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Understanding the role of the toll-like receptor (TLR) genes in responses to fungal (Fusarium solani) infections is essential to avoid disease outbreaks in the aquaculture industry. This study evaluated the response of eleven TLR genes including protein toll-like receptor-1 (PTL-1), Toll-like receptor 13 × isoform (TLR-13x), Toll-like receptor Tollo-1 (TLR-TO-1), Toll-like receptor Tollo-2 (TLR-TO2), Toll-like receptor Tollo-3 (TLR-TO3), Toll-like receptor Tollo-4 (TLR-TO4), Toll-like receptor 13 (TLR-13), Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR-6), and protein toll-like receptor-2 (PTL-2) to a fungal infection. This study also predicted the transcription factors (TFs) that control their expression in Litopenaeus vannamei. After F. solani infection, the 11 TLR genes were expressed variably in hemocytes, the hepatopancreas, and the gills at various times post-infection. The TLR downstream genes MyD88, IL1, and TNF-alpha were also upregulated after fungal infection. The promoter's region of eleven TLR genes exhibited 320 TFs. Ten transcription factors (WT-1, C/EBP, GATA, Oct, TBP, Sox, RAP1, SRF, NF-1, and Sp1) were the most abundant among the eleven TLR genes analyzed. Our study provided the first information on the involvement of TLR genes in responding to fungal infection and suggested that they play significant roles in the L. vannamei immune response. Such outcomes would promote the growth and consolidation of the aquaculture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified many association signals for metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the understanding of its pathophysiology may be limited because of the complexity of the intertwined genetic factors that underlie diagnostic condition traits. We conducted an enrichment analysis of spatial expression genes (eGenes) associated with GWAS signals for MetS and its diagnostic condition traits. Consequently, eGenes associated with MetS were significantly enriched in 14 biological pathways (PBH < 0.05, where PBH is the p-value adjusted for Benjamini–Hochberg multiple testing). Moreover, 38 biological pathways were additionally identified in the enrichment analysis of the individual diagnostic traits (PBH < 0.05). In particular, the lysosomal pathway was revealed for waist-to-hip ratio, glucose measurement, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (PBH < 0.05), but not for MetS (PBH > 0.05). It was inferred that lysosomal pathway-based control of cellular lipid metabolism and insulin secretion/resistance could result in eGene enrichment for these diagnostic traits. In conclusion, this target gene enrichment analysis of diagnostic traits of MetS uncovered a lysosomal pathway that may dilute its effects on the MetS. We propose that lysosomal dysfunction should be a priority for research on the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of MetS and its diagnostic traits. Experimental studies are needed to elucidate causal relationships of ribosomal pathways with metabolic syndrome and its diagnostic traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic markers associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Additionally, tissue-specific expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) studies have revealed regulatory elements influencing gene expression in specific tissues. We performed enrichment analyses using spatial eGenes corresponding to known T2DM GWAS signals to uncover T2DM pathological pathways. T2DM GWAS signals were obtained from the GWAS Catalog, and spatial eQTL data from T2DM-associated tissues, including visceral adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, and pancreas, were sourced from the Genotype-Tissue Expression Consortium. The eGenes were enriched in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes biological pathways using the Benjamini–Hochberg method. Colocalization analysis of 2857 independent T2DM GWAS signals identified 556 eGenes in visceral adipose tissue, 176 in liver, 715 in skeletal muscle, and 384 in pancreas (PFDR < 0.05 where PFDR is the false discovery rate). These eGenes showed enrichment in various pathways (PBH < 0.05 where PBH is the corrected P for the Benjamini–Hochberg multiple testing), especially the lysosomal pathway in pancreatic tissue. Unlike the mTOR pathway in T2DM autophagy dysregulation, the role of lysosomes remains poorly understood. The enrichment analysis of spatial eGenes associated with T2DM GWAS signals highlights the importance of the lysosomal pathway in autophagic termination. Thus, investigating the processes involving autophagic termination associated with lysosomes is a priority for understanding T2DM pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The LONRF family of proteins consists of three isozymes, LONRF1–3, which harbors RING (really interesting new gene) domain and Lon substrate binding domain. We have recently identified LONRF2 as a protein quality control ubiquitin ligase that acts predominantly in neurons. LONRF2 selectively ubiquitylates misfolded or damaged proteins for degradation. LONRF2−/− mice exhibit late-onset neurological deficits. However, the physiological implications of other LONRF isozymes remain unclear. Here, we analysed Lonrf1 expression and transcriptomics at the single-cell level under normal and pathological conditions. We found that Lonrf1 was ubiquitously expressed in different tissues. Its expression in LSEC and Kupffer cells increased with age in the liver. Lonrf1high Kupffer cells showed activation of regulatory pathways of peptidase activity. In normal and NASH (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis) liver, Lonrf1high LSECs showed activation of NF-kB and p53 pathways and suppression of IFNa, IFNg and proteasome signalling independent of p16 expression. During wound healing, Lonrf1high/p16low fibroblasts showed activation of cell growth and suppression of TGFb and BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signalling, whereas Lonrf1high/p16high fibroblasts showed activation of WNT (wingless and Int-1) signalling. These results suggest that although Lonrf1 does not seem to be associated with senescence induction and phenotypes, LONRF1 may play a key role in linking oxidative damage responses and tissue remodelling during wound healing in different modes in senescent and nonsenescent cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-producing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and PBMCs activated by hCG in vitro and expressions of related immune genes in mouse implantation. Methods: hCG-producing PBMCs (transfected PBMC) and PBMCs activated by hCG in vitro were introduced into isolated mouse endometrial cells, while cell cultures were divided into four groups: the control, PBMC, transfected, and activated PBMC groups. The expression of studied genes (IL-lβ, IL-6, Lif, and Vegf) was evaluated and blastocyst attachment on the cocultured cells (isolated endometrial cells and PBMC cells) was monitored in all four groups. Results: Data showed that expression decreased in the PBMC group compared to the treated PBMC (transfected and activated PBMCs) and increased in transfected PBMC compared to the activated PBMC. Attachment and migration of blastocysts were dramatically enhanced in the transfected PBMC group compared to the activated PBMC group (P

Background: Mammalian spermatozoa contain a complex RNA population able to regulate spermatogenesis and play a role in the fertilization process. However, little is known about genetic factors and their role in fertility. Discovering novel molecular markers is necessary because semen quality parameters and routine exams still fail at detecting cases of subfertility. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between the expression of the genes SPA17, TNF and TIMP2 by spermatozoa and semen quality, fertility, and motility parameters of sperm cells after thawing in stallions of the Crioulo breed. Materials, Methods & Results: Analysis were performed on ejaculates from 40 stallions whose fertility was evaluated by checking their reproductive history, considering 30 inseminations for each animal. One mL of each ejaculate was reserved for fresh semen analysis, and the remaining volume was split into 2 samples; 1 of these samples was stored for gene expression analysis, and the other was cryopreserved. Sperm cell motility was analyzed using the computer-assisted semen analysis system. Sperm pathology analyses, hypoosmotic tests, and fluorescence tests were also performed. For gene expression analysis, mRNA was extracted for quantitation of expression of genes of interest by quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results from qPCR assays were determined using an absolute standard curve [formula=10^(target ct - standard CT)/slope]. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson correlation. Expression of SPA17 was positively correlated with functional integrity of the plasma membrane (r = 0.602; P = 0.004), structural integrity of the plasma membrane (r = 0.590; P = 0.004), conception rate (r = 0.454; P = 0,007), and total motility (r = 0.522; P = 0.001); it was negatively correlated with immobile sperm cells (r = -0.558; P = 0.006), and sperm cells with major defects (r = 0.4907; P = 0.012). Expression of TNF in sperm cells thawed after cryopreservation was positively correlated with curvilinear velocity (VCL) [r = 0.5147; P = 0.02], straight-line velocity (VSL) [r = 0.4714; P = 0.03], and average path velocity (VAP) [r = 0.4907; P = 0.02]. A positive correlation between TIMP2 expression and beat-cross frequency (BCF) was found [r = 0.408; P = 0.02]. Discussion: The positive correlations between SPA17 expression and the parameters total motility and conception rate may be related to the previously reported interaction of SPA17 with the zona pellucida, which facilitates penetration of the sperm cell into the oocyte. The positive correlations between expression of SPA17 and the parameters structural integrity of the plasma membrane and functionality of the plasma membrane are connected to characteristics important for viability of the sperm cell at the moment of conception, such as avoiding thermal shock and maintaining fluidity of the plasma membrane. Expression of TNF was positively correlated with sperm cell velocities after cryopreservation. TNF exerts a series of biological activities in different cell types. TNF regulates energy metabolism, especially in lipid homeostasis; it can be involved with plasma membrane phospholipid metabolism and reduce damage to the sperm cell during the cryopreservation process. We conclude that expression of SPA17 in equine sperm cells can be used as a biomarker for semen quality and fertility of stallions, while expression of TIMP2 can be used as a biomarker for beat-cross frequency. Expression of TNF was associated with better sperm cell survival rates after the cryopreservation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic markers associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Additionally, tissue-specific expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) studies have revealed regulatory elements influencing gene expression in specific tissues. We performed enrichment analyses using spatial eGenes corresponding to known T2DM GWAS signals to uncover T2DM pathological pathways. T2DM GWAS signals were obtained from the GWAS Catalog, and spatial eQTL data from T2DM-associated tissues, including visceral adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, and pancreas, were sourced from the Genotype-Tissue Expression Consortium. The eGenes were enriched in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes biological pathways using the Benjamini–Hochberg method. Colocalization analysis of 2857 independent T2DM GWAS signals identified 556 eGenes in visceral adipose tissue, 176 in liver, 715 in skeletal muscle, and 384 in pancreas (PFDR < 0.05 where PFDR is the false discovery rate). These eGenes showed enrichment in various pathways (PBH < 0.05 where PBH is the corrected P for the Benjamini–Hochberg multiple testing), especially the lysosomal pathway in pancreatic tissue. Unlike the mTOR pathway in T2DM autophagy dysregulation, the role of lysosomes remains poorly understood. The enrichment analysis of spatial eGenes associated with T2DM GWAS signals highlights the importance of the lysosomal pathway in autophagic termination. Thus, investigating the processes involving autophagic termination associated with lysosomes is a priority for understanding T2DM pathogenesis.

An investigation was conducted to assess proline anabolism and catabolism pathway genes under drought stress. Treatments were irrigation in three levels (25, 50 and 100% field capacity) at 1, 3, 6 and 12 d and two rose species (Rosa canina L. and Rosa damascene Mill.). The results showed that the potential for proline accumulation in R. damascena was higher than R. canina under drought. Simultaneous with proline accumulation, expression of P5CS and P5CR genes increased from 1 to 12 d under 50% FC whereas their expression had an increasing trends from 1 to 6 d at 25% FC and expression of both genes decreased at 12 d in both species. The highest accumulation of proline was observed under 25% FC at 12 d, but expression of genes involved in proline synthesis main pathway decreased on this day. Furthermore, expression of genes (PDH and P5CDH) involved in proline catabolism pathway decreased in 50% FC from 1 to 12 d while their expression remarkably decreased from 1 to 6 d and increased at 12 d under 25% FC. These findings showed that under conditions of 50 and 25% FC, arginine accumulation resulted in the increased expression of the ARG gene, which led to ornithine production. Furthermore, ornithine accumulation increased OAT expression. Therefore, it seems that OAT-induced P5C is transported from the mitochondria to the cytosol and reduced to proline by the P5CR. • Our findings showed that under drought, arginine accumulation resulted in the increased expression of the ARG gene, which led to ornithine production. • Furthermore, ornithine accumulation increased OAT expression. • Therefore, it seems that OAT-induced P5C is transported from the mitochondria to the cytosol and reduced to proline by the P5CR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Gene expression analysis reveals differential expression of MET , FOXO3 , p15 , p16 , HCK , and FYN genes in CML patients. • MET and FOXO3 exhibit differential expression in CML patients with optimal response and those resistant to TKIs. • Monitoring MET and FOXO3 levels may be valuable in predicting CML treatment response and relapse. • MET and FOXO3 expression was notably higher in patients who are potential candidates for discontinue TKI treatment. • HCK expression may potentially serve as a marker for resistance to TKI treatment. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a hematological malignancy characterized by the presence of the BCR::ABL1 fusion gene, which leads to uncontrolled cell growth and survival. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have revolutionized the treatment of CML, but a significant proportion of patients develop resistance or lose response to these drugs. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying treatment response and resistance is crucial for improving patient outcomes. This study aimed to analyze the expression patterns of genes involved in treatment response and resistance in CML patients receiving TKI therapy. The expression levels of MET , FOXO3 , p15 , p16 , HCK , and FYN genes were examined in CML patients and compared to healthy donors. Gene expression levels were compared between optimal responders (OR) and resistant patients (R) vs. healthy donors (HD). The MET and FOXO3 OR group showed significant differences compared with the HD, (p < 0.0001) and (p = 0.0003), respectively. p15 expression showed significant differences between OR and HD groups (p = 0.0078), while no significant differences were found in p16 expression between the HD groups. FYN showed a statistically significant difference between R vs. HD (p = 0.0157). The results of HCK expression analysis revealed significant differences between OR and HD (p = 0.0041) and between R and HD (p = 0.0026). When we analyzed OR patients with undetectable BCR::ABL1 transcripts, a greater expression of HCK was observed in the R group. These findings suggest that monitoring the expression levels of MET and FOXO3 genes could be valuable in predicting treatment response and relapse in CML patients. Our study provides important insights into the potential use of gene expression analysis as a tool for predicting treatment response and guiding treatment decisions in CML patients. This knowledge may ultimately contribute to the development of personalized treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes in CML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study was to find out the features of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms expression in longitudinal and transversal layers of the myocardium of the left ventricle in male rats of 3 months, which are descendants of female rats with experimental gestational diabetes (EGD). Materials and methods. Study was carried out on 10 male rats descendants of female rats with normal course of pregnancy and 10 descendants of female rats with EGD. We evaluated the expression of neuronal, endothelial and inducible isoforms of NOS in histological sections both of transversal and longitudinal layers of the myocardium of left ventricle. With the aim to analyze the pattern of the NOS isoforms expression in 5 um histological slices of left ventricle myocardium we have carried out a complex of histochemical assays. Slices were allocated to 3 groups: 1st one was incubated with rabbit IgG to neuronal NOS (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) in dilution of 1:200; 2nd group underwent the incubation with rabbit IgG to endothelial NOS (eNos) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) in dilution 1:200; 3rd group was incubated with mice IgG to inducible NOS (iNos) conjugated with FITC (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) in dilution of 1:200. The analysis of images was carried out with VIDAS-2.5 application package (Kontron Elektronik, Germany). Microimages of the left ventricle myocardium obtained with AxioScope (Carl Zeiss, Germany) and COHU 4922 (COHU Inc., USA) camera were processed in the system of digital image analysis VIDAS-386 (Kontron Elektronik, Germany). Results. In the study we have found that prenatal hyperglycaemia leads to the significant changes of the expression of NOS isoforms in the myocardium of left ventricle in male rats descendants of females with EGD, and the contain and the allocation of these enzymes are dependent both on type of the enzyme and its location in muscular layers. For eNOS the increase of the expression and the allocation in both transversal and longitudinal layers was typical, and for nNOS and iNOS we have found the significant decrease of the expression in transversal layers and the significant increase in longitudinal layers. Conclusion.We believe, the glucose homeostasis violation in foetus during the last trimester of the pregnancy changes the ratio of the NOS isoforms expression in the left ventricle myocardium and affects the balance of them in different layers, which could be a reason of the cardiovascular pathology development in adulthood.

Our previous studies show that cafeteria diet increases body adiposity, plasma insulin levels, and sympathetic activity to brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) of Wistar rats, leading to rapid and progressive changes in the metabolic profile. The identification of suitable reference genes that are not affected by the experimental conditions is a critical step in accurate normalization of the reverse transcription quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR), a commonly used assay to elucidate changes in the gene expression profile. In the present study, the effects of the cafeteria diet and sympathetic innervation on the gene expression of adrenoceptor beta 3 (Adrb3) from BAT and WAT were assessed using one of the most stable and one of the least stable genes as normalizers. Rats were fed the cafeteria diet and on the 17th day, interscapular BAT or retroperitoneal WAT was denervated and, 7 days after surgery, the contralateral innervated tissue was used as control. Ten reference genes were evaluated (18S, B2m, Actb, CypA, Gapdh, Hprt1, Rpl32, Tbp, Ubc, and Ywhaz) and ranked according to their stability using the following algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and comparative delta threshold cycle (ΔCt) method. According to the algorithms employed, the normalization of Adrb3 expression by the least stable genes produced opposite results compared with the most stable genes and literature data. In cafeteria and control diet‐fed rats, the three most stable genes were Hprt1, Tbp, and Rpl32 for interscapular BAT and Tbp, B2m, and Hprt1 for retroperitoneal WAT, while the least stable genes were 18S, Actb, and Gapdh for both tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV) is an important virus causing mosaic disease in sugarcane and transmitted through the cutting cane. Commercial antiserum to detect SCSMV and to monitor the disease development is not available. The research was conducted to produce antigen of SCSMV coat protein (SCSMV-CP) through overexpressing it on bacterial expression which will be used for antiserum production. SCSMV-CP was amplified using specific primers for CP gene containing BamHI and HindIII restriction enzyme sites and cloned into pTZ57R/T. Subsequently, the SCSMV-CP was subcloned into pET28a and transformed on Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and Rosetta-gami(DE3)pLysS. The concentration of isopropyl β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), incubation temperature, and bacterial harvesting time after IPTG induction were optimized. SCSMV-CP gene was successfully amplified with size ±855 bp, subcloned into vector expression, and expressed in insoluble fraction either in both bacterial host. Optimal protein expression of SCSMV-CP recombinant was obtained at 25°C with IPTG concentration 0.25–1.00 mM and harvested at 9–12 hours after IPTG induction in E. coli BL21(DE3), and at 30°C with IPTG concentration 0.25–1.00 mM and harvested 3–12 hours after IPTG induction in E. coli Rosetta(DE3)pLysS. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that protein size of SCSMV-CP recombinant was ±35.4 kDa.

Spermatogenesis is a complex developmental program in which interactions between different cell types are finely regulated. Mouse models in which any of the sperm maturation steps are perturbed provide major insights into the molecular control of spermatogenesis. The Twitcher mouse is a model of Krabbe disease, characterised by the deficiency of galactosylceramidase, the enzyme that hydrolyses galactosylceramide and galactosylsphingosine. Galactosyl-alkylacyl- glycerol, a precursor of seminolipid, the most abundant glycolipid in spermatozoa, is also a substrate for galactosylceramidase. Altered sphingolipid metabolism has been suggested to be the cause of the morphological abnormalities reported previously in the spermatogenesis of Twitcher. However, given the frequency of infertility associated with neurological impairment, we hypothesised that an unbalanced hormonal profile could contribute to male infertility in this mutant. In order to clarify this issue, we investigated potential variations in the expression of hormones and hormone receptors involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis. Our data show that, in the brain of Twitcher mouse, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), LH and FSH gene expression is decreased, whereas expression of androgen receptor (AR) and inhibin βA (INHβA) is increased. The changes in gene expression for the LH and FSH receptors and AR in the testes support the hypothesis that altered sphingolipid metabolism is not the only cause of Twitcher infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housekeeping genes are necessary for maintenance of the vital activity of the cells of any phylum of organisms. Transposons or mobile genetic elements are eurysynusic in nature. Thus, the role of these and other genes in the pathogenesis of many diseases and of drug addiction in particular is being investigated. The goal of the work is to determine the influence of cocaine on the activity of GA3PDH and on a representative of the LINE family (L1Rn) in plasma, and in a pellet of blood cells, and in the organs of rats. Gene expression was evaluated by RT-PCR. The GA3PDH (452-bp fragment) was predictably found in plasma, in a pellet of blood cells, and in organs. Its quantity in plasma was greater in the experimental groups than in the control. In a pellet of blood cells and in organs, the GA3PDH activity between the different groups of animals essentially did not differ. The L1Rn fragment (319 bp) in plasma was not found. The expression of L1Rn was much higher in a pellet of blood cells and in organs of experimental animals. These experiments have shown the presence of GA3PDH in the plasma of the controls and an increase in quantity in the plasma of experimental animals. The activation of LINE in a pellet of blood cells of rats and in organs under the influence of cocaine has been demonstrated. Apparently, a recruitment phenomenon of housekeeping genes and transposons is possible in the pathogenesis of drug addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A cDNA-encoding a peroxidase (Helianthus annuus POX (HaPOX)1) was isolated and characterized from the roots of sunflower seedlings. This gene exhibited homology with other peroxidases from several higher-plant species, and its expression in the root growth was particularly abundant during cell expansion. To elucidate the precise functions of HaPOX1 in sunflower root, we examined its expression pattern in response to several plant growth regulators. Expression of HaPOX1 is down-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA), whereas indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) induced its expression. These results suggest that HaPOX1 expression is differentially regulated by phytohormonal components of signaling cascades. Since IAA appears to participate in the regulation of HaPOX1 expression, we postulate that the peroxidase encoded by HaPOX1 may be involved in the reactions that promote cell elongation during the early stage of root growth. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Heart failure (HF) is frequently associated with euthyroid “sick” syndrome (low T 3 and elevated rT 3 ). We investigated if altered thyroid hormone in HF could affect expression of the TH receptor (TRa1), and alpha and beta myosin heavy chains (a-MHC, ß-MHC). HF was provoked in rats by aortic stenosis. We showed that rT 3 generated from liver and kidney deiodination significantly increased and T 3 decreased in HF; there was significantly higher TRa1 expression, no a-MHC expression, but ß-MHC expression. Changes in TRa1 could be compensating for low T 3 from HF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immunological profile of lymphoproliferative disorders is usually conserved whatever the involved site, thus allowing a reliable diagnosis from peripheral blood analysis, especially in small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL/CLL). Here we present a case wherein the cytology and immunophenotype of blood specimen and bone marrow argue in favor of SLL/CLL with a typical Matutes score (5/5), whereas the cyto-histology and immunophenotype of spleen specimen led to the diagnosis of splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (SMZL). Moreover genomic analysis showed that the splenic cells displayed a SMZL signature. Whereas these data suggested the presence of 2 B-cell clones, the study of the mutational status of IgVH gene in blood and spleen demonstrated the presence of a single clone, which likely developed simultaneously along two distinct ways of differentiation according to the anatomic site suggesting here the predominant role of a micro-environmental factor in cell differentiation. Although rare, this kind of event must be kept in mind as a cause of discrepancies between diagnoses from different sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GATA proteins are a group of transcriptional regulators that can detect and bind to GATA motifs by zinc finger domain. The plant GATA family is one of the most significant TFs involved in light-responsive development, nitrogen metabolism, and phyto-hormone signaling. In this study, 20 potatoes and 22 tomato GATA genes were selected. The chromosomal locations, gene structures, phylogenetic tree, and the expression during developmental stages of 42 GATA transcription factors (TFs) in Solanaceae species were analyzed to further investigate the functions of these factors. Also, Gene duplication and synteny between the tomato and potato genomes were also analyzed to provide insights into their evolutionary characteristics. Furthermore, genome evolution of potato and tomato using orthologous and paralogous identification was studied. The results of chromosomal localization revealed that 20 SlGATA genes of tomato were located on 12 chromosomes, except on chromosomes 9 and 11. In potato, all 22 StGATA genes were located on 12 chromosomes. Our results indicated that gene duplication may play an important role in genome expansion of potato and tomato. So far, a complete analysis combining evolutionary analysis and expression of the GATA TFs in the Solanaceae species of tomato and potato has not been reported. A comparative phylogenetic analysis of the GATA factor zinc finger domain sequences in potato and tomato revealed four subfamilies. The conserved motifs and gene structure in most genes in each group was similar, according to the grouping of GATA TFs in phylogenetic tree. The analysis of cis -elements showed that SlGATA26a/26b and StGATA26a/26b can be suggested as candidate genes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. SlGATA26a/26b and StGATA26a/26b genes were expressed in root, shoot, and inflorescence. Altogether, our resultsshowed diverse roles for StGATA and SlGATA genes under abiotic and biotic stresses. Utilization of cis -elements prediction can faciliate potato and tomato improvement. • GATA proteins are a group of transcriptional regulators that can detect and bind to GATA motifs by zinc finger domain. • We surveyed the phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, chromosomal locations, gene duplications, and genes expression of 42 GATA TFs in three tissue types of tomato and potato. • Our results provide insights into the functional differences, evolutionary relationships and expression profiles of GATA transcription factors in Solanaceae species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: It is generally accepted that the quality of in vitro fertilization (IVF)-derived embryos are lower than those derived from in vivo. Conditions of embryo culture period play an important role in future growth and developmental potential of blastocyst in terms of cryotolerancy, gene expression pattern and pregnancy outcome. This study was performed to assess the quality of in vitro produced mouse blastocysts in case of expression level of Sox2 as a pluripotency specific gene. Materials and Methods: In this experiment two groups of blastocysts were used. Blastocysts derived from in vitro fertilization (in vitro group) and superovulated mouse (in vivo group). Hatching rate was determined on the fourth day of culture. Gene expression was studied by Real-time PCR technique. Results: Our results indicated that hatching rate significantly decreased in IVF-derived blastocysts. Furthermore, Sox2 gene expression level did not significantly change in the IVF group compared with the control group (p⩾0.05). Conclusion: This study revealed that IVF can be considered as an optimal technique for infertility treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]