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• To quantitate the host defenses of the rat peritoneal cavity, nonviable radiolabeled Escherichia coli were injected intraperitoneally and clearance, leukocyte influx, and phagocytosis were examined. Macrophages (MCs) were present initially and remained relatively constant in number. The polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) response began at one to two hours and was maximal at 24 to 72 hours. A previously unidentified inoculum-dependent PMN response was defined. Clearance and phagocytosis were extremely rapid, and few (<3%) free bacteria were present after two hours. Phagocytic activity of MCs and PMNs was identical, but MCs were numerically predominant initially and thus accounted for the majority of early phagocytosis. Thus, MC phagocytosis and clearance represent the primary line of host peritoneal defenses. We hypothesize that the subsequent inoculum-dependent PMN response may have evolved to cope with those larger inocula for which this initial response is inadequate.(Arch Surg 1987;122:105-110)

• Previous experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated the ability of polyclonal antibody directed against the core lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-lipid A component of endotoxin to reduce mortality. We sought to characterize the ability of a single murine monoclonal IgG, antibody (8A1 MAb) to react to a variety of gram-negative microorganisms, to promote phagocytosis, and to provide protection during experimental murine sepsis. The 8A1 MAb reacted to various gram-negative bacterial whole cell and LPS antigens examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Reactivity was highest to Salmonella minnesota Re LPS and lipid A. Phagocytosis was promoted by this monoclonal antibody to several gram-negative bacteria, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The 8A1 MAb (2 mg per mouse) enhanced survival during bacteremia due to either Escherichia coli 0111:B4 or Klebsiella pneumoniae, and during endotoxemia due to all types of LPS examined except P aeruginosa. We concluded that a single MAb with anti—lipid A specificity was cross reactive in vitro and cross protective in vivo. A clinical trial comparing polyclonal and monoclonal antibody in high-risk septic patients seems warranted.(Arch Surg 1986;121:58-62)

The article discusses the high rate of volunteerism in Minnesota wherein the state achieved nearly 40% compared with less than 30% nationally. It notes that 1.6 million volunteers of the state gave 175.7 million hours of service each year and the estimated economic contribution is more than 3 billion dollars annually. The Minnesota Psychological Association (MPA) has been fortunate to have been served by several volunteers who have offered their time to advance the interest of the MPA.

The article discusses the efforts of the Minnesota Psychological Association (MPA) during the 2010 Minnesota legislative session and during the American Pyschological Association (APA) state leadership conference in Washington D.C. It states the proposal to amend a bill that would permit unqualified people in diagnosing children with attention deficit disorder. It also notes the advocacy efforts of MPA being under-recognized by the legislature, regulatory bodies and the public.

The article discusses the author's views on the importance of taking action and helping the Minnesota Psychologist Association (MPA). He cites instances that proactive participation in legislature prevented cuts to the service and yielded great benefits despite the difficult budget situation. The author believes that the efforts of the legislative committee is just beginning and the success of every organization lies in the cooperation and commitment of its members.

The article discusses on steps taken by the Minnesota Psychological Association (MPA) for emerging themselves from the economy crisis. It states that MPA governing council and committee members met on September 10, 2011 to review their accomplishments from year 2011. Further it states the strategic planning of MPA including opposing anti-gay marriage amendment, budgeting, reconnecting with past members, preparing for 2012 legislative session and preparations for the year 2012.

The article presents the author's message, as executive director of the Minnesota Psychological Association (MPA), which states the organization's success and how it overcame the tough challenges it faced through the years.

The article offers the author's report on the performance of the Minnesota Psychological Association (MPA) for the first quarter of 2011. He mentions their trip along with the members of the association to the state leadership conference of the American Psychological Association (APA) in Washington D.C. He also notes the significance of their visit to the congressional delegation of the state towards informing representatives and senators on important issues to psychologists and their clients.

The article offers developments of the year 1936 starting from the completion of the Hoover dam, death of Nobel Prize winner Ivan Pavlov and the formation of the Minnesota Psychological Association (MPA) in Minnesota. The association is celebrating 75 year of achievements and has remained relevant with its vision, passion and commitment carried out by leaders. The current leaders are standing on the shoulders of the previous ones to remain a long-standing organization.

The article discusses the priority of the Minnesota Psychological Association (MPA) to improve its technology infrastructure to respond to the needs of its members. It focuses on the efforts of the association to completely rebuild its web site, making it more member friendly, usable by the public, and enhancing its ability to collect and deliver content. According to the author, the reconstruction of the MPA web site demonstrates the ability of MPA to listen to its members' needs.

The article presents the author's perspective regarding the importance of volunteerism particularly for the Minnesota Psychological Association (MPA). The author discusses how volunteerism strengthens and help organizations grow while mentioning the upcoming volunteer leadership election in the MPA. Furthermore, the author also explores the issue of declining membership and its sustainability.

The article presents the author's view on the concept of creative destruction. He notes that creative destruction has helped him guide his way of thinking from his childhood to having a business career. He mentions that the concept is influenced by his childhood experience in building and destroying his airplane. He invites psychologists to join the Minnesota Psychological Association (MPA).

The article presents the author's view on the update of the Minnesota Psychological Association (MPA). He says that he is amazed of the members of MPA who participated the annual convention which is about 50% of them. He notes that MPA has reconstructed their website. He congratulates the legislative committee chaired by Steve Vincent.