Search

Neanaperiallus defunctus Fusu sp. nov. Figs 4A‒C, E‒G, 5 http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 526EC759-C9AC-4C08-AE83-F8FCBFCDEAC0 Type material. Holotype ♀ (deposited in AICF). Baltic amber of Polish origin, no. LF2101. The fossil is preserved in a 2 mm thick, triangular amber piece with sides of about 10 × 7 × 6 mm (Fig. 4A, inset). Fossil with dorsal side very near the surface and part of the wing venation of the right fore wing, including marginal vein and basal parts of stigmal and postmarginal veins, chipped off (Fig. 4A). Etymology. From the Latin defunctus (deceased), in reference to the taxon being extinct. Diagnosis. The new species differs from L. janzeni by its gracile antenna and legs and in sculpture of the mesoscutum having a larger mesh size. See also Remarks. Description. Length 2.5 mm including ovipositor sheaths. Body (Fig. 4A) silvery due to thin layer of air surrounding it, but probably uniformly brown based on parts of antennae, prepectus, legs and some gastral tergites and sternites (these regions brown because during preparation part of the air layer was displaced by water that entered the inclusion through the chipped-off parts of the fore wing). Head width: length: height = 44: 21: ~33. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 4F) lenticular; vertex rounded into occiput; interocular distance ~0.4× head width (19: 44); ocelli arranged in an obtuse triangle, with MPOD: OOL: POL: LOL = 79: 90: 253: 147. Eyes in anterior view with inner margins not divergent ventrally (Fig. 5E) or at least not conspicuously divergent (examination in direct frontal view not possible); scrobal depression shallow, with non-carinate lateral margin; torulus with lower margin in line with or slightly ventral to lower ocular line; malar sulcus straight; labrum exposed and at right angle to clypeus. Mandible apparently with three teeth (Fig. 5E, inset: arrows) (contact area between mandibles covered with a white substance). Eye apparently bare. Antenna (Figs 4A‒C) with scape spindle-shaped (the limit between scape and radicle not observable and scape width not measurable in exact lateral view but scape at least about 5× as long as wide); ratios of pedicel, funiculars and clava (Fig. 4B) measured in lateral view (length: width) = (25: 9), (7: 7), (12: 8.5), (13: 10), (12.5: 11), (12: 12), (12: 13), (12.5: 13.5), (14: 14), (35.5: 15); fl 1 differentiated from remaining preclaval flagellomeres by being slightly narrower and quadrate, and without mps; fl 2 longer than wide but slightly shorter and evidently narrower than fl 3, which is the longest flagellomere other than fl 8, flagellomeres following fl 1 subequal in length but gradually widening toward clava, resulting in fl 2 ‒fl 4 being longer than wide and fl 5 ‒fl 8 slightly transverse or quadrate; clava with strongly abutting clavomeres and micropilose sensory region small, restricted to apex of terminal segment so as to appear as a rounded terminal button (Fig. 4C: tb). Antenna in dorsal view (Fig. 4C) with fl 2 and fl 3 even more obviously narrower compared to apical preclaval flagellomeres. Pronotum in dorsal view (Fig. 4G) about one-third length of mesoscutum (26: 73) and about 2.8× as wide as long medially, with dorsal surface sloping from posterior margin; in lateral view not readily visible, but apparently almost vertical and barely convex (Fig. 4F); pronotum uniformly reticulate, and with dark setae. Mesoscutum only slightly shoulder-like posterior to pronotum, about 1.25× as wide as long; reticulate with large cells, the sculpture smaller on lateral lobes compared to median lobe (Fig. 4G); mesoscutal furrows not differentiated in sculpture, but well visible along entire length because lateral and median lobe meet at an angle, the furrow deepest anterolaterally medial to spiracle (Fig. 4G). Mesoscutellar-axillar complex with inner angles of axillae separated by 0.3× maximum width of axilla and 0.4× anterior width of axilla; scutoscutellar sutures crenulate (Fig. 4E); mesoscutellum and axillae low convex and in about the same plane, with reticulate sculpture changing to imbricate with transverse cells on lateral surfaces; with inconspicuous decumbent setae (Figs 4E, F); mesoscutellum not carinate laterally, with distinct frenal arm (Fig. 5H: far), without an obvious frenum but with sculpture along apical margin aligned, the sculptural difference differentiating a thin carina (Figs 4E, 5H inset: smc) that delineates a lunate, down-sloped mesoscutellar apex (Fig. 5H: arrow). Metanotum with dorsellum an oblique semicircular band, cup-like over apex of mesoscutellum (Fig. 5H insert: dor), with an evident gap (Fig. 5H: double arrow) between the two sclerites; lateral panel anteriorly crenulate (Fig. 4E: mcb) (but crenulation not clearly visible because of position of right wing and a small brown inclusion in the amber on left side); in lateral view apex of mesoscutellum, dorsellum and propodeum forming a continuous sloping surface (Figs 4E, F). [The separation between mesoscutellum and dorsellum was less visible before part of the air layer around the fossil was displaced by some water during preparation (cf. Fig. 4E with 5H).] Propodeum not differentiated into plical and callar regions, its median length about half lateral length, anteriorly with a crenulate band medial to spiracle (Fig. 4G: pcb), and with a median carina, the carina widening posteriorly from about mid length into a triangular area (Fig. 4G: arrow) (distal end of the carina mostly obscured by the wing); mostly bare except with long setae lateral to spiracle (Fig. 4E); spiracle close to anterior margin of propodeum; propodeal foramen in dorsal view semicircular (Fig. 4G). Mesosoma with acropleuron uniformly convex and smooth, finely alutaceous only anteriorly and posteriorly, with no visible setae, extending posteriorly to posterodorsal angle of mesocoxa and likely to metapleuron; upper mesepimeron not visible, lower mesepimeron a flat and narrowly elongated triangular region between acropleuron and base of mesocoxa (Fig. 5A); acropleural sulcus crenulate, almost linearly directed from above mesocoxa, only in anterior third gradually curved towards posterodorsal angle of prepectus; mesepisternum large, in lateroventral view about same size as acropleuron (Fig. 5A), with no visible setae. Metapleuron not visible. Dorsal protibial spicules absent, with two dorsoapical spicules (Fig. 5A, inset: arrow); middle and hind legs not conspicuously long, of about same length, and hind leg not unusually modified, with two tibial spurs; mesocoxa with basolateral cavity present (Fig. 5A); mesotibia with a row of 4 spine-like pegs apically (Fig. 5C: map), and with mesotibial spur 1.7‒1.9× as long as apical width of mesotibia depending on viewing angle; mesotarsus slender, with basitarsus in lateral view about 5.4× as long as wide and of similar length as combined length of four apical tarsomeres, the mesotarsal peg pattern similar along anterior and posterior margins, consisting of robust spines basally that gradually become thicker and more peg-like towards apex of respective tarsomere, with only the apical-most seta on both sides of tarsomeres 1‒4 distinctly peg-like (Fig. 5B: pg). Fore wing (Fig. 5G) appearing uniformly infuscate, slightly brownish; costal cell with ventral surface uniformly setose, but dorsally with two rows of setae along leading margin for length of parastigma plus about distal half of costal cell; basal cell and disc uniformly setose except for bare vanal and cubital areas (Fig. 4E) and an elongate, broad, bare band posterior to parastigma and basal third of marginal vein; the bare band separated from basal fold and parastigma by about three lines of setae and though it is asetose dorsally, with about four inconspicuous setae ventrally (Fig. 5H); cc: mv: pmv: stv = 685: 481: 472: 192. Gaster lanceolate (Fig. 4A) (slightly distorted because of internal gas build-up during taphonomic processes); with seven tergites, each with a straight posterior margin (whether terminal tergite is completely fused into a syntergum or Gt 7 and Gt 8 are separated dorsally by a suture is hidden by Gt 6 which extends to level of cerci but possibly present is a line or suture ventral to cercus in lateral view); syntergum with cercus closer to anterior than to posterior margin, short behind cerci, and apically truncate, hence ovipositor sheaths mostly not covered (Fig. 5D); with a bare, cylindrical and slightly wrinkled anal tube posterior to syntergum over most of rest of ovipositor sheaths (Fig. 5D); hypopygium extending half-length of gaster (Fig. 5D). Ovipositor sheaths projecting beyond syntergum but only slightly beyond anal tube. Remarks. The holotypes of N. masneri and N. defunctus appear very different upon superficial comparison, but this is partly because of their different preservation states and likely because all features cannot be viewed from exactly the same angles in the two inclusions. The holotype of N. masneri superficially appears to have lanceolate mesonotal setae, the mesoscutum appears uniformly convex, the costal cell appears mostly bare, and the scutoscutellar sutures appear linear. However, all of these apparent features likely reflect the inclusion being covered by a thin layer of a white substance, and can be reinterpreted in the light of the newly discovered specimen of N. defunctus. As already mentioned by Gibson (2009) and above, the conspicuous lanceolate setae are certainly an artefact since they appear normal in lateral view, and the mesoscutum can be reinterpreted as having weak notaular furrows that differentiate the mesoscutum into median and lateral lobes that are noticeable as different shadings in Fig. 4H, but also in Gibson (2009, fig. 59). Further, even though the published photograph of the costal cell (Gibson 2009, fig. 62) appears bare except for a line of setae along anterior margin, an unpublished alternate image of the other wing (Fig. 4D) shows the costal cell to be uniformly setose. The scutoscutellar sutures likely are also crenulate, though some of the perceived transverse ridges in fig. 4H are setae and some are cell walls, because in N. defunctus the crenulate nature of the suture is also more or less visible depending on the angle and lighting conditions. Aside from these apparent differences and some others, such as relative placement of the toruli that might reflect angle of view, the two specimens are quite similar. Both individuals have similar shaped heads with an occipital carina (a feature otherwise not shared by any species formerly included in Eupelmidae or Tanaostigmatidae), a mesosoma and propodeum that are very similar in shape, similar comparative size of all sclerites, including the presence of a strong frenal arm, crenulate lines of sculpture laterally on the metanotum and along the anterior margin of the propodeum, and similar position of the spiracle. The fore wing setation and the ratios between the veins of the two species is also similar. Neanaperiallus defunctus differs from N. masneri in having more gracile antenna and legs and in mesoscutal sculpture. In N. defunctus, the flagellum is narrower basally, with fl 2 evidently narrower than fl 3 and especially in dorsal view fl 2 and fl 3 are obviously narrower than the apical flagellomeres, and fl 2 is also slightly shorter than fl 3, whereas the flagellum is more cylindrical in N. masneri and fl 2 is the longest flagellomere. Further, the mesotibial spur is 1.7‒1.9× as long as the apical width of the mesotibia and the mesotarsus is slender, with the basitarsus in lateral view about 5.4× as long as wide, whereas in N. masneri the mesotibial spur is only about 1.5× as long as the apical width of the mesotibia and the basitarsus is only about 3× as long as wide. Although these differences might in part reflect measurements from slightly different angles of view, there is also a conspicuous difference in sculpture of the mesoscutum between the two species. The reticulate mesh size is noticeably larger for N. defunctus (Fig. 4G) compared to much smaller, more reticulate-punctate mesh size for N. masneri (Fig. 4H; Gibson 2009, fig. 59). The acropleural sulcus also appears different in the two species, being curved in its anterior third in N. defunctus (Fig. 5A) but almost straight-oblique in N. masneri (Fig. 1A). The last obvious difference between the two inclusions is the setal arrangement of the apical third of the mesoscutellum (cf. Figs 4 E, H). In N. masneri the setae are arranged in a sparse whorl, with the setae directed more or less laterally rather than posteriorly (Fig. 4H) similar to some species of Merostenus Walker (Fusu 2013, fig. 15), whereas all the setae are apparently directed posteriorly in N. defunctus (Fig. 4E). However, because the setae in N. masneri are much more conspicuous, it is possible that the setal pattern of the two species is more similar than is apparent, the setae being more difficult to see and interpret in N. defunctus. An important aspect of Neanaperiallus not discussed in detail before (because it is not readily visible in N. masneri) is the structure of the apex of the mesoscutellum and the metanotum. In N. defunctus the dorsellum is raised and cup-like over the mesoscutellar apex, oblique relative to a down-sloped surface visible just behind the apical marginal carina. This apical portion of the mesoscutellum (Fig. 5H, inset: arrow) is likely homologous with the frenum, being located immediately posterior to the frenal arms (Fig. 5H, inset: far) and visible because of a slight separation between the dorsellum and mesoscutellum (Fig. 5H insert: double arrow). Because this gap is visible in both Neanaperiallus fossils, it likely is not an artefact of preservation. Besides this separation between the mesoscutellar apex and dorsellum (Gibson 2009, fig. 59) the fossil of N. masneri possibly also shows the presence of a marginal carina (Fig. 4H: smc), as in N. defunctus. Thus, the metanotum in Neanaperiallus is similar to Calosotinae and many female Eupelminae, and is likely correlated with the apex of the mesoscutellum being differentiated in a narrow vertical frenum. Members of these two subfamilies also often have a visible gap as described above, which may be structurally necessary for mesonotal flexing. A marginal rim is also present in Metapelma, but in this genus the mesoscutellum overlies the dorsellum, thus lacking a vertical apical surface behind the rim, though the mesoscutellum and dorsellum are also separated by a narrow gap (Gibson 2009, fig. 14)., Published as part of Gibson, Gary A. P. & Fusu, Lucian, 2023, Leptoomidae, a new family of Eocene fossil Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera), and family classification of Eocene fossil genera originally described in Neanastatinae (Eupelmidae), pp. 195-216 in Zootaxa 5318 (2) on pages 210-214, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5318.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/8162469, {"references":["Gibson, G. A. P. (2009) Description of three new genera and four new species of Neanastatinae (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae) from Baltic amber, with discussion of their relationships to extant taxa. ZooKeys, 20, 175 - 214. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 20.161","Fusu, L. (2013) A revision to the Palaearctic species of Reikosiella (Hirticauda) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae). Zootaxa, 3636 (1), 1 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3636.1.1"]}

Neanaperiallus Gibson (Figs 1A, 2B, 4, 5) Neanaperiallus Gibson, 2009: 200‒203. Included species. Neanaperiallus janzeni Gibson and Neanaperiallus defunctus Fusu sp. nov. Diagnosis. Head and mesosoma non-metallic, brown. Head with inner margins of eyes apparently not divergent ventrally or at least not conspicuously divergent (not visible in N. janzeni and direct frontal view not possible for N. defunctus, Fig. 5E); clypeal area concave and labrum perpendicular to clypeus (i. e. not visible in direct frontal view of clypeus, cf. Fig. 5E and inset in 5E); occipital carina ∩ -shaped (Fig. 5F; Gibson 2009, fig. 59). Mandible not visible in N. janzeni but apparently tridentate in N. defunctus. Antenna with lower margin of torulus in line with or slightly ventral to lower margin of eyes; 13-segmented (1:1:8:3) with 8 slightly transverse to slightly elongate funiculars and with mps on fu 3 ‒fu 8 (Figs 4B, C, F; Gibson 2009, fig. 58); clava elongate-ovoid, more than twice as long as wide, and apical clavomere with minute micropilose sensory region apically, appearing as rounded terminal button (Fig. 4C: tb). Mesoscutellar-axillar complex with axillae equilateral to somewhat elongate-triangular, with their inner angles slightly separated and mesoscutellum truncate basally when mesonotum not flexed (Figs 4G, H) (flexed condition unknown); mesoscutellum with sculpture along apical margin aligned, differentiating a thin carina (Figs 4E, 4H, 5H: smc) separating lunate, down-sloped region apically. Metanotum with dorsellum an oblique band projecting over apex of mesoscutellum (Fig. 5H) but the two sclerites separated by a narrow gap (Fig. 5H: double arrow in inset). Prepectus flat (Fig. 4F: pre). Acropleuron enlarged posteriorly to metapleuron and posteroventrally to dorsolateral level of mesocoxa, with crenulate acropleural sulcus directed obliquely toward posterodorsal angle of prepectus over most of length (Fig. 1A) or only over about anterior one-third (Fig. 5A) but differentiating acropleuron from comparatively large mesepisternal region ventral to acropleural suture (Figs 1A, 5A). Mesopectus in ventral view with posterior margin abutting base of mesocoxa (Fig. 2B) though mesocoxa with triangular basolateral cavity opposite angle formed between acropleuron and mesopectus (Fig. 2B; Gibson 2009, fig. 61). Fore wing disc with bare band beyond basal fold separated from parastigma by region of setae (Figs 5G, H; Gibson 2009, fig. 62), parastigma not separated from marginal vein by hyaline break though apparently slightly less pigmented distally (Figs 5G, H). Protibia apparently without dorsal spicules but with dorsoapical spicules (Fig. 5A, inset); mesotibia with spine-like pegs apically (Fig. 5C). Remarks. The extended generic diagnosis given above for Neanaperiallus is to supplement the description in Gibson (2009) after the discovery of a second fossil that represents a second species in the genus, and to have a comparative description with Leptoomus. As noted above, the state of preservation and the inability to examine the two available inclusions equally from all angles prevents directly comparable, accurate description of all parts of the two species so the generic diagnosis and/or species descriptions may be inaccurate in some respects for one or both species. Additional inclusions are necessary to further clarify apparent similarities and differences between Neanaperiallus and Leptoomus and between N. defunctus and N. masneri., Published as part of Gibson, Gary A. P. & Fusu, Lucian, 2023, Leptoomidae, a new family of Eocene fossil Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera), and family classification of Eocene fossil genera originally described in Neanastatinae (Eupelmidae), pp. 195-216 in Zootaxa 5318 (2) on page 209, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5318.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/8162469, {"references":["Gibson, G. A. P. (2009) Description of three new genera and four new species of Neanastatinae (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae) from Baltic amber, with discussion of their relationships to extant taxa. ZooKeys, 20, 175 - 214. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 20.161"]}

Gibson, Gary A. P., Fusu, Lucian (2023): Leptoomidae, a new family of Eocene fossil Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera), and family classification of Eocene fossil genera originally described in Neanastatinae (Eupelmidae). Zootaxa 5318 (2): 195-216, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5318.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5318.2.2

Calymmochilus russoi Gibson, 1995, a wasp from the family Eupelmidae, was observed for the first time in France on September 4th 2021. This is the third observation of this species ever. This sighting allowed for the first photographs of a live individual of this species. Furthermore, another specimen was once again observed in the exact same location one year later on September 1st 2022., Calymmochilus russoi Gibson, 1995, une guêpe de la famille Eupelmidae, a été observé pour la première fois en France le 4 Septembre 2021. Ceci est la troisième observation au monde de cette espèce et a permis les premières photographies d’un individu vivant de cette espèce. De plus, un autre spécimen a été vu exactement au même endroit un an plus tard, le 1er Septembre 2022.

In total 23 oothecae of seven species of mantids from six genera Bolivaria Stal, 1877 (Rivetinidae), Elaea Stal, 1877 (Gonypetidae), Empusa Illiger, 1798 (Empusidae), Hierodula Burmeister, 1838 (Mantidae), Holaptilon Beier, 1964 (Gonypetidae), Iris Saussure, 1869 (Eremiaphilidae) were collected. About 69% of collected oothecae of mantids were parasitized by the Hymenoptera families, Torymidae and Eupelmidae. Here, we report seven parasitoid species of Mantodea oothecae, Eupelmus (Macroneura) vesicularis (Retzius, 1783) (Eupelmidae), Iridophaga lichtensteini Picard, 1933 (Torymidae), Iridophagoides petiolatus Erdos, 1964 (Torymidae), Microdontomerus sp. (Torymidae), Monodontomerus obscurus Westwood, 1833 (Torymidae), Palachia pulchra Boucek, 1969 (Torymidae), Podagrion pachymerum (Walker, 1833) (Torymidae) of Mantodea oothecae. Of which, Ichnanthus petiolatus and P. pulchra are new records for Iranian fauna. The species E. (M.) vesicularis, I. petiolatus, Microdontomerus sp., M. obscurus, P. pulchra are reported as parasitoids of mantid oothecae for the first time. This is the first attempt to study parasitoids of seven species of mantids oothecae. The parasitism rate of different mantids oothecae was varied from 38 to 92% in different species.

Zaischnopsis lii Jiang & Peng sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AD097B05-9AAD-4311-A849-49AE9AB8BFF3 Figs 3, 7C, I, 8G, K–O, 9E–F Diagnosis Head with dorsal margin of scrobal depression separated from anterior ocellus by distance equal to 0.23 × diameter of anterior ocellus (Fig. 3C); OOL: POL: LOL: MPOD = 1.0: 7.2: 8.9: 10.4; antennal clava 3× as long as width, and margins between each clava segment sinuate (Fig. 9F). Metatibia yellowish-brown to brown, basal half of dorsal margin milky white (Fig. 3A). Fore wing disc infuscate with dense brown setae beyond level of parastigma and gradually lightened distally except for one inconspicuous and irregular shaped hyaline spot behind marginal vein (Fig. 3F). Propodeum with anterior margin broadly V-shaped; plical region comparatively long (Figs 3I, 10C). Etymology Named in honor of Li Wenliang (12 Oct. 1986 ‒ 7 Feb. 2020), an ophthalmologist, who was one of the first people to warn about the outbreak of COVID-19, but passed away after being infected with COVID- 19 in Wuhan. He won the China youth Wusi Medal. Material examined Holotype CHINA – Guangxi Prov. • ♀; 广M省大ḤƜ自‼保ÑṂae堂Ɯ [Shengtangshan, Dayaoshan natural reserve]; 15 Aug. 2019; Pang Guilin leg.; DNA 647; FAFU. Paratypes CHINA – Shaanxi Prov. • 1 ♀; KM省安康市ffiDz坝Ḇ子NJ [Xiezigou, Xunyangba, Ankang City]; 25 Jul.–22 Oct. 2017; Malaise trap; DNA 670; FAFU • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; DNA 671; FAFU. Description Female LENGTH. About 6.0 mm. HEAD (Fig. 3C–E). Dark with purple and green metallic luster under some angles of light, with scrobal depression dark blue (Fig. 3C), interantennal prominence dark purple to black (Fig. 3C), parascrobal region and lower face greenish-purple (Fig. 3C), frons black, and vertex and temple black to dark green (Fig. 3D). Setae (Fig. 7C, I) of lower part of parascrobal region, interantennal prominence and lower face white and lanceolate, setae of upper part of parascrobal region, frons (Fig. 7I), gena (Fig. 8G), vertex and occiput brown and hair-like; maxillary and labial palpi dark brown (Fig. 3C). Head in frontal view 1.22 × as wide as high; in dorsal view width 1.73 × length, with interocular distance 0.20 × head width and less than width of eye; in lateral view 1.40 × as high as long. Eye height about 1.12 × width in lateral view; distance between eyes below 3.35 × distance between eyes above; malar space 0.46 × eye height; distance between toruli greater than distance between torulus and clypeal margin, and greater than distance between torulus and orbit. OOL: POL: LOL: MPOD = 1.0: 7.2: 8.9: 10.4. Face (Figs 3C, 7C) with parascrobal region very narrow, interantennal region reticulate, scrobal depression deep and ∩-like, imbricate to reticulate, dorsal margin delimited, separated from anterior ocellus by distance equal to 0.23 × diameter of anterior ocellus; lower orbit above level of dorsal margin of torulus; lower face reticulate; vertex coriaceous posterior to ocelli, temple imbricate; frons imbricate to coriaceous. Antennal (Figs 3G, 9E–F) scape and pedicel with yellowish-purple metallic luster, 1 st to 3 rd funicular segments with slight purple luster, and other segments dark brown, setae brown; scape normal, not expanded; relative length(width) of scape = 40(10), pedicel 9.5(5), 1 st to 8 th funiculars: 6(4), 15.5(5), 19(5), 22(6.5), 15.5(7.5), 14(8), 11(8), 8(9), clava 30(10). MESOSOMA. Pronotum in dorsal view (Fig. 3B), with dark purple metallic luster, setae brown and hair-like; divided medially, pentagonal, reticulate. Mesoscutum (Figs 3B, 8K) almost flat but slightly convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly, and with lateral lobes carinate posteriorly, yellowish-green with lateral lobes slightly purple, anterior convex region with white hair-like setae (Fig. 8L), setae of posterior depressed region light brown and lanceolate (Fig. 8M), and lateral lobe with setae white and lanceolate (Fig. 8N). Scutellar-axillar complex (Fig. 3B) rusty with slight green luster, setae brown and hair-like (Figs 3B, 8O); disc flat (Figs 3B, 8K) with coarsely reticulate pattern arranged longitudinally in scutellum and transversely in axillae; scutellum 1.5× as long as broad. Prepectus (Fig. 3H) black with green to purple metallic luster; tegula with light brown hair-like setae; mesopectus dark purple, with long white hair-like setae linearly arranged along acropleural sulcus; acropleuron black with purple and green metallic luster. Mesopectus reticulate anterior to acropleural sulcus, acropleuron distinctly imbricate. Propodeum (Figs 3H–I, 10C) black with blue metallic luster, anterior margin broadly V-shaped; plical region long, reticulate, with one patch of setae anterior of spiracle, callus almost smooth and bare, but with long white hair-like setae laterally. Fore wing (Fig. 3F) with costal cell dorsally bare except for dark brown setae in infuscate region in front of parastigma; basal cell hyaline, with long brown setae, but slight infuscate at base, mediocubital fold with sparse brown setae; disc infuscate behind parastigma and stigma vein, with dense brown setae and gradually lightened distally, with one inconspicuous and irregularly shaped hyaline region behind marginal vein; fore wing extended near apex of gaster, stigmal vein distinctly bent distally to parallel anterior margin, with SMV: MV: PMV: STV = 11.0: 10.0: 7.0: 3.6. Fore leg (Fig. 3A) with knee brown, femur and tibia black, tarsus yellowish-brown; middle leg with femur black, tibia and tarsus yellowish-brown, spur black, tibial spur shorter than basitarsus; hind leg with femur black except basal part brown, knee brown, tibia yellowish brown to brown, basal half of dorsal margin milky white, tarsus brown, basitarsus longer than the following two tarsomeres combined. GASTER (Fig. 3A). Elongate-lanceolate, longer than mesosoma, dark brown to black with metallic luster, except apex of syntergum and ovipositor sheaths brown; syntergum tapered to rounded apex; ovipositor sheaths exserted for distance as long as length of basal three metatarsomeres. Remarks The fore wing color pattern of females of Z. lii sp. nov. resembles to some extent that of some females of Z. zhongi sp. nov., but they are distinguished by their ∩-like scrobal depression shape compared to the much narrower scrobal depression of females of Z. zhongi (Fig. 7F). Further, the clava of Z. lii is much longer than that of females of the other new species described in this paper, and the margin between each clava segment is S-shaped curved (Fig. 9F). Distribution China: Shaanxi (Palaearctic); Guangxi (Oriental). Variation The length of females of this new species varies from about 5.7 to 6.1 mm; one paratype has the scape slightly expanded, the relative length(width) is 36(10); hind legs of the paratype are bright orange, except the outer sides of the femora are black.

Zaischnopsis campaniformis Tang & Peng sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9ED76BA3-DD89-47DA-B9AD-8B2140D19904 Figs 5, 7E, H, 8B, I, 9G–H, 10E Diagnosis Head with scrobal depression bell-shaped, dorsal margin separated from anterior ocellus by distance equal to 1.53 × diameter of anterior ocellus (Figs 5C, 7E); OOL: POL: LOL: MPOD = 1.0: 7.0: 12.5: 10.0; antennal clava short, about 1.6× as long as wide (Fig. 5F). Tibiae black, except metatibia with basal half of dorsal margin milky-white (Fig. 5A). Fore wing disc infuscate with dark brown setae beyond level of parastigma except gradually lightened distally where more hyaline, and with one subtriangular hyaline spot behind marginal vein distally (Fig. 5E). Propodeum with anterior margin broadly U-shaped; plical region comparatively long (Figs 5I, 10E). Etymology From the Latin word ‘ campana ’ (‘bell’) in reference to the bell-shape of scrobal depression (Fig. 5C). Material examined Holotype CHINA – Guangxi Prov. • ♀; 广M省上思º+„大Ɯ自‼保ÑṂ [Shiwandashan national park, Shangsi County]; 27 Aug. 2019; Li Tao leg.; DNA 640; FAFU. Paratype CHINA – Guangxi Prov. • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; DNA 641; FAFU. Description Female LENGTH. About 5.1 mm. HEAD (Fig. 5C–D, H). Dark with blue, green or yellow metallic luster, as follows: scrobal depression metallic greenish-blue (Fig. 5C), interantennal prominence, parascrobal region and lower face more golden-green (Fig. 5C), frons golden-yellow with slight purple metallic luster (Fig. 5D), vertex and temple green with golden-yellow metallic luster under some angles of light (Fig. 5D). Setae of lower face (Fig. 5C), interantennal prominence, lower part of parascrobal region (Fig. 5C), and gena (Figs 5H, 8I) white and lanceolate, setae of upper part of parascrobal region (Figs 5C, 8B), frons (Figs 5D, 7H) and vertex (Fig. 5D) brown and hair-like; maxillary and labial palpi black (Fig. 5C). Head in frontal view 1.18× as wide as high; in dorsal view width 1.51 × length, with interocular distance 0.16 × head width and less than width of eye; in lateral view 1.22× as high as long. Eye height about equal to width in lateral view; distance between eyes below 4 × distance between eyes above; malar space 0.51 × eye height; distance between toruli greater than distance between torulus and clypeal margin, and greater than distance between torulus and orbit. OOL: POL: LOL: MPOD = 1.0: 7.0: 12.5: 10.0. Face with parascrobal region narrow, interantennal region reticulate (Fig. 7E), scrobal depression (Fig. 7E) deep and bell-shaped, imbricate, dorsal margin delimited, separated from anterior ocellus by distance equal to 1.53× diameter of anterior ocellus; lower orbit above level of dorsal margin of torulus; lower face coriaceous; vertex and temple imbricate. Antennal (Figs 5F, 9G–H) scape and pedicel with yellowishgreen metallic luster, flagellum dark brown, 1 st and 2 nd segments of funicle with greenish-yellow metallic luster; scape normal, not expanded; relative length(width) of scape = 40(10), pedicel 19(4.5), 1 st to 8 th funiculars: 4.5(5), 20(6), 20(7.5), 20(11.5), 9.5(11), 9(12), 6.5(11.5), 5.5(12), clava 22.5(14). MESOSOMA. Pronotum in dorsal view (Fig. 5B), dark with reddish-green to blue metallic luster, setae brown and hair-like; divided medially, pentagonal, imbricate. Mesoscutum (Fig. 5B) slightly convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly, and with lateral lobe carinate posteriorly; dark with slight greenishblue metallic luster, anterior convex region dark brown with brown hair-like setae, setae of posterior depressed region and lateral lobe white and lanceolate. Scutellar-axillar complex (Fig. 5B) dark purple with green metallic luster, setae brown and hair-like; disc flat with coarsely reticulate pattern arranged longitudinally in scutellum and transversely in axillae; scutellum 1.71 × as long as broad. Prepectus (Fig. 5G) dark brown to yellowish-brown; tegula dark brown with white hair-like setae; mesopectus dark purple, with long hair-like white setae; acropleuron reddish-purple with green metallic luster; mesopectus reticulate anterior to acropleural sulcus, acropleuron very finely longitudinally imbricate to coriaceous. Propodeum (Figs 5I, 10E) dark blue with slight greenish-blue metallic luster, anterior margin broadly U-shaped; plical region comparatively long, reticulate, with one patch of setae adjacent to spiracle anteriorly, callus coriaceous and bare, except with long white hair-like setae laterally. Fore wing (Fig. 5E) extended near apex of gaster, with costal cell dorsally bare except for dark brown setae in infuscate region in front of parastigma; basal cell hyaline with white setae except for one small brown region with brown setae at base, mediocubital fold setose with white setae; disc infuscate with dense brown setae except lightened distally, and with one hyaline spot with white setae behind marginal vein, the spot almost triangular in shape; stigmal vein distinctly bent distally so as to parallel anterior margin; SMV: MV: PMV: STV = 14.0: 12.0: 7.2: 3.7. Fore leg (Fig. 5A, G) with femur and tibia black, tarsus brown; middle leg with femur and tibia black, tarsus milky-white to light brown, spur yellowish-brown, shorter than basitarsus; hind leg with tibia black except basal half of dorsal margin milky-white, tarsus white to light brown, with basitarsus longer than the following two tarsomeres combined. GASTER (Fig. 5A). Elongate-lanceolate, longer than mesosoma, black with metallic luster, except apex of syntergum and ovipositor sheaths brown; syntergum tapered to rounded apex; ovipositor sheath exserted slightly, for distance shorter than basitarsomere of hind leg. Remarks The fore wing of females of Z. campaniformis sp. nov. has a hyaline spot similar to Z. zhongi sp. nov. (Fig. 6E), but the spot is more distinctly triangular (Fig. 5E). Further, females are distinguished by the color of the anterior convex region of the mesoscutum, this being dark brown for Z. campaniformis (Fig. 5B) rather than green for Z. zhongi (Fig. 6B). Further, the pronotum of Z. campaniformis is distinctly bicolored (Fig. 5B), rather than yellowish-blue for Z. zhongi (Fig. 6B). Females of Z. campaniformis can also be distinguished by the color of the scrobal depression, having less luster and a more greenish pattern (Fig. 5C) rather than the dark blue color of Z. zhongi (Fig. 6C). Distribution China: Guangxi (Oriental). Variation The body length of the paratype is 4.9 mm; the color of the pronotum is more coppery than that of the holotype., Published as part of Tang, Hao, Jiang, Jingtao, Deng, Jun & Peng, Lingfei, 2022, Six new species of Zaischnopsis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae) from China based on morphological and molecular data, pp. 1-27 in European Journal of Taxonomy 847 on pages 18-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.847.1977, http://zenodo.org/record/7330870

Tang, Hao, Jiang, Jingtao, Deng, Jun, Peng, Lingfei (2022): Six new species of Zaischnopsis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae) from China based on morphological and molecular data. European Journal of Taxonomy 847: 1-27, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.847.1977

Zaischnopsis fuscolivida Tang & Peng sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AFCCEFB6-39AD-480C-BE71-F9F536D89661 Figs 2, 7B, 8E–F, 9C–D, 10B Diagnosis Head with dorsal margin of scrobal depression not delimited, ventral part of scrobal depression smooth (Fig. 7B); antennal clava about 2.6× as long as wide (Fig. 2G). Legs with mesotibia and metatibia yellowish brown (Fig. 2A). Fore wing disc infuscate with light brown setae beyond level of parastigma and gradually lightened distally, without hyaline region with white setae behind marginal vein (Fig. 2E). Propodeum with anterior margin broad U-shaped; plical region short (Figs 2I, 10B). Etymology The species name is a combination of the Latin words ‘ fusca ’, ‘dark colored’, and ‘ lividus ’, ‘bluish’, in reference to the dark blue mesoscutum. Material examined Holotype CHINA – Shaanxi Prov. • ♀; KM省Κ安市富º子+®自‼保ÑṂ石ṈNJ [Shihuigou, Ziwuling natural reserve, Fuxian County, Yan’an]; 27‒30 Aug. 2018; Malaise trap; DNA 675; FAFU. Paratypes CHINA – Shaanxi Prov. • 3 ♀♀; KM省Κ安市富º子+®自‼保ÑṂ石ṈNJ [Shihuigou, Ziwuling natural reserve, Fuxian County, Yan’an]; 13 Aug.–4 Sep. 2018; Malaise trap; FAFU • 4 ♀♀; KM 省Κ安市富º子+®自‼保ÑṂIJ树NJ [Huashugou, Ziwuling natural reserve, Fuxian County, Yan’an]; 11 Aug.–3 Sep. 2018; Malaise trap; FAFU • 1 ♀; KM省Κ安市富º子+®自‼保ÑṂ陈※ 河 [Chenjiahe, Ziwuling natural reserve, Fuxian County, Yan’an]; 30 Aug.–4 Sep. 2018; Malaise trap; DNA 687; FAFU • 1 ♀; KM省Κ安市富º子+®自‼保ÑṂ八面* [Bamianyao, Ziwuling natural reserve, Fuxian County, Yan’an]; 20 Aug. 2018; Malaise trap; FAFU. – Zhejiang Prov. • 1 ♀; ṁữ省DZ 凉峰自‼保ÑṂAE塘Ɯ [Longtangshan, Qingliangfeng natural reserve]; Jul. 2013, Malaise trap; DNA 85; FAFU. Description Female LENGTH. About 4.5 mm. HEAD (Fig. 2C–D, F). With blue metallic luster intermixed with variably distinct purple and green lusters under some angles of light, as follows: scrobal depression dark blue (Fig. 2C), interantennal prominence blue or with slight metallic purple luster (Fig. 2C), parascrobal region and lower face greenish-purple with golden metallic luster (Fig. 2C), frons dark purple, vertex and temple dark purple with slight green luster (Fig. 2D). Setae of face (Fig. 7B), gena (Fig. 8E–F), interantennal prominence and occiput hairlike and brown, parascrobal region with two rows of hair-like brown setae (Fig. 7B); maxillary and labial palpi dark brown (Fig. 2C). Head in frontal view 1.25 × as wide as high; in dorsal view width 1.65 × length, with interocular distance 0.25 × head width and less than width of eye; in lateral view 1.38 × as high as long. Eye height 1.05 × eye width in lateral view; distance between eyes below 2.84 × distance between eyes above; malar space 0.53 × eye height; distance between toruli greater than distance between torulus and clypeal margin, and similar to distance between torulus and orbit. OOL: POL: LOL: MPOD = 1.0: 5.0: 4.6: 4.0. Face (Figs 2C, 7B) with parascrobal region very narrow, interantennal region longitudinally reticulate, scrobal depression deep and ∩-like, smooth ventrally and finely imbricate dorsally, dorsal margin not delimited; lower orbit above level of ventral margin of torulus; lower face alutaceous-imbricate to coriaceous (Fig. 7B); vertex and temple transversely imbricate; frons imbricate to coriaceous. Antennal (Figs 2G, 9C–D) scape and pedicel with bluish-green metallic luster, 1 st to 4 th funicular segments with greenish-yellow to rusty metallic luster, with light brown to white setae, 5 th to 8 th funicular segments dark brown, with dark brown setae; scape normal, not expanded; relative length(width) of scape = 38(6), pedicel 12(4.5), 1 st to 8 th funiculars: 5(4), 14.5(4), 14.5(5), 16(5.5), 12.5(6), 12.5(7), 11.5(7), 9(7), clava 22(8.5). MESOSOMA. Pronotum in dorsal view (Fig. 2B), dark purple with metallic luster; setae dark brown and hair-like; divided medially, subtriangular, imbricate. Mesoscutum (Fig. 2B) almost flat but slightly convex anteriorly, and with lateral lobes carinate posteriorly, metallic blue with middle part of anterior convex region and lateral lobes slightly yellowish-green, setae of anterior convex region and lateral lobes brownish and hair-like, setae of posterior depressed region and lower part of lateral lobes white and lanceolate. Scutellar-axillar complex coppery except lateral surface of scutellum somewhat blue, setae brown, disc of scutellar-axillar complex (Fig. 2B) flat with coarsely reticulate pattern arranged longitudinally in scutellum and transversely in axillae; scutellum 1.38 × as long as broad. Prepectus (Fig. 2H) dark brown with slight yellow luster, tegula with dark brown hair-like setae; mesopectus greenish-purple, with long white hair-like setae linearly arranged along acropleural sulcus; acropleuron dark purple with green metallic luster. Mesopectus reticulate anterior to acropleural sulcus, acropleuron with distinctly transverse reticulate-imbricate sculpture. Propodeum (Figs 2H–I, 10B) dark with yellowish-blue metallic luster, anterior margin broad U-shaped; plical region short, reticulate-rugose, with three setae near inner margin of spiracle and one patch of setae anterior of spiracle, callus coriaceous and bare, with long white hair-like setae laterally. Fore wing (Fig. 2E) with costal cell dorsally bare except for dark setae in infuscate region in front of parastigma; basal cell hyaline with light brown setae, mediocubital fold with sparse, light brown setae; disc with setae light brown and gradually lightened distally, without hyaline region with white behind marginal vein; fore wing extended near apex of gaster, stigmal vein slightly bent distally; SMV: MV: PMV: STV = 17.5: 22.5: 16.5: 7. Fore leg (Fig. 2A) with femur black, knee brown, tibia with basal half dark brown and apical half yellowish-brown, tarsus yellowish-brown; middle leg with femora brown, tibia yellowish-brown, tarsus white to light brown except rows of pegs dark brown and spur brown, mesotibial spur shorter than basitarsus; femur of hind leg dark with green metallic luster, knee brown, tibia yellowish-brown, tarsus yellowish-brown, basitarsus as long as following two tarsomeres combined. GASTER (Fig. 2A). Elongate-lanceolate, longer than mesosoma, dark brown with metallic luster, except apex of syntergum and apex of ovipositor sheaths brown; syntergum tapered to rounded apex; ovipositor sheaths exserted for distance slightly shorter than length of basal metatarsomere. Remarks The fore wing of females Z. fuscolivida sp. nov. lack any hyaline spot or band, which distinguishes them from those of other species of Zaischnopsis from China. Females do resemble Z. locustae (Girault, 1919), recorded only from Java, Indonesia, but females of Z. locustae have white setae on the vertex and temple (Peng et al. 2018: figs 53, 56) versus brown for Z. fuscolivida (Fig. 2C), and the metatibia is dark brown except the basal half of the dorsal margin which is white (Peng et al. 2018: fig. 57) versus yellowish-brown (Fig. 2A). Distribution China: Shaanxi (Palaearctic); Zhejiang (Oriental). Variation The length of the females varies from about 4.3 to 5.8 mm. The color of the pedicel is variable, blue to yellowish-green; the shape of the posterior ocellus is sometimes rhomboid or oval, the OOL varies from 0.14 to 0.31 × as wide as MPOD., Published as part of Tang, Hao, Jiang, Jingtao, Deng, Jun & Peng, Lingfei, 2022, Six new species of Zaischnopsis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae) from China based on morphological and molecular data, pp. 1-27 in European Journal of Taxonomy 847 on pages 9-12, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.847.1977, http://zenodo.org/record/7330870, {"references":["Peng L. F., Xiang J. W. & Liu Q. F. 2018. Three new species of Zaischnopsis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae) from Southern China, with redescription of Zaischnopsis tubatius (Walker). Zootaxa 4524 (2): 200 - 212. https: // doi. org: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4524.2.4"]}

Zaischnopsis zhongi Jiang & Peng sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 32C4C617-C7E9-4CBF-B0FA-D5DE6CBC2DD6 Figs 6, 7F, 8J, 10F Diagnosis Head with scrobal depression deep and ∩-shaped, dorsal margin separated from anterior ocellus by distance equal to 1.21 × diameter of anterior ocellus (Fig. 7F); OOL: POL: LOL: MPOD = 1.0: 6.7: 10.7: 10.6; antennal clava short, about 1.7 × as long as wide (Fig. 6F). Tibiae black to dark brown, but metatibia with basal half milky-white (Fig. 6A). Fore wing disc infuscate with dark brown setae beyond level of parastigma except gradually lightened distally, and with one hyaline spot behind marginal vein (Fig. 6E). Propodeum with anterior margin very broad V-shaped; plical region comparatively long (Figs 6I, 10F). Etymology Named in honor of Zhong Nanshan (20 Oct.1936 ‒), director of the National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and a leading Chinese expert in SARS and COVID-19 prevention and treatment. Material examined Holotype CHINA – Sichuan Prov. • ♀; 四ffl省成ª市天ŮƜ [Tiantaishan, Chengdu City]; 16 Sep. 2019; DNA 673; FAFU. Paratype CHINA – Sichuan Prov. • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; DNA 674; FAFU. Description Female LENGTH. About 5.3 mm. HEAD (Fig. 6C–D, F). Dark with blue, green or yellow metallic luster, as follows: scrobal depression with bright blue metallic luster (Fig. 6C), interantennal prominence blue with purple metallic luster medially (Fig. 6C), parascrobal region blue, lower face blue but with more coppery-violaceous ventrally, frons golden yellow with some purple metallic luster, vertex and temple green (Fig. 6D). Setae of lower face, interantennal prominence and lower part of parascrobal region (Figs 6C, 7F) white and lanceolate, setae of upper part of parascrobal region (Figs 6C, 7F), gena (Figs 6F, 8J), frons and vertex (Fig. 6D) brown and hair-like; maxillary and labial palpi black (Fig. 6C). Head in frontal view 1.20 × as wide as high; in dorsal view width 1.74 × length, with interocular distance 0.18 × head width and less than width of eye; in lateral view 1.51 × as high as long. Eye height about equal to width in lateral view; distance between eyes below 3.99 × distance between eyes above; malar space 0.42 × eye height; distance between toruli greater than distance between torulus and clypeal margin, and greater than distance between torulus and orbit. OOL: POL: LOL: MPOD = 1.0: 6.7: 10.7: 10.6. Face with parascrobal region narrow, interantennal region reticulate (Fig. 7F), scrobal depression (Fig. 7F) deep and ∩-shaped, imbricate, dorsal margin delimited, separated from anterior ocellus by distance equal to 1.21 × diameter of anterior ocellus; lower orbit slightly lower than level of dorsal margin of torulus; lower face coriaceous; vertex and temple imbricate. Antennal (Fig. 6G) scape and pedicel green with yellowish-red metallic luster, 1 st to 3 rd segments of funicle with blue to rusty luster basally, 4 th to 8 th segments and clava dark brown; scape normal, not expanded; relative length(width) of scape = 40(7), pedicel 12.8(4.8), 1 st to 8 th funiculars: 5.2(5), 16(5.2), 16.5(6.5), 16(8), 13(8.5), 11(9.6), 10(10), 8(11), clava 14.5(8.5). MESOSOMA. Pronotum in dorsal view (Fig. 6B), dark with yellowish-green to blue metallic luster, setae hair-like and brown; divided medially, pentagonal, imbricate. Mesoscutum (Fig. 6B) slightly convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly, and with lateral lobe carinate posteriorly; dark with yellowish-green metallic luster, setae of mesoscutum brown and hair-like except lower portion of lateral lobe white and hair-like. Scutellar-axillar complex (Fig. 6B) with reddish-green metallic luster, setae brown and hairlike, disc flat with coarsely reticulate pattern arranged longitudinally in scutellum and transversely in axillae region; scutellum 1.58 × as long as broad. Prepectus (Fig. 6H) with yellowish-green metallic luster; tegula dark brown with white hair-like setae; mesopectus dark green, with sparse, long white hair-like setae anterolaterally; acropleuron dark purple with slight green metallic luster; mesopectus reticulate anterior to acropleural sulcus, acropleuron very finely longitudinally imbricate to coriaceous. Propodeum (Figs 6I, 10F) black with bright blue metallic luster, anterior margin very broad V-shaped; plical region comparatively long, reticulate, with patch of white setae adjacent to spiracle anteriorly and laterally, callus almost smooth and bare, with long white hair-like setae laterally. Fore wing (Fig. 6E) extended near apex of gaster, with costal cell dorsally bare except dark brown setae in infuscate region in front of parastigma; basal cell hyaline with white setae except for infuscate region with brown setae basally, mediocubital fold with sparse white setae; disc infuscate with dense brown setae except lightened and more hyaline apically beyond level of postmarginal vein, and with one, almost round, hyaline spot with white setae behind marginal vein; fore wing stigmal vein slightly bent to anterior margin; SMV: MV: PMV: STV = 12.0: 8.6: 5.8: 2.6. Fore leg (Fig. 6A) with femur dark brown to black, knee dark brown; tibia black except apex dark brown, tarsus brown; middle leg with femur black, knee brown, tibia dark brown, tarsus milky-white, spur yellowish brown, shorter than basitarsus of middle leg; hind legs with tibia black to dark brown except basal half milky-white, tibia white to light brown, with basitarsus longer than the following two tarsomeres combined. GASTER (Fig. 6A). Elongate-lanceolate, longer than mesosoma, black with metallic luster, except apex of syntergum black, and ovipositor sheaths brown; syntergum tapered to rounded apex, ovipositor sheaths exserted, slightly longer than basitarsus of hind leg. Remarks The fore wing of females of Z. zhongi sp. nov. has a single hyaline spot with white setae behind the marginal vein (Fig. 6E) similar to that of females of Z. nivalinota Peng & Xiang, 2018 (Peng et al. 2018: fig. 26). However, females of Z. zhongi have the vertex and mesoscutum more yellowish and greenish (cf. Fig. 6B, D with Peng et al. 2018: figs 23, 25) and the concave posterior of the mesoscutum less setose (Fig. 6B) than females of Z. nivalinota (Peng et al. 2018: fig. 22). Further, the ovipositor sheaths of Z. zhongi are brown, whereas they are black with the apex brown for Z. nivalinota, and the plical region of propodeum of Z. zhongi is somewhat longer (Fig. 6I) than that of Z. nivalinota (Peng et al. 2018: fig. 27). Distribution China: Sichuan (Oriental). Variation The paratype is 5.4 mm in length; with only the dorsal margin of the basal half of the metatibia white, whereas the holotype (Fig. 6A) has the white region also across the lateral surfaces so as to extend to the ventral margin; the color of the antennal scape varies from yellowish-green to metallic blue.

Genus Zaischnopsis Ashmead, 1904 Generic diagnosis Females are characterized by the following characters (Gibson 1995, 2005): body usually dark with various metallic lusters, but sometimes yellow to brown; head with ventral margin of torulus lower than lower orbit, scrobal depression deep or not but dorsally delimiting linear or only very narrow region along upper inner orbit; antenna with scape sometimes slender though often variably compressed; clypeus flat; mandible tridentate; pronotum usually subtriangular and divided medially; mesoscutum usually flat with anterior and lateral parts slightly raised, posterior part slightly concave; mesopectus with setae, acropleuron usually bare; fore wing usually hyaline at base, infuscate beyond base of parastigma, and sometimes with one or more lighter colored band or spots behind marginal vein; mesotibia with oblique apical groove and with dark apical pegs in a patch; gaster elongate, base of gaster usually without white region unlike species of Anastatus; syntergum apically reflexed into fingernail like flange. Key to females of Zaischnopsis from China 1. Fore wing infuscate beyond level of parastigma, gradually lightened distally but without hyaline cross-band or spot (Fig. 2E)....................................................... Z. fuscolivida Tang & Peng sp. nov. – Fore wing infuscate beyond level of parastigma and with hyaline cross-band or spot(s) behind marginal vein (Figs 1E, 3F, 4E, 5E, 6E)........................................................................................... 2 2. Fore wing with single hyaline cross-band behind marginal vein (Fig. 4E)...................................... 3 – Fore wing with one or two hyaline spots behind marginal vein (Figs 1E, 3F, 5E, 6E).................... 6 3. Hyaline cross-band of fore wing very narrow, about ¹/5 to ¹/6 width of basal infuscate region (Peng et al. 2018: fig. 19)............................................................................ Z. fumosa Peng & Xiang, 2018 – Hyaline cross-band of fore wing wide, usually about ½ to ⅓ width of basal infuscate part (Fig. 4E)........................................................................................................................................................... 4 4. Head and mesosoma coppery-green (Fig. 2C); antenna with scape normal, not expanded (Fig. 2G)............................................................................................................. Z. pacis Jiang & Peng sp. nov. – Head and mesosoma dark brown with slight purple luster; antenna with scape foliaceously dilated (Peng et al. 2018: fig. 33)................................................................................................................. 5 5. Metatibia with dorsal margin dark brown to black, though possibly superficially appearing white because of dense white setae (Peng et al. 2018: fig. 37); propodeum with plical region medially very short (Peng et al. 2018: fig. 39)................................................................ Z. tubatius (Walker, 1852) – Metatibia with basal half of dorsal margin white (Peng et al. 2018: fig. 8; cf. Fig. 5A); propodeum with plical region comparatively longer (Peng et al. 2018: fig. 2)........................................................................................................................................................... Z. candetibia Peng & Xiang, 2018 6. Fore wing with two hyaline triangular spots behind marginal vein, one anterior and one posterior (Fig. 1A); plical region comparatively long, distance between inner margins of spiracles only about 3.4 × as wide as median length of plical region (Figs 1I, 10A).......... Z. covid Jiang & Peng sp. nov. – Fore wing with one hyaline spot behind marginal vein anteriorly; plical region comparatively short, distance between inner margin of spiracles 7.3‒10× as wide as median length of plical region..... 7 7. Fore wing with hyaline spot behind marginal vein triangular (Fig. 5E); antenna with eighth funicular ring-like, width about 2 × length (Fig. 5F); scrobal depression bell-shaped, with abrupt margins (Figs 5C, 7E)....................................................................... Z. campaniformis Tang & Peng sp. nov. – Fore wing with hyaline spot behind marginal vein round (Fig. 6E) or irregular in shape (Fig. 3F); antenna with eighth funicular no more than 1.6× as wide as long (Figs 3G, 6G); scrobal depression varied (Fig. 3D)................................................................................................................................ 8 8. Fore wing spot behind marginal vein inconspicuous and irregular (Fig. 3F); scrobal depression comparatively broad, with rounded rather than abrupt margins (Figs 3C, 7C), dorsal margin of scrobal depression closed to anterior ocellus by distance about 0.2 × diameter of anterior ocellus (Figs 3D, 6D)........................................................................................... Z. lii Jiang & Peng sp. nov. – Fore wing spot behind marginal vein hyaline and round; scrobal depression with abrupt margins, dorsal margin of scrobal depression separated from anterior ocellus by distance equal to or more than diameter of anterior ocellus (Fig. 6D)...................................................................................... 9 9. Scutellum coppery, mesoscutum with dense white setae (Peng et al. 2018: fig. 22)............................................................................................................................... Z. nivalinota Peng & Xiang, 2018 – Scutellum greenish, mesoscutum with sparse brown setae (Fig. 6B)........................................................................................................................................................... Z. zhongi Jiang & Peng sp. nov., Published as part of Tang, Hao, Jiang, Jingtao, Deng, Jun & Peng, Lingfei, 2022, Six new species of Zaischnopsis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae) from China based on morphological and molecular data, pp. 1-27 in European Journal of Taxonomy 847 on pages 5-6, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.847.1977, http://zenodo.org/record/7330870, {"references":["Ashmead W. H. 1904. New generic names in the Chalcidoidea. Proceedings of the Entomplogical Society of Washington 6: 126.","Gibson G. A. P. 1995. Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International 5. United Publishers, Gainesville, FL, USA.","Gibson G. A. P. 2005. The species of Zaischnopsis of America north of Mexico, with a checklist of described world species (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae). Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae 69: 89 - 112.","Peng L. F., Xiang J. W. & Liu Q. F. 2018. Three new species of Zaischnopsis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae) from Southern China, with redescription of Zaischnopsis tubatius (Walker). Zootaxa 4524 (2): 200 - 212. https: // doi. org: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4524.2.4"]}

Zaischnopsis pacis Jiang & Peng sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0AC6CF99-6551-46D3-B103-9FB0F85BFCCB Figs 4, 7D, 8C, H, 9I, 10D Diagnosis Head with dorsal margin of scrobal depression separated from anterior ocellus by distance equal to 0.77 × diameter of anterior ocellus (Fig. 4D); OOL: POL: LOL: MPOD = 1.0: 10.3: 9.5: 9.7; antennal clava 2.3× as long as wide (Fig. 4F). All tibiae black, with white setae (Fig. 4A). Fore wing disc infuscate with dark brown setae beyond level of parastigma and gradually lightened distally, except for one hyaline cross band behind marginal vein (Fig. 4E). Propodeum with anterior margin V-shaped; plical region very short, the V-shaped emargination extending to propodeal foramen (Fig. 10D). Etymology From the Latin word ‘ pax ’ (‘peace’), we pray for world peace. Material examined Holotype CHINA – Zhejiang Prov. • ♀; ṁữ省DZ凉峰自‼保ÑṂAE塘Ɯ [Longtangshan, Qingliangfeng natural reserve]; Aug. 2013; Malaise trap; FAFU. Paratype CHINA – Zhejiang Prov. • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; DNA 437; FAFU. Description Female LENGTH. About 5.2 mm. HEAD (Fig. 4C–D, F, H). Black with mostly purple and green metallic luster, as follows: scrobal depression, interantennal prominence, parascrobal region and lower face black to very dark purple (Fig. 4C), frons, vertex and temple with purple and green metallic luster (Fig. 4D). Setae (Fig. 7D) of face (Fig. 8C) and gena (Fig. 8H) white and lanceolate, setae of frons, vertex and occiput brown and hair-like, parascrobal region (Figs 7D, 8C) with two or three rows of white lanceolate setae ventrally and one row dorsally; maxillary and labial palpi dark brown (Fig. 4C). Head in frontal view 1.28 × as wide as high; in dorsal view width 1.84 × length, with interocular distance 0.18 × head width and less than width of eye; in lateral view 1.49 × as high as long. Eye height about equal to width in lateral view; distance between eyes below 3.88 × distance between eyes above; malar space 0.46 × eye height; distance between toruli greater than distance between torulus and clypeal margin, but close to the distance between torulus and orbit. OOL: POL: LOL: MPOD = 1.0: 10.3: 9.5: 9.7. Face with parascrobal region very narrow, interantennal region reticulate, scrobal depression deep and ∩-like, imbricate, with dorsal margin delimited, separated from anterior ocellus by distance equal to 0.77 × diameter of anterior ocellus; lower orbit below level of dorsal margin of torulus; lower face coriaceous (Fig. 7D); vertex and temple coriaceous to imbricate. Antenna dark brown, scape with blue metallic luster (Figs 4F, 9I); scape normal, not expanded; relative length(width) of scape = 40(9), pedicel 9.5(5), 1 st to 8 th funiculars: 5(5), 13.5(6.5), 18(7), 15(10.5), 11(10.7), 9.7(11.5), 11.5(11), 9(11), clava 28(12). MESOSOMA. Pronotum in dorsal view (Fig. 4B), dark with slight green metallic luster, setae brown and hair-like; divided medially, pentagonal, imbricate. Mesoscutum (Fig. 4B) slightly convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly, and with lateral lobe carinate posteriorly, dark with slight greenish-purple metallic luster, anterior convex region with setae white and hair-like, setae of posterior depressed region and lateral lobe white and lanceolate. Scutellar-axillar complex (Fig. 4B) dark purple, setae brown and hair-like; disc flat (Fig. 4B) with coarsely reticulate pattern arranged longitudinally in scutellum and transversely in axillae; scutellum 1.38 × as long as broad. Prepectus (Fig. 4G) dark purple with margins slight yellow; tegula dark brown with white hair-like setae; mesopectus dark purple, with long white hair-like setae in a patch anterolaterally; acropleuron reddish-purple with green metallic luster. Mesopectus reticulate anterior to acropleural sulcus, acropleuron with very fine longitudinally imbricate sculpture medially but more coriaceous to reticulate anteriorly, posterior region coriaceous but with slight reticulate pattern. Propodeum (Fig. 10D) black with slight green metallic luster, anterior margin V-shaped; plical region very short, the V-shaped emargination extending to propodeal foramen, reticulate, with one patch of setae adjacent to spiracle anteriorly, callus obscurely coriaceous and bare, with long white hair-like setae laterally. Fore wing (Fig. 4E) extended to near apex of gaster, with costal cell dorsally bare except for dark brown setae in infuscate region in front of parastigma; basal cell hyaline with long white setae except infuscate basally with brown setae, mediocubital fold with sparse white setae; disc infuscate with dense brown setae except hyaline distally beyond level of postmarginal vein, and with one hyaline crossband with white setae behind marginal vein distally. Fore wing stigmal vein distinctly bent anteriorly to parallel anterior margin; SMV: MV: PMV: STV = 10.0: 6.5: 6.0: 2.0. Fore leg (Fig. 4A, G) black, except tarsus brown; middle leg black, tibia with dense white setae, except tarsus white to light yellow, spur yellowish-brown, mesotibial spur shorter than basitarsus of middle leg; hind leg black with dense white setae on tibia, except tarsus white to light yellow, with basitarsus longer than the following two tarsomeres combined. GASTER (Fig. 4A). Elongate-lanceolate, longer than mesosoma, dark brown to black with metallic luster, except apex of syntergum and ovipositor sheaths brown; syntergum tapered to rounded apex; ovipositor sheaths slightly exserted. Remarks Females of this new species resemble those of Z. tubatius (Walker, 1852) because both have dense white setae on the metatibia and a complete hyaline cross-band on the fore wing, but Z. pacis sp. nov. is distinguished by its darker body color, and the scape (Fig. 4F) not being foliaceously dilated as for females of Z. tubatius (Peng et al. 2018: fig. 32). Distribution China: Zhejiang (Oriental)., Published as part of Tang, Hao, Jiang, Jingtao, Deng, Jun & Peng, Lingfei, 2022, Six new species of Zaischnopsis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae) from China based on morphological and molecular data, pp. 1-27 in European Journal of Taxonomy 847 on pages 15-18, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.847.1977, http://zenodo.org/record/7330870, {"references":["Peng L. F., Xiang J. W. & Liu Q. F. 2018. Three new species of Zaischnopsis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae) from Southern China, with redescription of Zaischnopsis tubatius (Walker). Zootaxa 4524 (2): 200 - 212. https: // doi. org: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4524.2.4"]}

Research aimed at studying the control of the number of pests of many agricultural crops – Halyomorpha halys Stål, was carried out during 2018-2020 on the territory of the Central zone of Krasnodar Krai. In the experiments, there were used individuals of a brown marmorated stink bug, caught by hand and using a pheromone trap at different stations (tree and shrub vegetation, soybean crops). In 2020, the dynamics of the abundance of the brown marmorated stink bug was monitored since the end of May (the time of the appearance of the first individuals of H. halys) to the third decade of October. Among the natural entomophages in Krasnodar Krai, two species of parasitic insects were found: Pediobius cassidae Erdos. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Anastatus bifasciatus Geoffroy (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), infecting about 5-10 % of H. halys eggs in the field, which did not significantly affect the abundance of the brown marmorated stink bug. In the laboratory, essential oils from several botanical families were tested: Umbelliferae, Compositae, Abies. Essential oils of wormwood, coriander and Siberian fir showed a toxic effect against the brown marmorated stink bug; the death of adults on the tenth day was 100, 95.0 and 93.7 %, respectively. Also, on the soybean crops of the Arleta variety, field tests were carried out to study the efficacy of bio-rational preparations Biostop, P and an experimental preparation developed at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center of Biological Plant Protection" (FSBSI FRCBPP). The experimental preparation of FRCBPP caused the death of 64.2 % of individuals of H. halys, Biostop, P – 70.1 %.

In the southeast of European Russia, the gall wasp Aulacidea hieracii (Bouché, 1834) is attacked by ten parasitoid species, including Eupelmus (Eupelmus) microzonus Förster, 1860 and E. (Macroneura) messene Walker, 1839. Although both members of the genus Eupelmus Dalman, 1820 are idiobiont ectoparasitoids, they demonstrate different life-history strategies in respect to many bionomic features. Specifically, E. messene is represented by brachypterous thelytokous females which lay single eggs directly onto the host body. This species can parasitize both concealed and exposed larvae and pupae of A. hieracii, but fails to attack its primary parasitoids. On the contrary, arrhenotokous males and females of E. microzonus are fully winged. These parasitoids usually lay several eggs per host which are placed onto the wall of the host chamber and covered with a particular fibrous substance. E. microzonus never parasitizes pupae or exposed larvae, although it can readily attack concealed larvae of A. hieracii and its primary parasitoids. In addition, hibernating individuals of E. messene undergo obligatory larval diapause, but those of E. microzonus are able to develop without exposure to subzero temperatures. All these data collectively suggest that the former species is highly specialized to exploit A. hieracii as a host, whereas the latter one mostly exhibits the so-called morphotypical specialization. These different strategies allow E. messene and E. microzonus to coexist on the same host species, as a local specialist and a more or less evenly distributed generalist, respectively.

The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an Asian invasive plant-feeding insect and an emerging kiwifruit pest. Knowledge about the BMSB dynamics and damage to kiwifruit outside the bug native range is scarce. This 2-yr study was aimed at describing phenology and infestation dynamics of BMSB in green-fleshed and yellow-fleshed kiwifruits. Natural enemies were investigated as well. Field surveys were performed weekly in two sites in Northern Italy by pheromone-baited traps and visual samplings, from early Spring to mid-Autumn. All BMSB life stages were collected and kept under observation to assess occurrence of parasitoids. A sample of fruit was dissected weekly to detect BMSB feeding injuries. In 2018–2019, BMSB was found throughout the growing season with two generations per year with a large overlapping of all life stages. Pheromone-baited traps and visual samplings gave consistent results and can be both considered effective sampling methods on kiwifruit. Fruit injuries were significantly related to kiwifruit development stage, weekly captures of BMSBs by traps, and cultivar. Several BMSB egg masses were found on kiwifruit leaves. Anastatus bifasciatus Geoffroy (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), a native egg parasitoid with Palearctic distribution, emerged from 20.14% of eggs in 2018, but the percent parasitism dropped to 0.47% in 2019. In both years, other natural enemies were found exerting negligible pressure on BMSB populations. The determination of reliable economic thresholds for BMSB on kiwifruit is urgently needed to develop a robust and sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) strategy, and this study provides data towards that direction.

La investigación se condujo con el objetivo de realizar la caracterización y temporalidad de los enemigos naturales asociados con Opsiphanes cassina en una plantación de palma aceitera, ubicada en el estado Monagas, Finca “El Águila” Venezuela. Se efectuaron evaluaciones a intervalos semanales, durante el ciclo agosto 2015/agosto 2016, seccionando la hoja número 25 de dos plantas.ha-1 en un lote de 10 ha. Se cuantificó el número de huevos, larvas diferentes instares y pupas, así como también, de sus enemigos naturales y las especies vegetales que les ofrecen alimento y refugio dentro del área experimental. Los agentes de control biológico identificados correspondieron a Telenomus sp. (Scelionidae), Anastatus sp. (Eupelmidae) y un eulófido como parasitoides de huevos; Cotesia sp. (Braconidae) de larvas del V instar y Conura maculata F (Chalcididae) de pupas. Cotesia sp., fue el entomófago más relevante en la regulación de las poblaciones del insecto. La presencia de especies como Croton trinitatis Mills y Solanum hirtum L favorecen el fortalecimiento del control biológico natural de O. cassina.