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The establishment of the European Union (EU) is the most visible demonstration of the impact of globalisation on economic growth. This study aims to clarify the impacts of globalisation on economic growth in the EU region. Based on panel data analysis with statistics collected from twenty-seven European Union member states continuously for the years 2004 to 2018, the results from the research show that globalisation in general and its all three dimensions including economic, political, and social globalisation have positive impacts on economic growth. Political globalisation has a lower impact level than the other aspects. This is the first research using three dimensions of the KOF Globalisation Index to examine the impact of globalisation on the EU-27 area and it does verify the impact of political and social globalisation on economic growth, in addition to the previous controversy about the impacts of these two aspects.

This article have the purpose of realizing an approximation to a new concept about the relationship quality/price in our system on public contracting, using as references the high courts from the European Union, Colombian and doctrine that allows to put a perspective from the public contracting, integrating the most important principles o our public administration and contractual and why they necessarily affect the goods providing and public services. The Colombian law 1150 from 2007, in its fifth article, determined that in the selection process in which you have technical and economical factors, the offer would be more advantageous if achieve these three concept's; a) the quality-price elements supported on scores or formulas written on the contract conditions chapter; or b) The elements of quality-price weighting that represents the best cost-profits relationship for the entity. The previous concept implies gtheat the vinculación to the interpretation process of the Good administration principle because necessarily it must be considered the cualitativo aspects that integrates the contract from the performance And value point of view. This way of thinking the public contracting is being contrasted against the Europe Union model, in which there's applied the efficiency principle, searching for a better quality without searching only the lowest price, putting as a priority el achievement of the contribuyen necessities with public contracts and public policy's, putting a plain and relatively high quality standards that the contractors have to achieve in order to aspire for the contract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government relations in past centuries was based more on hard power. Today, culture and soft power as an important indicator in development of relations between states plays a role. Governments are seeking to use the various tools in the new age, a new and useful contact for efficient diplomacy. Today, a country has a good diplomacy that, by expanding its tools of engagement with other actors, may achieve an appropriate identity with other states. One of the new aspects of diplomacy, is taking advantage of the university diplomacy, so-called "diplomacy of Higher Education", which is considered by the authors of this study. So in this article we have tried to approach based on constructivism and according to the principles of recognition and engagement and its impact on redefining the identity and interests of the actors in relation to each other, the role of higher education on political relations between Iran and Europe Union is to be addressed. The basic research questions are: what impacts can University Relations and Diplomacy have on political relations between Iran and Europe Union? This article is written in a descriptive analytical way.

Copyright of Debater A Europa is the property of Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the last few years, extremist right-wing parties in European countries have found considerable popularity. In comparison with the past, they have achieved more seats in the European Parliament. Meanwhile, their slogans and policies are reminiscent of fascist ideals in the first half of the twentieth century. Before such seizing power, Europe was faced to the global financial crisis in 2007; the event which had considerable effects on politics and economics in Europe, such as the emergence of reformist and protesting movements. With regard to the consequences of the emergence of this trend in Europe on Iran's national security, its impact on the relations between Iran and Europe in the future and the opportunities and threats that will follow, the authors of this paper are aimed to examine the origins and consequences of this issue of power. Theoretically, the framework of the Frankfurt school is taken into consideration in response to how fascism rose in Europe, the financial crisis in the capitalist system and the lack of sufficient strength to deal with it. Thereby, inefficiency and insecurity in the economy lead the society to the extreme right tendencies and provides the groundwork for the formation of fascist states. According to this theory, European governments have not been successful in handling the economic crisis during 2007 - 2009 and the failure resulted in increased popularity of extremist right parties. Also, as the disability of European governments in dealing and controlling the effects of the economic crisis continues, the extrem right tendencies will obscure the future life of European Union.

Copyright of Ankara University SBF Journal / Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi is the property of Ankara University SBF Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The authors analyzed the competitiveness of agro-food sector of Serbia. The main objectives of this research were: (1) determining the competitive position of the agro-food sector in Serbia within the European Union, and (2) identifying compatibility between the export of Serbian agro-food sector and import requests for the same products in the European Union. In this research, indices of comparative advantage (RCA, ARCA and RC) have been applied in order to identify the competitiveness of agro-food sector in Serbia. Considering the European Union is most important trade partner of Serbia, the paper gives a review of the complementarity of export products from the agro-food sector of Serbia, with imports of the same products to the EU. The authors conclude that the comparative advantages of agro-food sector in Serbia do not reflect the actual competitive position, and suggest key guidelines for its improvement.

This paper examines the evolution of the regulation of the banking industry in the EU after the global financial crisis of 2008. It proposes to analyze the sector as a strategic action field, embedded in a web of fields and where participants differ in their power and influence. The analysis is focused in two policies implemented under the new European regulation, the limitation of the variable remuneration and the introduction of diversity quotas. It follows the policy making mechanism, from the scientific discussion about whether these measures improve the performance of organizations to the adoption of policies that close all controversies in a black box, following ideas developed in the Social Studies of Science (SSS). This inquiry, albeit modest, suggest that a deeper understanding of the regulation of the banking industry could be gained following an approach that combines Strategic Action Fields Theory and Social Studies of Science.

El siguiente documento reseña la política científica, tecnológica y de innovación en la Union Europea, como se percibe desde la Comisión Europea. Además identifica la estrategia planeada para el periodo 2010-2020 dedicada exclusivamente a este tema, precisando qué herramientas e indicadores han sido diseñados para el control de su ejecución. También describe aspectos importantes de las más relevantes encuestas realizadas a la población europea sobre temas de innovación, dando visos interesantes de su desarrollo y apreciación por parte de esta comunidad económica. Finalmente señala resultados comparativos entre los Estados miembros y otros países, actores principales, de la innovación a nivel mundial.

O artigo discute o processo decisório europeu a partir de um mapeamento do sistema de co-decisão adotado pelo triângulo institucional da União Européia (UE). Na primeira parte, há uma explicação acerca do funcionamento do sistema decisório europeu, privilegiando as instituições que definem as regras do jogo e a forma como a tomada de decisão é praticada; na segunda parte, são expostos os dados coletados sobre a aplicabilidade da co-decisão durante os anos de 1999 a 2006, cruzando os principais temas e a sua freqüência por fase de decisão.The article argues the European decision-making process throughout mapping the co-decision system adopted by the institutions of Europe Union. In the first part there is an explanation about how the European decision-making system works, highlighting institutions that define the rules of the game and the decision-making's practice; in the second part there are data about the applicability of co-decision between 1999 and 2006, observing core themes and their frequency in each part of decision process.

A aplicabilidade do paradigma principal-agente no estudo das relações institucionais dentro da União Europeia tem despertado o interesse de cientistas políticos e especialistas da área de Relações Internacionais, mais notadamente na última década. É objetivo deste artigo apresentar os principais autores que se utilizam desse paradigma para entender como funciona o sistema europeu, bem como perceber que questões emergem dessa discussão. Dentre as lógicas de delegação mais pesquisadas, destaca-se a atuação da Comissão Europeia, seguida pelo Parlamento Europeu e, de forma mais incipiente, a Corte de Justiça. Todos são considerados agentes dos Estados-membros, representados pelo Conselho Europeu. É dedicado também um espaço para expor as dificuldades teóricas do paradigma, principalmente no que diz respeito à sua comprovação empírica.The applicability of paradigm principal-agent in European Union studies have been the focus of political scientists and other specialists at International Relations, mostly in last decade. The main goal here is discuss the main theorists who apply this paradigm to understand how works the European system, as well in perceive which questions emerges from this debate. Between the most researched logics of delegation, there is a great interest in the performance of European Commission, European Parliament and Court of Justice, this last one more incipient. All of them are considered as agents of member states, represented by the European Council. It will be also discussed the theoretical difficulties of this paradigm, especially with regard to its empirical evidence.

After the Soviet collapse, the US-led NATO actions, in Eastern Europe and Central Asia has led to confrontation between Russia and the West in the region. Russia considers these actions a threat to its national security, reducing its power and influence and restrict its economic relations with its buffer zones. Moscow adopting policies such as anti-missile defense shield in Eastern Europe, leaving the CFE Treaty, creation of the CSTO and the use of energy as a practical weapon has withstand against the West. The country is the main supplier of the natural gas required for Europe and Eurasia, and is trying to run away the NATO from its red lines, use the it advantage to threat the newly independent republics of Europe Union by gas cut off and energy sanctions. The use of energy as a threatening tool by Russia has become a procedure to carry out its policies, which leads to a mistrust against the Russia and the countries are turning to other suppliers of the natural gas. Given the fact that the sale of energy is the main revenues of Russia, it seems, this threat will put Russia's into economic and political damage. The above mentioned topics, is the subject of this research.

The state, development and especially the labour market data of surveying branch profession in a continue moving conditions of the European Union (EU) and all the world are presented in the paper. According to the rule of CLGE (Comité de Liaison des Géomètres Européens – The Council of European Geodetic Surveyors) and FIG (Fédération Internationale des Géomètres – International Federation of Surveyors), which present the highest European and world-surveying forum, the professions mainly in a field of surveying (land surveying), mine surveying, cartography, geographical information systems and real estate register are included into the surveying (geodetic) branch. The labour market statistical data of the surveying branch profession and the education and other economic activities of the surveying sector in the particular membership countries of EU and the countries connected to EU since 1972 until 2000 are listed in the paper. Almost 25 million Euros were invested into the project of EU under the name: Gross National (European) Product (GNP) for a purpose to support and to make effective of the surveying sector in EU. This surveying sector has a downward trend in some economically most powerful countries of EU in last years.

Copyright of Transformations in Business & Economics is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the Turkey's long-term Europe-Union struggle, the effect of the Cyprus trouble had became apparent. This scenario can be considered to be resulted from that the objective perspective of the Union in the period of the cold war had been affected negatively with the membership of the Greece and Greek Cypriot administration of Southern Cyprus to the Union. This perspective of the Union had a vital role on the damnification of the Turkish Cypriots and the loss of the objectivity of the Union against Turkey after the Annan Plan. As a result of this, the membership of Turkey's being associated with the developments in Cyprus issue by the Union and the reception of the membership of the Southern Cyprus to the Union by Turkey, which causes the disapplication of the supplementary protocol, gave rise to the discontinuance in the bilateral relations. Therefore, negotiations had been ascended. Having objection and carrying out obligations by both side will have a significant role in the improving of the relations in the direct of full membership and solving the current problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euro-area efforts to address recession have moved Europe decisively into an era of harsh austerity despite budget cuts and other fiscal measures facing massive resistance from the public. Moreover, economists continue to express doubts concerning austerity and warn Euro-area officials that fiscal tightening only increases debt relative to GDP. Far from reflecting either popular or economic opinion, I argue that Europe's pro-austerity discourse both reflects and is constructed by the hegemonic interests of transnational capital. Specifically, advocacy groups representing the business-finance community manufacture the 'common sense' of fiscal tightening within narratives of European profligacy and exploding debt. In reality, however, austerity only reinforces the neoliberal structure underlying Europe's integration into the Single Market. Forces of transnational capital not only serve as the intellectual leaders behind this neoliberal integration but, as my research shows, work to maintain this structure by advancing pro-austerity discourses in a way that ensures their hegemonic position within the historic bloc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] New European GIS data can simply estimate transport CO2 emissions at a city level. [•] Available data may be only appropriate at the ‘functional boundary level’ of city. [•] CO2 emissions information could be presented with respect to policy targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Management / Vadyba (16487974) is the property of Lithuania Business University of Applied Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Politique Étrangère is the property of Institut Francais des Relations Internationales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Universitas: Relações Internacionais is the property of Universitas: Relacoes Internacionais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contexto Internacional is the property of Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Relacoes Internacionais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite high COVID-19 vaccine coverage in the EU/EEA, there are increasing reports of SARS-CoV-2 infections and hospitalisations in vaccinated individuals. Using surveillance data from Estonia, Ireland, Luxembourg and Slovakia (January-November 2021), we estimated risk reduction of severe outcomes in vaccinated cases. Increasing age remains the most important driver of severity, and vaccination significantly reduces risk in all ages for hospitalisation (adjusted relative risk (aRR): 0.32; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26-0.39) and death (aRR: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.13-0.29).