐tryptophan, an essential amino acid for organismal functions, is commonly used in animal nutrition and human health. However, safety concerns have arisen due to an eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome (EMS) outbreak linked to L‐tryptophan. This study assessed the safety of L‐tryptophan fermentation products as a feed additive and its relationship to EMS in swine. No adverse effects, including EMS‐related symptoms, were observed during the study. The results suggest that incorporating L‐tryptophan into pig diets, along with impurities, is safe throughout their growth cycles, alleviating concerns about EMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian feed additive terhadap jumlah eritrosit, kadar hemoglobin dan nilai hematokrit pedet peranakan Friesian Holstein (PFH). Penelitian ini menggunakan pedet PFH jantan sebanyak 16 ekor dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok berdasarkan umur yaitu 4 minggu (n=8 ekor) dan 12 minggu (n=8 ekor). Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok. Masing – masing kelompok umur diberi 4 perlakuan berbagai dosis pemberian feed additive, sehingga terdapat 8 kelompok perlakuan. Setiap kelompok perlakuan terdiri dari 2 ekor pedet. Dosis perlakuan pemberian feed additive adalah sebagai berikut: 0 ml (kontrol atau P0); 0,5 ml (P1); 1 ml (P2); dan 1,5 ml (P3). Pengambilan sampel darah dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali (sebelum, 30 hari dan 60 hari) selama dua bulan pemeriharaan. Data dianalisis statistik menggunakan sidik ragam dan dilanjutkan dengan uji berganda Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian berbagai dosis feed additive tidak berbeda nyata terhadap jumlah eritrosit, kadar hemoglobin dan nilai hematokrit (P> 0,05) pada pedet. Namun, kelompok umur berpengaruh nyata terhadap rataan jumlah eritrosit dan kadar hemoglobin (P

Animal industry seeks cost-effective solutions to enhance performance and health of domestic animals. This study investigated the effects of supplementing Bacillus spp. probiotics and xylanase on 2000 one-day-old Japanese quails, randomly assigned to four treatment groups (10 replicates). The control group received no supplementation, while the others were supplemented with a Bacillus-based probiotic at 7.5 × 107 cfu/kg of feed, xylanase enzyme (2,000 U/kg) alone or in combination. Quails receiving both probiotic and enzyme exhibited significantly (p

It is essential to explore alternative and advantageous additives due to the essential requirement for ensuring the safety and well-being of aquatic animals. The present study investigated the role of Lactobacillus helveticus (Lh) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) on growth performance, hematology factors, digestive capacity, antioxidant activity, and stress in tissue prior and post-exposure to heat shock on common carp (Cyprinus carpio). For this purpose, 240 common carp with mean weight of 23.79 ± 0.49 g were allocated into four groups (20 fish each) and fed for 56 days on 0, 10 7 CFU g-1 Lh, 550 mg kg-1 CGA, and a combination of both elements (10 7 CFU g-1 + 550 mg kg-1 CGA) (T0, T1, T2, and T3). At the end of feeding period (56 days), growth performance, hematology indexes, digestive enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, stress, and immunity factors were evaluated. Thereafter, common carp was exposed to heat shock and levels of antioxidant enzymes and stress factors were estimated. There was an observable disparity in the growth parameters among various treatments, and the most prominent level was discovered in T3. There were no significant disparities in hematology indicators (p > 0.05). The levels of trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin, and protease were significantly higher in common carp fed with CGA and Lh. The total protein exhibited a significant increase in common carp fed with CGA and Lh (p < 0.05). The addition of CGA and Lh had no significant impact on urea and triglyceride content (p > 0.05). The lysozyme activity, ACH50, and total immunoglobulin exhibited a significant increase in common carp when subjected to CGA and Lh (p < 0.05). The effects of CGA and Lh on catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were significant both before and after heat stress. Moreover, these effects were more pronounced in fish that were fed with supplemented diets (p < 0.05). The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels demonstrated a significant decrease among the treatments before and after the heat challenge and the lowest level of MDA was recorded in T3 during both phases (p < 0.05). The aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glucose, and cortisol levels also showed a significant decline in fish that were fed with supplemented diets both before and after heat stress (p < 0.05). Given the importance of L. helveticus and chlorogenic acid, the incorporation of both substances exhibits a powerful synergistic effect, thereby maximizing their advantageous properties in enhancing growth efficiency, digestion, hematological profile, biochemical markers, and immune-antioxidant capacity in common carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of kaffir lime (KL), Citrus hystrix, leaf powder on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, blood and antioxidant parameters, and disease resistance in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. A total of 450 healthy juveniles (10.5 g) were randomly distributed into five groups and fed diets containing 0% (control), 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% of KL for eight weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, 10 healthy fish from each group were challenged with Edwardsiella tarda infection. The study findings demonstrated significant differences in all growth parameters, including final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion rate, hepatosomatic percentage, and viscerosomatic index between dietary KL and control groups, with the group fed 2% and 3% KL exhibiting superior performance (p < 0.05). Dietary KL significantly increased white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit (p < 0.05) in African catfish, with the highest values observed in the 2% and 3% KL groups. Meanwhile, there were no significant differences in mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations between treatments. Furthermore, dietary KL significantly increased digestive enzyme activities, including lipase, amylase, and protease (p < 0.05), and the highest activities were observed in fish fed 2% and 3% KL. Antioxidative responses, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in KL-treated fish, were also significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05). Finally, the highest and the lowest cumulative survival rates following a challenge with E. tarda were 3% KL and control groups, respectively. Based on the study results, 2% or 3% dietary KL could improve the growth and health of African catfish, thus enhancing aquaculture production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology of feed additive for fry feeding in fish farms is developed to provide both important nutrients (proteins, lipids, etc.) and optimal peptide composition of protein that is achieved using proteolysis of raw materials under certain conditions. For this purpose, enzymatic hydrolysis of substandard small-sized frozen pollock was used. The rational duration of the hydrolysis process was 60 min. that provided the degree of protein hydrolysis of 26–28 %. The experimental fermentolysate was concentrated to a water content of 3–4 % and presented as a feed additive TINRO-60. This product is compared with other feed additives (dried fermentolysates) produced in Russia from fish raw materials using bioconversion, such as Biomarin, Bioprom and Vakhob. General chemical composition of tested products was determined by standard methods of analytical chemistry; composition and content of fatty acids — by gas-liquid chromatography; microand macroelements, as well as toxic metals — by atomic absorption spectrophotometry; fractional composition of proteins and peptides — by high pressure gel permeation chromatography; amino acid composition — by ion exchange chromatography on a high-speed analyzer. All tested samples contain similar amount of the main feed component — protein substances. The quantitative ratio of peptide fractions is also comparable, the sum of the most active fractions (MW 0.1−10.0 kDa) in TINRO-60 and Biomarin is close to their level in tissues of Artemia, natural food for fish fry. The content of essential amino acids, EPA and DHA is significant in Biomarin, TINRO-60 and Bioprom, but almost twice lower in Vakhob. Analysis of mineral composition showed that bioconversion into dry fermentolysates does not cause concentration of toxic elements. High quality of the protein feed additive TINRO-60 produced by bioconversion of nonstandard fish raw materials under certain conditions is proved.

ABSTRACT: Methane, both enteric and from manure management, is the most important greenhouse gas from ruminant livestock, and its mitigation can deliver substantial decreases in the carbon footprint of animal products and potentially contribute to climate change mitigation. Although choices may be limited, certain feeding-related practices can substantially decrease livestock enteric CH4 emission. These practices can be generally classified into 2 categories: diet manipulation and feed additives. Within the first category, selection of forages and increasing forage digestibility are likely to decrease enteric CH4 emission, but the size of the effect, relative to current forage practices in the United States dairy industry, is likely to be minimal to moderate. An opportunity also exists to decrease enteric CH4 emissions by increasing dietary starch concentration, but interventions have to be weighed against potential decreases in milk fat yield and farm profitability. A similar conclusion can be made about dietary lipids and oilseeds, which are proven to decrease CH4 emission but can also have a negative effect on rumen fermentation, feed intake, and milk production and composition. Sufficient and robust scientific evidence indicates that some feed additives, specifically the CH4 inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol, can substantially reduce CH4 emissions from dairy and beef cattle. However, the long-term effects and external factors affecting the efficacy of the inhibitor need to be further studied. The practicality of mass-application of other mitigation practices with proven short-term efficacy (i.e., macroalgae) is currently unknown. One area that needs more research is how nutritional mitigation practices (both diet manipulation and feed additives) interact with each other and whether there is synergism among feed additives with different mode of action. Further, effects of diet on manure composition and greenhouse gas emissions during storage (e.g., emission trade-offs) have not been adequately studied. Overall, if currently available mitigation practices prove to deliver consistent results and novel, potent, and safe strategies are discovered and are practical, nutrition alone can deliver up to 60% reduction in enteric CH4 emissions from dairy farms in the United States.

Background and Aim: The continuous use of anthelmintic drugs has led to global issues of resistance. One breakthrough to address this problem is the utilization of bio-anthelmintics derived from active compounds in agro-industrial waste. This in vivo study investigated the effectiveness of Podang mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit peel waste extract for anthelmintic purposes, using concentrations up to 5%. Materials and Methods: This study included 28 Etawa crossbred goats aged 17 months. Goats were randomly assigned to four groups: A negative control, an aqueous fruit peel extract (AFPE) group at 2.5%, another AFPE group at 5%, and a positive control receiving ivermectin. Goats chosen had egg per gram (EPG) counts surpassing 1000 before exposure to Haemonchus contortus. For 7 days within a 9-week study, AFPE from Podang mangoes was given. On the 7th day, the positive control group was administered ivermectin. AFPE dosage relied on the average abomasum fluid per kilogram of animal weight. The feeding regimen consisted of concentrate and Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott is customized for the nutritional needs of livestock. Data on feed consumption, digestibility, average daily gain, percentage reduction in fecal egg count, body condition score, and clinical parameters were collected throughout the study. Results: At higher treatment levels (AFPE), there was a greater reduction in both EPG and fecal egg counts. The expected and normal ranges were maintained for consumption and digestibility. While body weight increased, FAMACHA parameters showed a decrease. Compared to the negative control group, substantial disparities (p < 0.05) existed for hemoglobin, red blood cells, and hematocrit in both the positive control and the treatment groups. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, indicative of liver and kidney health, were within normal ranges. Conclusion: At a concentration of up to 5%, Podang mango waste extract (AFPE) can function as a substitute for traditional helminth medicines or bio-anthelmintics in goats, enhancing their production.

In vitro model provides alternatives to the use of live animals in research. In pig nutrition, there has been a tremendous increase in in vivo research over the decades. Proper utilization of in vitro models could provide a screening tool to reduce the needs of in vivo studies, research duration, cost, and the use of animals and feeds. This study aimed to develop a multi-step porcine in vitro system to simulate nutrient digestion and intestinal epithelial immune responses affected by feedstuffs and feed additives. Seven feedstuffs (corn, corn distillers dried grains with solubles [corn DDGS], barley, wheat, soybean meal, soy protein concentrates, and Corynebacterium glutamicum cell mass [CGCM]), feed enzymes (xylanase and phytase), and supplemental amino acids (arginine, methionine, and tryptophan), were used in this in vitro evaluation for their efficacy on digestibility, digesta characteristics, and intestinal health compared with the results from previously published in vivo studies. All in vitro evaluations were triplicated. Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS9.4. Evaluations included (1) nutrient digestibility of feedstuffs, (2) the effects of feed enzymes, xylanase and phytase, on digestibility of feedstuffs and specific substrates, and (3) the effects of amino acids, arginine, tryptophan, and methionine, on anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-heat stress statuses showing their effects (P

Microbiota in the digestive tract has become an interesting topic for researchers in recent years. The profile of chicken digestive tract microbiota and its relationship with health and production efficiency have become basic data for modulating the diversity and abundance of the digestive tract microbiota. This article reviews the techniques used to analyze the diversity, role, and function of the gastrointestinal microbiota and the mechanisms by which they are modulated. The gut microbiota plays an important role in animal production, especially during feed digestion and animal health, because it interacts with the host against pathogens. Feed modulation can be a strategy to modulate gut composition and diversity to increase production efficiency by improving growth conditions.

Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) has been in feed in the past in many countries, and mainly, its leaves were used as a food source for birds and animals to enhance productivity and accelerate their metabolism. It also enhances the carcass percentage of meat animals, particularly broilers. It can potentially be used as a soya bean replacer as it will lower the feed cost. Its leaves can boost the immune system, particularly enhancing the chicken's ability to fight against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Its antioxidant capability prevents free radical generation, reducing the chances of free radicle injuries. In ruminants, its use as a feed additive can lead to an increase in milk production. In animals, any kind of stress during the raising stage deteriorates the meat quality, so this herb prevents the carcass meat from deteriorating and has a better percentage of crude protein, crude fiber, and metabolizable energy, which results in an economic perspective. Supplementation of Urtica dioica in feed can enhance carcass output and provide the potential to counteract bacterial and viral diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane, both enteric and from manure management, is the most important greenhouse gas from ruminant livestock, and its mitigation can deliver substantial decreases in the carbon footprint of animal products and potentially contribute to climate change mitigation. Although choices may be limited, certain feeding-related practices can substantially decrease livestock enteric CH 4 emission. These practices can be generally classified into 2 categories: diet manipulation and feed additives. Within the first category, selection of forages and increasing forage digestibility are likely to decrease enteric CH 4 emission, but the size of the effect, relative to current forage practices in the United States dairy industry, is likely to be minimal to moderate. An opportunity also exists to decrease enteric CH 4 emissions by increasing dietary starch concentration, but interventions have to be weighed against potential decreases in milk fat yield and farm profitability. A similar conclusion can be made about dietary lipids and oilseeds, which are proven to decrease CH 4 emission but can also have a negative effect on rumen fermentation, feed intake, and milk production and composition. Sufficient and robust scientific evidence indicates that some feed additives, specifically the CH 4 inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol, can substantially reduce CH 4 emissions from dairy and beef cattle. However, the long-term effects and external factors affecting the efficacy of the inhibitor need to be further studied. The practicality of mass-application of other mitigation practices with proven short-term efficacy (i.e., macroalgae) is currently unknown. One area that needs more research is how nutritional mitigation practices (both diet manipulation and feed additives) interact with each other and whether there is synergism among feed additives with different mode of action. Further, effects of diet on manure composition and greenhouse gas emissions during storage (e.g., emission trade-offs) have not been adequately studied. Overall, if currently available mitigation practices prove to deliver consistent results and novel, potent, and safe strategies are discovered and are practical, nutrition alone can deliver up to 60% reduction in enteric CH 4 emissions from dairy farms in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As sturgeon breeding has proliferated, there has been a heightened demand for growth stimulators in their diets. This study aimed to determine the impact of dietary chitosan on growth performance, whole‐body proximate composition, growth‐related gene expression, and intestinal histology in juvenile Acipenser stellatus. A total of 180 A. stellatus juveniles with an average weight of 31.90 ± 0.73 g were fed with diets containing 0 (control), 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 g chitosan.kg−1 basic diet for eight weeks. The findings revealed a significant enhancement in growth performance with rising chitosan concentrations. Furthermore, chitosan supplementation upregulated the expression of the growth hormone gene in both brain and liver tissues. In liver samples, the most pronounced expression of the insulin‐like growth factor‐1 gene was noted at 6.0 g chitosan.kg−1, while in brain samples, peak expressions were observed in both the 4.5 and 6.0 g chitosan.kg−1 treatments. While the whole‐body proximate composition remained relatively stable, there was a notable decrease in whole‐body lipids with the escalation of chitosan dosage. Intestinal villi dimensions, both height and width, were amplified in the chitosan‐supplemented groups compared to controls. In summation, chitosan supplementation showed promise in bolstering growth performance, refining intestinal morphology, and enhancing growth‐related gene expression. Analysis of the polynomial regression of weight gain and specific growth rate revealed that the optimum dietary chitosan requirements in A. stellatus were 5.32 and 5.21 g chitosan.kg−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of a new nanomaterial in the feed chain requires a risk assessment that involves in vitro gastrointestinal digestions to predict its degradation and oral exposure to nanoparticles. In this study, a nanosilver-based material was incorporated into pig and chicken feed as a growth-promoting additive and subjected to the corresponding in vitro gastrointestinal digestions. An inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analytical platform was used to obtain information about the silver released in the different digestion phases. It included conventional ICP-MS for total silver determination, but also single particle ICP-MS and coupling to hydrodynamic chromatography for detection of dissolved and particulate silver. The bioaccessible fraction in the intestinal phase accounted for 8–13% of the total silver, mainly in the form of dissolved Ag(I) species, with less than 0.1% as silver-containing particles. Despite the additive behaving differently in pig and chicken digestions, the feed matrix played a relevant role in the fate of the silver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the level and type of essential oils (EOs) derived from oregano (ORO), thyme (THO), clove (CLO), and cinnamon (CIO), when used as feed additives, on in vitro rumen fermentation and methanogenesis. This was achieved by conducting a metaanalysis that integrated data from relevant studies. A total of 17 articles were included comprising 154 data points. The collected data were subsequently analysed using a mixed model methodology implemented in a SAS software version 9.4. The findings showed that the level of EOs exerted a significant (P < 0.01) linear effect, resulting in increased pH, decreased volume of total gas, CH4, and NH3, reduced total volatile fatty acids (VFA) levels, dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), and bacterial population. A quadratic effect was also observed with respect to reduced (P < 0.01) CO2 and propionate (C3 ) levels. Additionally, the protozoan population demonstrated a linear decrease (P < 0.05), while butyrate (C4) concentration exhibited a quadratic increase (P < 0.05). However, increasing levels of EOs did not affect the acetate (C2)- and methanogen-producing bacterial populations. With respect to different EO types, ORO and THO significantly reduced (P < 0.05) total gas (30–41%) and CH4 production (38–39%) compared to the control. ORO and CLO in turn significantly decreased (P < 0.05) C3 generation (5–7%), while ORO increased C4 levels (14%) compared to the control. Moreover, CLO, CIO, and THY administration led to a decrease in OMD (8–23%). Due to the limited dataset on microbial population, the diverse types of EOs showed no significant impact on bacterial, protozoan, or methanogen populations. In conclusion, while specific doses of EOs can suppress ruminal methane emissions, they can also inhibit rumen fermentation processes. Among the EOs examined, ORO demonstrated the most potent antimicrobial ability against methanogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of animal welfare and the usage of antibiotics resulted in the development of different rearing systems and the use of feed additives as antibiotic alternatives. Cage-free broiler production allows birds to express their normal behavior promoting better welfare of the animal. The study aimed to investigate the growth performance of broiler chickens reared in cages and uncaged with feed additives. A total of 180 COBB broilers were used and randomly distributed into 6 different treatments and replicates following a randomized complete block design. The birds were weighed prior to arrival, 1st week, 2nd week, 3rd week, 4th week, and 5th week to determine the growth performance parameters. Economic analysis was also measured after the end of the study. The data was analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS v. 9.4, and group comparison was used to evaluate the differences between the control and experimental groups. The result showed significant differences in feed intake at 1st week (p=0.0249) compared to the birds reared in an uncaged system. Feed intake in subsequent weeks and other growth performance parameters showed no significant differences throughout the study. Birds fed with 0.5% activated bamboo charcoal and bentonite clay obtained a higher return on investment than in 1% inclusion. These results imply that uncaged birds have the same growth performance with caged birds and could express their natural behavior at the same time. The result also revealed that better performance and profitability can be achieved at 0.5% inclusion of feed additives in the diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of stickwater (SW) (from fishmeal factories) on growth performance, immune system, and blood indicators on Huso huso larvae. Four experimental diets were prepared including the following: 0 (control, SW0), 0.5 (SW0.5), 1.5 (SW1.5), and 2.5 (SW2.5) % SW. A total number of 1440 larvae (0.12 ± 0.007 g) were selected 10 days after starting live feeding and were randomly stored in rearing tanks (120 larvae per tank). The fish were fed 6 times a day during the feeding trial. At the end of experiment, the highest weight gain (24.42 g) and specific growth rate (6.26%) were observed in SW0.5 (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, SW1.5 treatment showed the best FCR (0.8) and PER (2.41%), although other treatments did not differ significantly. Total serum protein, albumin, and triglyceride levels increased by adding SW to the diet. The highest levels of total protein and albumin were seen in SW1.5 and SW2.5, respectively. There was a significant difference in triglyceride and the highest level was observed in SW1.5 treatment (p ≤ 0.05). Dietary stickwater did not significantly influence cholesterol, glucose, ALT, and ALP concentrations (p ≥ 0.05). The highest level of lysozyme enzyme activity was in SW0.5 and SW1.5, which showed a significant difference with the treatment without stickwater (p ≤ 0.05). Also, the presence of stickwater in the diet increased the level of serum immunoglobulin, but this increase did not cause a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05). The present study showed that adding stickwater (0.5 to 1.5%) to Beluga larvae's diet improves their growth performance and some innate immune and serum biochemical parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The continuous use of anthelmintic drugs has led to global issues of resistance. One breakthrough to address this problem is the utilization of bio-anthelmintics derived from active compounds in agro-industrial waste. This in vivo study investigated the effectiveness of Podang mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit peel waste extract for anthelmintic purposes, using concentrations up to 5%. Materials and Methods: This study included 28 Etawa crossbred goats aged 17 months. Goats were randomly assigned to four groups: A negative control, an aqueous fruit peel extract (AFPE) group at 2.5%, another AFPE group at 5%, and a positive control receiving ivermectin. Goats chosen had egg per gram (EPG) counts surpassing 1000 before exposure to Haemonchus contortus. For 7 days within a 9-week study, AFPE from Podang mangoes was given. On the 7th day, the positive control group was administered ivermectin. AFPE dosage relied on the average abomasum fluid per kilogram of animal weight. The feeding regimen consisted of concentrate and Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott is customized for the nutritional needs of livestock. Data on feed consumption, digestibility, average daily gain, percentage reduction in fecal egg count, body condition score, and clinical parameters were collected throughout the study. Results: At higher treatment levels (AFPE), there was a greater reduction in both EPG and fecal egg counts. The expected and normal ranges were maintained for consumption and digestibility. While body weight increased, FAMACHA parameters showed a decrease. Compared to the negative control group, substantial disparities (p < 0.05) existed for hemoglobin, red blood cells, and hematocrit in both the positive control and the treatment groups. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, indicative of liver and kidney health, were within normal ranges. Conclusion: At a concentration of up to 5%, Podang mango waste extract (AFPE) can function as a substitute for traditional helminth medicines or bio-anthelmintics in goats, enhancing their production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some chemicals have been utilized as a feed additive and growth stimulator to boost poultry performance in recent decades. Cereals have been one of the most extensively utilized feed in the rearing period of broiler chickens but due to their highly price it can present an economic consequence and some limitations of their use, alternatives such as orange byproducts have been recommended. In the second point there is a large utilization of growth stimulants during the rearing period of broilers, but due to the adverse consequences of antibiotic resistance and the limitations of their use, alternatives such as probiotics, prebiotics, plant essential oils, essences and by-products have been recommended. Orange waste can be found in abundance in some parts of the world. Aldehydes, esters, terpenes, alcohols, ketones, carotenoids, nobiletin, pectin and bioflavonoids such as hesperidin and naringenin are among the volatile substances found in orange waste. The practical applications of orange by-products and pomace in chicken feeding are presented in this review paper. This review presented the effects of orange waste and by-products on chicken performance and carcass components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feed additives in fish rations improve feed efficiency, increase the growth rate of fisheries, and play a significant role in the immunoprophylactic control of infections in aquaculture. This study aims to evaluate the hematological and biochemical effects of Spirulina, PoultryStar®, and colistin on Cyprinus carpio, as well as the histopathological alteration caused in the liver and intestine of C. carpio fed with these additives. One hundred and eighty C. carpio fish were grouped into six groups of thirty fish each for the purpose of the experiment. Group A was fed a diet without any additives, and this served as the control group. Groups B and C were fed diets that contained 1% and 2% of Spirulina, respectively. PoultryStar® at 1% and 2% was added to the diet fed to fish in groups D and E, respectively, while group F was fed a diet that contained 3000 IU of colistin. Blood samples were collected and subjected to hematological and biochemical assays for the evaluation of hemato-biochemical indices. Liver and intestine samples from each experimental group were subjected to histopathological analysis. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the hematological and biochemical indices of the different groups of fish. The histopathologic examination of the liver and intestine samples of C. carpio treated with Spirulina, PoultryStar®, and colistin revealed variable pathological alterations. Findings from this study showed that Spirulina and PoultryStar® could be used in aquaculture, and studies should be conducted to further determine the prospects of colistin in pisciculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the survival rate and histopathological changes of gills and kidneys of tilapia infected by Aeromonas hydrophila. Three doses of vitamin C were tested (150; 300; and 450 mg/kg) with two control groups. Tilapia with uniform size (average weight of 14 grams) as the criteria for inclusion were randomly distributed in five ponds with 15 tilapia fish per pond. Tilapia was fed with hands until full for two weeks. Tilapia was then infected with A. hydrophila to find out the survival rate and histopathological changes of gills and kidneys at the end of the experimental period or 7 days after infection. The supplementation of 150 mg/kg vitamin C in feed increased Tilapia's survival rate (%) by 86.67% or higher than other treatment and control groups. The damage to gills in terms of lamella separation was found in all treatment groups and kidneys. The results found that the supplementation of 150 mg/kg vitamin C in feed increased survival rate but did not give effective protection on gills and kidneys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxicosis is one of the major issues for the public health. Control of aflatoxins is necessary to avoid the health hazards in human and animals. Present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Bacillus licheniformis as a novel feed additive for control of aflatoxicosis. A total of 40 rats were equally divided into the four groups. The first group (BD) was kept as control, treated with basal diet. In second group (AF), the rats were treated with aflatoxins (28 μg/kg BW). In the third group (AFBL) the rats were treated with aflatoxins (28 µg/g BW) and Bacillus licheniformis (1 × 108 cfu/mL). In the fourth group (BDBL) the rats were treated with only Bacillus licheniformis (1 × 108 cfu/mL). The parameters studied were, phagocytic response by carbon clearance assay system, lymphoproliferative response to PHA-P, antibody response to SRBCs, total antioxidant capacity and total oxidant status of the rats and interleukin concentrations, along with histopathology of organs. Results of this study confirmed the immunomodulation and antioxidant capacity of Bacillus licheniformis against 28 µg/kg BW of aflatoxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics are natural, semi-synthetic, or chemical compounds that have anti-microbial activity and are used in livestock and poultry production for a variety of reasons, including therapeutic and growth promotion. The use of antibiotics in poultry production has been associated with the development of resistant bacteria. The present study attempted to explain the role of antibiotics as poultry growth promoters, bacterial resistance, and risks for human health, with a special focus on some selected bacterial species isolated from poultry farms and products. Furthermore, the manuscript reviewed the literature on alternative feed additives to reduce the reliance on antibiotics. Microbial resistance is a significant global health concern that has been a top global threat in the 21st century. The use of antibiotics in poultry production as non-therapeutic or growth promoters is at low doses and continuously, associated with developing resistant bacteria. Meanwhile, antibiotic-resistant genes in humans may have their roots in the diets of animals treated with antibiotics. Developing bacterial resistance has encouraged researchers to reduce the reliance on antibiotics by identifying potential feed additives, such as essential oils, bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics, prebiotics, organic acid, and enzymes that improve the immune system functions, reduce morbidity and mortality, improve the growth performances of poultry, and preserve consumer health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Science / Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan is the property of Universitas Syiah Kuala, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Context: Adding organic and inorganic acids to the drinking water is a potential alternative to improve production results in nursery piglets, and a strategy for reducing the use of antimicrobials. Aims: To assess the effects of adding a blend of organic and inorganic acids to drinking water on the oxireduction potential (ORP) of water, and growth performance, biochemical, antioxidant and blood gas profiles, intestinal morphometry, biometry of organs, and intestinal microbiome of nursery piglets. Methods: Experiment involved 1080 female piglets assessed over 30 days (Landrace × Large White, weaned at 26 days of age, weighing 6.8 ± 0.29 kg), randomly assigned to the following three treatments: (1) piglets received drinking water of natural pH of 7.39 (pH7.39), (2) piglets received drinking water of pH of 5.31 (pH5.31), and (3) piglets received drinking water of pH of 3.40 (pH3.40), with eight replicates and 45 piglets/stall. Piglets had ad libitum access to diet and water throughout the experiment, and received different diets in each phase. Key results: Receiving drinking water of pH3.40 promoted a higher ORP, and a lower total water consumption was observed in Starter II piglets with pH5.31. There was no treatment effect on the performance, but mortality was lower in starter piglets in the pH3.40 treatment. Animals in the pH3.40 treatment had lower blood alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, differing from the result obtained for total cholesterol concentrations. Animals in the pH3.40 treatment showed a lower concentration of total protein than did piglets in the pH7.39 treatment. Piglets in the pH3.40 treatment had higher weights of empty stomach, spleen, and liver with gallbladder than did those in the pH7.39 treatment. Animals in the pH3.40 treatment showed a lower relative abundance of the Escherichia–Shigella genus and bacteria of Enterobacteriaceae family than did those in the pH5.31 treatment. Conclusions: Acidification of drinking water to pH3.40 for nursery piglets can be used to partially increase the ORP of the water, and promote a greater weight of organs with metabolic and immune functions, while decreasing mortality. In addition, acidification of drinking water does not compromise performance or intestinal histology, but improves the profile of the intestinal microbiome in piglets. Implications: This research has provided new information on the effects of acidifiers in the drinking water for nursery piglets and has shown their potential use for bolstering general health. Post-weaning period causes drastic changes in piglets. Therefore, there is a need to investigate strategies to improve the general health of the animals. The administration of a blend of acidifiers to reduce the pH of the piglets' drinking water has shown interesting results, but still needs further investigation. Our results showed a reduction in mortality and an improvement in beneficial bacteria, which is reflected in animal welfare. These findings have provided information on farm conditions and scientific issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbiota in the digestive tract has become an interesting topic for researchers in recent years. The profile of chicken digestive tract microbiota and its relationship with health and production efficiency have become basic data for modulating the diversity and abundance of the digestive tract microbiota. This article reviews the techniques used to analyze the diversity, role, and function of the gastrointestinal microbiota and the mechanisms by which they are modulated. The gut microbiota plays an important role in animal production, especially during feed digestion and animal health, because it interacts with the host against pathogens. Feed modulation can be a strategy to modulate gut composition and diversity to increase production efficiency by improving growth conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the application for the renewal of the authorisation of l‐cystine as nutritional feed additive. The additive is authorised for use in all animal species (3c391). The applicant has provided evidence that the additive currently in the market complies with the existing conditions of authorisation. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed concluded that the use of the feed additive in animal nutrition remains safe for the target species, the consumers and the environment. As regards the safety for the user, l‐cystine is not an irritant to skin or eyes and is not a skin sensitiser. Exposure by inhalation of persons handling the additive cannot be excluded. The present application for the renewal of the authorisation does not include any modification proposal that would have an impact on the efficacy of the additive and therefore there is no need for reassessing the efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Selenium and iodine are two microelements necessary for a normal thyroid hormone metabolism, and their deficiency in human diets can result in a significant health problem. Milk is a good vehicle for mineral enrichment and an available food for the general population. Thus, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the combined dietary intake of iodine and two chemical forms of selenium in dairy cows, at the maximum levels permitted in the European Union, in order to obtain milk, cheese, and yogurt naturally enriched in these microminerals. As a result, animal performance and the overall health status of cows were not negatively affected by the diets. However, selenium and iodine were successfully transferred to milk, increasing the level of both minerals in cheese and increasing the iodine level in yogurt, without harming the quality or acceptance. Therefore, the value-added products obtained could contribute in a realistic way to improve the current supply in the market to enhance the intake of selenium and iodine in the human population. This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation in dairy cows with two Se forms (organic and inorganic) and I at the maximum levels permitted in the European Union, with the aim to obtain naturally enriched milk and derived products. A total of 20 Holstein Friesian cows in lactation were fed 2 diets for 64 days: a control diet with a supply of 0.57 mg of inorganic Se and 0.57 mg of I per kg of ration in dry matter (DM), and an experimental diet (SeI) with a supply of 0.34 mg of inorganic Se, 0.23 mg of organic Se, and 5.68 mg of I per kg of ration in DM. The SeI diet did not modify the performance or, in general, the metabolic profile of cows. Se and I levels in milk were affected by diet type and time of measurement (p < 0.01). Thus, a marked increase of both microminerals was evident between the beginning and the end of the test, when the SeI diet was administered. For Se, this increase ranged from 1.95 to 3.29 μg/100 g of milk; and for I, from 19.69 to 110.06 μg/100 g of milk. The SeI diet increased (p < 0.01) the Se and I content in the cheese, reaching levels of 16.4 μg/100 g for Se and 269.7 μg/100 g for I. An increase in I was observed in yogurt from the SeI diet (p < 0.001). The supplementation of two forms of Se and I in the cows' ration, at the levels evaluated, produced milk and dairy products enriched in these microelements without altering their quality parameters. However, a responsible intake of these products is necessary to avoid risks of deficiencies or excesses that could negatively affect the health of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytases, which perform the stepwise hydrolysis of phytic acid to myo-inositol and inorganic phosphate, are used worldwide to reduce phosphorus pollution and improve nutrition in monogastric animals and humans. Yeasts isolated from their natural environments represent rich and still underexplored sources of industrially valuable enzymes, including phytases; therefore, they are widely studied for the production of these enzymes. In this regard, thirteen yeast pure cultures were isolated from the microbial consortium of four types of sourdough obtained during the natural fermentation of different grain-based flours. Ten of the newly isolated yeast strains were selected as potential phytase producers based on their growth in liquid culture media with sodium phytate as the sole source of phosphorus. Using 18S rDNA and D1/D2 26S rDNA analyses, the species affiliation of the selected isolates was established. They referred to seven yeast species from 3 families, with the most significant representation of the family Saccharomycetaceae. Intracellular phytate-degrading activity was found in 8 isolates, the highest being in Nakaseomyces glabratus strain 7-4. The highest level of extracellular phytase was measured in Pichia membranifaciens strain 5-2. Both isolates showed significant antioxidant capacity higher than those of ascorbic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The safety and efficacy of probiotic Bacillus subtilis to raising animals in the livestock and poultry have been widely evaluated. Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) is a well-known economic rearing insect, and its artificial diet rearing is gaining interest. However, the effects of probiotic B. subtilis as feed additive on silkworms fed with an artificial diet remain unknown. In this study, we adopted multiple biological approaches (enzyme activity assay, quantitative PCR, transcriptome sequencing, and LC-MS) to explore the beneficial effects of B. subtilis SWL−19 on silkworm physiology. Results showed that the body weights of the silkworms significantly increased (P < 0.05) after feeding with SWL−19 strain. B. subtilis SWL−19 evidently enhanced the antioxidant property in the silkworms, and the gene expression levels of antimicrobial peptides (attacin, lysozyme, and cecropins) were affected by the SWL−19 strain. Moreover, the levels of riboflavin, nicotinamide, pyridoxine, and pyridoxal in the hemolymph of the silkworms remarkably increased after SWL−19 strain feeding. The results of transcriptomic analysis indicated that the response of intestinal tissues to B. subtilis SWL−19 focused mainly on the categories of external biotic stimulus, interspecies interaction between organisms, immune system process, and stress response. In conclusion, probiotic B. subtilis SWL−19 substantially enhanced the body weight and antioxidant property of silkworm and simultaneously regulated the intestinal immunity and promoted the metabolism of B vitamins. The present study provides a theoretical reference for the application of probiotic B. subtilis SWL−19 to improve silkworm physiology under artificial diet rearing condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rearing of calves is an essential activity of a dairy system, as it impacts the future production of these animals. This study aims to evaluate the incidence of diarrhea, performance, and blood parameters of suckling calves that received mineral-vitamin supplementation in milk plus virginiamycin that was offered in milk (via the abomasum) or by esophageal tube (via the rumen). Twenty-seven calves were used, from the first week to 60 days of age, submitted to the following treatments: CONTROL, without supplementation; MILK, supplementation of 20 g of a mineral-vitamin complex with 100 mg of virginiamycin, diluted in milk; RUMEN, supplementation of 20 g of a mineral-vitamin complex diluted in milk and 100 mg of virginiamycin in gelatin capsules via an esophageal applicator. MILK and RUMEN calves had lower fecal consistency scoring, fewer days with scores 2 and 3 throughout the experimental period, and lower spending on medication compared to the CONTROL animals. Supplemented calves had higher fat and protein intake and reached feed intake of 600 g earlier than CONTROL animals, but did not differ in performance and hematological parameters. Supplementation with virginiamycin and vitamin-mineral complex for suckling calves reduced the incidence and days of diarrhea, and reduced medication costs, with no difference in performance, but the supplemented animals had higher initial protein and fat intake and reached targeted feed intake earlier to begin the weaning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The burgeoning population of Indonesia has led to a heightened demand for animal protein, particularly within the broiler industry. However, the commercial broiler feed tends to be costly due to its reliance on imported ingredients. Therefore, the potential utilization of Nile tilapia gills as an additional protein source for broiler feed has been explored in this study. The primary objective was to investigate how tilapia gill powder affects the histological structure of the small intestine, pectoralis muscle, and overall growth performance of broilers. For the study, a total of 200 dayold male Cobb-500 broiler chicks were utilized, employing a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replications. Each replication consisted of 8-day-old chicks. Tilapia gill powder was incorporated into the basal feed at varying concentrations: Control (basal feed), tilapia gill powder 1 (0.25% tilapia gill powder/kg basal feed), tilapia gill powder 2 (0.5% tilapia gill powder/kg basal feed), tilapia gill powder 3 (1% tilapia gill powder/kg basal feed), and tilapia gill powder 4 (2% tilapia gill powder/kg basal feed). Comprehensive histological analysis and growth performance assessments were carried out. The outcomes revealed that the tilapia gill powder 4 group, administered at an optimal concentration of 2% tilapia gill powder/kg basal feed, exhibited significant enhancements in small intestine morphology, pectoralis muscle structure, and overall chicken growth performance when compared to the control group. The supplementation of tilapia gill powder at this optimal concentration (2% tilapia gill powder/kg basal feed) showcased a favorable impact on broiler performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effects of dietary butyric acid (BA) on the Japanese quail' performance, immunology, lipid profile, cecal microbiota, and antioxidant levels. 250 unsexed, one-week-old quail chicks were divided into 5 groups, each with fifty chicks (5 replicates of 10 chicks). The first group was given the basal diet (BD), while the 2nd to 5th groups were fed BD with 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg BA/kg, respectively. The results indicated that BA improved weight gain and FCR (p < 0.05) and decreased total FI. The 200 mg BA/kg of diet showed the lowest FI (p < 0.05) and the best FCR (p > 0.05). BA boosted immunity through increasing IgA, IgM, IgG, and Complement 3. Significantly lower alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were observed at 150 and 200 mg BA/kg (P < 0.05) than the control group. The BA-supplemented quail showed lower total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) than the control one. This effect was more pronounced for 100 and 200 mg of BA/kg. However, high low-density lipoprotein (HDL) did not differ from the control group (p > 0.05). BA at ≥100 mg/kg diet reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and induced greater levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), globulin, total protein, digestive enzymes than the control group (P < 0.05). BA decreased cecal E. coli, Salmonella, Enterococcus, and Coliforms and increased Lactic acid bacteria (p < 0.05) compared to non-supplemented group. Collectively, the inclusion of 100 mg BA/kg diet is ideal for Japanese quail production and health.

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of sulforaphane (SFN) on liver injury induced by triphenyltin (TPT) in Cyprinus carpio (C. carpio). The fish (average weight of 56.9±0.4 g) were divided into 4 groups with four replicates: the control, TPT, SFN+TPT and SFN groups. Twenty fish were selected from each tank and cultured for 8 weeks. Then, serum and liver samples were collected for physiological, biochemical and metabolomic analyses. In the present study, TPT downregulated the expression of the lysozyme gene, upregulated HSP70 and Hsp90 gene expression, and decreased the activities of serum antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPX). However, dietary SFN alleviated oxidative stress, and prevented changes in immune genes. Metabolomic analysis revealed that TPT exposure changed key metabolites in the main phenylalanine, fatty acid and glycerophosphatide metabolic pathways, which are related to inflammation, oxidative stress and immunity and might also lead to an imbalance of liver energy and lipid metabolism. Dietary SFN promoted amino acid metabolism and increased metabolites related to immunity, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and protein synthesis in liver of C. carpio. In summary, dietary SFN supplementation reversed TPT-induced decreases in immunity and oxidative stress and regulated amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, inflammation and immunity-related metabolic pathways.

ABSTRACT: Brevibacillus laterosporus S62-9 has been shown to improve broiler growth performance and immunity. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of B. laterosporus S62-9 on the immunity and lipid metabolism of broilers by means of transcriptomic analysis. A total of 160 1-day-old broilers were randomly allocated to a S62-9 group, the diet of which was supplemented with 106 CFU/g B. laterosporus S62-9 daily, and a control group, which was not. After 42 d of feeding, the broilers in the S62-9 group had higher body mass (7.2%) and feed conversion ratio (5.19%) than the control group. Supplementation with B. laterosporus S62-9 resulted in lower serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations and higher high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations. An analysis of the fatty acid composition of the broiler's thigh muscles revealed that the proportions of the unsaturated fatty acids myristoleic acid (C14:1) and arachidonic acid (C20:1) were higher for birds in the S62-9 group. Transcriptomic analysis also showed an upregulation of immunity-related genes in the S62-9 group. Gene Ontology functional enrichment analysis showed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was enriched in the liver, the defense response was enriched in the duodenum, and immunoglobulin-related entries were enriched in the jejunum of the S62-9 group. Furthermore, the expression of key genes involved in unsaturated fatty acid synthesis (SCD, encoding stearoyl-CoA desaturase) and fatty acid metabolism (HACD2, encoding 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase 2) was upregulated in the liver, and the expression of genes associated with fat biosynthesis and accumulation, such as PLIN1, encoding perilipin 1, and FABP4, encoding fatty acid binding protein 4, was upregulated in the ileum of the birds in the S62-9 group. In summary, supplementation with B. laterosporus S62-9 could improve immune defense and the fatty acid metabolism of broiler chickens, thereby enhancing their disease resistance and promoting growth and development.

This study investigated the effect of supplementation of Malva sylvestris leaf powder (MSLP) on the production performance of broiler chicken. Ven Cobb broiler chicks (240 day-old male chicks) were distributed randomly into four treatments, each replicated four times, with 15 birds per replicate. The diets formulated were T1 (control) given basal diet only, T2 (basal diet +1.0% MSLP), T3 (basal diet +1.5% MSLP), and T4 (basal diet +2.0% MSLP). The highest improvement of 3.83% in the average daily gain (ADG) was recorded in the T3 group fed 1.5% Malva powder in the diet compared to the control (P = 0.009). The average daily feed intake (ADFI) tended to decrease with an increase in the dose of MSLP in the diet, with the lowest feed intake in the T4 group fed 2% MSLP. During the overall period (7–42 days), the feed/gain (F/G) ratio reduced significantly (P = 0.048) in the T3 and T4 groups compared to the control. The dressed and breast meat yield was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the T3 group, with no significant change (P > 0.05) in the thigh yield. The changes in the pH and water-holding capacity (WHC) of breast meat were found to be non-significant (p > 0.05) between the control and various other treatments. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the T3 and T4 groups. There was no negative effect of including MSLP in the diet on the color coordinates of breast meat among different treatments. Compared to the control, the serum immunoglobulin values increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the T3 and T4 groups. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed no difference between various treatments; however, malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) according to dietary treatments. Serum cortisol increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the T4 group compared to other treatments. The inclusion of Malva powder in the diet at the 2% level significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the coliform count compared to the control birds. Supplementation with Malva powder resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the villus height-to-crypt depth (VH:CD) ratio of broiler birds in the T3 and T4 groups. In conclusion, MSLP supplementation at 1.5% and 2% resulted in improved production performance of broiler chicken.

Dietary butyrate is considered to have mostly positive impacts on the ruminal epithelium. However, its supplementation in a high-concentrate diet may not be justified as excessive ruminal butyrate may negatively affect the rumen. Furthermore, butyrate impact on the rumen may depend on its source. Thirty-two Świniarka growing rams (30.6 ± 2.5 kg; 11–14 months of age) were used to investigate the effect of a high-concentrate diet and sodium butyrate (SB) or tributyrin (TB) supplementation in a high-concentrate diet on the rumen structure and selected functions. The rams were allocated to four treatments and fed diets with: (1) low concentrate inclusion (22.5% of diet DM; L); (2) high concentrate inclusion (60% of diet DM; H); (3) H with SB (3.2% of diet DM; H+SB); and (4) H with TB (2.93% of diet DM; H+TB). The preplanned contrasts were used for treatment comparisons (L vs H treatments (H, H+SB, and H+TB), H vs H+SB, and H vs H+TB). The BW, BW gain and DM intake did not differ between treatments. In the atrium ruminis, epithelium thickness did not differ between the L and H treatments (P = 0.46), tended to be higher for H+SB than for H (P = 0.09) but did not differ between H+TB and H (P = 0.61). The expression of downregulated in adenoma was higher for L than for H treatments (P = 0.03) but was not affected by SB or TB supplementation (P ≥ 0.26). In the ventral rumen, the mucosa surface and epithelium thickness were lower for L than for H treatments (P

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of rosehip leaves (RL) supplementation on the production performances and egg quality of laying hens during the first stage of laying. For that, 90 Lohmann Brown Classic hens, aged 26 wk, were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments as follows: a control diet (RL0), an experimental diet containing 0.5% rosehip leaves (RL0.5), and an experimental diet containing 1% rosehip leaves (RL1). The laying hens were accommodated in an experimental hall with identical pens (3.96 m2), and controlled microclimate conditions. The dietary treatments were administered for a 6-wk experimental period (26–32 d of age). During this time, production performance of hens was recorded. To assess the impact of RL on egg weight and its components evolution, egg yolk and albumen color, and primary chemical composition of egg constituents were determined every 2 wk. The effect on egg yolk fatty acids profile was determined only at the end of the trial. The results showed that RL0.5 and RL1 dietary treatments significantly improved laying rate, feed conversion ratio and egg mass compared with RL0 group. A significant effect on egg weight and its components was observed only over time, showing that RL has no effect on these parameters. Significant changes in egg yolk coloration were observed over time, with significant increases in L*, a* and b* chromomeric parameters in both RL0.5 and RL1 compared to RL0. Significant alterations were obtained from the sum of egg yolk fatty acids. The RL1 egg yolk presented significantly higher n-3, and significantly lower n-6 fatty acids, compared with both RL0 and RL0.5. Further research is warranted to explore the long-term effects of rosehip leaf supplementation on laying hens performance and egg quality.

ABSTRACT: In the first study, an in vitro culture system was developed to investigate the effects of carnosine on macrophage proinflammatory cytokine response using an established chicken macrophage cell line (CMC), gut integrity using a chicken intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC), muscle differentiation in quail muscle cells (QMCs) and primary chicken embryonic muscle cells (PMCs), and direct anti-parasitic effect against Eimeria maxima sporozoites. Cells to be tested were seeded in 24-well plates and treated with carnosine at 4 different concentrations (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 µg). After 18 h of incubation, cells were harvested to measure gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines in CMC, tight junction (TJ) proteins in IECs, and muscle cell growth markers in QMCs and PMCs. In vivo trials were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary carnosine on disease parameters in broiler chickens challenged with E. maxima. One hundred and twenty male broiler chickens (0-day-old) were allocated into 4 treatment groups: 1) basal diet without infection (NC), 2) basal diet with E. maxima infection (PC), 3) carnosine at 10.0 mg/kg feed with PC (HCS), and 4) carnosine at 1.0 mg/kg feed with PC (LCS). All groups except NC were orally infected with E. maxima on d 14. Jejunal samples were collected for lesion scoring and jejunum gut tissues were used for transcriptomic analysis of cytokines and TJ proteins. In vitro, carnosine treatment significantly decreased IL-1β gene expression in CMC following LPS stimulation. In vivo feeding studies showed that dietary carnosine increased BW and ADG of chickens in E. maxima-infected groups and reduced the jejunal lesion score and fecal oocyst shedding in HCS group. Jejunal IL-1β, IL-8, and IFN-γ expression were suppressed in the HCS group compared to PC. The expression levels of claudin-1 and occludin in IECs were also increased in HCS following carnosine treatment. In conclusion, these findings highlight the beneficial effects of dietary carnosine supplementation on intestinal immune responses and gut barrier function in broiler chickens exposed to E. maxima infection.