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This study aimed to measure the effect of roasting time on physicochemical properties and volatile compounds of unfermented cocoa liquor roasted with an oil bath method. Physicochemical properties (pH, temperature, and color), flavor, and volatile compounds were analyzed. The results showed that the longer the roasting time the higher the unfermented cocoa liquor’s temperature, °Hue, and ΔE value, but lower pH and L value. There were 126 volatile compounds obtained by various roasting time, identified as pyrazines (12), aldehydes (16), esters (1), alcohols (31), acids (15), hydrocarbons (11), ketones (19), and others (21). At 15, 20, and 25 minutes of roasting time, 69, 74, and 67 volatile compounds, respectively, were identified. Volatile compounds’ profiles were indicated to be strongly influenced by roasting time. The largest area and highest number of compounds, such as pyrazines and aldehydes, were obtained at 20 minutes, which was also the only time the esters were identified. As well as the time showed a very strong flavor described by panelists.

The acid pretreatment of collagen molecules disrupts their crosslinks and assists in the release of acid-soluble proteins, fats, and other components. Generally, to achieve optimum extraction efficiency, strong acids may be used at a lower acid concentration compared to weak acids. This study aimed to determine the yield and physicochemical properties of gelatins extracted from buffalo hides pretreated with different acids. Hides were extracted with hydrochloric, citric, and acetic acids at concentrations of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 M. A completely randomized design and the least significant difference test were used in the experimental design, and all measurements were performed in triplicate. The highest yield (29.17%) was obtained from pretreatment with 0.9 M HCl. The gel strength did not differ significantly (p>0.05) according to acid type (280.26-259.62 g Bloom), and the highest viscosity was obtained from the 0.6 M citric acid pretreatment. All the gelatins contained α- and β-chain components and several degraded peptides (24-66 kDa). The color and Fourier-transform infrared spectrum of the gelatin extracted using 0.9 M HCl were similar to those of commercial bovine skin gelatin. In general, the physicochemical properties of the gelatin complied with the industry standard set by the Gelatin Manufacturers Institute of America, revealing that buffalo hide could serve as a potential alternative source of gelatin.

Methylmercury has been generally known as a toxic heavy metal for both human and environment. Bacterial-based bioremediation of heavy metal is suggested as an ecofriendly and low-cost bioremediation process. There was limited information regarding the role of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as detoxification agent for methylmercury addressed for human body. West Sekotong, West Lombok, Indonesia, is one of the newly developed artisanal and small-scale gold mining site with high mercury contamination level. This present study was aimed to isolate the human origin methylmercury-resistant LAB and further evaluate their ability to absorb methylmercury. Methylmercury absorption assay was conducted in broth media. The remaining and absorbed methylmercury was measured using the gas chromatography flame ionization detector. A total of 56 methylmercury-resistant LAB isolates were isolated from 37 feces and 19 breast milk samples from 19 volunteers in West Sekotong. Of them, 10 isolates were further selected based on several basic probiotic characteristics and subjected to methylmercury removal assay. The selected isolates showed different methylmercury absorption ability ranged between 17.375 and 51.597 μg/g of wet mass of cell after incubated for 24 hours. Two isolates from feces showing the best removal activity were identified as Enterococcus durans and one isolates from breast milk as Enterococcus faecium based on the sequences of 16s rDNA.

The objective of the research was to identify the effect of the concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl) on yield and the characteristics of gelatin from buffalo hide. A completely randomized design was used with various concentrations of HCl treatment 0.3M, 0.6M, 0.9 M, 1.2 M and 1.5M, and four times replication, followed by least significant difference test. The HCl concentration gave significantly effect (P

The study was investigated the functional properties of buffalo skin gelatine. Gelatine was extracted from swamp buffalo skin using crude acid protease from cow’s abomasum (CAPC) in concentration variation 0; 2.5; 5; and 7.5 U/mg. The temperature to hydrolysis included at 28 °C, 37°C and 40°C. The emulsion activity index (EAI), Emulsion stability index (ESI), foaming expansion (FE) and foaming stability (FS) were investigated. The interaction between CAPC concentration and hydrolysis temperature has a significant effect (P

Cane sugar and other artificial sweeteners are usually used as a food additive to provide sweetness in food. Sweetener additives can be consumed safely by considering the acceptable daily intake (ADI). This research was aimed to determine the type of sweeteners and the level of sweeteners added in food with regard to the ADI. The food sample used in this study was geplak, traditional Indonesian food, made of rice flour, coconut, and sugar, or other sweeteners. The reflectance of geplak powder was measured using the NIRFlex N500 Fiber Optic Solids Cell at 4000 – 10,000 cm-1. The reflectance spectra obtained were pre-treated and analyzed using The Matlab version R2018a. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used for data exploration and qualitative classification. PCA model was able to classify food added with sugar, saccharin, and cyclamate. PLS-DA calibration model using the 2nd derivative Savitzky-Golay as the spectral pretreatment achieved 100% accuracy in predicting high sucrose and high saccharin, as well as low cyclamate and low saccharin, while achieved a slightly low accuracy of 90.0 and 85.7% in predicting low sucrose and high cyclamate, respectively. PLS-DA prediction model, which also applies the 2nd derivative Savitzky-Golay pretreatment spectra, achieved 100% accuracy in predicting high and low sucrose, low cyclamate, and high saccharin.

Wild honeys in Indonesia are still widely believed to be good for health with high economic value. This honey is naturally produced by Apisdorsata bee. In this study, authentication analysis by classification and discrimination of attenuated total reflectance-fourier infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectra was conducted on several wild honeys from various places in Indonesia (n = 186) which then compared to adulterated honey contained commercial sugars of aren (Arenga pinnata), coconut, and cane sugar at 10–50% concentration (n = 57). Combination of spectra measurement at 4,000-650 cm−1 with Chemometric technique by several multivariate analyses resulted in visualization of honey grouping, classification, and regression model that differentiate these honeys, both partial and overall. Principle component analysis multivariate analysis was able to visualize the differentiation of adulterated honey from the authentic ones. Discriminant analysis, a supervised classification technique, was used to differentiate the fake from the authentic honey among those from various origins at wave number range of 4000–800 cm−1 with performance index of 91,8, 90.32–100% sensitivity, and 95. 70–100% specificity. Partial least-squares analysis was used to build a model provided quantitative results of commercial sugars content in honey allegedly added during adulteration. Authentic honeys had commercial sugars content less than 10% with R2 of aren, coconut, and cane sugar of 0.9995, 0.9980 and 0.9998, respectively, with their predictive R2 values of 0.9977, 0.9983 and 0.9946, respectively., Food science, Food analysis, Wild honey, ATR-FTIR, Authenticity, Sugar, Chemometrics.

Most of Indonesia’s cocoa beans has been produced through fermentation. Various metabolite end products such as alcohol, lactic acid, and acetic acid are produced during cocoa beans fermentation. These metabolites would induce different chemical characteristic of fermented cocoa beans. In this research, parameters evaluated were OTA and AFs contamination to determine the susceptibility of fermented and unfermented cocoa beans on OTA and AFs production during storage simulation. To investigate the susceptibility, this research was conducted on storage simulation condition which was 91% of relative humidity. It is hypothesized that metabolic end-products from the breakdown substrate during fermentation process have an effect on mycotoxin production by fungi.This is the first report of ochratoxin A and aflatoxins contamination susceptibility in fermented and unfermented cocoa beans. Fermented cocoa beans were more susceptible to AFs contamination. The highest AFs contamination was found in fermented inoculated cocoa beans after 10 days storage. Unfermented cocoa beans were more susceptible to OTA production. The highest OTA contamination was found in unfermented inoculated cocoa beans after 15 days storage.The results of the present study indicated a promising different potential between ochratoxin A and aflatoxins production in fermented and unfermented cocoa beans during simulation storage condition, suggesting the existence of limiting factors on the accumulation of ochratoxin A and aflatoxins in the beans by the metabolic-end products produced during fermentation.

Several wild honey samples collected from seven different regions in Indonesia were investigated to determine their total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and free radical scavenging activity by analyzing the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DDPH) radical and phenolic profile. Rutin, (+)-catechin, ferulic acid, and galangin were found to be the major phenolic compounds of Indonesia wild honey. The total phenolic content significantly correlated with the total flavonoid content (p=0.000) and the percentage of DPPH radical scavenging activity (p=0.000). Results indicated that there are different polyphenol profiles among the different regions.

Fifty samples consisted of 24 maize kernels and 26 maize based-food products from retail market in Yogyakarta, Indonesia were analysed for deoxynivalenol (DON) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with ultraviolet detection after immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up process. Prior to use, performance of the analytical method was evaluated in term of recovery, repeatability, and detection limit. The recoveries of DON in spiked samples (50–360 μg DON/kg sample) were obtained in a range of 70.9–97.3% with relative standard deviation (RSD) for repeatability within a day less than 16%. Limit of detection based on the response ratio of signal to noise (3/1) was noted being 20 μg DON/kg sample. All analysed samples contained DON ranging between 47 and 348 μg/kg with median and means of 111.0 and 124.6 μg/kg, respectively. The contamination of DON in the studied samples may not be taken into account as hazard for human and animal health since the concentrations were lower than maximum limit of DON contamination in foodstuffs (500 μg/kg) established by European Commission (2006).

Mass spectrometric identification of proteins in species lacking validated sequence information is a major problem in veterinary science. In the present study, we used ochratoxin A producing Penicillium verrucosum to identify and quantitatively analyze proteins of an organism with yet no protein information available. The work presented here aimed to provide a comprehensive protein identification of P. verrucosum using shotgun proteomics. We were able to identify 3631 proteins in an "ab initio" translated database from DNA sequences of P. verrucosum. Additionally, a sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion spectra analysis was done to find differentially regulated proteins at two different time points of the growth curve. We compared the proteins at the beginning (day 3) and at the end of the log phase (day 12).

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common mycotoxin contaminant in feedstuffs. It has been shown to cause diverse toxic effects in animals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of DON on the glucose transport capacity in chickens' jejunum and to investigate the permeation of DON itself by the Ussing chamber technique. Glucose uptake into chicken jejunal epithelia was measured after the addition of 200 mumol/L of (14)C-labeled glucose to the mucosal solution. Glucose uptake under control condition was 3.28 +/- 0.53 nmol/cm(2) x min. The contribution of sodium glucose-linked transporter 1 (SGLT-1) to total glucose uptake was estimated by inhibiting SGLT-1 with phlorizin (100 micromol/L). In the presence of phlorizin, glucose uptake was reduced (P < 0.05) to 1.21 +/- 0.19 nmol/cm(2) x min. Deoxynivalenol decreased (P < 0.05) the glucose uptake in the absence of phlorizin to 1.81 +/- 0.24 nmol/cm(2) x min but had no additional effect on the glucose uptake in the presence of phlorizin (0.97 +/- 0.17 nmol/cm(2) x min). Mucosal-to-serosal permeation of DON was proportional to the initial DON concentration over a concentration range from 1 to 10 mug/mL on the mucosal side. Apparent permeability at 10 microg/mL of DON measured 60 to 90 min after DON application was 1.7 x 10(-05) cm/s. It can be concluded that DON (10 mg/L) decreases glucose uptake almost as efficiently as phlorizin. The similarity between the effects of phlorizin and DON on glucose uptake evidences their common ability to inhibit Na(+)-D-glucose cotransport. In addition to local effects, DON can be absorbed from the jejunum. A predominant part of DON passes across the chicken intestinal epithelium by passive diffusion, which is likely on the paracellular pathway. The results imply that the exposure to DON-contaminated feeds may negatively affect animal health and performance by local (i.e., inhibition of intestinal SGLT-1) and systemic effects.