514 results on '"Ethylene Chlorohydrin"'
Search Results
2. Preferential Adsorption of Ethylene Oxide on Fe and Chlorine on Ni Enabled Scalable Electrosynthesis of Ethylene Chlorohydrin.
- Author
-
Han, Shuyan, Cheng, Chuanqi, He, Meng, Li, Rui, Gao, Ying, Yu, Yifu, Zhang, Bin, and Liu, Cuibo
- Subjects
- *
ELECTROSYNTHESIS , *ETHYLENE , *CHLORINE , *LOADING & unloading , *HYPOCHLORITES , *ETHYLENE oxide - Abstract
Industrial manufacturing of ethylene chlorohydrin (ECH) critically requires excess corrosive hydrochloric acid or hypochlorous acid with dealing with massive by‐products and wastes. Here we report a green and efficient electrosynthesis of ECH from ethylene oxide (EO) with NaCl over a NiFe2O4 nanosheet anode. Theoretical results suggest that EO and Cl preferentially adsorb on Fe and Ni sites, respectively, collaboratively promoting the ECH synthesis. A Cl radical‐mediated ring‐opening process is proposed and confirmed, and the key Cl and carbon radical species are identified by high‐resolution mass spectrometry. This strategy can enable scalable electrosynthesis of 185.1 mmol of ECH in 1 h with 92.5 % yield at a 55 mA cm−2 current density. Furthermore, a series of other chloro‐ and bromoethanols with good to high yields and paired synthesis of ECH and 4‐amino‐3,6‐dichloropyridine‐2‐carboxylicacid via respectively loading and unloading Cl are achieved, showing the promising potential of this strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. 2-Choroethanol and the Precautionary Principle in Article 7 of the General Food Law.
- Author
-
Meisterernst, Andreas and Neusch, Anna
- Subjects
- *
ETHYLENE chlorohydrin , *FOOD laws , *PRECAUTIONARY principle , *GENETIC toxicology - Abstract
The number of product recalls in the EU due to findings of 2-Chloroethanol (2CE) had reached as high as 10.000 by the summer of 2021 and, up to now, more than 900 Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) notifications have been made. 2CE has inconclusive data on genotoxic or carcinogenic properties. Therefore, the European Commission suggested that Member States choose a zero-tolerance approach. This meant that any product containing 2CE or products containing an ingredient known to be contaminated with 2CE – regardless of whether or not 2CE was still detectable there – should be withdrawn from the EU market and recalled from consumers. This decision was based on the precautionary principle contained in Art. 7 of the General Food Law (GFL), among others. The following article examines the zero-tolerance approach with regard to its legal justification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
4. Studies in the Area of Ethylene Chlorohydrin Reported from Ministry of Health & Welfare (Development of the Headspace Gas Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Ethylene Oxide and Ethylene Chlorohydrin Residue In Medical Devices).
- Published
- 2024
5. Automated, cryogen-free headspace-trap with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of ethylene oxide and 2-chloroethanol as residual fumigants in foods.
- Author
-
Hearn L, Szafnauer R, Cole R, Green B, Mayser JP, Tomar V, Banerjee K, and Amin P
- Subjects
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry methods, Reproducibility of Results, Ethylene Chlorohydrin, Ethylene Oxide, Pesticides
- Abstract
Ethylene oxide (EtO), although banned for use, is still being detected in foodstuffs that have been fumigated to eradicate pests during storage and transport. Residual levels over the European Union's (EU) maximum residue limit (MRL) pose severe health concerns. Recent detection of EtO and its by-product 2-chloroethanol (2-CE) at alarming levels have led to product recalls throughout the EU. Here, a simple, automated headspace (HS)-trap method for the simultaneous determination of EtO and its derivative 2-CE by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) at the required MRL of ≤ 0.05 mg/kg has been implemented. Syringe-based HS combined with backflushed trapping technology provided enrichment of multiple extractions from the same sample vial (known as multi-step enrichment or MSE®) to increase sensitivity for EtO and 2-CE analysis by GC-MS using single-ion-monitoring (SIM) mode. Method detection limits (MDLs) of 0.00059 mg/kg and 0.00219 mg/kg for EtO and 2-CE, respectively, were obtained without the need for manual handling, solvent extraction or derivatization methods. Recoveries were shown to average ( n = 5) at 98% and 107% for EtO and 2-CE, respectively, and the reproducibility was <10% for both compounds.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Antimicrobial properties of bio-inspired poly(4-vinyl-2-pyridone) and its N-alkylated cationic derivatives.
- Author
-
Shandil, Yashwant, Chauhan, Ghanshyam S, and Kumar, Pradeep
- Subjects
ANTIMICROBIAL polymers ,DRUG resistance in bacteria ,HETEROCYCLIC compounds ,ETHYLENE chlorohydrin ,STAPHYLOCOCCUS epidermidis ,ZETA potential - Abstract
Developing new antimicrobial polymers and designing new antimicrobial materials are important research areas for overcoming bacterial resistance. In the present study a new polymer, poly(4-vinyl-2-pyridone), having bioactive structure analogous to that of naturally occurring heterocyclic compounds, was synthesized from 4-vinylpyridine following a simple protocol. To augment the antibacterial properties of the synthesized polymer, N-alkylation of the heterocyclic pyridone moieties was achieved with ethylene chlorohydrin (2-chloroethanol) to generate choline analogous structure. Also, its N-butylated analogue was synthesized as a reference compound to study structure-activity relationship. Structures of the polymers were confirmed using various characterization techniques. Antimicrobial efficacy of the polymers was determined using the minimum inhibitory concentration method in parallel experiments. The test microorganisms used were a Gram (+) bacterium ( Staphylococcus epidermidis), Gram (−) bacteria ( Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) and a fungus ( Candida albicans). Both the polymer derivatives are far more effective antimicrobial agents than the pristine polymer. Trends in the antimicrobial efficacy of these polymers correlate with their zeta potential values. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Photochemistry of 2,2-dichloroethanol: kinetics and mechanism of the reaction with Cl atoms and OH radicals
- Author
-
Timothy J. Wallington, Mads P. Sulbaek Andersen, Mila Avetikyan, Ole John Nielsen, Kjertan Lyster, and Sofie Askjær Hass
- Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Atmosphere ,Hydroxyl Radical ,Radical ,Kinetics ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Analytical chemistry ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,Infrared spectroscopy ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Context (language use) ,General Medicine ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Reaction rate constant ,chemistry ,Atmospheric chemistry ,Chlorine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Hydroxyl radical ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Smog chamber/FTIR techniques were used to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of the Cl atom and OH radical initiated oxidation of 2,2-dichloroethanol at (296 ± 1) K. Relative rate methods were used to measure k(Cl + CHCl2CH2OH) = (5.87 ± 0.96) × 10-12 and k(OH + CHCl2CH2OH) = (5.54 ± 1.94) × 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Chlorine atom initiated oxidation of CHCl2CH2OH in one atmosphere of air gives HCOCl, CHCl2CHO, and COCl2 in yields of (62 ± 5)%, (39 ± 10)%, and (8 ± 2)%, respectively. The rate constant k(Cl + CHCl2CHO) = (8.3 ± 16) × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 was determined and the IR spectra of CHCl2CHO is reported for the first time. The atmospheric lifetime for CHCl2CH2OH is estimated as 21 days. The experimental results are discussed in the context of the atmospheric chemistry of chlorinated alcohols.
- Published
- 2020
8. 2-Chloroethanol
- Author
-
Hartwig, Andrea and MAK Commission
- Subjects
beta-chloroethyl alcohol ,irritation ,Hautresorption ,maximum workplace concentration ,2-chloroethanol ,Spitzenbegrenzung ,toxicity ,Toxizität ,Reizwirkung ,skin absorption ,MAK value ,Glykolchlorhydrin ,MAK-Wert ,Ethylenchlorhydrin ,2-Chlorethanol ,peak limitation ,developmental toxicity ,beta-Chlorethylalkohol ,glycol chlorohydrin ,maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentration ,Entwicklungstoxizität ,ethylene chlorohydrin - Abstract
The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re-evaluated 2-chloroethanol [107-07-3107-07-3], considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications are described in detail. The critical effect is high systemic toxicity with a steep dose-response relationship. The NOAELs are 45, 15, and 45 mg/kg body weight and day in rats, dogs, and monkeys, respectively, after oral administration, and 100 and about 200 mg/kg body weight and day in rats and mice, respectively, after dermal administration. Taking both oral and dermal studies in animals into consideration, a MAK value of 2 ml/m3 is derived, which also protects from irritation. As the critical effect is systemic, Peak Limitation Category II is confirmed. The excursion factor of 1 is retained because of the steep dose-response relationship. The NOAELs for developmental toxicity are 50 and 227 mg/kg body weight and day for mice after gavage or drinking water administration, respectively, and 60 and 36 mg/kg body weight and day for mice and rabbits, respectively, after intravenous administration. The margins between the calculated concentrations at the workplace without effects and the MAK value are sufficiently high. Therefore, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is not exceeded and the classification of 2-chloroethanol in Pregnancy Risk Group C is retained. 2-Chloroethanol is not regarded as genotoxic in vivo. The substance was not carcinogenic in dermal carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats. The substance is not a contact sensitizer in humans and mice. The low dermal LD50 values, the estimated dermal absorption of 25% and the reports of poisoning incidents at the workplace after dermal exposure point to a significant contribution of skin contact to systemic toxicity. Therefore, the designation with an “H” is retained.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Assessing the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of 2-chloroethanol through structure activity relationships and in vitro testing approaches
- Author
-
Ashley Allemang, Cathy Lester, Thomas Roth, Stefan Pfuhler, Henrike Peuschel, Kirstin Kosemund, Catherine Mahony, Trygve Bergeland, and Lara O'Keeffe
- Subjects
Ethylene Oxide ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,Carcinogenicity Tests ,Mutagenicity Tests ,Carcinogens ,Pesticide Residues ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,General Medicine ,In Vitro Techniques ,Toxicology ,Food Science ,DNA Damage - Abstract
The detection of 2-chloroethanol in foods generally follows an assumption that the pesticide ethylene oxide has been used at some stage in the supply chain. In this situation the Pesticide Residues in Food Regulation (EC) 396/2005 requires 2-chloroethanol to be assessed as if equivalent to ethylene oxide, which has been classified as a genotoxic carcinogen. This review investigated whether this is an appropriate risk assessment approach for 2-chloroethanol. This involved an assessment of existing genotoxicity and carcinogenicity data, application of Structure Activity Based Read Across for carcinogenicity assessment, biological reactivity in the ToxTracker assay and micronuclei formation in HepaRG cells. Although we identified there is an absence of a standard oral bioassay for 2-chloroethanol, carcinogenicity weight-of-evidence assessment along with data on relevant structural analogues do not show evidence for carcinogenicity for 2-chloroethanol. The absence of genotoxicity was demonstrated for 2-chloroethanol and suitable analogues. In contrast, ethylene oxide showed reactivity towards markers indicative of direct DNA damage which is consistent with what is known about its mode-of-action. These data facilitate the understanding of 2-chloroethanol and given that it is not a genotoxic carcinogen suggest it must be assessed relative to non-cancer endpoints and a health protective Reference Dose should be established on that basis.
- Published
- 2021
10. Analysis of ethylene oxide in ice creams manufactured with contaminated carob bean gum (E410)
- Author
-
Richard H. Stadler, Pascal Mottier, Thomas Bessaire, Claudia Mujahid, Bjorn Eriksen, Thierry Delatour, Thomas Stroheker, Alexandre Panchaud, Yves-Alexis Hammel, and Jesus Varela
- Subjects
Ethylene Oxide ,Chromatography ,Maximum Residue Limit ,Pesticide residue ,Chemistry ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Ice Cream ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Stabiliser ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,Food Contamination ,General Chemistry ,General Medicine ,Isotope dilution ,Toxicology ,Quechers ,Galactans ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,Matrix (chemical analysis) ,Mannans ,Ingredient ,Plant Gums ,Gas chromatography ,Food Analysis ,Food Science - Abstract
Residues of ethylene oxide (EO), a banned fumigant in the EU, were found at amounts above the maximum residue limit (MRL) in carob (locust) bean gum (additive E410). The pesticide entered the food chain via stabiliser blends that are used as minor ingredients in the manufacture of ice cream. Consequently, all products that contained the non-compliant ingredient were withdrawn or recalled in several countries across the EU, in most cases irrespective of whether the pesticide residue was detectable or not in the final product. This is the first report of a reliable method to determine EO and its metabolite/marker compound 2-chloroethanol (2-CE), either together or independently in ice cream, with a limit of quantification at 0.01 mg EO/kg and recovery in the range of 87-104% across the levels investigated (0.01, 0.02 and 0.06 mg EO/kg). The method applies QuEChERS extraction and isotope dilution gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) confirmed the specificity of low mass ions. Data on the stability of EO and 2-CE under thermal conditions revealed that 2-CE is relatively stable in an ice cream matrix (ca. 80% recovery of spiked material). Importantly, this study also demonstrates that not EO, but 2-CE is the predominant analyte detected in the contaminated samples, which is new information of significance in terms of the overall risk assessment of EO in foodstuffs.
- Published
- 2021
11. Separation of Polymer and Additives
- Author
-
Crompton, T. R. and Crompton, T. R.
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Alkylation, amino(hydroxy)methylation, and cyanoethylation of 5-substituted 4-phenyl-4 H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols.
- Author
-
Kaldrikyan, M., Minasyan, N., and Melik-Ogandzanyan, R.
- Subjects
- *
ALKYLATION , *CYANOETHYLATION , *METHYLATION , *TRIAZOLES , *CHEMICAL research - Abstract
Reactions of 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols with 2-bromopropionic acid, 2-bromocaproic acid, ethylene chlorohydrine, chloroacetamide, 3-bromo-4-methoxybenzyl chloride, 2-methoxy-5-acetylbenzyl chloride, and 2-(2-chlorophenoxy)ethyl chloride in the presence of KOH have afforded new 3-sulfanyl-1,2,4-triazoles in high yields. Aminomethylation of 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols in the presence of formaldehyde has given the corresponding 2-aminomethyl-2 H-1,2,4-triazole-3(4 H)-thiones. Interaction of triazole-3-thiols with formalin and acrylonitrile has resulted in the formation of N-hydroxymethyl- and 3-(2-cyanoethyl)sulfanyl derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Electrochemical synthesis of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate.
- Author
-
Berezkin, M., Turygin, V., and Tomilov, A.
- Subjects
- *
PHOSPHATES , *CHEMICAL synthesis , *ELECTROCHEMICAL analysis , *PHOSPHORIC acid , *ETHYLENE chlorohydrin , *PHOSPHORUS compounds - Abstract
Process of preparation of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, a neutral ester of ethylene chlorohydrin and phosphoric acid, by direct electrochemical synthesis from elemental phosphorus and ethylene chlorohydrin in a diaphragmless electrolyzer was studied. Solubility of white phosphorus in tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate was studied. The formation of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate from white and red phosphorus was found to proceed in close yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Protein quantification and visualization via ultraviolet-dependent labeling with 2,2,2-trichloroethanol
- Author
-
Kyle K. Biggar, Anand Chopra, and William G. Willmore
- Subjects
Proteomics ,2,2,2-Trichloroethanol ,Ultraviolet Rays ,Polyacrylamide ,Quantitative proteomics ,Proteomic analysis ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,lcsh:Medicine ,Biochemical assays ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,lcsh:Science ,Bradford protein assay ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Multidisciplinary ,Chromatography ,030302 biochemistry & molecular biology ,lcsh:R ,Tryptophan ,Proteins ,Absorption, Radiation ,Fluorescence ,Electrophoresis ,chemistry ,Linear range ,Tyrosine ,Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ,lcsh:Q - Abstract
The incorporation of 2,2,2-trichloroethanol in polyacrylamide gels allows for fluorescent visualization of proteins following electrophoresis. Ultraviolet-light exposure, in the presence of this trichlorinated compound, results in a covalent modification of the tryptophan indole ring that shifts the fluorescent emission into the visible range. Based on this principle, we used 2,2,2-trichloroethanol to develop a microplate format protein quantification assay based on the fluorescent signal generated by modified proteins. We also demonstrated a specific fluorescent emission of 2,2,2-trichloroethanol-labeled protein at 450 nm, with a 310 nm excitation, resulting from modification of both tryptophan and tyrosine residues. Following optimization, this protein quantification assay displayed superior sensitivity when compared to UV absorbance at 280 nm (A280), and enabled quantification beyond the linear range permitted by the Bradford method. This 100 μL assay displayed a sensitivity of 10.5 μg in a range up to at least 200 μg. Furthermore, we extended the utility of this method through the development of a 20 μL low-volume assay, with a sensitivity of 8.7 μg tested up to 100 μg, which enabled visualization of proteins following SDS-PAGE. Collectively, these results demonstrate the utility of 2,2,2-trichloroethanol-based protein quantification and demonstrates the protein visualization in polyacrylamide gels based on 2,2,2-trichloroethanol-labeling pre-electrophoresis.
- Published
- 2019
15. Tryptophan usage by Helicobacter pylori differs among strains
- Author
-
María del Pilar Delgado, Carlos Jaramillo, Rainer Haas, Diana F. Rojas-Rengifo, Luisa F. Jiménez-Soto, Markus Joppich, and Cindy P. Ulloa-Guerrero
- Subjects
DNA, Bacterial ,0301 basic medicine ,Genotype ,Sequence analysis ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,lcsh:Medicine ,Biology ,Genome ,Article ,Helicobacter Infections ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Stomach Neoplasms ,Humans ,Genetic variability ,lcsh:Science ,Whole genome sequencing ,Genetics ,Multidisciplinary ,Helicobacter pylori ,lcsh:R ,Tryptophan ,Reproducibility of Results ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ,RAPD ,030104 developmental biology ,Multilocus sequence typing ,lcsh:Q ,Host adaptation ,Genome, Bacterial ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Multilocus Sequence Typing - Abstract
Because of its association with severe gastric pathologies, including gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori has been subject of research for more than 30 years. Its capacity to adapt and survive in the human stomach can be attributed to its genetic flexibility. Its natural competence and its capacity to turn genes on and off allows H. pylori to adapt rapidly to the changing conditions of its host. Because of its genetic variability, it is difficult to establish the uniqueness of each strain obtained from a human host. The methods considered to-date to deliver the best result for differentiation of strains are Rapid Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) and Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) analysis. While RAPD analysis is cost-effective, it requires a stable genome for its reliability. MLST and WGS are optimal for strain identification, however, they require analysis of data at the bioinformatics level. Using the StainFree method, which modifies tryptophan residues on proteins using 2, 2, 2, - trichloroethanol (TCE), we observed a strain specific pattern of tryptophan in 1D acrylamide gels. In order to establish the effectiveness of tryptophan fingerprinting for strain identification, we compared the graphic analysis of tryptophan-labelled bands in the gel images with MLST results. Based on this, we find that tryptophan banding patterns can be used as an alternative method for the differentiation of H. pylori strains. Furthermore, investigating the origin for these differences, we found that H. pylori strains alters the number and/or position of tryptophan present in several proteins at the genetic code level, with most exchanges taking place in membrane- and cation-binding proteins, which could be part of a novel response of H. pylori to host adaptation.
- Published
- 2019
16. Editorial.
- Author
-
Evans, Leonie
- Subjects
- *
FOOD laws , *ETHYLENE chlorohydrin , *LOCAL foods - Abstract
An introduction to the articles discussed within the issue is presented, with topics including the precautionary principle in Article 7 of the General Food Law of the European Union in relation to 2-chloroethanol, an update on the farm to fork law, and risk analysis under the Novel Food Regulation.
- Published
- 2022
17. BRIGHTENERS ON ETHYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN BASE IN ELECTROCHEMICAL NICKEL PLATING
- Author
-
Nina Sosnovskaya, Roman Yambaev, Anastasiya Kasatkina, and Valentina Grabel'nyh
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Nickel ,Base (chemistry) ,Chemistry ,Plating ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Ethylene chlorohydrin ,Electrochemistry ,General Environmental Science ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
The possibility of using products obtained from ethylene chlorohydrin – 2- hydroxyethylisothiuronium chloride, mono- and dichalcogen derivatives of diethylene glycol, in the process of brilliant electrochemical nickel plating is considered.
- Published
- 2021
18. Identification of ethylene oxide in herbs, spices and other dried vegetables imported into Italy.
- Author
-
Bononi, Monica, Quaglia, Giancarlo, and Tateo, Fernando
- Subjects
- *
ETHYLENE oxide , *HERBS , *SPICES , *CHLOROHYDRINS , *BIOLOGICAL decontamination - Abstract
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyse ethylene oxide (EO) in 63 samples of dried vegetable materials for food use derived from import commodities and subjected to quality control for three food-transformation industries. EO residues were quantified through the determination of ethylene chlorohydrin (ECH). About 29% of the samples analysed contained more than 0.3 mg kg−1of EO. Thus, this specific analytical control limited to 20% of import aromatic matters needs to be increased. This paper demonstrates the importance of this specific control considering the banned use of microbial decontamination EO treatment in the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Trichloroethylene and trichloroethanol induce skin sensitization with focal hepatic necrosis in guinea pigs
- Author
-
Yongshun Huang, Hailan Wang, Lili Liu, Tamie Nakajima, Yuki Ito, Michihiro Kamijima, Hongling Li, Xiangrong Song, Hisao Naito, Hanlin Huang, Tingfeng Cai, Na Zhao, and Fengrong Lu
- Subjects
Allergy ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Erythema ,trichloroethylene ,Guinea Pigs ,H&E stain ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,Skin Diseases ,Guinea pig ,03 medical and health sciences ,Necrosis ,0302 clinical medicine ,Occupational Exposure ,medicine ,Hypersensitivity ,Animals ,skin sensitization ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Trichloroacetic Acid ,Sensitization ,Liver injury ,business.industry ,hepatic necrosis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Original Articles ,Eosinophil ,medicine.disease ,guinea pig maximization test ,030210 environmental & occupational health ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Original Article ,Female ,Liver function ,medicine.symptom ,Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury ,business - Abstract
Objectives Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) induces trichloroethylene hypersensitivity syndrome (TCEHS), which causes hypersensitivity dermatitis and hepatitis. However, whether TCE itself or its two metabolites, trichloroethanol (TCEOH) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA), are involved in TCEHS remains unclear. Therefore, in this study we explored the allergens causing TCEHS and characterized TCEHS‐related liver injury in guinea pigs. Method The guinea pig maximization test was performed using TCE, TCEOH, and TCA as candidate allergens. Skin inflammation was scored, and liver function and histopathological changes were evaluated by biochemical tests and hematoxylin and eosin staining, respectively. Results The sensitization rates for TCE, TCEOH, and TCA were 90.0%, 50.0%, and 0.0%, respectively. In the TCE and TCEOH experimental groups, the skin showed varying degrees of erythema with eosinophil granulocyte infiltration in the dermis. Additionally, serum alanine aminotransferase and γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase levels increased significantly, and histological analysis revealed focal hepatocellular necrosis with inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver. Conclusions TCE is the main cause of allergy and TCEOH is a secondary factor for allergy in guinea pigs. TCE and TCEOH can cause immune‐mediated skin sensitization complicated by focal hepatic necrosis.
- Published
- 2020
20. Assessing the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of 2-chloroethanol through structure activity relationships and in vitro testing approaches.
- Author
-
Allemang A, Lester C, Roth T, Pfuhler S, Peuschel H, Kosemund K, Mahony C, Bergeland T, and O'Keeffe L
- Subjects
- Carcinogenicity Tests, Carcinogens toxicity, DNA Damage, Ethylene Chlorohydrin, In Vitro Techniques, Mutagenicity Tests, Structure-Activity Relationship, Ethylene Oxide, Pesticide Residues
- Abstract
The detection of 2-chloroethanol in foods generally follows an assumption that the pesticide ethylene oxide has been used at some stage in the supply chain. In this situation the Pesticide Residues in Food Regulation (EC) 396/2005 requires 2-chloroethanol to be assessed as if equivalent to ethylene oxide, which has been classified as a genotoxic carcinogen. This review investigated whether this is an appropriate risk assessment approach for 2-chloroethanol. This involved an assessment of existing genotoxicity and carcinogenicity data, application of Structure Activity Based Read Across for carcinogenicity assessment, biological reactivity in the ToxTracker assay and micronuclei formation in HepaRG cells. Although we identified there is an absence of a standard oral bioassay for 2-chloroethanol, carcinogenicity weight-of-evidence assessment along with data on relevant structural analogues do not show evidence for carcinogenicity for 2-chloroethanol. The absence of genotoxicity was demonstrated for 2-chloroethanol and suitable analogues. In contrast, ethylene oxide showed reactivity towards markers indicative of direct DNA damage which is consistent with what is known about its mode-of-action. These data facilitate the understanding of 2-chloroethanol and given that it is not a genotoxic carcinogen suggest it must be assessed relative to non-cancer endpoints and a health protective Reference Dose should be established on that basis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Ashley Allemang, Stefan Pfuhler, Cathy Lester, Kirstin Kosemund, Catherine Mahony and Lara O’ Keeffe are all employees of a company that includes manufacture of food supplements.Thomas Roth and Henrike Peuschel are employees at SCC GmbH in Germany and were paid by Kappa Biosciences AS to prepare the ToxTracker assay part of the initial manuscript. Trygve Bergeland is a shareholder and employee of Kappa Bioscience AS., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Improved protein-crystal identification by using 2,2,2-trichloroethanol as a fluorescence enhancer
- Author
-
Magdalena Schacherl, Christian Pichlo, Denzel, Thomas Hermanns, Matthias Uthoff, Christine Toelzer, S. Ocal, S. Ruegenberg, K. Chojnacki, Kay Hofmann, Karsten Niefind, and Ulrich Baumann
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,2,2,2-Trichloroethanol ,Microscope ,Biophysics ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,Salt (chemistry) ,Biochemistry ,Protein Structure, Secondary ,Research Communications ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Structural Biology ,law ,Hydrolase ,Genetics ,Crystallization ,Enhancer ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chemistry ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Fluorescence ,Combinatorial chemistry ,Recombinant Proteins ,030104 developmental biology ,Microscopy, Fluorescence ,Protein crystallization - Abstract
The identification of initial lead conditions for successful protein crystallization is crucial for structural studies using X-ray crystallography. In order to reduce the number of false-negative conditions, an emerging number of fluorescence-based methods have been developed which allow more efficient identification of protein crystals and help to distinguish them from salt crystals. Detection of the native tryptophan fluorescence of protein crystals is one of the most widely used methods. However, this method can fail owing to the properties of the crystallized protein or the chemical composition of the crystallization trials. Here, a simple, fast and cost-efficient method employing 2,2,2-trichloroethanol (TCE) has been developed. It can be performed with a standard UV-light microscope and can be applied to cases in which detection of native tryptophan fluorescence fails. In four test cases this method had no effect on the diffraction properties of the crystals and no structural changes were observed. Further evidence is provided that TCE can be added to crystallization trials during their preparation, making this method compatible with high-throughput approaches.
- Published
- 2018
22. Reactive astrocytes induced by 2-chloroethanol modulate microglia polarization through IL-1β, TNF-α, and iNOS upregulation
- Author
-
Qi Sun, Yuhua Chen, Jinhan Yang, Tong Wang, Gaoyang Wang, Yaping Jin, and Fenghong Zhao
- Subjects
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases ,Blotting, Western ,Interleukin-1beta ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,Fluorescent Antibody Technique ,Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Toxicology ,Nitric oxide ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Downregulation and upregulation ,medicine ,Animals ,Rats, Wistar ,Neuroinflammation ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Reactive oxygen species ,biology ,Microglia ,Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ,Cell Polarity ,General Medicine ,Rats ,Up-Regulation ,Cell biology ,Nitric oxide synthase ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Astrocytes ,biology.protein ,Tumor necrosis factor alpha ,Reactive Oxygen Species ,Signal Transduction ,Food Science - Abstract
The synthetic organic chemical, 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE), can cause brain edemas under subacute poisoning. Our previous studies indicated that neuroinflammation could be induced due to astrocytes and microglia activation during brain edemas in 1,2-DCE-intoxicated mice. However, the crosstalk between these two glial cells in 1,2-DCE-induced neuroinflammation remained unclear. In this study, primary cultured rat astrocytes and microglia, as well as an immortalized microglia cell line were employed to study the effects of 2-chloroethanol (2-CE, a 1,2-DCE intermediate metabolite in vivo) treated astrocytes on microglia polarization. Our current results revealed that 2-CE treated rat astrocytes were activated through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and activator protein-1 (AP-1) signaling pathways. Theses pathways were triggered by reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during 2-CE metabolism. Also, astrocytes were more sensitive to 2-CE effects than microglia. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressions were upregulated in 2-CE-induced reactive astrocytes, enhancing IL-1β, TNF-α, and nitric oxide (NO) excretions, which stimulated microglia polarization. Therefore, the neuroinflammation induced by 1,2-DCE in mice's brains is probably triggered by reactive astrocytes.
- Published
- 2021
23. Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of 2-N-,3-S-Substituted 5-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-1,2,4-Triazoles
- Author
-
R. G. Melik-Ohanjanyan, M. A. Kaldrikyan, and F. H. Arsenyan
- Subjects
Pharmacology ,Antitumor activity ,010405 organic chemistry ,Chemistry ,Pharmacology toxicology ,Ethylene chlorohydrin ,01 natural sciences ,Chloride ,0104 chemical sciences ,010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Drug Discovery ,medicine ,Organic chemistry ,Chloroacetamide ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Cyclization of substituted thiosemicarbazides in alkaline medium was used to synthesize the corresponding 3-thio-4-benzyl(cyclohexyl, allyl)-5-(4-benzyloxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazoles. These compounds were 3-S-alkylated with ethylene chlorohydrin, chloroacetamide, 3-bromo-4-methoxybenzyl chloride, and chloroacetic, 2-bromopropionic, and 2-bromocaproic acids. Aminomethylation and oxymethylation reactions were studied. 2-N-Aminomethylene and 2-N-oxymethylenetriazoline-3-thiones were prepared. The antitumor activity of the compounds synthesized here were studied.
- Published
- 2017
24. Ozone facilitated dechlorination of 2-chloroethanol and impact of organic solvents and activated charcoal.
- Author
-
Gounden, Asogan and Jonnalagadda, Sreekanth
- Subjects
OZONIZATION ,DECHLORINATION (Chemistry) ,ETHYLENE chlorohydrin ,ACTIVATED carbon ,ORGANIC solvents ,GAS chromatography ,ACETALDEHYDE ,ACETIC acid - Abstract
The ozone-initiated oxidation of 2-chloroethanol was followed by monitoring the consumption of the halogenated organic substrate. Gas chromatographic analysis of the ozonated products showed an increase in conversion from about 1 % after 3 h of ozone treatment to about 22 % after 12 h. The yields of major ozonated products identified and quantified namely acetaldehyde, acetic acid, and chloride ion increased proportionately as a function of ozone treatment time. The percent conversion of 2-chloroethanol in the presence of acetic acid or ethyl acetate were found to be higher than those under solvent-free conditions with similar products obtained. The use of activated charcoal during the ozonolyis of 2-chloroethanol showed a significant increase in the percent conversion of the substrate compared to solvent free ozonation. Based on the experimental findings, the overall mechanism for the reaction between 2-chloroethanol and ozone is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Complete detoxification of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate by two bacterial strains: Sphingobium sp. strain TCM1 and Xanthobacter autotrophicus strain GJ10
- Author
-
Takahashi, Shouji, Miura, Kaneharu, Abe, Katsumasa, and Kera, Yoshio
- Subjects
- *
METABOLIC detoxification , *PHOSPHATES , *BACTERIAL diversity , *ETHYLENE chlorohydrin , *POLLUTANTS , *FIREPROOFING agents , *BIODEGRADATION , *ORGANOPHOSPHORUS compounds - Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a flame retardant, is recently regarded as a potentially toxic and persistent environmental contaminant. We previously isolated TCEP-degrading bacterium, Sphingobium sp. strain TCM1, which, however, produced a toxic metabolite: 2-chloroethanol (2-CE). This study was undertaken to develop a detoxification technique of TCEP using strain TCM1 with a 2-CE-degrading bacterium: Xanthobacter autotrophicus strain GJ10. TCEP degradation by strain TCM1-resting cells was thermally stable for 30 min at 30°C. It was optimal at 30°C and at pH 8.5. In the optimum condition, TCM1 cells up to a final cell density of 0.8 at OD660 in the reaction mixture were unable to hydrolyze the phosphotriester bonds of 10 μM TCEP completely. The addition of 50 μM Co2+ to reaction mixture enhanced the hydrolysis and caused the complete hydrolysis at the cell density of 0.8. Strain GJ10 resting cells degraded 2-CE only slightly, which might be attributable to lack of coenzyme regeneration of enzymes involved in the degradation. In contrast, the growing cells degraded approximately 180 μM of 2-CE within 24 h. Based on these results, we designed a two-step TCEP detoxification reaction consisting of TCEP hydrolysis to 2-CE by strain TCM1-resting cells and the following degradation of the resulting 2-CE by strain GJ10-growing cells. The combined reaction completely detoxified 10 μM TCEP, and thus opens a way to microbial detoxification of the potential toxic, persistent organophosphorus compound. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. THE EFFECT OF SUBACUTE INTOXICATION WITH ETHYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN ON IMMUNE RESPONSES, TH1 AND TH2 LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION AND CYTOKINE LEVELS IN RATS BLOOD
- Author
-
P. F. Zabrodskii, V. V. Maslyakov, and M. S. Gromov
- Subjects
Cytokine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Immune system ,Chemistry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Lymphocyte ,Immunology ,medicine ,Ethylene chlorohydrin ,Function (biology) - Abstract
In experiments on outbred albino rats, it was established that subacute intoxication with ethylene chlorohydrin (0.2 LD50 daily for 4 days) causes a decrease in Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes function to the same extent, diminishes parameters of humoral and cellular immune responses and the content of immunoregulatory cytokines IFN- , IL-2, IL-4 in blood, increases concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.
- Published
- 2017
27. Determination of ethylene chlorohydrin as marker of spices fumigation with ethylene oxide
- Author
-
Tateo, F. and Bononi, M.
- Subjects
- *
SPICES , *CONDIMENTS , *EPOXY compounds , *ETHYLENE oxide - Abstract
Abstract: Ethylene oxide (EO) is a gas used to sterilize spices, drugs, packaging materials, medical devices, polyester fibers, plastics and synthetic rubber. When the aeration step foreseen for spices is not properly carried out, residues of EO and its derivative ethylene chlorohydrin (ECH), produced by reaction with chlorine ions always present in the matrix, can be found in these products. In this way, the reactivity of EO with chlorides in spices provides a suitable marker to confirm the use of EO for fumigation. The ECH derived from spontaneous transformation during the storage and forcibly obtained during the first step of the extraction can be evaluated in spices by a simple GC/MS analytical method, without derivatization. It has been proven that the EO molecule is carcinogenic for humans; it has been classified as a category 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): ECH, as EO, is a mutagenic substance. This paper shows the results concerning 25 pepper samples purchased on the Italian market. The limit of detection for ECH was assumed to be 20μg/kg (LOD) and was calculated by spiking a matrix pepper that had not been treated with EO. The limit of quantitation was assumed to be 100μg/kg (LOQ), i.e. 5 times LOD. The reliability of the method was verified by recovery and repeatability tests. Recovery average values are 60–70% (CV%=9.6–5.5) for the concentration range 100–500μg/kg. Only 56% of pepper samples analyzed did not contain ECH at detectable levels, and only 24% of pepper samples contained ECH at levels lower than LOQ. Three samples had a content ranging between 0.2 and 3.3mg/kg and two samples showed a content of ECH higher than 5mg/kg. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Regularities and Features of the Reaction of 2-Amino-6-nitro- and 2,6-Diaminobenzothiazoles with Ethylene Chlorohydrin.
- Author
-
Ambartsumova, R., Tashkhodzhaev, B., Antipin, M., and Shakhidoyatov, Kh.
- Abstract
The alkylation of 2-amino-6-nitro- and 2,6-diaminobenzothiazoles by ethylene chlorohydrin has been studied. A comparative analysis has been made of the composition of these reaction mixtures and of those obtained from other 2-aminobenzothiazoles using this reaction. The structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed using IR and
1 H NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction and via alternative syntheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Some applications of state-of-the-art capillary gas chromatography in the pharmaceutical industry
- Author
-
Sandra, P., David, F., and Szücs, R.
- Subjects
- *
PHARMACEUTICAL technology , *GAS chromatography , *ETHYLENE oxide , *ANALYTICAL chemistry techniques - Abstract
Some challenging pharmaceutical applications performed with state-of-the-art capillary gas chromatography (CGC) are presented. For assay and purity determinations cool on-column (COC) injection is the preferred injection technique. A fast CGC headspace method is described to determine residual solvents in pharmaceutical products. Ethylene oxide and ethylene chlorohydrin, originating from the sterilisation of packaging materials, were measured in pharmaceutical formulations in a fully automated sequence with excellent retention time and peak-area reproducibility. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Regioselectivity of Alkylation of 3-Substituted 5-Amino-1,2,4-thiadiazoles.
- Author
-
Khakimov, M., Ambartsumova, R., Tashkhodzhaev, B., Antipin, M., and Shakhidoyatov, Kh.
- Abstract
We have synthesized 3-substituted 4-alkyl-5-imino-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-thiadiazoles by reaction of 3-alkyl(benzyl)thio-5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazoles with methyl iodide or ethylene chlorohydrin. In the reaction with epichlorohydrin, addition of an oxirane molecule occurs with formation of tetrahydropyrimido[2,1- b]-1,2,4-thiadiazoles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Upregulation of CYP2E1 expression causes oxidative damage induced by 2-chloroethanol in primary cultured rat astrocytes
- Author
-
Qi Sun, Fenghong Zhao, Hongge Tang, Yingjun Liao, Tong Wang, Gaoyang Wang, and Yaping Jin
- Subjects
Cell signaling ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,Fluorescent Antibody Technique ,Apoptosis ,Toxicology ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Downregulation and upregulation ,Chloroacetaldehyde ,Animals ,Rats, Wistar ,Cells, Cultured ,030304 developmental biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial ,0303 health sciences ,Reactive oxygen species ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Kinase ,General Neuroscience ,Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 ,Cell biology ,Rats ,Up-Regulation ,Oxidative Stress ,chemistry ,Astrocytes ,Phosphorylation ,Signal transduction ,Reactive Oxygen Species ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Brain edema caused by subacute poisoning with 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) has gained much attention during recent years, but its underlying mechanism is poorly understood. As an intermediate metabolite of 1,2-DCE in vivo, 2-chloroethanol (2-CE) can be transformed into chloroacetaldehyde and reactive oxygen species (ROS) through cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) mediated metabolism. In previous studies, it was found that CYP2E1 expression is enhanced in the brain of mice treated with 1,2-DCE. This study was designed to verify the roles of CYP2E1 overexpression in 2-CE induced cytotoxicity in rat astrocytes, and the contribution of specific signaling molecules to the upregulation of CYP2E1 expression caused by 2-CE. The results of this study demonstrate that treatment with 2-CE can enhance CYP2E1 protein and mRNA levels, cause an increase in ROS and MDA levels, and higher percentages of apoptotic cells in rat astrocytes. Pretreatment with either diallyl sulfide or vitamin C, the inhibitor of CYP2E1 or scavenger of ROS, respectively, can suppress the levels of CYP2E1 expression, ROS and MDA, ameliorate cell apoptosis, and attenuate phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in these cells. Additionally, pretreatment with the inhibitor of either ERK1/2 or transcriptional factor specificity protein 1 (SP1) can suppress the CYP2E1 expression, and alleviate the oxidative damage caused to these cells. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that CYP2E1 overexpression plays a crucial role in 2-CE induced oxidative damage of rat astrocytes, and that CYP2E1 expression is upregulated partially through the activation of the ERK1/2 and SP1 signaling pathways by ROS generated during CYP2E1-mediated 2-CE metabolism. This study provides novel information that can be used in elucidating the mechanism by which 1,2-DCE induces brain edema.
- Published
- 2019
32. Simple method to detect triclofos and its metabolites in plasma of children by combined use of liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- Author
-
Yuki Ito, Satoru Hashimoto, Michihiro Kamijima, Yuki Nakahira, Tamie Nakajima, Miho Inoue, and Hirotaka Sato
- Subjects
Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Formic acid ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,lcsh:Medicine ,Paediatric research ,Mass spectrometry ,Article ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,Adduct ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Japan ,Limit of Detection ,Tandem Mass Spectrometry ,Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry ,Humans ,Hypnotics and Sedatives ,Chloral Hydrate ,Trichloroacetic Acid ,Trichloroacetic acid ,lcsh:Science ,Detection limit ,Multidisciplinary ,Chromatography ,Hydrolysis ,lcsh:R ,fungi ,Infant ,Reproducibility of Results ,Organophosphates ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,lcsh:Q ,Gas chromatography ,Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Chromatography, Liquid - Abstract
Triclofos sodium (TCS) and chloral hydrate (CH) are widely used as sedatives for children, but no analytical method to simultaneously monitor concentrations of blood TCS, CH and their metabolites, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and trichloroethanol (TCEOH), has been reported. The present study aimed to develop a simple analytical method for TCS and its metabolites (TCA, TCEOH and CH) in small-volume plasma from children. After acidification of specimens, TCS formic acid adduct or the metabolites derivatized using water/sulfuric acid/methanol (6:5:1, v/v) were measured by combined use of liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography mass-spectrometry. The limits of detection and quantification levels (µg/ml) were 0.10 and 0.29 for TCS, 0.24 and 0.72 for TCA, 0.10 and 0.31 for TCEOH, and 0.25 and 0.76 for CH, respectively. The mean recoveries were 82.8–107% for TCS, 85.4–101% for TCA, 91.6–107% for TCEOH, and 88.9–109% for CH. Within-run and between-run precision (percent of relative standard deviation, %RSD) using this method ranged from 1.1 to 15.7% and 3.6 to 13.5%, respectively, for TCS and all of its metabolites. The calibration curves were obtained with standard spiked plasma, and all of the coefficients of determination were more than 0.975. Subsequently, we applied the present method to plasma taken from five children after sedation induced by CH and TCS. In addition to TCS and CH, elevated TCA and TCEOH concentrations were detected. This new method can be applied for the pharmacokinetic analysis of TCS and its metabolites and the determination of the optimal TCS dosage in children.
- Published
- 2019
33. A modified gelatin zymography technique incorporating total protein normalization
- Author
-
C. Ross Ethier, Julia Raykin, John J.E. Mulvihill, Sruti Bheri, and Eric J. Snider
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Normalization (statistics) ,Chromatography ,Chemistry ,Fibrosarcoma ,Gelatin Zymography ,Biophysics ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,Cell Biology ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Biochemistry ,Matrix Metalloproteinases ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Gelatinases ,Tumor Cells, Cultured ,Gelatin ,Humans ,Gelatinase ,Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ,Zymography ,Molecular Biology ,Total protein - Abstract
Gelatinase zymography is a commonly used laboratory procedure; however, variability in sample loading and concentration reduce the accuracy of quantitative results obtained from this technique. To facilitate normalization of gelatinase activity by loaded protein amount, we developed a protocol using the trihalocompound 2,2,2-trichloroethanol to allow for gelatin zymography and total protein labeling within the same gel. We showed that detected protein levels increased linearly with loading, and describe a loading concentration range over which normalized gelatinase activity was constant. We conclude that in-gel total protein detection is feasible in gelatin zymography and greatly improves comparison of gelatinase activity between samples.
- Published
- 2017
34. Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Quaternium-22.
- Abstract
The quaternary ammonium salt Quaternium-22 is used as a film former, hair conditioning agent, and antistatic agent in a wide variety of cosmetic products. This ingredient has reportedly also been used as an emollient and skin conditioner. It is supplied in water with 60% solids (Quaternium-22). Impurities include 3-dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) at concentrations up to 2.45%, and ethylene chlorohydrin (ECH) up to 0.097%. The maximum concentration of Quaternium-22 in formulations is 5.0%. An acute oral toxicity study in rats using 6% Quaternium-22 failed to kill any of the animals. Exposure to 0.5% Quaternium-22 was a slight irritant in a 28-day dermal toxicity study in rabbits; no other adverse reactions related to the test substance were found. Ocular exposure to 8.5% Quaternium-22 produced minimal conjunctival irritation, but 6% did not. Intracutaneous injections of 6% Quaternium-22 did not produce irritation or sensitization in Guinea pigs. No evidence of mutagenesis was seen in the Ames test. Clinical data revealed no irritation or sensitization, nor was there any evidence of photosensitization. While there was some concern over the toxicity of the DMAPA and ECH impurities, the absence of any toxicologic or mutagenic findings on exposure to material containing these impurities suggested there were no adverse effects associated with either the ingredient or any impurities. In order that exposure to these impurities be kept low, however, it was recommended that the concentration of this ingredient in cosmetic products should be limited so that the concentration of DMAPA not exceed 0.2% and that of ECH not exceed 0.008%-this is consistent with the expected use of Quaternium-22 at ≥ 5% solids. Accordingly, it was concluded that the cosmetic ingredient Quaternium-22 is safe in the present practices of use. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Fluorescent Protein Visualization Immediately After Gel Electrophoresis Using an In-Gel Trichloroethanol Photoreaction with Tryptophan
- Author
-
Carol L, Ladner-Keay, Raymond J, Turner, and Robert A, Edwards
- Subjects
Luminescent Proteins ,Photochemistry ,Tryptophan ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel - Abstract
SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is one of the essential techniques in molecular biology and biochemistry laboratories and requires rapid visualization methods for efficient sample analysis. Proteins on polyacrylamide gels can be visualized within 5 min via the photoreaction of tryptophan with trichloroethanol. This process does not require protein fixation, staining, or destaining. In this method polyacrylamide gels are prepared by adding trichloroethanol before polymerization. After electrophoresis, the gel is immediately activated on a standard UV transilluminator and the fluorescently labeled proteins are imaged. The reaction is based on the photoreaction of trichloroethanol with tryptophan residues within the protein. This generates a visible blue-green fluorescence (∼500 nm) that is accurately imaged. Here we describe the preparation of Tris-glycine and Tris-tricine SDS-polyacrylamide gels with trichloroethanol and the photoreaction and visualization of tryptophan containing proteins.
- Published
- 2018
36. [Simultaneous determination of trichloroethylene and trichloroethanol in blood by liquid-liquid extraction-gas chromatography]
- Author
-
H P, Ye, J, Shao, S W, Tan, X Y, Shan, and Y P, Shi
- Subjects
Chromatography, Gas ,Liquid-Liquid Extraction ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,Humans ,Trichloroethylene - Published
- 2018
37. 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol lengthens the circadian period of Bmal1 -driven circadian bioluminescence rhythms in U2OS cells
- Author
-
Jie Gao, Yanning Cai, Yanli Zhang, Hui Ding, Jinhua Xue, and Caixia Yang
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,2,2,2-Trichloroethanol ,Period (gene) ,Metabolite ,Chloral hydrate ,Biophysics ,CLOCK Proteins ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,Biology ,Biochemistry ,Cell Line ,Mice ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Rhythm ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Hypnotics and Sedatives ,Bioluminescence ,Chloral Hydrate ,Circadian rhythm ,Molecular Biology ,ARNTL Transcription Factors ,Period Circadian Proteins ,Cell Biology ,Rats, Inbred F344 ,Circadian Rhythm ,Rats ,PER2 ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Luminescent Measurements ,Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1 ,medicine.drug - Abstract
2,2,2-Trichloroethanol (TCOH) is responsible for the pharmacological actions of chloral hydrate (CH), and is a major metabolite of trichloroethylene. Human exposure to TCOH is known to be increasing. Recently, it was reported that TCOH causes a significant phase delay of Per2 expression in mouse liver when injected daily over the course of several days. However, it is not clear whether TCOH directly modulates the molecular clock. In the present study we used a cell-based assay system to test this possibility. We found that the daily oscillation period of Bmal1 was lengthened to 3 h following treatment with 1.5 mM TCOH, and increased to 5 h with 3 mM TCOH treatment. However, low concentrations of TCOH had no noticeable effects. The effect of TCOH on Per2 oscillation was marginal. Interestingly, serum from rats anesthetized with CH also modulated Bmal1 period, suggesting that exposure to anesthesia should be taken into consideration for circadian rhythm studies. In summary, our study reveals a direct regulation of TCOH on molecular clock.
- Published
- 2015
38. In Vivo Effects of Naproxen, Salicylic Acid, and Valproic Acid on the Pharmacokinetics of Trichloroethylene and Metabolites in Rats
- Author
-
Mouna Cheikh Rouhou, Ginette Charest-Tardif, and Sami Haddad
- Subjects
Male ,Naproxen ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Glucuronidation ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,Urine ,Pharmacology ,Toxicology ,Risk Assessment ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Excretion ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Pharmacokinetics ,In vivo ,medicine ,Animals ,Trichloroacetic Acid ,Analgesics ,Inhalation ,Valproic Acid ,Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ,Models, Theoretical ,Rats ,Trichloroethylene ,3. Good health ,chemistry ,Solvents ,Anticonvulsants ,Salicylic Acid ,Salicylic acid ,medicine.drug - Abstract
It was recently demonstrated that some drugs modulate in vitro metabolism of trichloroethylene (TCE) in humans and rats. The objective was to assess in vivo interactions between TCE and three drugs: naproxen (NA), valproic acid (VA), and salicylic acid (SA). Animals were exposed to TCE by inhalation (50 ppm for 6 h) and administered a bolus dose of drug by gavage, equivalent to 10-fold greater than the recommended daily dose. Samples of blood, urine, and collected tissues were analyzed by headspace gas chromatography coupled to an electron capture detector for TCE and metabolites (trichloroethanol [TCOH] and trichloroacetate [TCA]) levels. Coexposure to NA and TCE significantly increased (up to 50%) total and free TCOH (TCOHtotal and TCOHfree, respectively) in blood. This modulation may be explained by an inhibition of glucuronidation. VA significantly elevated TCE levels in blood (up to 50%) with a marked effect on TCOHtotal excretion in urine but not in blood. In contrast, SA produced an increase in TCOHtotal levels in blood at 30, 60, and 90 min and urine after coexposure. Data confirm in vitro observations that NA, VA, and SA affect in vivo TCE kinetics. Future efforts need to be directed to evaluate whether populations chronically medicated with the considered drugs display greater health risks related to TCE exposure.
- Published
- 2015
39. Badania nad wpływem czynników chemicznych i fizycznych na zwiększenie współczynnika rozmnażania wegetatywnego bulw frezji. Cz. II. Wpływ etylenochlorohydryny [The effect of chemical and physical factors on increasing of the coefficient of vegetative propagation of freesia corms. Part. II. Effect of ethylenechlorhydrin]
- Author
-
K. Kukułczanka
- Subjects
Horticulture ,Vegetative reproduction ,Chemistry ,Botany ,Ethylene chlorohydrin ,Corm ,Plant Science ,NAD+ kinase ,lcsh:Agriculture (General) ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,lcsh:S1-972 ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Published
- 2015
40. Leuco-crystal-violet micelle gel dosimeters: II. Recipe optimization and testing
- Author
-
L John Schreiner, Tim Olding, A T Nasr, K M Alexander, and Kim B. McAuley
- Subjects
Ammonium bromide ,Materials science ,food.ingredient ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,Gelatin ,Micelle ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,Surface-Active Agents ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Colloid ,0302 clinical medicine ,food ,Pulmonary surfactant ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Crystal violet ,Radiometry ,Micelles ,Radiological and Ultrasound Technology ,Cetrimonium ,Phantoms, Imaging ,Water ,Methyl violet ,Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ,chemistry ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Reagent ,Cetrimonium Compounds ,Gentian Violet ,Gels ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
In this study, recipe optimization of Leuco Crystal Violet (LCV) micelle gels made with the surfactant Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) and the chemical sensitizer 2,2,2-trichloroethanol (TCE) was aided by a two-level three-factor designed experiment. The optimized recipe contains 0.75 mM LCV, 17.0 mM CTAB, 120 mM TCE, 25.0 mM tri-chloro acetic acid (TCAA), 4 wt% gelatin and ~96 wt% water. Dose sensitivity of the optimized gel is 1.5 times higher than that of Jordan's standard LCV micelle gel. Spatial integrity of the 3D dose distribution information in 1L phantoms filled with this recipe is maintained for120 d. Unfortunately, phantoms made using the optimized recipe showed dose-rate dependence (14% difference in optical attenuation at the peak dose using electron beam irradiations at 100 and 400 MU min(-1)). Further testing suggests that the surfactant CTAB is the cause of this dose rate behaviour.
- Published
- 2015
41. Organocatalytic Asymmetric C–H Vinylation and Arylation of N-Acyl Tetrahydroisoquinolines
- Author
-
Xigong Liu, Zhilin Meng, Shutao Sun, Lei Liu, and Hong-Xiang Lou
- Subjects
Molecular Structure ,Chemistry ,Aryl ,Organic Chemistry ,Enantioselective synthesis ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,Stereoisomerism ,Trifluoroethanol ,Boronic Acids ,Biochemistry ,Catalysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Tetrahydroisoquinolines ,Organic chemistry ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory - Abstract
The first organocatalytic enantioselective oxidative C-H functionalization of N-acyl tetrahydroisoquinolines with vinyl and aryl boronates promoted by a chiral Brønsted acid is described. This metal-free process tolerates a wide range of electronically varied N-acyl tetrahydroisoquinolines and structurally diverse boronates with good to excellent enantioselectivities.
- Published
- 2015
42. Reaction of 6-chloropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione with 2-(chloromethoxy)ethyl benzoate. Synthesis of new acyclic nucleosides
- Author
-
A. G. Ayvazyan, Rafael Tamazyan, M. S. Ghukasyan, R. G. Melik-Ohanjanyan, T. R. Hovsepyan, S. G. Israelyan, G. S. Karakhanyan, and Henry A. Panosyan
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Pyrimidine ,Stereochemistry ,Acyclic nucleoside ,Organic Chemistry ,Proton NMR ,Ethylene chlorohydrin ,Carbohydrate ,Derivative (chemistry) ,Amination ,Ethyl benzoate - Abstract
New acyclic pyrimidine nucleosides, analogs of the antiviral drug acyclovir, were synthesized starting from 6-chloropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione. The addition of side carbohydrate chain to the N1 or N3 atoms of the heterocyclic base with formation of N1- and N3-substituted isomers, respectively, was confirmed by 1H NMR and X-ray analysis. N1- and N3-Substituted 6-chloropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-diones were subjected to amination with secondary amines, and cyclocondensation of 6-allylamino derivative afforded N1-substituted pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine.
- Published
- 2015
43. Comparative Analysis of the Relationship Between Trichloroethylene Metabolism and Tissue-Specific Toxicity Among Inbred Mouse Strains: Kidney Effects
- Author
-
Hong Sik Yoo, Blair U. Bradford, Oksana Kosyk, Takeki Uehara, Svitlana Shymonyak, Leonard B. Collins, Wanda M. Bodnar, Louise M. Ball, Avram Gold, and Ivan Rusyn
- Subjects
Male ,Dichloroacetic Acid ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,Membrane Proteins ,Mice, Inbred Strains ,Kidney ,Toxicology ,Glutathione ,Article ,Trichloroethylene ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Mice ,Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ,Carcinogens ,Animals ,PPAR alpha ,Cysteine ,Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1 ,Trichloroacetic Acid ,Oxidation-Reduction ,Cell Proliferation - Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a well-known environmental and occupational toxicant that is classified as carcinogenic to humans based on the epidemiological evidence of an association with higher risk of renal cell carcinoma. A number of scientific issues critical for assessing human health risks from TCE remain unresolved, such as the amount of kidney-toxic glutathione conjugation metabolites formed, inter-species and -individual differences, and the mode of action for kidney carcinogenicity. We hypothesized that TCE metabolite levels in the kidney are associated with kidney-specific toxicity. Oral dosing with TCE was conducted in sub-acute (600 mg/kg/d; 5 days; 7 inbred mouse strains) and sub-chronic (100 or 400 mg/kg/d; 1, 2, or 4 weeks; 2 inbred mouse strains) designs. We evaluated the quantitative relationship between strain-, dose-, and time-dependent formation of TCE metabolites from cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation [trichloroacetic acid (TCA), dichloroacetic acid (DCA), and trichloroethanol] and glutathione conjugation [S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione], and various kidney toxicity phenotypes. In sub-acute study, we observed inter-strain differences in TCE metabolite levels in the kidney. In addition, we found that in several strains kidney-specific effects of TCE included induction of peroxisome proliferator-marker genes Cyp4a10 and Acox1, increased cell proliferation, and expression of KIM-1, a marker of tubular damage and regeneration. In sub-chronic study, peroxisome proliferator-marker gene induction and kidney toxicity diminished while cell proliferative response was elevated in a dose-dependent manner in NZW/LacJ, but not C57BL/6J mice. Overall, we show that TCE metabolite levels in the kidney are associated with kidney-specific toxicity and that these effects are strain-dependent.
- Published
- 2014
44. A New Technological Study on Synthesis of Bis(2-chloroethoxy)Methane
- Author
-
Kui Zhou, Yan Bai, Xuan Tang, and Cun She Zhang
- Subjects
Reaction conditions ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Yield (chemistry) ,General Engineering ,Ethylene chlorohydrin ,Organic chemistry ,Fraction (chemistry) ,Sulfuric acid ,Toluene ,Methane ,Catalysis - Abstract
bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane was synthesized by the reaction of ethylene chlorohydrin and Oligopolyformaldehyde under sulfuric acid catalysis. optimum reaction conditions obtained were as follows: the molar ratio of Oligopolyformaldehyde and ethylene chlorohydrin of 1.2:2, catalyst dosage was 5‰mass fraction of ethylene chlorohydrin, toluene were chose as water-carrying agent, All reactant were refluxed on temperature of 110°C until no water generated. Under the optimum conditions the yield of bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane was 97.7%. The structure of bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane were conformed by ATR IR. The purity of bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane were 99% by gas chromatographic detection.
- Published
- 2014
45. Identification of ethylene oxide in herbs, spices and other dried vegetables imported into Italy
- Author
-
Giancarlo Quaglia, Monica Bononi, and Fernando Tateo
- Subjects
Ethylene Oxide ,Analytical control ,Food Handling ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Fumigation ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,Ethylene chlorohydrin ,Toxicology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Vegetables ,Organic chemistry ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,Food science ,Spices ,European union ,media_common ,Ethylene oxide ,Commerce ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Chemistry ,General Medicine ,Italy ,chemistry ,Herbs spices ,Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry ,Microbial decontamination ,Food Analysis ,Food Science - Abstract
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyse ethylene oxide (EO) in 63 samples of dried vegetable materials for food use derived from import commodities and subjected to quality control for three food-transformation industries. EO residues were quantified through the determination of ethylene chlorohydrin (ECH). About 29% of the samples analysed contained more than 0.3 mg kg(-1) of EO. Thus, this specific analytical control limited to 20% of import aromatic matters needs to be increased. This paper demonstrates the importance of this specific control considering the banned use of microbial decontamination EO treatment in the European Union.
- Published
- 2014
46. Synthesis and antitumor activity of 5-methylbenzofuryl-substituted 1,2,4-triazoles and triazoline-5-thiones
- Author
-
F. H. Aresnyan, R. G. Melik-Oganjanyan, and M. A. Kaldrikyan
- Subjects
Pharmacology ,Antitumor activity ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Drug Discovery ,Isothiocyanate ,Pharmacology toxicology ,Chloroacetic acid ,Ethylene chlorohydrin ,Organic chemistry ,Chloroacetamide ,Hydrazide - Abstract
3-(5-Methylbenzofuryl)-4-phenyl(benzyl, allyl)-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazoles were synthesized by cyclization of the corresponding substituted thiosemicarbazides. S-alkylation, N-aminomethylation, and N-hydroxymethylation of the 5-mercaptotriazoles by ethylene chlorohydrin, chloroacetamide, and chloroacetic acid produced N-aminomethylene- and N-hydroxymethylenetriazoline-5-thiones. The antitumor activity of the synthesized compounds was studied.
- Published
- 2013
47. Micronucleus induction by oxidative metabolites of trichloroethylene in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes: a comparative genotoxicity study
- Author
-
L.K.S. Chauhan, Abhijit Chandra, Meenu Varshney, and Sudhir K. Goel
- Subjects
DNA damage ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Chloral hydrate ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,Context (language use) ,Dichloroacetic acid ,medicine.disease_cause ,Hazardous Substances ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,medicine ,Humans ,Environmental Chemistry ,Lymphocytes ,Trichloroacetic acid ,Cells, Cultured ,Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective ,Micronucleus Tests ,Chemistry ,General Medicine ,Pollution ,Molecular biology ,Trichloroethylene ,Environmental chemistry ,Micronucleus test ,Micronucleus ,Oxidation-Reduction ,Genotoxicity ,DNA Damage ,Mutagens ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The genotoxic effects of oxidative metabolites of trichloroethylene (TCE), namely chloral hydrate, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), dichloroacetic acid (DCA), and trichloroethanol (TCEOH) were examined in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. In this context, lymphocytes were exposed in vitro to 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml concentrations of these metabolites separately for a period of 48 h and examined for micronucleus (MN) induction through flow cytometer. At 50 μg/ml TCE metabolites, TCA (6.33 ± 0.56 %), DCA (5.06 ± 0.55), and TCEOH (4.70 ± 1.73) induced highly significant (p
- Published
- 2013
48. Trichloroethylene-induced formic aciduria: Effect of dose, sex and strain of rat
- Author
-
Andrew Evans, Noreen Yaqoob, and Edward A. Lock
- Subjects
Male ,RM ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Time Factors ,Formates ,Formic acid ,Metabolite ,Ethylene Chlorohydrin ,Kidney ,Toxicology ,Excretion ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Sex Factors ,Species Specificity ,Internal medicine ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Animals ,Formate ,Rats, Wistar ,Trichloroacetic Acid ,Trichloroacetic acid ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 ,Glutathione ,CYP2E1 ,Rats, Inbred F344 ,Rats ,Trichloroethylene ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Enzyme Induction ,Toxicity ,Solvents ,Female - Abstract
The industrial solvent trichloroethylene (TCE) has been reported to increase the excretion of formic acid in the urine of male Fischer 344 (F-344) rats following large oral doses. We have examined the dose-response relationship for formic aciduria in male and female Fischer 344 rats, the effect of some known metabolites of TCE and examined the response in male Wistar rats to help understand its relevance to renal toxicity. We report that doses of TCE as low as 8 mg/kg for 3 days to both male and female F344 rats produced formic aciduria. The formic aciduria was time-dependent being more marked after 3 doses compared to one dose in male F344 rats and to a lesser extent in female F344 rats. TCE administration to male Wistar rats produced less formic aciduria than in male F344 rats, indicating a strain difference in response. As TCE is primarily metabolised by cytochrome P450 2E1, Wistar rats were administered inducers of cytochrome P450 2E1 followed by TCE, this increased formic acid excretion to a concentration similar to that observed in male F344 rats, indicating a role for P450. Administration of the major metabolites of TCE, trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid to male F344 rats also produced a marked and sustained formic aciduria, while the metabolite of TCE formed via glutathione conjugation had no effect on formic acid excretion. The mechanism whereby this response occurs is currently not understood, but the formic acid excreted is not a metabolite of TCE, but appears to be due to interference with the metabolic utilisation of formate by a down stream metabolite of TCE. Over the three days of the studies no histopathological evidence of kidney toxicity was observed in F344 rats given TCE, indicating that the perturbation of formate metabolism does not lead to acute renal injury.
- Published
- 2013
49. Ethylene Oxide Residues on Sterilized Medical Devices
- Author
-
Brown, Stephen L., Rodricks, Joseph V., Society for Risk Analysis, Bonin, James J., editor, and Stevenson, Donald E., editor
- Published
- 1989
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. 1,2-Dichloroethane
- Author
-
Ware, George W. and Ware, George W., editor
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.