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The insanity defense is a defense against the criminal responsibility of an accused suffering from mental disorder(s). The law in the United States recognizes the doctrine of the defense of insanity. The objective of this study is to analyze the law on insanity defense in the US using the doctrinal legal analysis approach. The findings of this study suggest that the law on the insanity defense is not uniform across the United States. Moreover, forensic mental health evaluation by mental health professionals is critical in determining the plea of insanity. The forensic mental health assessment of an accused taking the plea of insanity must be detailed and comprehensive to assist the trier of the facts as it is the trier of the facts who would decide about the legal insanity of the accused. There is a need to adopt multidisciplinary approaches to further develop the law on insanity defense in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insanity, insanity defense, and the elements of crimes are closely related to each other. An insane person cannot be punished for the crimes committed by him. However, insanity is a concept that has different connotations across academic disciplines. The law is interested in the legal insanity of an accused. Actus reus and mens rea, in most cases, are the essential components of a crime. The defense of insanity, which is an excuse defense against criminal liability is more relevant to the mens rea. Whereas the defense of automatism is more concerned with the actus reus. This paper analyzes the concepts of insanity and insanity defense in the context of elements of crime employing doctrinal legal analysis. The findings of this paper suggest that there is a need to interpret the concepts of insanity, insanity defense, and the elements of crimes, and the relationship among them when the accused is suffering from mental disorders by adopting multidisciplinary approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, stochastic numerical treatment is presented for boundary value problems (BVPs) arising in nanofluidics for nonlinear Jeffery-Hamel flow (NJ-HF) equations using feed-forward artificial neural networks (ANNs) optimized with bio-inspired computing based on genetic algorithms (GAs) integrated with the active-set method (ASM). NJ-HF equations associated with both convergent and divergent channels, involving nanoparticles, are derived from the transformation of Navier- Stokes partial differential equations to nonlinear BVPs of third-order ordinary differential equations. The mathematical model of the transformed BVPs is developed with the help of ANNs in an unsupervised manner and the design parameters of these networks are trained with GAs, ASM, and GA-ASM. The design scheme is evaluated for NJ-HF by taking water as a base fluid containing three different types of nanomaterials: copper (Cu), alumina ([Al.sub.2][O.sub.3]), and titania (Ti[O.sub.2]) under various scenarios based on the angle of the channels and Reynolds numbers. Accuracy and convergence of the designed scheme are validated through comparison with standard numerical results using the Adams method. Key words: nanofludics, nonlinear Jeffery-Hamel flow, artificial neural networks, nanotechnology, genetic algorithm, active-set method. Nous presentons ici une etude numerique stochastique du probleme aux limites (BVP) qu'on retrouve avec les equations de l'ecoulement de Jeffery-Hamel (NJ-HF) pour un nanofluide non lineaire, en utilisant une boucle d'anticipation d'un reseau de neurones artificiels (ANN) optimise par un calcul bio-inspire base sur un algorithme genetique (GA) et integre par methode du set actif (ASM). Les equations de NJ-HF, associees aux canaux convergents et divergents impliquant des nanoparticules, sont obtenues de la transformation des equations de Navier-Stokes aux derivees partielles en BVP non lineaire d'equations differentielles ordinaires. Le modele mathematique de la transformation en BVP est developpe avec l'aide d'un ANN sans supervision et les parametres de conception de ce reseau sont developpes avec l'aide de GA, ASM et GA-ASM. Le schema de cette conception est evalue pour NJ-HF en prenant une base d'eau contenant trois types differents de nanomateriaux, du cuivre (Cu), de l'alumine ([Al.sub.2][O.sub.3]) et du bioxyde de titane (TiO2), sous differents scenarios selon l'angle des canaux et le nombre de Reynolds. La precision et la convergence sont validees par comparaison avec les resultats numeriques standard obtenus de la methode d'Adams. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: nanofluide, ecoulement non lineaire de Jeffery-Hamel, reseau de neurones artificiels, nanotechnologie, algorithme genetique, methode du set actif. PACS Nos.: 02.30.Hq, 07.05.Mh, 85.85.+j., 1. Introduction Dynamics and heat transfer properties of fluids containing nanomaterials have been extensively investigated because of their diverse applications in applied science and technology [1-4]. Nanofluids generally consist of [...]

In this study, we investigate the effects of the power-law index and permeability parameter on the deformation of soft tissue (articular cartilage) which is bathed in the non-Newtonian fluid under stress-relaxation in compression. Ramp displacement is imposed on the surface of hydrated soft tissue. Deformation of the tissue and the fluid pressure is examined for the fast and slow rate of compression. We have employed a linear biphasic mixture theory to develop a mathematical model for compressive stress-relaxation behavior of articular cartilage for non-Newtonian flow. Numerical results indicate that shear-thinning fluids induce less solid deformation and exhibit more fluid pressure as compared to shear-thickening fluids for fast and slow rate of compression. The results also show that linear permeability induces more deformation as compared to strain-dependent nonlinear permeability due to viscoelastic nature of articular cartilage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resources are limited, thus improving resource use efficiency is a key objective for cereal-based cropping systems. This field study was carried out to quantify resource use efficiencies in selected C3 and C4 cereals under split nitrogen (N) application regimes. The study included the following treatments: six cereals (three C3: wheat, oat, and barley; and three C4: maize, millet, and sorghum) and four split N application regimes (NS1 = full amount of N at sowing; NS2 = half N at sowing + half N at first irrigation; NS3 = 1/3 N at sowing + 1/3 N at first irrigation +1/3 N at second irrigation; NS4 = 1/4 N at sowing + 1/4 N at first irrigation + 1/4 N at second irrigation + 1/4 N at third irrigation). Results revealed that C4 cereals out-yielded C3 cereals in terms of biomass production, grain yield, and resource use efficiencies (i.e., radiation use efficiency (RUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE)), while splitting N into three applications proved to be a better strategy for all of the selected winter and summer cereals. The results suggest that C4 cereals should be added into existing cereal-based cropping systems and N application done in three installments to boost productivity and higher resource use efficiency to ensure food security for the burgeoning population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing resource-use efficiency is of prime importance in sustainable agriculture. A field study was carried out to improve nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) and radiation-use efficiency (RUE) of three C4 summer cereals, i.e. maize, millet, and sorghum, under an irrigated arid environment. The results showed that among various cultivars of cereals, cultivars Pearl (maize), 18 BY (millet), and Jumbo (sorghum) produced the highest aboveground total dry matters and grain yields. The highest NUE and RUE were obtained by splitting the nitrogen dose 3 times, i.e. at sowing and at first and second irrigation. The NUE for maize, millet, and sorghum varied from 30.97 to 32.97, 21.34 to 23.32, and 17.39 to 20.22 kg kg-1, respectively. RUE ranged from 1.14 to 1.47, 0.85 to 1.08, and 0.91 to 1.13 g MJ-1 for maize, millet, and sorghum crops, respectively. Maximum resource-use efficiency was achieved by 3 splits, while the minimum was obtained in the control group. It is inferred from this study that those varieties of C4 summer cereals may be commercially grown that are more efficient in utilizing the available resources for harnessing greater NUE as well as RUE under an irrigated arid environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine the behavior of articular cartilage equilibrated in a salt (NaCl) solution during non-Newtonian fluid flow that follows an Ostwald-de Waele model. A linearly elastic and isotropic rectangular strip of cartilage is considered for analysis. A continuum theory of mixtures has been employed to develop a coupled system of partial differential equations for the solid displacement and the fluid pressure by considering the important factor of the ion concentration by assuming the cartilage as a deformable porous media. The coupled system of partial differential equations is solved using the numerical method named method of lines. In most cases, shear-thinning fluid is compared to the shear-thickening fluid to magnify the difference. Graphical results show that shear-thickening fluids bring more solid deformation and shows less fluid pressure in comparison to the shear-thinning fluids.