78 results on '"F. Castagnoli"'
Search Results
2. Technical note: First spectral measurement of the Earth's upwelling emission using an uncooled wideband Fourier transform spectrometer
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L. Palchetti, C. Belotti, G. Bianchini, F. Castagnoli, B. Carli, U. Cortesi, M. Pellegrini, C. Camy-Peyret, P. Jeseck, and Y. Té
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Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The first spectral measurement of Earth's emitted radiation to space in the wideband range from 100 to 1400 cm−1 with 0.5 cm−1 spectral resolution is presented. The measurement was performed from a stratospheric balloon in tropical region using a Fourier transform spectrometer, during a field campaign held in Brazil in June 2005. The instrument, which has uncooled components including the detector module, is a prototype developed as part of the study for the REFIR (Radiation Explorer in the Far InfraRed) space mission. This paper shows the results of the field campaign with particular attention to the measurement capabilities of the prototype. The results are compared with measurements taken by IASI-balloon (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer – Balloon version), aboard the same platform, and with forward model estimations. The infrared signature of clouds is observed in the measurements. more...
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- 2006
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3. Hyperspectral remote sensing for light pollution monitoring
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P. Marcoionni, D. Guzzi, F. Castagnoli, M. Benvenuti, A. Barducci, and I. Pippi
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light pollution monitoring ,line emission ,hyperspectral remote sensing ,airborne imaging spectrometers ,data processing ,Meteorology. Climatology ,QC851-999 ,Geophysics. Cosmic physics ,QC801-809 - Abstract
industries. In this paper we introduce the results from a remote sensing campaign performed in September 2001 at night time. For the first time nocturnal light pollution was measured at high spatial and spectral resolution using two airborne hyperspectral sensors, namely the Multispectral Infrared and Visible Imaging Spectrometer (MIVIS) and the Visible InfraRed Scanner (VIRS-200). These imagers, generally employed for day-time Earth remote sensing, were flown over the Tuscany coast (Italy) on board of a Casa 212/200 airplane from an altitude of 1.5-2.0 km. We describe the experimental activities which preceded the remote sensing campaign, the optimization of sensor configuration, and the images as far acquired. The obtained results point out the novelty of the performed measurements and highlight the need to employ advanced remote sensing techniques as a spectroscopic tool for light pollution monitoring. more...
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- 2006
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4. Prognostic value of CT characteristics in GEP-NET
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D L, van der Velden, F C R, Staal, E A, Aalbersberg, F, Castagnoli, E, Wilthagen, and R G H, Beets-Tan
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Survival ,Tumor grade ,Hematology ,Follow up ,Prognosis ,Imaging ,Pancreatic Neoplasms ,Neuroendocrine Tumors ,Oncology ,Neuroendocrine tumor ,Prognostic biomarkers ,Stomach Neoplasms ,Intestinal Neoplasms ,Humans ,Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed ,Computed tomography ,GEP-NET ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
Aim: A range of CT characteristics with potential prognostic value have previously been identified for gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). Still, there is no widely accepted consensus on which characteristics should be reported as prognostic factors. This systematic review therefore aims to provide an overview of the available literature regarding CT characteristics and their prognostic significance for GEP-NET patients. Materials and methods: PubMed, Embase, and Scopus/Cochrane Library databases were searched and a forward and backward reference check of the identified studies was executed. Eligible studies were conducted in patients with GEP-NET, and reported on the prognostic significance (in terms of tumor grade, spread of disease, and survival) of CT-based biomarkers. Study selection, quality assessment and data extraction were performed by two reviewers independently, resolving disagreement by consensus. Results: In total, 5074 unique studies were identified, of which 37 were included. Given the paucity of data on GEP-NETs other than PNET, data extraction and analyses was restricted to PNETs. Fourteen CT characteristics were correlated to prognostic outcomes. Larger tumor size, hypo-enhancement, irregular shape and ill-defined margins, presence of locally invasive growth, lymphadenopathy and metastases were predictors of poorer prognosis according to 65–89% of the available studies. Most studies were regarded as having a low (65%) or moderate (24%) risk of bias. Conclusion: Evidence regarding prognostic value of CT-based biomarkers for PNETs is limited to heterogeneous, retrospective studies. Nonetheless, heterogeneity in data is more likely to obscure than to overestimate any correlation. Therefore, we feel that the before-mentioned characteristics should be regarded and reported as clinically relevant predictors of poorer prognosis. more...
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- 2022
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5. Design and characterisation of black-body sources for infrared wide-band Fourier transform spectroscopy
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Luca Palchetti, F. Castagnoli, and Giovanni Bianchini
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Physics ,Infrared ,business.industry ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Fourier transform spectroscopy ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Optics ,Far infrared ,Thermal infrared spectroscopy ,Emissivity ,Fourier transform spectra ,infrared spectroscopy ,blackbody radiation ,Black-body radiation ,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ,business ,Radiometric calibration - Abstract
The design and characterisation of small and cost-effective reference black-bodysources for radiometric calibration of Fourier transform spectrometers in the midand far infrared is presented. The paper describes the optimisation of the absorbingblack-coating material and the study of two types of cavity geometry, one designedfor collimated beams and one for focused beams. These two reference sources havebeen developed for the Radiation Explorer in the Far InfraRed spectrometer cov-ering the 100-1400 cm −1 spectral range. They are currently used on-board twoprototypes for ground and stratospheric balloon based atmospheric emission mea-surements. An emissivity of better than 0.9999 is obtained for both type of cavitygeometry giving a calibration error, depending only on the temperature gradientinside the blackbody, of less than 0.5 K. Keywords: Fourier transform spectra, Infrared spectroscopy, Blackbody radiation PACS: 33.20.Ea, 07.57.Ty, 44.40.+a 1 IntroductionIn emission spectroscopy, the calibration of the observed radiance requiresthe measurement of a known source of radiation, which typically is givenby the emission of a blackbody (BB) cavity described by the Planck law ofradiation. The design of a well-characterised and reliable BB source can be more...
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- 2008
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6. Frictionless mirror drive for intermediate resolution infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy
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M. Pellegrini, Luca Palchetti, Giovanni Bianchini, and F. Castagnoli
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Materials science ,Mirror drive ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Frictionless component ,Resolution (electron density) ,Infrared spectroscopy ,Fourier transform spectroscopy ,Vertical plane ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Horizontal plane ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Translation stage ,Optics ,Tilt (optics) ,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ,business ,Parallelogram - Abstract
A simple and compact parallelogram mirror drive based on flexure pivots suitable for intermediate resolution Fourier transform spectroscopy is presented. The system permits 12 mm of mirror translation with a residual tilt of less than ±0.4 mrad in the horizontal plane and ±0.2 mrad in the vertical plane. A system prototype was built and fully characterized for a Fourier transform spectrometer operating on a stratospheric balloon. more...
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- 2006
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7. A fourier transform spectroradiometer for the remote sensing of the atmospheric emission from ground bases in extreme environments
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Gianluca Di Natale, Luca Palchetti, F. Castagnoli, and Giovanni Bianchini
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Detector ,Far infrared ,Fourier transform spectroscopy ,Earth radiation budget ,symbols.namesake ,Spectroradiometer ,Fourier transform ,Geography ,Remote sensing (archaeology) ,Power consumption ,Range (aeronautics) ,symbols ,Radiometry ,Antarctica ,Atmospheric emissions ,Atmospheric infrared emission ,Remote sensing - Abstract
A ground based FT spectroradiometer with a 5-100 mm spectral range, room temperature detectors, low power consumption and a robust optical and electronic design is operating continuously from the Concordia Station, Antarctica. © 2014 Optical Society of America more...
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- 2015
8. Spectrally resolved observations of atmospheric emitted radiance in the H2O rotation band
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Donato Summa, Massimo Carlotti, M. Calvello, Giulia Pavese, R. Bhawar, Giulio Todini, Alessio Bozzo, Luca Palchetti, Francesco Esposito, Tiziano Maestri, T. Di Iorio, A. di Sarra, Giuseppe Grieco, E. Tosi, P. Di Girolamo, Carmine Serio, Enzo Papandrea, Marco Cacciani, D. Fuà, Vincenzo Cuomo, G. Muscari, Filomena Romano, L. Di Liberto, Giorgio Fiocco, Rolando Rizzi, Giovanni Bianchini, F. Castagnoli, R. Restieri, Guido Masiello, R. Bhawar, G. Bianchini, A. Bozzo, M. Cacciani, M. R. Calvello, M. Carlotti, F. Castagnoli, V. Cuomo, P. Di Girolamo, T. Di Iorio, L. Di Liberto, A. di Sarra, F. Esposito, G. Fiocco, D. Fua`, G. Grieco, T. Maestri, G. Masiello, G. Muscari, L. Palchetti, E. Papandrea, G. Pavese, R. Restieri, R. Rizzi, F. Romano, C. Serio, D. Summa, G. Todini, and E. Tosi more...
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Radiation ,REMOTE SENSING ,Water vapour continuum ,symbols.namesake ,Optics ,Far infrared ,Downwelling ,Radiative transfer ,RADIATIVE BUDGET ,WATER ROTATIONAL BAND ,Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics ,Remote sensing ,atmospheric spectroscopy ,radiation budget ,business.industry ,ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY ,Geophysics ,Radiance ,symbols ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Raman spectroscopy ,business ,far infrared ,Water vapor - Abstract
This paper presents the project Earth Cooling by Water Vapor Radiation, an observational programme, which aims at developing a database of spectrally resolved far infrared observations, in atmospheric dry conditions, in order to validate radiative transfer models and test the quality of water vapor continuum and line parameters. The project provides the very first set of far-infrared spectral downwelling radiance measurements, in dry atmospheric conditions, which are complemented with Raman Lidar-derived temperature and water vapor profiles. Citation: Bhawar, R., et al. (2008), Spectrally resolved observations of atmospheric emitted radiance in the H2O rotation band. more...
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- 2008
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9. [Untitled]
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M. Douard, M. Morandi, Valentin Mitev, S. Balestri, Fabrizio Masci, Markku Rummukainen, Guido Visconti, Esko Kyrö, Rigel Kivi, Franz Immler, Gianluca Redaelli, Vincenzo Rizi, B. Mielke, M. Del Guasta, B. Stein, P. Rairoux, Renaud Matthey, Ludger Wöste, Leopoldo Stefanutti, Jean-Pierre Wolf, C. Wedekind, and F. Castagnoli more...
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Atmospheric Science ,Meteorology ,Backscatter ,Atmospheric sciences ,Atmosphere ,Lidar ,Thermal ,Environmental Chemistry ,Particle ,Environmental science ,Polar ,Stratosphere ,Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics ,Air mass - Abstract
Polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) were observed with the multi-wavelength lidar of the MOANA project (Modelling and Observations of Aerosols in the Northern Atmosphere) during SESAME (Second European Stratospheric Arctic and Mid-latitude Experiment). The physical state, liquid or solid, of the cloud particles can be inferred from the lidar data. Using isentropic back-trajectories to obtain the thermal history of the sampled air masses, it is possible to reconcile most of the observations with current ideas on PSC formation and evolution. When the cloud particles were identified as liquid, changes in the size distribution of the droplets along the trajectory were calculated using a micro-physical box model. Backscatter ratios calculated from the size distributions are in broad agreement with the lidar data, giving confidence in current understanding of the evolution of ternary solution (H2SO4, HNO3 and H2O) droplets. Results from two soundings are shown which bear on the problem of the formation of solid particles. In the first, solid particles were detected. The air mass had cooled to the frost point 12 hours earlier. In the second no solid particles were detected although the air temperature was below the nitric acid trihydrate existence point, and had decreased by 12K in the previous 14 hours. more...
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- 1999
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10. Raman-shifted laser sources suitable for differential?absorption lidar measurements of ozone in the troposphere
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L Stefanutti, Martin J. T. Milton, Claus Weitkamp, T. Schaberl, Hans Edner, Arnoud Apituley, Thomas Trickl, F Castagnoli, W Carnuth, Jens Bösenberg, Anders Sunesson, Gérard Ancellet, and Publica
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Ozone ,Materials science ,Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) ,business.industry ,General Engineering ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Radiation ,Laser ,law.invention ,Troposphere ,symbols.namesake ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Optics ,Lidar ,chemistry ,law ,symbols ,Laser beam quality ,business ,Raman spectroscopy ,Spectral purity - Abstract
Measurements have been performed at eight laboratories on Raman-shifted radiation from frequency-quadrupled Nd:YAG and KrF lasers. Each of these sources is a possible candidate for making differential-absorption lidar measurements of ozone in the free troposphere. The spectral purity, efficiency and divergence of the different sources are compared and explained using a simplified model of the Raman interaction. Particular attention has been given to the use of buffer gases to optimize the Raman gain and divergence. The experimental results show that the operating conditions required to optimize the output energy of each of these types of laser source can be quite different. In the case of the KrF laser, it has been shown that high energies can be generated at low active gas pressures, and that increasing the pressure increases the beam quality, but decreases the energy. (Less) more...
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- 1998
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11. Hyperspectral Passive Satellite Imaging via compressive sensing Report of Project Status and Achievements
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A. Barducci, F. Castagnoli, D.Guzzi, and I. Pippi
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- 2014
12. Developing a New Hyperspectral Imaging Interferometer for Earth Observation
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G. Castellini, Alessandro Barducci, Ivan Pippi, Vanni Nardino, Paolo Marcoionni, F. Castagnoli, Cinzia Lastri, and Donatella Guzzi
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Electromagnetic field ,Earth observation ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Computer science ,Spectral line ,Optics ,medicine ,Astronomical interferometer ,Spectral resolution ,Remote sensing ,Spectrometer ,Pixel ,business.industry ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,General Engineering ,Hyperspectral imaging ,Earth remote sensing ,Reflectivity ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Spectral imaging ,Interferometry ,Computer Science::Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Full spectral imaging ,Radiance ,Phase retrieval ,business - Abstract
The Aerospace Leap-frog Imaging Stationary interferometer for Earth Observation (ALISEO) is a hyperspectral imaging interferometer for Earth remote sensing. The instrument belongs to the class of Sagnac stationary interferometers and acquires the image of the target superimposed to the pattern of autocorrelation functions of the electromagnetic field coming from each pixel. The ALISEO sensor together with the data processing algorithms that retrieve the at-sensor spectral radiance are discussed. A model describing the instrument OPD and interferogram center is also discussed, improving the procedures for phase retrieval and spectral estimation. Images acquired by ALISEO are shown, and examples of retrieved reflectance spectra are presented. more...
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- 2012
13. The hyperspectral irradiometer, a new instrument for long-term and unattended field spectroscopy measurements
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F. Castagnoli, Michele Meroni, Roberto Colombo, U. Morra di Cella, Lorenzo Busetto, Sergio Cogliati, Mirco Migliavacca, Edoardo Cremonese, Micol Rossini, A. Barducci, Marta Galvagno, Meroni, M, Barducci, A, Cogliati, S, Castagnoli, F, Rossini, M, Busetto, L, Migliavacca, M, Cremonese, E, Galvagno, M, Colombo, R, and Di Cella, U more...
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Radiometer ,Data acquisition ,GEO/10 - GEOFISICA DELLA TERRA SOLIDA ,Spectrometer ,Irradiance ,Field spectroscopy ,Hyperspectral imaging ,Automatic optical system, Vegetation Indexes, PRI, Fluorescence ,Vegetation ,Instrumentation ,Term (time) ,Remote sensing - Abstract
Reliable time series of vegetation optical properties are needed to improve the modeling of the terrestrial carbon budget with remote sensing data. This paper describes the development of an automatic spectral system able to collect continuous long-term in-field spectral measurements of spectral down-welling and surface reflected irradiance. The paper addresses the development of the system, named hyperspectral irradiometer (HSI), describes its optical design, the acquisition, and processing operations. Measurements gathered on a vegetated surface by the HSI are shown, discussed and compared with experimental outcomes with independent instruments. © 2011 American Institute of Physics. more...
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- 2011
14. Gross ecosystem productivity estimation by means of ground-based hyperspectral and fluorescence measurements: methods and preliminary results
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Rossini M, M Meroni, S Cogliati, C Panigada, M Migliavacca, A Barducci, F Castagnoli, E Cremonese, M Galvagno, U Morra di Cella, B Gioli, F Miglietta, L Busetto, G Seufert, A Cescatti, and R Colombo
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- 2010
15. A four-wavelength depolarization backscattering LIDAR for polar stratospheric cloud monitoring
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Leopoldo Stefanutti, V. Venturi, Dirk Weidauer, M. Morandi, Jean-Pierre Wolf, H. Kneipp, P. Rairoux, L. Zuccagnoli, V. M. Sacco, B. Stein, F. Castagnoli, J. Kolenda, and M. Del Guasta
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Physics ,Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) ,General Engineering ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Cloud physics ,Laser ,Photon counting ,law.invention ,Aerosol ,Wavelength ,Four-wave mixing ,Lidar ,law ,Stratosphere ,Remote sensing - Abstract
A four wavelength backscattering depolarization LIDAR designed for polar stratospheric cloud and stratospheric aerosol measurement is described. The system uses the following wavelengths: 355 nm, 532 nm, 750 nm, and 850 nm. These wavelengths, obtained by means of the third- and second-harmonic of a Nd: YAG laser and by means of a tunable Ti: Sapphire laser, are chosen in a way to better characterize the particel size of such stratospheric aerosols. They are not emitted simultaneously as the LIDAR system is designed with only two detection channels permitting to detect, in the analog and in the photon counting mode, both the direct and the depolarized backscattered signal. The system has been operational in northern Finland since the end of November 1991. more...
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- 1992
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16. ALISEO on MIOSat: An Aerospace imaging interferometer for Earth Observation
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F. Castagnoli, G. Castellini, Donatella Guzzi, Ivan Pippi, Paolo Marcoionni, and Alessandro Barducci
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Physics ,Earth observation ,business.industry ,Payload ,Imaging interferometry ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Interferometry ,law ,Astronomical interferometer ,Aerospace engineering ,Aerospace ,business ,Sagnac interferometer ,Remote sensing - Abstract
In this paper we describe a new instrument named ALISEO (Aerospace Leap-frog Imaging Stationary Interferometer for Earth Observation), which belongs to the class of the “stationary interferometers”. ALISEO has been selected as the main payload for a novel Italian Space Agency (ASI) optical mission based on a micro-satellite (MIOSat) with steering capability. The mission is constituted by a micro-satellite equipped with advanced payloads, among which there are an extensible telescope, a MEMS Mach-Zehnder non-imaging interferometer, and ALISEO. MIOSat is expected to provide the scientific community with the technological demonstration of this new remote sensing technology. more...
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- 2009
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17. The aerospace imaging interferometer aliseo: further improvements of calibration methods and assessment of interferometer response
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Alessandro Barducci, Donatella Guzzi, Ivan Pippi, Paolo Marcoionni, and F. Castagnoli
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Earth observation ,Pixel ,business.industry ,Payload ,Computer science ,calibration methods ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Field of view ,interferometer response ,Laser ,law.invention ,ALISEO mission ,Telescope ,Interferometry ,Optics ,law ,Astronomical interferometer ,Calibration ,Satellite ,Aerospace imaging interferometer ,business ,Optical path length ,Remote sensing - Abstract
ALISEO (Aerospace Leap-frog Imaging Stationary Interferometer for Earth Observation) belongs to the stationary interferometers representing a promising architecture for future Earth Observation (EO) sensors due to their simple optical layout. ALISEO has been selected by the Italian Space Agency as the principal payload for a new optical mission based on a micro-satellite (MIOsat). Payloads planned for MIOsat are an extensible telescope, a high-resolution panchromatic camera, a Mach-Zehnder MEMS interferometer, and ALISEO. MIOsat is expected to provide a platform with pointing capability for those advanced sensors. ALISEO operates in the common-path Sagnac configuration, and it does not employ any moving part to generate phase delay between the two rays. The sensor acquires the target images modulated by a pattern of autocorrelation functions: a fringe pattern that is fixed with respect to the instrument's field of view. The complete interferogram of each target location is retrieved introducing relative source-observer motion, which allows any image pixels to be observed under different phase delays. Recent laboratory measurements performed with ALISEO are described and discussed in this paper. In order to calibrate the optical path difference (OPD) of raw interferograms, a set of measurements have been carried out using a double planar diffuser system and several coloured He-Ne lasers. Standard reflectance tiles together doped with Holmium and Rare Earths have been used for validating the wavelength calibration of the instrument and proving the reliability of the reflectance retrieving procedure. more...
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- 2008
18. A cryogenically operated laser diode spectrometer for airborne measurement of stratospheric trace gases
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Peter Werle, Silvia Viciani, F. Castagnoli, Francesco D'Amato, Guido Toci, and P. Mazzinghi
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Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) ,Laser diode ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,General Engineering ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Time resolution ,Semiconductor laser theory ,law.invention ,Trace gas ,Troposphere ,Optics ,law ,Environmental science ,Gas detector ,business ,Stratosphere - Abstract
A cryogenically operated laser diode spectrometer (COLD) for the airborne measurement of carbon monoxide is described. The instrument is designed, and fully qualified, for operation on a high-altitude aircraft and the scientific mission is the in situ measurement of trace gases in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Sensitivities achieved so far during in-flight operation are a few ppbV with a time resolution of 4 s, coupled with a good reliability. Airborne data, obtained by COLD during research campaigns in Australia and Brazil in the frame of international projects, are also presented to demonstrate COLD in-flight performance. more...
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- 2008
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19. An automatic, low-cost telemetric lidar for the continuous monitoring of urban aerosols in the surface layer
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Massimo Baldi, F. Castagnoli, V. Venturi, and M. Del Guasta
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Backscatter ,business.industry ,Continuous monitoring ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Laser ,law.invention ,Photodiode ,Telescope ,Lidar ,Optics ,law ,Refracting telescope ,Environmental science ,business ,Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics ,Atmospheric optics ,Remote sensing - Abstract
An old-fashioned technology such as the "searchlight profiler", which was used in the 1960s for the early profiling of atmospheric backscatter, recently modified for its use with lasers and CCD cams1, has been revisited in the telemetric-LIDAR described here. The instrument is intended for the low-cost monitoring of urban aerosols, with a limited useful range of 100-200 meters. A modulated CW laser beam is used to probe the atmosphere, and a refractive telescope is used to collect the backscattered light on a photodiode array. Like in a telemetric system, the distance between the laser beam and the telescope axis determines the range resolution and the distance of the measurement volume corresponding to each pixel of the array. The system was used in conjunction with in-situ PM10 instruments for several months of continuous operation in Prato and Florence (Italy). The comparison between LIDAR-derived and conventional PM10 measurements is shown. more...
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- 2007
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20. Far-infrared spectrally resolved broadband emission of the atmosphere from Morello and Gomito mountains near Florence
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Giovanni Bianchini, Luca Palchetti, F. Castagnoli, and Alessio Baglioni
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Earth's energy budget ,business.industry ,Remote sensing ,Spectral line ,water vapour ,Atmospheric composition and structure ,Spectroradiometer ,Optics ,Far infrared ,Fourier spectroscopy ,Far infrared spectroscopy ,Radiative transfer ,Environmental science ,Emission spectrum ,business ,Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics ,Atmospheric optics ,Water vapor - Abstract
The spectrally-resolved characterization of the atmospheric emission has a fundamental role in the study of the Earth radiation balance, and only a measurement performed in a wide spectral range enables us to separate the contributions to the radiative balance due to the different altitudes, constituents and physical phases. The REFIR-PAD (Radiation Explorer in the Far InfraRed-Prototype for Application and Development) Fourier transform spectroradiometer can perform a characterization of the broadband radiative signature of clouds and aerosols, with the only limitation of the need of low levels of water vapour like those that are obtainable in high altitude stations during winter. The capabilities of this kind of measurement have been assessed in a series of test campaign performed in Tuscany during the winter of 2006/2007 when atmospheric emission spectra have been acquired in various transparency conditions and the evidence of transparency in the far-infrared region below 600 cm -1 has been demonstrated. REFIR-PAD operates in the spectral range extending from 100 to 1400 cm -1 with a resolution of 0.5 cm -1 , using room-temperature detectors and optics and a compact, misalignment-compensated design. The instrument, developed at IFAC-CNR, Florence, has been successfully deployed in several campaigns, both in the ground based zenith-looking geometry and in the nadir-looking balloon borne configuration. The operating spectral range of the REFIR-PAD spectroradiometer encompasses great part of the atmospheric emission spectrum, from the relatively unexplored far-infrared region below 400 cm -1 , dominated by water vapour rotational band, to the atmospheric transparency window, where a number of atmospheric instruments are already operating and can provide intercomparison data. more...
- Published
- 2007
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21. SOME TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS IN STRATOSPHERIC PLATFORM DESIGN DEVOTED TO PROTECTING POWER SOURCES FROM DAMAGES ON LANDING
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Boscaleri A., F. Castagnoli, P. Rissone, F. Rotini, E.Ronchi, L. Setti, and S. Cortiglioni
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- 2007
22. Use of polarimetric lidar for the study of oriented ice plates in clouds
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M. Morandi, Massimo Del Guasta, Edgar A. Vallar, F. Castagnoli, V. Venturi, and Olivier Riviere
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Physics ,Lidar ,business.industry ,Materials Science (miscellaneous) ,Isotropy ,Diffuse sky radiation ,Polarimetry ,Polarization (waves) ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,symbols.namesake ,Optics ,Polarization ,Ice crystal phenomena ,symbols ,Stokes parameters ,Atmospheric scattering ,Business and International Management ,Anisotropy ,business ,Circular polarization ,Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Abstract
A polarization lidar operating at 532 nm was converted into an automatic, polarimetric lidar capable of measuring the entire Stokes vector of backscattered light and its derived quantities. Among these quantities, circular and linear depolarizations were studied as tools for investigating the presence of anisotropic scattering media. Isotropic scatterers show a simple relationship between linear and circular depolarization, a relation that we confirm theoretically and experimentally. Deviations from this relation, which are possible in the presence of anisotropic scatterers such as horizontally oriented ice plates when they are observed with a slant lidar, were studied both numerically and experimentally. more...
- Published
- 2006
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23. Fourier transform spectroradiometer for the characterization of the composition and the radiative properties of the upper atmosphere
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L. Palchetti, G. Bianchini, B. Carli, F. Castagnoli, U. Cortesi, M.Pellegrini, and M. Trambusti
- Published
- 2006
24. First spectral measurement of the Earth's upwelling emission using an uncooled wideband Fourier transform spectrometer
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M. Pellegrini, Giovanni Bianchini, Bruno Carli, Ugo Cortesi, Claude Camy-Peyret, Luca Palchetti, Yao Té, P. Jeseck, F. Castagnoli, C. Belotti, EGU, Publication, Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' (IFAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire pour l'Atmosphere et l'Astrophysique (LPMAA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) more...
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010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Far infrared ,Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer ,Water vapour ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,010309 optics ,symbols.namesake ,Optics ,0103 physical sciences ,Atmospheric structrure ,Spectral resolution ,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Remote sensing ,Physics ,[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere ,Detector ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Fourier transform ,13. Climate action ,Spectral envelope ,Fourier spectroscopy ,symbols ,business - Abstract
The first spectral measurement of Earth’s emitted radiation to space in the widebandrange from 100 to 1400cm −1 with 0.5cm −1 spectral resolution is presented. The mea-surement was performed from a stratospheric balloon in tropical region using a Fourier 5 transform spectrometer, during a field campaign held in Brazilin June2005. The instru-ment, which has uncooled components including the detector module, is a prototypedeveloped as part of the study for the REFIR (Radiation Explorer in the Far InfraRed)space mission. This paper shows the results of the field campaign with particular atten-tion to the measurement capabilities of the prototype. The results are compared with 10 measurements taken by IASI-balloon (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer –Balloon version), aboard the same platform, and with forward model estimations. Theinfrared signature of clouds is observed in the measurements. 1 Introduction The observation of the upwelling emission in the full relevant spectral range, from the more...
- Published
- 2006
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25. The ALISEO instrument: further improvements of calibration methods and assessment of interferometer response
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F. Castagnoli, Alessandro Barducci, Paolo Marcoionni, and Ivan Pippi
- Subjects
Sagnac ,Physics ,Earth observation ,Vignetting ,business.industry ,Autocorrelation ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,calibrazione ,risposta interferometrica ,Interferometria ad immagine ,Interferometry ,Optics ,Astronomical interferometer ,Calibration ,Radiance ,telerilevamento ,business ,Group delay and phase delay - Abstract
In recent years the Italian Space Agency funded a feasibility study for an aerospace imaging interferometer for Earth Observation. The instrument, named ALISEO (Aerospace Leap-frog Imaging Stationary Interferometer for Earth Observation), belongs to the class of the so called "stationary interferometers," and it operates in the common path Sagnac configuration not employing any moving parts to generate phase delay. ALISEO acquires the target image as modulated by a pattern of autocorrelation functions of the energy coming from each target's location. The complete interferogram is retrieved introducing relative source-observer motion. In order to calibrate the optical-path-difference (OPD) axis of the raw interferograms, a set of measurements have been carried out illuminating a double planar diffuser system by He-Ne lasers operating at different wavelengths. Standard reflectance tiles together with diffusers doped with Holmium and Rare Earths have been used to verify the wavelength calibration of the instrument. Finally, a procedure for raw data pre-processing aimed at retrieving at-sensor radiance spectra is developed taking into account the issues of dark signal subtraction, spectral instrument response compensation, effects of vignetting, and Fourier back-transform algorithm. more...
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Breadboard of a Fourier-transform spectrometer for the radiation explorer in the far infrared atmospheric mission
- Author
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Tiziano Maestri, Francesco Esposito, Vincenzo Cuomo, Bruno Carli, Giovanni Bianchini, Luca Palchetti, Carmine Serio, F. Castagnoli, Rolando Rizzi, Palchetti L., Bianchini G., Castagnoli F., Carli B., Serio C., Esposito F., Cuomo V., Rizzi R., and Maestri T. more...
- Subjects
Physics ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Materials Science (miscellaneous) ,Far infrared ,Fourier transform spectroscopy ,Breadboard ,Polarizer ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Space exploration ,law.invention ,Interferometry ,Optics ,Atmospheric spectroscopy ,law ,Business and International Management ,business ,Radiometric calibration ,Beam splitter ,Remote sensing ,Earth Radiation Budget - Abstract
In preparation for a possible space mission, a breadboard version named REFIR-BB of the Radiation Explorer in the Far Infrared (REFIR) instrument has been built. The REFIR is a Fourier-transform spectrometer with a new optical layout operating in the spectral range 100-1100 cm(-1) with a resolution of 0.5 cm(-1), a 7-s acquisition time, and a signal-to-noise ratio of better than 100. Its mission is the spectral measurement in the far infrared of the Earth's outgoing emission, with particular attention to the long-wavelength spectral region, which is not covered by either current or planned space missions. This measurement is of great importance for deriving an accurate estimate of the radiation budget in both clear and cloudy conditions. The REFIR-BB permits the trade-off among all instrument parameters to be studied, the optical layout to be tested, and the data-acquisition strategy to be optimized. The breadboard could be used for high-altitude ground-based campaigns or could be flown for test flights on aircraft or balloon stratospheric platforms. The breadboard's design and the experimental results are described, with particular attention to the acquisition strategy and characterization of the interferometer. Tests were performed both in laboratory conditions and in vacuum. Notwithstanding a loss of efficiency above 700 cm(-1) caused by the poor performance of the photolithographic polarizers used as beam splitters, the results demonstrate the feasibility of using the spectrometer for space applications. more...
- Published
- 2005
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- View/download PDF
27. Radiation Explorer in the Far-InfraRed (REFIR): feasibility of thr space mission and breadboarding activity of the Fourier transform spectrometer
- Author
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L. Palchetti, G. Bianchini, B. Carli, F. Castagnoli, U. Cortesi, M. Pellegrini, C. Serio, F. Esposito, and R. Restieri
- Published
- 2005
28. A midinfrared laser spectrometer for the in-situ measurement of stratospheric nitrous oxide
- Author
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P. Mazzinghi, Francesco D'Amato, Peter Werle, P. Poggi, M. Pantani, M. De Rosa, and F. Castagnoli
- Subjects
Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Analytical chemistry ,Nitrous oxide ,Liquid nitrogen ,Laser ,law.invention ,Semiconductor laser theory ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Optics ,chemistry ,law ,Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) ,business ,Spectroscopy ,Diode - Abstract
In this paper, mid-infrared spectrometer based on a liquid nitrogen cooled lead-salt diode laser, emitting at 2190 cm/sup -1/ for the in-situ measurement of stratospheric nitrous oxide is developed. The system operates unattended for several hours under changing ambient conditions: during flight, the pressure is ranging from 1000 down to 30 mbar, temperature ranges from +70/spl deg/C to -90/spl deg/C. Typical flight measurements are performed between 10000 and 22000 m of altitude and at an aircraft speed of 160-190 m/s. more...
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. A compact near-infrared diode-laser analyser for the measurement of atmospheric methane profiles on an airborne platform
- Author
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M. De Rosa, Francesco D'Amato, F. Castagnoli, P. Poggi, Peter Werle, M. Pantani, and P. Mazzinghi
- Subjects
business.industry ,Chemistry ,Atmospheric methane ,Analyser ,Near-infrared spectroscopy ,Laser ,Semiconductor laser theory ,law.invention ,Optics ,law ,Atmospheric chemistry ,Calibration ,business ,Diode ,Remote sensing - Abstract
In this paper, compact near-infrared distributed feedback diode-laser, emitting at 1.651 micron for the measurement of atmospheric methane profiles on an airborne platform is developed. The detection technique is based on two-tone frequency modulation spectroscopy. The calibration procedure for the analyser with respect to pressure changes during the flight mission is also discussed. more...
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. A new stationary imaging interferometer: first results
- Author
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Andrea Casini, Ivan Pippi, F. Castagnoli, Maria Sgavetti, Paolo Marcoionni, and Alessandro Barducci
- Subjects
Physics ,Vignetting ,Pixel ,business.industry ,Autocorrelation ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Interference (wave propagation) ,Interferometry ,symbols.namesake ,Optics ,Fourier transform ,Astronomical interferometer ,Radiance ,symbols ,business - Abstract
In this paper we present some laboratory measurements obtained by a new imaging interferometer. This instrument has been derived from the so called “stationary interferometers,” which do not employ any moving part to optically scan the instrument field-of-view. The device acquires the image of an object superimposed to a fixed (stationary) pattern of autocorrelation functions of the energy coming from each pixel. The interference pattern, constituted by a system of vertical fringes, is scanned by moving the observed target with respect to the imaging device. In order to calibrate the optical-path-difference axis of the raw interferograms, we have executed a set of measurements employing a He-Ne laser source spread by a pair of planar diffusers. The dependence of the optical-path-difference values on the source spectral content has been addressed performing a set of measurements after filtering a 600W halogen lamp with interference filters of 10nm bandwidth. We have described the procedure of pre-processing of the acquired data to retrieve the spectrum of at-sensor radiance (dark signal subtraction, spectral instrument response compensation, effects of vignetting and Fourier transform algorithm). Some hints are given about the use of this instrument from airborne platforms for remote sensing of the Earth. more...
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Solar Spectral Irradiometer for Validation of Remotely Sensed Hyperspectral Data
- Author
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Alessandro Barducci, Ivan Pippi, F. Castagnoli, Marco Poggesi, Donatella Guzzi, and Paolo Marcoionni
- Subjects
business.industry ,Materials Science (miscellaneous) ,Atmospheric correction ,Irradiance ,Diffuse sky radiation ,Hyperspectral imaging ,Remote sensing ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Spectral irradiometer ,Optics ,Infrared window ,Calibration ,Environmental science ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Business and International Management ,business ,Radiometric calibration ,Atmospheric optics - Abstract
A new solar spectral irradiometer that operates in the visible and near-infrared spectral ranges has been developed. This instrument takes advantage of a new concept optical head that collects the light that impinges on a hemispheric surface, thus improving the instrument angular response with respect to traditional devices. The technical characteristics of the instrument are investigated and detailed, and its radiometric calibration, performed by means of a Langley-like method, is discussed. A new simplified theoretical model that accounts for the diffuse irradiance observed in an optically thin plane-parallel atmosphere has been developed to improve the fit of the irradiance diurnal evolution. An alternative polynomial parametric representation of monochromatic diffuse irradiance evolution has been attempted, but satisfactory results were not obtained from the fitting of experimental data. The new instrument could be useful to carry out remote-sensing validation campaigns. more...
- Published
- 2004
32. Studio del bilancio radiativo terrestre Importanza della componente nel lontano infrarosso
- Author
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Palchetti L., G.Bianchini, B.Carli, F. Castagnoli, and A. Boscaleri
- Subjects
composizione dell'atmosfera ,spettroscopia di Fourier ,sondaggio remoto ,cambiamenti climatici - Published
- 2004
33. Two infrared laser spectrometers for the in situ measurement of stratospheric gas concentration
- Author
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Peter Werle, P. Mazzinghi, M. Pantani, M. De Rosa, Francesco D'Amato, and F. Castagnoli
- Subjects
Spectrometer ,In situ gas analysis ,Far-infrared laser ,Tunable diode laser ,Gas concentration ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Aerosol ,On board ,Upper troposphere ,Environmental science ,Lower stratosphere ,Spectroscopy ,Stratosphere ,Tunable laser ,Remote sensing - Abstract
This paper presents two infrared laser spectrometers built to measure CH4 ,N 2O and CO stratospheric concentrations. Both TDL were designed as a subsystem of a composite airborne instruments package, devoted to the chemical and microphysical diagnostics of stratospheric aerosols, developed in the frame of the Airborne Platform for Earthobservation programme (APE). We present the results of the measurements of N2O and CH4 concentration in the stratosphere performed in a polar campaign on board of the Geophysica M55 aircraft. 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. more...
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Performance assessment of a stationary imaging interferometer for high-resolution remote sensing
- Author
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Andrea Casini, Alessandro Barducci, F. Castagnoli, M. Morandi, Paolo Marcoionni, and Ivan Pippi
- Subjects
Engineering ,Interferometry ,Optics ,business.industry ,Remote sensing application ,Aperture ,Optical engineering ,Fourier optics ,Astronomical interferometer ,Spectral resolution ,business ,Interference (wave propagation) ,Remote sensing - Abstract
The fundamental component of a stationary interferometer is a beam-splitter semi-transparent plate that provides phase-delay between the two interfering rays. The phase-delay changes with varying the incident angle of the entering ray, thus producing the entire interference pattern while moving the device over the surface of the observed target. Due to their technical characteristics these interferometers can reliably be adapted for aerospace remote sensing applications. Their ability to produce the interference of the incoming radiation over a broad spectrum of optical wavelength together with the possibility to accommodate the spectral resolution by changing its optical aperture and the sampling step make these instruments interesting for Earth remote sensing. This paper describes the results coming from laboratory experiments and numerical simulations carried out in order to investigate the use of the static interferometers for remote sensing purposes.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only. more...
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. 5. 'Inquinamento luminoso: un'applicazione del telerilevamento iperspettrale'
- Author
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A. Barducci, M. Benvenuti, F. Castagnoli, D. Guzzi, P.Marcoionni, I. Pippi, and L. Bonora
- Published
- 2002
36. Integration of backscattering lidar and ground-based meteorological and pollution data in Florence (Italy)
- Author
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Massimo Del Guasta, A. Barbaro, Leopoldo Stefanutti, S. Balestri, and F. Castagnoli
- Subjects
Pollution ,Meteorology ,Backscatter ,Planetary boundary layer ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Air pollution ,Mode (statistics) ,medicine.disease_cause ,Aerosol ,Lidar ,Geography ,medicine ,Calibration ,media_common - Abstract
A statistically significant data set of backscattering LIDAR and ground-based information has been obtained for the planetary boundary layer (PBL) of Florence (I). The summer LIDAR backscattering data at 532 and 1064 nm have been used to estimate both the size and the number concentration of the urban aerosols in the accumulation mode. This technique seems to be relatively insensitive to the aerosol composition. The time-height evolution of the PBL [mainly the stable (SL) and the mixed (ML) layers] has been plotted, together with the meteorological and ground-based pollution data for the 200 measurement days. The ground-based hourly pollution data (NOx, CO) have been compared with the hourly-averaged 1064 nm backscattering at 25 meters above the ground. A correlation, R equals 0.65, was obtained between NOx and 1064 nm backscattering during the summer period when the traffic aerosols do not grow considerably after their production. The correlation is not significant during winter, when the growth of the particles is much faster. During winter, the RH variations are more important than aerosol number variations to determine the backscattering evolution.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only. more...
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Depolarization-backscatter lidar for stratospheric studies
- Author
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B. Stein, Benoit Lazzarotto, Pietro Agostini, Valentin Mitev, Renaud Matthey, Bertrand Calpini, Adriano Antonelli, M. Morandi, C. Wedekind, and F. Castagnoli
- Subjects
Materials science ,Polarization (waves) ,Laser ,law.invention ,Troposphere ,symbols.namesake ,Lidar ,law ,Harmonics ,symbols ,Cirrus ,Rayleigh scattering ,Stratosphere ,Remote sensing - Abstract
The depolarization-backscatter lidar reported here is developed for application in the polar stratospheric and high- tropospheric studies. That includes the following operations: detection of the stratospheric background aerosol, detection of high-altitude cirrus clouds and polar stratospheric clouds (PSC), detection of Rayleigh backscatter signal for subsequent stratospheric temperature retrieval algorithm application. The lidar is stationed in Sodankyla, Finland (67N) and intended for a 2-year operation at that site. It operates with one Nd:YAG laser with second and third harmonics conversion. The detection of the backscatter atmospheric signal is performed at the fundamental, second and the third harmonics of the laser (1 micrometer, 532 nm and 355 nm), as well as the vibrational Raman backscatter from the nitrogen pumped by the third harmonic at 387 nm. The backscatter signal at 532 nm is detected separately in (p) and (s) polarization.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only. more...
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. ESA-LITE: IROE Contribution to Ground Based LIDAR and LITE Correlative Measurements
- Author
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Leopoldo Stefanutti, V. Santacesari, A. Matthews, M. Morandi, Jean-Pierre Wolf, B. Liley, S. Balestri, F. Castagnoli, and M. Del Guasta
- Subjects
Correlative ,Troposphere ,Geography ,Lidar ,Meteorology ,Lidar data ,Spatial variability ,Scale (map) ,Remote sensing ,Aerosol - Abstract
Ground based LIDAR systems have been operated in Florence (Italy) and in Lauder (New Zealand) during the Lidar In space Technological Experiment (LITE). A very good agreement was found for all the cases of stratospheric aerosol measurements. Only a few correlative cloud measurements are available. For these cases no correlation was found between LITE and ground based lidar data. Our observations seem to indicate that a space borne lidar system could be a powerful tool for a global scale stratospheric aerosol survey. Time and spatial variability of tropospheric clouds make far more critical the use of a space-borne lidar for tropospheric cloud monitoring. more...
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Aerosol size distribution measurements using a multispectral lidar system
- Author
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Dirk Weidauer, F. Castagnoli, V. M. Sacco, Jean-Pierre Wolf, M. Morandi, B. Mielke, Leopoldo Stefanutti, B. Stein, L. Zuccagnoli, P. Rairoux, Ludger Woeste, Massimo Del Guasta, V. Venturi, and J. Kolenda more...
- Subjects
Troposphere ,Lidar ,Geography ,Backscatter ,Mie scattering ,Multispectral image ,Particle-size distribution ,Radiative transfer ,Atmospheric sciences ,Aerosol ,Remote sensing - Abstract
Consideration is given to a novel inversion algorithm to determine the aerosol size distribution from lidar signals obtained at several wavelengths. This algorithm is based on a nonlinear fit of the backscattered measurements using a set of predetermined functions. Size distribution profiles of tropospheric aerosols in different meteorological conditions - clear, hazy, and cloudy atmosphere - are determined on the basis of lidar measurements made in central Switzerland, which is characterized by a specific microclimate. Measurements of stratospheric clouds and aerosols created by the Pinatubo eruption were measured above Berlin and Sodankyla, Finland. These measurements are used to characterize the size distribution of these volcanic aerosols in order to estimate their influence on radiative transfer. more...
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Study of urban aerosols in florence (Italy) by means of a 532-1064 nm LIDAR
- Author
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M. Morandi, M. Del Guasta, S. Marini, and F. Castagnoli
- Subjects
Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes ,Atmospheric Science ,geography ,Environmental Engineering ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Lidar ,Meteorology ,Mechanical Engineering ,Environmental science ,Urban area ,Pollution ,Remote sensing ,Aerosol - Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. The Italian Program in Antarctica, Related to the Ozone Hole Problem and the Experimental Cloud Lidar Pilot Study
- Author
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L. Zuccagnoli, F. Castagnoli, M. del Guasta, G. Megie, V. M. Sacco, Leopoldo Stefanutti, Sophie Godin, Cai Peipei, E. Palchetti, and M. Morandi
- Subjects
Dial ,Geography ,Lidar ,Altitude ,Meteorology ,Planet ,Cloud base ,Radiative transfer ,Radiometry ,Ozone depletion - Abstract
Since January 1988 an Italian backscattering Lidar has been operating in Antarctica, at the Italian base of Terra Nova Bay during the summer 1988 and now at the French base of Dumont d’Urville. The system was built by the research group of IROE of CNR, within a broad research program on atmospheric studies carried out by the Italian National Program for Antarctic Research. Among the principal objectives of this program are to contribute understanding of the Ozone Hole problem and to characterize the radiative properties of clouds by means of Lidar, IR radiometry, local meteorological data and satellite data, in order to better understand the role of clouds in the radiative budget of the planet. A complex DIAL system, to carry out ozone concentration measurements in the Ozone Hole, is presently being built under the Italian-French cooperative program for Antarctica, while an automated Nd-YAG diode pumped Lidar is being designed to operate semiautomatically in an Antarctic winter base, maybe at Dome C, which will be located on the Antarctic Plateau, at 3250 meters altitude. more...
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Lidar system for visibility monitoring
- Author
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I. Pippi, B. Radicati, F. Castagnoli, and M. Morandi
- Subjects
business.industry ,Instrumentation ,Ranging ,Laser ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Data acquisition ,Lidar ,Optics ,law ,Environmental science ,Detection theory ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Visibility ,Remote sensing - Abstract
In the present paper a Lidar (light detection and ranging) system is described. It allows high-speed data acquisition of Lidar signals and meteorological parameters by means of standard instrumentation. The Lidar, controlled by a computer, utilized two laser sources (Nd: Yag and ruby), a modified Ricthey-Chretien telescope and signal detection, storage and real-time monitoring equipment. The whole system was installed in a container for field experiments. more...
- Published
- 1983
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Elastic backscattering lidar system for atmospheric measurements in Antarctica
- Author
-
V. M. Sacco, F. Castagnoli, M. Morandi, and L. Stefanutti
- Subjects
Meteorology ,Nova (laser) ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Atmosphere ,Troposphere ,Data acquisition ,Lidar ,Extinction (optical mineralogy) ,Environmental science ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Stratosphere ,Optical depth ,Remote sensing - Abstract
An elastic backscattering lidar and initial results are described. The lidar system has been designed to operate in Antarctica for the Italian National Programme for Antarctic Research. The first field trials were held during the period from 31 December 1987 to 10 February 1988. Data were collected for both tropospheric and stratospheric atmospheric parameters. Tropospheric measurements included the cloud base, optical depth, extinction and backscattering coefficients for clouds, whereas aerosols and the molecular atmosphere were monitored in the stratosphere. The lidar system was also tested for the determination of temperature and density in ranges up to 40 km. Preliminary results of the lidar measurements carried out at Terra Nova Bay are presented. The lidar system is composed of a Nd−YAG laser, a Newtonian telescope and two receiving channels with computer-controlled data acquisition and display equipment. The system is operated in a mobile container specifically designed for the Antarctic environment. more...
- Published
- 1989
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Remote sensing of oils on the sea surface with an airborne infra-red scanner
- Author
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B. Radicati, L. Pantani, I. Pippi, and F. Castagnoli
- Subjects
Scanner ,Remote sensing (archaeology) ,Infrared ,Oil spill ,Crude oil ,Remote sensing - Abstract
The ability of an infra-red scanner to detect oil spills over the sea surface is discussed on the basis of the first results of the Archimedes experiment 1983. During this experiment an infra-red scanner was flown over two oil spills and a real-time detection was achieved. The IR images were also recorded and processed in order to improve the film-thickness evaluation. An infra-red visible package was then developed which allows a real-time remote sensing of oil spills, eventually from small aircrafts. more...
- Published
- 1985
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Preliminary results on a study of stratospheric aerosol loading by means of Lidar analysis of long- and short-time fluctuations
- Author
-
Leopoldo Stefanutti, F. Castagnoli, B. Radicati, and M. Morandi
- Subjects
geography ,Vulcanian eruption ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Lidar ,Volcano ,Meteorology ,Gravity wave ,Atmospheric sciences ,Radar measurement ,Clear-air turbulence ,Stratosphere ,Aerosol - Abstract
Lidar stratospheric aerosol measurements have been carried out at IROE since April 1982, just after the eruption of the Mexican volcano El Chichon. Over two years evolution in stratospheric aerosol loading has been monitored and compared with data collected by other stations. Since the Lidar system can perform an average signature, every minute, also short-time fluctuations in Lidar signatures have been analysed in order to obtain information on stratospheric air turbulence and on the possible presence of gravity waves more...
- Published
- 1985
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Appunti sulla Topografia di Pyrgi
- Author
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F. Castagnoli and L. Cozza
- Subjects
Archeology ,History ,Visual Arts and Performing Arts - Abstract
Pyrgi, cittadina etrusca e colonia romana, posta sulle coste del Tirreno fra Roma e Civitavecchia, fu visitata e descritta da molti archeologi e topografi del secolo scorso, ma non é stata oggetto di studi topografici recenti. Queste brevi note vogliono illustrare con maggior precisione alcuni punti fondamentali della sua topografia. La ricerca é stata molto facilitata dall'uso delle fotografie aeree esistenti nella Scuola Britannica, una delle quali ripresa nel maggio 1944 é qui riprodotta (pl. III; cfr. fig. 1, dove indichiamo gli elementi ricavati dalla fotografia o accertati sul terreno e, a trattini, le linee fondamentali della topografia moderna).Sul luogo di Pyrgi esiste oggi il castello di Santa Severa (pl. IV, a) al quale conduce una breve strada che si distacca dall'Aurelia al chilometro 52,550. Un recinto medievale di fortificazione con piccole torri sporgenti, costruito in blocchetti quadrangolari di arenaria, fa capo ad un'alta rocca quadrilatera con torri ai quattro angoli. Separate da essa e collegato solamente con un aereo ponte di legno é il torrione maestro cilindrico, in posizione dominante sulla riva del mare.Una memoria del martirio di Santa Severa si legge negli Acta Sanctorum 29 gennaio vol. ii, p. 946 sg. dove si hanno le seguenti determinazioni topografiche: Centumcellae, milliario XXXV ab urbe iuxta mare … in loco qui dicitur Pignus. more...
- Published
- 1957
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. FLIDAR-2 a Compact Lidar Fluorosensor and Spectrometer
- Author
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F. Castagnoli, G. Cecchi, L. Pantani, and B. Radicati
- Abstract
The FLIDAR-2 is the result of the researches carried out at IROE-CNR on the remote sensing of the environment by lidar fluorosensors and passive optical sensors.
- Published
- 1987
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Investigation of the Photosynthetic Process by Lidar Fluorosensors
- Author
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F. Castagnoli, G. Cecchi, L. Pantani, B. Radicati, M. Romoli, and P. Mazzinghi
- Abstract
Chlorophyll plays a fundamental role in the photosynthetic process of living plants, it is therefore obvious that each phenomenon related to chlorophyll may also be related to the photosynthetic process. Since chlorophyll a shows a strong fluorescence emission in the wavelength region between 67 0 nm and 740 nm it is attractive to analyze the potential of laser fluorosensors in the remote sensing of living plants. While a quite large number of papers were devoted to the lidar remote sensing of chlorophyll fluorescence in phytoplancton only few papers has been devoted to the remote sensing of chlorophyll fluorescence in living plants. A research program in this field was started as a part of a national program on agriculture improvement (IPRA Project), the analysis was carried out in the laboratory by means of a lidar simulator and in fields by means of the lidar fluorosensor FLIDAR-2. more...
- Published
- 1987
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Compact multipurpose lidar system for environmental monitoring
- Author
-
Giovanna Cecchi, Luca Pantani, I. Pippi, F. Castagnoli, M. Vannini, Piero Mazzinghi, and M. Morandi
- Subjects
Lidar ,Environmental monitoring ,Environmental science ,Remote sensing - Published
- 1986
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. The Italian Program of Lidar Measurements in Fog
- Author
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L. Stefanutti, L. Pantani, P. Bruscaglioni, G. Zaccanti, and F. Castagnoli
- Subjects
Lidar ,Meteorology ,Environmental science ,Air traffic control ,Molar absorptivity ,Remote sensing - Abstract
Lidar measurements in fog were carried out in the years 1978 and 1980 as a part of the Air Traffic Control Program of the CNR. The aim of these experiments was the measurement of the atmospheric extinction coefficient and the determination of the multiple-scattering effect on this kind of measurements. more...
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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