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Effective water management of produced water from oil and gas production is a crucial part of the overall hydrocarbon production management, especially in many areas around the world where water-to-oil ratios surpass 10 to 1. Consequently, the industry requires robust water treatment processes that can handle feed variations over extended periods without derailing hydrocarbon production. Flexible technology modules and their systematic process combination are necessary to provide solutions not just for varying conditions, but also for various applications. Traditional treatment approaches involve numerous tanks, vessels, separators, and associated equipment for separation of each constituent from produced water. This requires not only a large footprint but also high capital investment and operating costs. To deliver new efficiencies to oilfield water sourcing and management, a high-throughput, three-phase, inline separator has been introduced to provide continuous, instantaneous, and concurrent separation of water, oil, and solids at high flow rates. A thorough evaluation of new technology enables the industry to minimize deployment risk and quickly realize its benefits. This study covers an extensive test matrix, executed to map the performance of the inline three-phase separator. Its fundamental physical principle is the generation of significant gravitational force by an impeller-induced vortex and the consequential separation of three-phase mixtures of water, oil, and solids based on density difference. The heavier elements are drawn to the outside of the vortex while the lighter materials are drawn toward the center, forming a central core of the vortex. A specially designed manifold at the exit of the separation chamber collects the separated streams. Because the underlying process is a function of equipment geometry, impeller rotational speed, and feed flow rate and composition, parameters were systematically changed in a pilot set-up to test at flow rates up to 100 gallons per minute (galUS/min). A comprehensive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study complemented the physical testing to develop and validate a separation model for sizing parameters and performance prediction purposes. The combined results show a wide operating window for the inline separator with no pressure drop across, achieving simultaneously effective bulk separation of oil for immediate value-add, removal of damaging solids from the process, and water at qualities for use or further treatment depending on the end application. Although performance evaluation of new technology is at the heart of product development, usability; health, safety, and environmental aspects; and process integration takes no minor part in this process and is crucial for successful deployment. The inline three-phase separator has been deployed in two different versions and three sizes to enable skid mobilization and trailer-mounted deployment. Consequently, the inline separator provides solutions—alone or in combination—such as debottlenecking current water treatment facilities and mobile deployment for remote and temporary installations and provides an effective, small-footprint bulk separator for currently planned facilities.

A computer-assisted cutoff model is presented. The model is positioned as an inexpensive/ flexible, and theoretically justified tool for studying cutoff based decision aids. Examples of screen displays and a discussion about how the model can be used to track decision processes are provided. Finally, an exploratory study addresses problems researchers might face when using the model and recommendations for future applications are detailed.

It is a commonplace among students of Northeast Asian security issues to regard North Korea as a rogue state, one which operates outside the norms of global society and which presents an ever-present threat to regional security. In this article, however, the authors present an unorthodox line of analysis which attempts to see North Korea as it sees itself: a state whose external support system rapidly and traumatically disappeared a decade ago; a state confronted by hostile neighbors who wish to undermine its regime and who are heavily armed for possible military actions against it; and a state whose limited ability to participate in the global economy is confined to selling abroad for hard currency the few things that it does well: military equipment, including missile technology. Thus viewed, the authors find wanting the policies pursued towards North Korea by the United States, Japan, South Korea, and China. They stipulate a series of precise policy shifts that these four states must undertake to encou...

The auditory brainstem response (ABR) recorded while wearing a hearing aid may supply supplemental information about the benefit and appropriateness of the hearing aid for certain infants. The purposes of this study were (1) to determine the effects of different output limiting circuits on the acoustics of tone-pip stimuli used for ABR recordings and (2) assess how changes in hearing-aid-processed stimuli affect ABR characteristics. Electroacoustic input/output functions to tone-pip stimuli were constructed for three different output limiting circuits (wide dynamic range compression, output compression, and linear with peak clipping) available in a programmable hearing aid. Wave V latency and amplitude functions were then measured to the same stimuli and hearing aid settings in five normal-hearing adults. Electroacoustic results showed that none of the output limiting circuits, including linear peak clipping, were effectively activated by tone pips compared to the hearing aid performance to continuous tones. Aided wave V latency and amplitude functions were asymptotic to high stimulus levels, suggesting that cochlear output was in saturation. Abbreviations: ABR = auditory brainstem response, I/O = input/output, MPO = maximum power output, OAE = otoacoustic emission, pe SPL = peak equivalent sound pressure level, SC = super compression, sPC = soft peak clipping, WDRC = wide dynamic range compression

The focus of this initial study is on the role of distance and location in long-distance passenger travel and specifically how these affect mode choice. Distinguishing between short-and long-haul travel is one method for selecting a mode choice model structure. According to the literature, distances that define short-haul travel should exhibit competition among the modes, whereas long-haul travel distances will exhibit dominance of a single mode, generally air travel. In the literature, some values have been suggested [400 km (250 mi), 800 km (500 mi), 992 km (620 mi), etc.]. This study considers the mode shares for five states to determine ( a) if these values emerge to distinguish between competitive and noncompetitive mode share distance ranges and ( b) if competitive and noncompetitive mode share distance ranges are consistent across different states. The American Travel Survey (ATS), collected in 1995 by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, is used.

Of the world's major nations, Japan occupies the anomalous position of being an economic superpower without wielding the political and military power ordinarily conferred by wealth. A product of Cold War circumstances, this wealth-power disconnect was widely accepted, even welcomed, by postwar Japanese leaders, opinion elites, and mass public. Given the depth of antimilitarist pacifism within postwar Japan and the broad distrust of its intentions among its Asian neighbors, the so-called Yoshida Doctrine of focusing on economic matters while generally following the lead of the United States on strategic political and security issues served Japan exceptionally well for nearly half a century. In recent years, however, Japan's policy elites and opinion leaders have entered into a protracted debate regarding the nation's proper international role and, particularly, its security requirements. There is currently underway at elite levels a thoughtful dialogue over such fundamental matters as the nature of Japanese interests, potential threats to those interests, and the requisite measures to counter those threats. Lending urgency to the dialogue are two external factors that together challenge virtually the entire foundation of Japan's postwar international stance: the demise of the Cold War and the perceived relative decline of the United States. Occurring separately, either phenomenon would trigger a broad rethinking of Japan's international posture. Occurring nearly simultaneously, they have called into question the core axioms that have guided Japanese foreign policy since 1945.

Japan's dramatic postwar ascent as an economic superpower has not been accompanied by a comparable rise in its international political and strategic weight. This much-noted phenomenon has given rise in recent years to growing discussions among Japan's opinion leaders over what the nation's international role should be. Similar in many ways to earlier American "Great Debates" just prior to World War Two, at the outset of the Cold War, and during the Vietnam War, Japan's recent public dialogues are symptomatic of a nation confronting momentous change in its international role and responsibilities. Lending added urgency to the dialogue are two external forces that together challenge virtually the entire foundation of Japan's postwar international stance: the demise of the Cold War and the perceived relative decline of the United States. Occurring separately, either phenomenon would trigger a broad rethinking of Japan's international posture. Occurring nearly simultaneously, they have called into question the core axioms that have guided Japanese foreign policy since 1945. For four decades after its defeat in World War Two and subsequent occupation, Japan's international position was circumscribed by its patronclient relationship with the United States. Shielded by the American security guarantee, inhibited by fears of revived militarism both at home and among its Asian neighbors, and obliged to defer to U.S. political and strategic leadership under the rigors of the Cold War, successive Japanese leaders clung to the essential elements of the Yoshida Doctrine. Named after Shigeru Yoshida, prime minister on two occasions between 1946 and

Calculus I has been determined to be a major roadblock for students pursuing programs in science and engineering. In an effort to improve student chances for success, an study was devised that centered around structured notetaking for Calculus I students. The study explores two questions: Will a structured notetaking procedure improve a student's performance in Calculus I? Do students perceive the structured notetaking procedure as being beneficial to their study of calculus? The answer to the first question was determined by using the Calculus I class from the previous year as the control group. Each class was given three tests and a final exam. A t‐test and an analysis of covariance were performed on this data. The findings showed that while the student success rate of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group, it was not statistically significantly higher. The answer to the second question was found by evaluating and responding daily to the student's notes. Twice during the semes...

Japan’s dramatic ascent to the status of economic superpower raises significant questions about how it will wield the broader global influence ordinarily conferred by wealth. Its emergence as an economic leader coincides with the demise of the cold war. Taken together, these trends alter the basis of the long-standing U.S.-Japan relationship. While the security partnership is likely to continue as a force for regional stability in the post-cold war environment, it is simply natural that a prosperous, self-confident Japan will begin to assert an independent voice in international affairs. In this study the author examines Japan’s recent debate over its policy in the Persian Gulf crisis. Particular attention is given to five competing schools of thought that shaped the national debate among Japanese opinion leaders. Although Japan’s response to the Gulf crisis was marked by a series of false starts and confusion, it is likely that a new foreign policy paradigm will eventually emerge from the ongoing debate among the contending schools of thought identified by the author.

A new europium salen complex, Eu(salen)2NH4, was synthesized, and its composition was confirmed by chemical analysis and infrared spectroscopy. Further characterization was carried out by 151 Eu Mossbauer spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Mossbauer spectroscopic measurements were made at varying temperatures between 9 K and room temperature and a value of Debye temperature of 133 ±5 K was computed. Both Mossbauer and magnetic susceptibility measurements confirmed the paramagnetic behavior of this complex and the trivalent state of the europium ion. In view of the fact that the “odd” paramagnetic molecule NO has been shown to reverse sickling of red blood cells in sickle cell anemia, the interaction between the paramagnetic europium salen complex and sickle cells was examined after incubation with this europium complex and shown to have similar effects.

A two stage, position stabilized vibration isolation system has been constructed and is now in operation at the Cold Neutron Research Facility of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. The system employs pneumatic isolators with a multiple input/multiple output pneumatic servo system based upon pulse width modulation control loops. The first stage consists of a 40,000 kg reinforced concrete table supported by pneumatic isolators. A large environmentally isolated laboratory enclosure rests on the concrete table. The second stage consists of a 3000 kg granite optical table located within the enclosure and supported by another set of pneumatic isolators. The position of the two stages is monitored by proximity sensors and inclinometers with 12 degrees of freedom. The system controls 12 independent pneumatic airsprings. The signals from these sensors are fed into a personal computer based control system. The control system has maintained the position of the two stages to better than 1 micrometers in translation and 5 (mu) rad in orientation for a period of a few months. A description of the system and its characteristics is given.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The scattering of synchrotron radiation by nuclei is extensively explored in this thesis. From the multipole electric field expansion resulting from time-dependent nonrelativistic perturbation theory, a dynamical scattering theory is constructed. This theory is shown, in the many particle limit, to be equivalent to the semi-classical approach where a quantum mechanical scattering amplitude is used in the Maxwell inhomogeneous wave equation. The Miissbauer specimen whose low-lying energy levels were probed is a ferromagnetic lattice of $57_{Fe}$ embedded in a yttrium iron garnet (YIG) crystal matrix. The hyperfine fields in YIG thin films were studied at low and room temperature using time-resolved quantum beat spectroscopy. Nuclear hyperfine structure quantum beats were measured using a fast plastic scintillator coincidence photodetector and associated electronics having a time resolution of 2.5 nsec. The variation of the quantum beat patterns near the Bragg [0 0 2] diffraction peak gave a Lamb-Mossbauer factor of 8.2 $\pm$ 0.4 . Exploring characteristic dynamical features in the higher order YIG [0 0 l0] reflection revealed that one of the YIG crystals had bifurcated into two different layers. The dynamics of nuclear super-radiance was explored. This phenomenon includes the radiative speedup exhibited by a collective state of particles, and, in striking concurrence, resonance frequency shifts. A speedup of a factor of 4 in the total decay rate and a beat frequency shift of $1 \frac {1}{2}$ natural resonance linewidths were observed. Nuclear resonance scattering was also found to be a useful way of performing angular interferometry experiments, and it was used to observe the phase shift of a rotated quantum state. On the whole, nuclear dynamical diffraction theory has superbly explained many of the fascinating features of resonant magnetic dipole radiation scattered by a lattice of nuclei.

A complete copy of the mRNA sequences encoding human coagulation factor VIII:C has been cloned and expressed. The DNA sequence predicts a single chain precursor of 2,351 amino acids with a relative molecular mass (Mr) 267,039. The protein has an obvious domain structure, contains sequence repeats and is structurally related to factor V and ceruloplasmin.

Summary 1. Four hundred ambulatory patients in the medical wards of Lawson Veterans Administration Hospital were examined for the presence of Endamoeba histolytica and other intestinal parasites. An average of 2.6 post-cathartic specimens per patient was examined by direct wet mounts, the Ritchie formalinether sedimentation procedure, and the PVA-fixative technic. Cultivation was used on specimens from 374 of the patients. Thirty-seven (9.3 per cent) patients were found to be infected with E. histolytica. This rate is within the usually accepted range for the incidence of E. histolytica in the general population of the United States (Craig and Faust, 1951). Four of the 37 (or 10.8 per cent) were considered to have clinical amebiasis. Despite the lapse of several years after the end of World War II, two of the four amebiasis cases could conceivably have been service-connected. 2. Comparison of the technics performed demonstrated the desirability of examining permanently-stained smears for amebic infections. The PVA-fixative technic provides a convenient method of collecting specimens for the preparation of stained smears. This technic, which is particularly effective for amebic trophozoites, should be used in conjunction with other procedures which are more effective in the recovery and identification of cysts. 3. A significant relationship between the presence of E. histolytica infections and outside toilet facilities was demonstrated. This correlation apparently was not related to the rural residence of the patients.

~_-~~_~-~~_~~~~~~~~~~~-~.~~-~.~~.._~_ Introduction____-._-___-__.____~_-~_._-_-___-_ Part&Sampling---______._____ ___________ -_ Sample preservat,ion. _ .__ ___ ___ .__ ___ __ ___ References_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ . _ . _ _ . _ _ _ . . . . Part II, Analysis of samples_ _ ___ _ ___ _ _____ .__ _ Carbon, all forms _.____ .._ _ ___ ___ _ _ _____ ___ References. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ . _ _ Chlorophyk _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Extractive spectrophotometric method _ _ _ References _________ ____ __ ____ ._. ___ __ Color~-~__-~~__-~~__~~.~~~~~~~~.~-~-.~-~~ Comparison method_ _ _ _______ ___ __ _ __ References __-_____ _____ _ _ __ ._ __ ____ _ Extractable organic matter____ _______ ._ _ __ Oilsandwaxes___-__-_____.____~______ References____ __._ _________ -_-._-__ Methylene blue active substances ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ Synthetic anionic detergents_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ References-_-.-__---__--.__.-_______~_ Nitrogen, ammonia. ____ __ ____ ___ ___ __ _ __ Distillation method _.___ ____ __ ____ _ ___ References ____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ Nitrogen, nitrate-_____ ______ _.__ __. ___ _ Brucine method-_----_--___.--_-_-____ Reduction method .___ _-_ __ _ ._ _ _ __ _ __ Page

Observations, as determined by injections of India ink through the coronary arteries of isolated and perfused beating hearts, were presented. Tissue blocks were removed from the right and left ventricular walls and the interventricular septum, sectioned and cleared for microscopic examination and photomicrography. The term microcirculatory bed was defined as those vessels 100 μ and smaller in diameter. The descriptions were based on 76 normal adult hearts of both sexes of six domestic species. The arterioles divided by dichotomous branching until the final division resulted in two daughter capillaries. At no time was a capillary observed leaving an arteriole larger than 15 μ in diameter. The arterioles had a modified type of end artery pattern. Arterial anastomoses were uncommon in the areas and species examined. A specific area of a cardiac muscle fascicle was supplied by several arterioles whose capillaries intermeshed. The implications of this concept in relation to micro-embolism were explored. Capillary anastomoses were frequent but the connecting vessel was only about 20 μ in length. Three types of capillary anastomoses were identified. Capillaries did not cross the muscle fascicles of the myocardium. Collecting venules were often distinctive in their morphological pattern. “Turnip root” patterns were observed in all species and represented the local venous collection of a muscle fascicle. A venule's capillary components were usually from several arteriolar sources. Supported in part by research grant HE 04217-05 from the National Heart Institute, U. S. Public Health Service.