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The adaptive value of the Drosophila subobscura chromosomal inversion polymorphism with regard to environmental effects is well-known. However, the specific details of the inversion adaptations to the global warming scenario deserve to be analyzed. Toward this aim, polymorphism and karyotypes were studied in 574 individuals from Petnica (Serbia) in annual samples taken in June for the period 2019-2022. Comparing the results of Petnica (Cfa: humid subtropical climate) with those from Avala (Serbia: Cfb, temperate oceanic climate) and Font Groga (Barcelona, Spain; Csa: hot-summer Mediterranean climate), significant differences were observed for their chromosomal polymorphism. In Petnica, inversions from U and E chromosomes mainly reacted significantly with regard to temperature, humidity, and rainfall. Moreover, the inversion polymorphism from Petnica (2019-2022) was compared with that from 1995. In this period, a significant increase in mean and maximum temperature was observed. However, to properly explain the observed variations of inversions over time, it was necessary to carefully analyze annual seasonal changes and particular heat wave episodes. Interestingly, yearly fluctuations of U chromosome 'warm'-adapted inversions corresponded with opposite changes in 'non-thermal' inversions. Perhaps these types of inversions were not correctly defined with regard to thermal adaptation, or these fluctuations were also due to adaptations to other physical and/or biological variables. Finally, a joint study of chromosomal inversion polymorphism from many Balkan populations of D. subobscura indicated that different climatic regions presented distinct composition, including thermal-adapted inversions.

El litoral mallorquí s’enfronta a una situació d’alta vulnerabilitat davant l’increment del nivell de la mar, el qual causa impactes en les urbanitzacions costaneres que s’intensifiquen amb el temps. Els informes científics que aborden el canvi climàtic posen a la nostra disposició prediccions que ens permeten conèixer amb antelació els riscos als quals ens enfrontem com a societat. El treball es centra en la badia d’Alcúdia per ser la zona més desfavorable de Mallorca davant la pujada del nivell de la mar. A través de l’anàlisi de la matriu biofísica i històrica, i fruit de l’observació de les diferents solucions que s’estan implementant a escala global, se presenta una proposta d’adaptació per aquest indret. Amb aquest treball volem obrir el debat públic per repensar el nostre model territorial i traçar nous camins cap al futur assegurant la resiliència i estabilitat dels ecosistemes. El litoral mallorquín se enfrenta a una situación de alta vulnerabilidad ante el incremento del nivel del mar, el cual causa impactos en las urbanizaciones costeras que se intensifican con el tiempo. Los informes científicos que abordan el cambio climático ponen a nuestra disposición predicciones que nos permiten conocer con antelación los riesgos a los cuales nos enfrentamos como sociedad. El trabajo se centra en la bahía de Alcúdia por ser la zona más desfavorable de Mallorca ante la subida del nivel del mar. A través del análisis de la matriz biofísica e histórica, y fruto de la observación de las diferentes soluciones que se están implementando a escala global, se presenta una propuesta de adaptación para este lugar. Con este trabajo queremos abrir el debate público para repensar nuestro modelo territorial y trazar nuevos caminos hacia el futuro asegurando la resiliencia y estabilidad de los ecosistemas. The Mallorcan coastline faces a situation of high vulnerability due to the rise of sea level, which causes impacts on coastal developments that intensify over time. Scientific reports on climate change provide predictions that allow us to be aware in advance of the risks we face as a society. The work focuses on the Alcúdia Bay as the most unfavourable area of Mallorca in terms of sea level rise. Through the analysis of the biophysical and historical basis, and observing the different solutions implemented on a global scale, we present different proposals for adapting this area. The aim of this work is to open the public debate in order to rethink our territorial model and map out new paths for the future, ensuring the resilience and stability of ecosystems.

El aumento de la temperatura del planeta aboca a la humanidad a sufrir efectos muy graves o irreversibles. En este artículo publicado originalmente en la revista Telos de Fundación Telefónica, el autor alerta de la urgencia de revertir la situación.

Els esdeveniments extrems associats amb altes temperatures tenen un impacte en la salut, els seus ecosistemes i, per tant, en l’economia. Com a part del projecte X-ClimPlan, aquest estudi té com a objectiu estudiar les onades de calor a la ciutat de Barcelona entre el 1971 i el 2020, partint de la definició d’onada de calor segons l’AEMET. Això no obstant, aquesta definició té la limitació de referir-se únicament a temperatures màximes. Tot i que aquestes poden tenir greus conseqüències, especialment per cop de calor, els efectes sobre la salut són més acusats en el cas de la calor nocturna, on la impossibilitat de descansar pot provocar empitjorament de malalties respiratòries i cardiovasculars que produeixen morts prematures. Per això, lestudi diferencia entre onades de calor diürnes i nocturnes. Atès que el clima urbà presenta una variació espacial, la investigació parteix de la informació proporcionada per quatre estacions meteorològiques: Observatori Fabra, CMT, Raval i Aeroport, proposant un model OLS per a les quatre estacions i considerant l’any, el mes i el dia del calendari (cd) com a variables explicatives. Tot i que els increments de temperatura difereixen significativament depenent de la localització de l’estació, els resultats expliquen i confirmen que el procés d’escalfament global per sobre dels 2°C tant a les màximes com a les mínimes ja és una realitat a Barcelona. Així mateix, demostra una marcada diferència en els esdeveniments de calor extrema entre diferents ubicacions urbanes; la proximitat al mar, l’altitud, la diferent densitat urbana i la quantitat i la qualitat del verd urbà tenen un efecte determinant en la resiliència a esdeveniments extrems. Extreme events associated with high temperatures impact on the people’s health and their ecosystem, thus the economy. As part of the X-ClimPlan project, this study aims to study heat waves in the city of Barcelona between 1971 and 2020, using the AEMET definition of a heat wave. However that definition refers only to maximum temperatures. High temperatures can have serious consequences in human health, for example, leading to a heat stroke, but it is during nighttime heat, where the inability to rest can worsen respiratory and cardiovascular diseases that cause premature deaths. For this reason, the study differentiates between daytime and nighttime heat waves. Given that the urban climate presents a spatial variation, the research starts with the information provided by four weather stations: Fabra Observatory, CMT, Raval and Airport, and proposes an OLS model for the four stations, considering the year, month and calendar day (cd) as explanatory variables. Even though the temperature in all stations increase, there are differences depending on the location. The results explain and confirm that the process of global warming above 2°C, both in maximum and in minimums, is already a reality in Barcelona. The results also demonstrate a marked difference in extreme heat events between different urban locations; suggesting sea proximity, altitude, different urban density and the quantity and quality of urban greenery have a determining effect on resilience to extreme events. Los eventos extremos asociados con altas temperaturas tienen un impacto en la salud, sus ecosistemas y por tanto en la economía. Como parte del proyecto X-ClimPlan, este estudio tiene como objetivo estudiar las olas de calor en la ciudad de Barcelona entre 1971 y 2020, partiendo de la definición de ola de calor según la AEMET. No obstante, dicha definición tiene la limitación de referirse únicamente a temperaturas máximas. Si bien éstas pueden tener graves consecuencias, especialmente por golpe de calor, los efectos sobre la salud son más acusados en el caso del calor nocturno, donde la imposibilidad de descansar puede provocar empeoramiento de enfermedades respiratorias y cardiovasculares que producen muertes prematuras. Por ello, el estudio diferencia entre olas de calor diurnas y nocturnas. Dado que el clima urbano presenta una variación espacial, la investigación parte de la información proporcionada por cuatro estaciones meteorológicas: Observatorio Fabra, CMT, Raval y Aeropuerto, proponiendo un modelo OLS para las cuatro estaciones y considerando el año, el mes y el día del calendario (cd) como variables explicativas. Aun cuando los incrementos de temperatura difieren significativamente dependiendo de la localización de la estación, los resultados explican y confirman que el proceso de calentamiento global por encima de los 2°C tanto en las máximas como en las mínimas es ya una realidad en Barcelona. Asimismo, demuestra una marcada diferencia en los eventos de calor extremo entre diferentes ubicaciones urbanas; la proximidad al mar, la altitud, la diferente densidad urbana y la cantidad y calidad del verde urbano tienen un efecto determinante en la resiliencia a eventos extremos. Los autores quieren agradecer a Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, por la información proporcionada. También al Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España (MINECO) y al Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) que permitieron la realización del proyecto Extreme Spatial and Urban Planning Tool for Episodes of Heat Waves and Flash Floods. Building Resilience for Cities and Regions (X-ClimPlan).

Drosophila subobscura is characterized by a rich chromosomal polymorphism for inversions. Many inversions are adaptive to global warming and can be classified as 'warm' or 'cold' adapted. However, most studies were carried out from European populations located in the central area of the species distribution or from American colonizing populations. For this reason, we aimed to analyse the isolated and marginal Rasht population, located in the Hyrcanian forests area (Iran). The chromosomal polymorphism for inversions was compared with previous Rasht samples (Rasht I and II) obtained 57 years ago. This polymorphism has changed regarding to the inversion composition and frequencies. Interestingly, the polymorphism for inversions was scarce and similar to that of Madeira, an isolated Atlantic island. Likely, this similarity is a consequence of the marginal location and isolation of Rasht population. Also, the CTI (Chromosomal Thermal Index) was 0.445, showing a significant increase over those from Rasht I (0.184) and II (0.210). All these observations were in agreement with global warming expectations. Moreover, the CTI was also computed for Russian Caucasus and Turkish populations collected more than forty years ago to better understand the adaptive potential of D. subobscura and to study the similarity between populations of different geographic areas. In summary, the inversions of D. subobscura changed also in marginal and isolated populations in agreement with global warming expectations, and an open question is to know where is the threshold for this evolutionary change.

Mean sea-level rise (MSLR) will induce shoreline recession, increasing the stress on coastal systems of high socio-economic and environmental values. Localized mega-nourishments are meant to alleviate erosion problems by diffusing alongshore over decades and thus feeding adjacent beaches. The 21-st century morphological evolution of the Delfland coast, where the Sand Engine mega-nourishment was built in 2011, was simulated with the Q2Dmorfo model to assess the Sand Engine capacity to protect the area against the effects of MSLR. The calibrated and validated model was forced with historical wave and sea-level data and MSLR projections until 2100 corresponding to different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Results show that the Sand Engine diffusive trend will continue in forthcoming decades, with the feeding effect to adjacent beaches being less noticeable from 2050 onward. Superimposed to this alongshore diffusion, MSLR causes the shoreline to recede because of both passive-flooding and a net offshore sediment transport produced by wave reshaping and gravity. The existing feeding asymmetry enforces more sediment transport to the NE than to the SW, causing the former to remain stable whilst the SW shoreline retreats significantly, especially from 2050 onward. Sediment from the Sand Engine does not reach the beaches located more than 6 km to the SW, with a strong shoreline and profile recession in that area, as well as dune erosion. The uncertainties in the results are dominated by those related to the free model parameters up to 2050 whilst uncertainties in MSLR projections prevail from 2050 to 2100. This work has been funded by the Spanish government through the research projects RTI2018-093941-B-C31 and RTI2018-093941-B-C33 (MINECO/FEDER)

Cold extremes are anticipated to warm at a faster rate than both hot extremes and average temperatures for much of the Northern Hemisphere. Anomalously warm cold extremes can affect numerous sectors, including human health, tourism and various ecosystems that are sensitive to cold temperatures. Using a selection of global climate models, this paper explores the accelerated warming of seasonal cold extremes relative to seasonal mean temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics. The potential driving physical mechanisms are investigated by assessing conditions on or prior to the day when the cold extreme occurs to understand how the different environmental fields are related. During winter, North America, Europe and much of Eurasia show amplified warming of cold extremes projected for the late 21st century, compared to the mid-20th century. This is shown to be largely driven by reductions in cold air temperature advection, suggested as a likely consequence of Arctic amplification. In spring and autumn, cold extremes are expected to warm faster than average temperatures for most of the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes to high latitudes, particularly Alaska, northern Canada and northern Eurasia. In the shoulder seasons, projected decreases in snow cover and associated reductions in surface albedo are suggested as the largest contributor affecting the accelerated rates of warming in cold extremes. The key findings of this study improve our understanding of the environmental conditions that contribute to the accelerated warming of cold extremes relative to mean temperatures. This study was supported by the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes (grant CE170100023). Markus G. Donat received funding from the ARC (grant DE150100456) and the Spanish Ministry for the Economy, Industry and Competitiveness Ramón y Cajal 2017 grant reference RYC-2017-22964. We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme's Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modelling groups (listed in Table 1 of this paper) for producing and making their model output available.

Continued fossil fuel development puts existing assets at risk of exceeding the capacity compatible with limiting global warming below 2 °C. However, it has been argued that plant conversions and new abatement technologies may allow for a smoother transition. We quantify the impact of future technology availability on the need for fossil fuel power plants to be stranded, i.e. decommissioned or underused. Even with carbon capture and storage (CCS) and bioenergy widely deployed in the future, a total of 267 PWh electricity generation (ten times global electricity production in 2018) may still be stranded. Coal-to-gas conversions could prevent 10–30 PWh of stranded generation. CCS retrofits, combined with biomass co-firing, could prevent 33–68 PWh. In contrast, lack of deployment of CCS or bioenergy could increase stranding by 69 or 45 percent respectively. Stranding risks remain under optimistic technology assumptions and even more so if CCS and bioenergy are not deployed at scale.

Treballs Finals del Màster d'Economia, Facultat d'Economia i Empresa, Universitat de Barcelona. Curs: 2021-2022, Tutor: Josep Maria Izquierdo Aznar; Pedro Calleja Cortes, Greenhouse gas(GHGs) emissions have resulted in global warming which further leads to climate change. To reduce GHGs emissions, governors make attempts to create multilateral agreements among countries. Their failure of establishing sustainable agreements drives researchers to find fair and equitable distribution rules. Based on Emission Egalitarianism for each individual, this paper creatively generates the generalized constraint equal awards rule (GEA), provides corresponding algorithm to compute emission allocations from the GEA rule and points out several characteristics of this rule. To determine a fairer rule, this paper introduces Lorenz dominance and proved in n-agent case that the allocation provided by the GEA rule is Lorenz-undominated by all other allocations from any other rules. Furthermore, in a simplified 2-agent case this paper confirmed the allocations derived from the GEA rule Lorenz dominates all other allocations from any other rules.

Reproducció del document publicat a: https://theconversation.com/una-nueva-vida-para-el-co-asi-podemos-convertirlo-en-combustible-plastico-y-materiales-de-construccion-187570, Utilizar el dióxido de carbono para fabricar productos de uso masivo permite que este gas quede capturado y no sea emitido a la atmósfera.

9 pages, 4 figures, supplementary information https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10265-1.-- This work is a contribution to CSIC PTI Teledetect, Changes in the Earth’s water cycle can be estimated by analyzing sea surface salinity. This variable reflects the balance between precipitation and evaporation over the ocean, since the upper layers of the ocean are the most sensitive to atmosphere–ocean interactions. In situ measurements lack spatial and temporal synopticity and are typically acquired at few meters below the surface. Satellite measurements, on the contrary, are synoptic, repetitive and acquired at the surface. Here we show that the satellite-derived sea surface salinity measurements evidence an intensification of the water cycle (the freshest waters become fresher and vice-versa) which is not observed at the in-situ near-surface salinity measurements. The largest positive differences between surface and near-surface salinity trends are located over regions characterized by a decrease in the mixed layer depth and the sea surface wind speed, and an increase in sea surface temperature, which is consistent with an increased stratification of the water column due to global warming. These results highlight the crucial importance of using satellites to unveil critical changes on ocean–atmosphere fluxes, This work was supported in part by the Spanish R&D project L-BAND (ESP2017-89463-C3-1-R), which is funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and “ERDF A way of making Europe”, and project INTERACT (PID2020-114623RB-C31), which is funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. , and in part by the European Space Agency by means of the Contract SMOS ESL L2OS. We also acknowledge funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)

11 pages, 6 figures, supplementary information https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-021-00188-5.-- Data availability; The data generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author YRR on reasonable request, Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV) has been linked to the observed slowdown of global warming over 1998–2012 through its impact on the tropical Pacific. Given the global importance of tropical Pacific variability, better understanding this Atlantic–Pacific teleconnection is key for improving climate predictions, but the robustness and strength of this link are uncertain. Analyzing a multi-model set of sensitivity experiments, we find that models differ by a factor of 10 in simulating the amplitude of the Equatorial Pacific cooling response to observed AMV warming. The inter-model spread is mainly driven by different amounts of moist static energy injection from the tropical Atlantic surface into the upper troposphere. We reduce this inter-model uncertainty by analytically correcting models for their mean precipitation biases and we quantify that, following an observed 0.26 °C AMV warming, the equatorial Pacific cools by 0.11 °C with an inter-model standard deviation of 0.03 °C, Y.R.-R. was founded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program in the framework of the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant INADEC (Grant agreement 800154). E.M.-C. acknowledges funding from the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 projects PRIMAVERA (Grant Agreement 641727). X.L. has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement H2020-MSCA-COFUND-2016-754433. A.B. and D.N. acknowledge funding from the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 project EUCP (Grant agreement 776613). F.C. and G.D. were supported by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) under the Collaborative Research EaSM2 Grant OCE-1243015 to NCAR and by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Program Office under the Climate Variability and Predictability Program Grant NA13OAR4310138. NCAR is a major facility sponsored by the US NSF under Cooperative Agreement 1852977. [...] R.E., N.D., L.H., and D.S. were supported by the Met Office Hadley Center 522 Climate Program funded by BEIS and Defra and by the European Commission Horizon 2020 EUCP 523 project (GA 776613). J.L.-P. was funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program in the framework of the PRIMAVERA project (Grant Agreement 641727). J.R. and D.H. were funded by NERC via NCAS and the ACSIS project (NE/N018001/1), and JR was also funded by the NERC SMURPHS project (NE/N006054/1). M.M.-R. was funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program in the framework of the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant FESTIVAL (Grant agreement 797236). E.T. has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 748750 (SPFireSD project), With the funding support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI)

The enhanced warming trend and precipitation decline in the Mediterranean region make it a climate change hotspot. We compare projections of multiple Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and Phase 6 (CMIP6) historical and future scenario simulations to quantify the impacts of the already changing climate in the region. In particular, we investigate changes in temperature and precipitation during the 21st century following scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 for CMIP5 and SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 from CMIP6, as well as for the HighResMIP high-resolution experiments. A model weighting scheme is applied to obtain constrained estimates of projected changes, which accounts for historical model performance and inter-independence in the multi-model ensembles, using an observational ensemble as reference. Results indicate a robust and significant warming over the Mediterranean region during the 21st century over all seasons, ensembles and experiments. The temperature changes vary between CMIPs, CMIP6 being the ensemble that projects a stronger warming. The Mediterranean amplified warming with respect to the global mean is mainly found during summer. The projected Mediterranean warming during the summer season can span from 1.83 to 8.49 ∘C in CMIP6 and 1.22 to 6.63 ∘C in CMIP5 considering three different scenarios and the 50 % of inter-model spread by the end of the century. Contrarily to temperature projections, precipitation changes show greater uncertainties and spatial heterogeneity. However, a robust and significant precipitation decline is projected over large parts of the region during summer by the end of the century and for the high emission scenario (−49 % to −16 % in CMIP6 and −47 % to −22 % in CMIP5). While there is less disagreement in projected precipitation than in temperature between CMIP5 and CMIP6, the latter shows larger precipitation declines in some regions. Results obtained from the model weighting scheme indicate larger warming trends in CMIP5 and a weaker warming trend in CMIP6, thereby reducing the difference between the multi-model ensemble means from 1.32 ∘C before weighting to 0.68 ∘C after weighting.

Phytoplankton blooms in the Arctic marginal ice zone (MIZ) can be prolific dimethylsulfide (DMS) producers, thereby influencing regional aerosol formation and cloud radiative forcing. Here we describe the distribution of DMS and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) across the Baffin Bay receding ice edge in early summer 2016. Overall, DMS and total DMSP (DMSPt) increased towards warmer waters of Atlantic origin concurrently with more advanced ice-melt and bloom stages. Relatively high DMS and DMSPt (medians of 6.3 and 70 nM, respectively) were observed in the surface layer (0–9 m depth), and very high values (reaching 74 and 524 nM, respectively) at the subsurface biomass maximum (15–30 m depth). Microscopic and pigment analyses indicated that subsurface DMS and DMSPt peaks were associated with Phaeocystis pouchetii, which bloomed in Atlantic-influenced waters and reached unprecedented biomass levels in Baffin Bay. In surface waters, DMS concentrations and DMS:DMSPt ratios were higher in the MIZ (medians of 12 nM and 0.15, respectively) than in fully ice-covered or ice-free conditions, potentially associated with enhanced phytoplanktonic DMSP release and bacterial DMSP cleavage (high dddP:dmdA gene ratios). Mean sea–air DMS fluxes (µmol m–2 d–1) increased from 0.3 in ice-covered waters to 10 in open waters (maximum of 26) owing to concurrent trends in near-surface DMS concentrations and physical drivers of gas exchange. Using remotely sensed sea-ice coverage and a compilation of sea–air DMS flux data, we estimated that the pan-Arctic DMS emission from the MIZ (EDMS, MIZ) was 5–13 Gg S yr–1. North of 80°N, EDMS, MIZ might have increased by around 10 ± 4% yr–1 between 2003 and 2014, likely exceeding open-water emissions in June and July. We conclude that EDMS, MIZ must be taken into account to evaluate plankton-climate feedbacks in the Arctic. We acknowledge funding from AGAUR (Generalitat de Catalunya) Beatriu de Pinós postdoctoral fellowship program (MG), the Canada Excellence Research Chair in Remote Sensing of Canada’s New Arctic Frontier (MB), the Canada Research Chair on Ocean Biogeochemistry and Climate and an NSERC Discovery Grant Program and Northern Research Supplement Program (MLe), NETCARE (NSERC Climate Change and Atmospheric Research program, MLe), the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF-OCE 1756907, DJK), Marie Curie Actions-International Outgoing Fellowship (PIOF-GA-2013-629378, JD), and ArcticNet (The Network of Centres of Excellence of Canada). This is a contribution to the research program of Québec-Océan and the Takuvik Joint International Laboratory (CNRS-France & Université Laval-Canada).

Under the influence of global warming, heatwaves are becoming a major threat in many parts of the world, affecting human health and mortality, food security, forest fires, biodiversity, energy consumption, as well as the production and transportation networks. Seasonal forecasting is a promising tool to help mitigate these impacts on society. Previous studies have highlighted some predictive capacity of seasonal forecast systems for specific strong heatwaves such as those of 2003 and 2010. To our knowledge, this study is thus the first of its kind to systematically assess the prediction skill of heatwaves over Europe in a state-of-the-art seasonal forecast system. One major prerequisite to do so is to appropriately define heatwaves. Existing heatwave indices, built to measure heatwave duration and severity, are often designed for specific impacts and thus have limited robustness for an analysis of heatwave variability. In this study, we investigate the seasonal prediction skill of European summer heatwaves in the ECMWF System 5 operational forecast system by means of several dedicated metrics, as well as its added-value compared to a simple statistical model based on the linear trend. We are able to show, for the first time, that seasonal forecasts initialized in early May can provide potentially useful information of summer heatwave propensity, which is the tendency of a season to be predisposed to the occurrence of heatwaves. This work is a contribution to the HyMeX program through the project ERA4CS-MEDSCOPE, co-funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Program of the European Union (Grant agreement 690462). Chloe Prodhomme and Javier García-Serrano were supported by the Spanish Juan de la Cierva (IJCI-2016-30802) and Ramon y Cajal (RYC-2016-21181) programs, respectively. Rachel H. White received funding from the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement 797961.

Aquest document pretén explicar i ajudar a la comprensió del clima a la ciutat de Barcelona utilitzant mètodes estadístics. Mitjançant aquest anàlisi, es realitzaran algunes prediccions de temperatures pels pròxims anys. Tots els mètodes estadístics i eines de càlcul utilitzades per estudiar les diferents variables han sigut descrits abans de l’inici de l’anàlisi. D’altra banda, per posar en context l’estudi de les temperatures i la precipitació acumulada, a la primera part del treball es defineixen les variables meteorològiques més rellevants i els climes existents al planeta Terra, aprofundint sobretot en el clima existent a Barcelona, el Mediterrani. A més, s’analitzen y calculen valors y estadístics per altres variables relacionades amb l’escalfament global i el canvi climàtic, com l’anomalia de la temperatura mitjana global, les emissions de gasos d’efecte hivernacle i el nivell del mar. Per acabar, s’aprofundeix en l’impacte ambiental de l’augment de la temperatura superficial del planeta i en la normativa creada a diferents nivells per intentar mitigar els efectes d’aquests escalfament. Este documento pretende explicar y ayudar a la comprensión del clima en la ciudad de Barcelona usando métodos estadísticos. Mediante este análisis, se realizarán algunas predicciones de temperaturas para los próximos años. Todos los métodos estadísticos y herramientas de cálculo usados para el estudio de las distintas variables han sido descritos antes del inicio del análisis. Por otro lado, para poner en contexto el estudio de las temperaturas y la precipitación acumulada, en la primera parte del trabajo se definen las variables meteorológicas más relevantes y los varios climas existentes en el planeta Tierra, profundizando sobre todo en el clima existente en Barcelona, el Mediterráneo. Además, se analizan y calculan valores y estadísticos para otras variables relacionadas con el calentamiento global y el cambio climático, como la anomalía de la temperatura media global, las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y el nivel del mar. Para finalizar, se profundiza en el impacto ambiental del aumento de la temperatura superficial del planeta y en la normativa creada a distintos niveles para intentar mitigar los efectos de este calentamiento. This document aims to explain and help the understanding of the climate in the city of Barcelona using statistical methods. Through this analysis, some temperature predictions will be made for the next few years. All the statistical methods and calculation tools used for the study of the different variables have been described before the beginning of the analysis. On the other hand, to put into context the study of temperatures and accumulated precipitation, in the first part of the work the most relevant meteorological variables and the various climates existing on planet Earth are defined, especially deepening the existing climate in Barcelona, the Mediterranean. In addition, values and statistics are analyzed and calculated for other variables related to global warming and climate change, such as the anomaly of the global mean temperature, greenhouse gas emissions and sea level. Finally, it delves into the environmental impact of the increase in the planet's surface temperature and the regulations created at different levels to try to mitigate the effects of this warming. Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::14 - Vida Submarina

This paper documents the global climate model EC-Earth3-AerChem, one of the members of the EC-Earth3 family of models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). EC-Earth3-AerChem has interactive aerosols and atmospheric chemistry and contributes to the Aerosols and Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP). In this paper, we give an overview of the model, describe in detail how it differs from the other EC-Earth3 configurations, and outline the new features compared with the previously documented version of the model (EC-Earth 2.4). We explain how the model was tuned and spun up under preindustrial conditions and characterize the model's general performance on the basis of a selection of coupled simulations conducted for CMIP6. The net energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere in the preindustrial control simulation is on average −0.09 W m−2 with a standard deviation due to interannual variability of 0.25 W m−2, showing no significant drift. The global surface air temperature in the simulation is on average 14.08 ∘C with an interannual standard deviation of 0.17 ∘C, exhibiting a small drift of 0.015 ± 0.005 ∘C per century. The model's effective equilibrium climate sensitivity is estimated at 3.9 ∘C, and its transient climate response is estimated at 2.1 ∘C. The CMIP6 historical simulation displays spurious interdecadal variability in Northern Hemisphere temperatures, resulting in a large spread across ensemble members and a tendency to underestimate observed annual surface temperature anomalies from the early 20th century onwards. The observed warming of the Southern Hemisphere is well reproduced by the model. Compared with the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) Reanalysis version 5 (ERA5), the surface air temperature climatology for 1995–2014 has an average bias of −0.86 ± 0.05 ∘C with a standard deviation across ensemble members of 0.35 ∘C in the Northern Hemisphere and 1.29 ± 0.02 ∘C with a corresponding standard deviation of 0.05 ∘C in the Southern Hemisphere. The Southern Hemisphere warm bias is largely caused by errors in shortwave cloud radiative effects over the Southern Ocean, a deficiency of many climate models. Changes in the emissions of near-term climate forcers (NTCFs) have significant effects on the global climate from the second half of the 20th century onwards. For the SSP3-7.0 Shared Socioeconomic Pathway, the model gives a global warming at the end of the 21st century (2091–2100) of 4.9 ∘C above the preindustrial mean. A 0.5 ∘C stronger warming is obtained for the AerChemMIP scenario with reduced emissions of NTCFs. With concurrent reductions of future methane concentrations, the warming is projected to be reduced by 0.5 ∘C. The development of EC-Earth3 and ECEarth3-AerChem has benefitted from services provided by the ISENES3 project, which received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program (grant agreement no. 824084). Jukka-Pekka Keskinen and Risto Makkonen wish to acknowledge the IT Center for Science, Finland (CSC) for software support and computational resources. María Gonçalves-Ageitos and Carlos Pérez García-Pando acknowledge the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe (PRACE) and the Spanish Supercomputing Network (RES) for awarding access to MareNostrum at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC). Financial support. Twan van Noije, Tommi Bergman, Philippe Le Sager, and Jost von Hardenberg acknowledge funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program (CRESCENDO, grant agreement no. 641816). María GonçalvesAgeitos and Carlos Pérez García-Pando acknowledge funding from the European Research Council (FRAGMENT, grant agreement no. 773051); the AXA Research Fund; and the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (grant agreement nos. RYC-2015- 18690 and CGL2017-88911-R). Roland Schrödner acknowledges funding from the strategic research area MERGE (Modelling the Regional and Global Earth system). Peer Reviewed Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima::13.3 - Millorar l’educació, la conscienciació i la capacitat humana i institucional en relació amb la mitigació del canvi climàtic, l’adaptació a aquest, la reducció dels efectes i l’alerta primerenca Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima

Microwave radiometry at L-band is sensitive to sea ice thickness (SIT) up to ∼ 60 cm. Current methods to infer SIT depend on ice-physical properties and data provided by the ESA’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission. However, retrieval accuracy is limited due to seasonally and regionally variable surface conditions during the formation and melting of sea ice. In this work, Arctic sea ice is segmented using a Bayesian unsupervised learning algorithm aiming to recognize spatial patterns by harnessing multi-incidence angle brightness temperature observations. The approach considers both statistical characteristics and spatial correlations of the observations. The temporal stability and separability of classes are analyzed to distinguish ambiguous from well-determined regions. Model uncertainty is quantified from class membership probabilities using information entropy. The presented approach opens up a new scope to improve current SIT retrieval algorithms, and can be particularly beneficial to investigate merged satellite products., There are no perceived conicts of inter-est for the lead author or coauthors. The lead author received the support of a fellowship from “la Caixa” Foundation (ID 100010434). The fellowship code is LCF/BQ/DI18/11660050. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 713673. It was also funded through the award “Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu” MDM-2016-0600, by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the project “L-band” ESP2017-89463-C3-2-R, and the project “Sensing with Pioneering Opportunistic Techniques (SPOT)” RTI2018-099008-B-C21/AEI/10.13039/501100011033

[eng] Climate change has emerged as one of the greatest and most pervasive threats that our natural heritage will have to face in the coming decades. Together with other anthropogenic pressures such as pollution, overfishing or habitat degradation, climate change is causing enormous impacts on oceans, affecting all kind of marine communities and driving major losses to biodiversity. In this framework of global change, the Mediterranean Sea, which has been identified as one of the major hotspots of marine biodiversity, has also become a hotspot of climate change. Consequently, some of its most emblematic and ecologically important communities are now under threat. This is the case of the coralligenous assemblages, which are temperate benthic communities which stand out for their great structural complexity and exceptional biodiversity (they harbour approximately 10% of Mediterranean species). Most of the constituent species of these communities exhibit high longevity and slow population dynamics. Consequently, they are especially vulnerable to disturbances that increase adults mortality. In fact, thermal anomalies linked to ocean warming have impacted the coralligenous assemblages in several ways during last decades, triggering changes that go from the observed mass mortalities of benthic organisms to potential changes at the community and ecosystem levels. However, despite the increasing interest of the scientific community to conserve the coralligenous, how these benthic communities are responding to climate change at the community level is poorly understood. In this thesis, we have taken this leap by integrating responses from species to the ecosystem level, through populations and communities. In particular, we have combined field observations of ecological and environmental changes, aquaria experiments, ecological theory, and cutting-edge quantitative research to improve our understanding of the bio-ecological consequences of ocean warming for Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages. In the first three chapters, we gathered field and experimental data on sensitivity of several coralligenous species and populations to marine heatwaves (MHWs) by conducting a literature review on previous mass mortality events occurred in the Mediterranean and by carrying out scaled-up thermotolerance experiments. The results of Chapter 1 revealed contrasting patterns of sensitivity to MHWs among different coralligenous species and populations. The posterior multi-specific thermotolerance experiment (including corals, sponges and tunicates) conducted in Chapter 2 confirmed the high response diversity to warming among co-occurring species observed in the field. These results demonstrate that co-occurring species that are taxonomically and morpho- functionally similar can have contrasting thermotolerances. Moreover, the observed patterns suggest that coralligenous assemblages could have certain degree of insurance against MHWs, since the decline of sensitive species could potentially be compensated by other functionally similar species that are more resistant. The results of the multi- population thermal experiment conducted in Chapter 3 with 12 populations of the red gorgonian Paramuricea clavata (Risso, 1826) revealed that this species, which has a key habitat-forming role in coralligenous assemblages, is highly sensitive to thermal stress across its distributional range. Moreover, we found little local adaptation to average thermal regime and little acclimatization to local above-average warm temperatures prior to the experiment. These findings, which were obtained at a spatial scale never addressed before (> 2000 km) for P. clavata, question the adaptive potential of this species to climate change. In Chapter 4, we further explored the vulnerability of Mediterranean habitat- forming octocorals to climate change by exploring the long-term recovery capacity of Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758) and P. clavata from recurrent MHWs. We explored the long-term trajectories (15 years) of different populations that were firstly impacted by the 2003-MHW in terms of changes in biomass, density and size structure. We found that all impacted populations have followed collapse trajectories. These results further highlight the high vulnerability of these species to the ongoing climate change. Finally, we took the leap from species and populations to the community and ecosystem levels in Chapter 5, to explore if MHWs have driven changes in the functional community structure of coralligenous assemblages, which could imply changes for ecosystem functioning. Specifically, we conducted a multi-taxa, trait-based analysis and found that MHW are shifting the functional identity of coralligenous assemblages (i.e., dominant functional traits). Interestingly, the observed changes were driven primarily by the decline of a single functional group (habitat-forming octocorals), whose species are functionally unique. Consequently, by severely affecting habitat-forming octocorals, MHWs are leading to assemblages that are deficient in key functional traits, likely causing changes in ecosystem functioning. Overall, this thesis provides an integrated, long-term view of the interconnected responses to ocean warming found in coralligenous assemblages. The combined results of this thesis suggest that despite structural changes induced by climate change, most ecosystem functions count on certain degree of insurance against MHWs. However, some essential functions (e.g., 3D-habitat provision) could be highly compromised or even totally disappear, threatening the overall assemblage stability. Given the current climate change trends, identifying and preserving the mechanisms that maintain essential ecosystem functions and the overall ecosystem stability is critical. In this thesis, we have identified the general loss of arborescent octocorals as the greatest disruptive process for coralligenous assemblages. Therefore, the future trajectories of these emblematic Mediterranean communities will greatly depend on the design and implementation of measures that favour the conservation and adaptive management of these key habitat-forming species in the face of climate change.

Desde finales de la década de los años 70 del siglo pasado la temperatura global del aire en superficie está aumentando de un modo nítido. Una tendencia a la que los test al uso atribuyen significación estadística con un nivel de confianza muy alto.

En el entorno global del calentamiento global y la Conferencia de Copenhague, el tema de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero se ha convertido en un foco de atención de todos los países. La UE es la comunidad económica y política más importante. También es una importante organización de emisión de carbono. Cómo hacer frente al consumo de energía, la relación de coordinación entre el crecimiento económico y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero es particularmente importante. Con el desarrollo de las energías renovables, la estructura de consumo de energía de la UE se ha vuelto más diversa. Sin embargo, después de la crisis económica, las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero han mostrado una tendencia creciente en los últimos años a medida que la economía se recupera y la demanda de energía se intensifica. Este artículo analiza principalmente las características actuales del consumo de energía, el crecimiento económico y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de los 15 estados miembros de la UE antes de 2004 y los 10 nuevos estados miembros que se unieron después de 2004 en 2007-2017. Primero, use métodos estadísticos descriptivos para estudiar las posibles relaciones entre los tres. Luego use el software SPSS para realizar análisis de regresión lineal múltiple en los tres. Determina la ecuación lineal entre los tres. Al mismo tiempo, se realiza un análisis comparativo del impacto ambiental entre los 15 países de la UE y los otros 10 nuevos estados miembros. Además refleja la diferencia en el desarrollo económico y la protección del medio ambiente entre los países desarrollados y en desarrollo. Finalmente, se realiza un análisis de series de tiempo de los datos de los 25 países de la UE, y se obtiene la correlación lineal de los tres datos de 2007 a 2017. Se puede concluir que después de la crisis económica de 2008, los tres datos han caído levemente. Sin embargo, con la recuperación económica de los últimos años, el consumo de energía y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero han mostrado una tendencia al alza. Existe una correlación positiva entre el PIB solo, el consumo de energía y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. El impacto medioambiental de los 10 nuevos estados miembros de la UE es más grave que el de los 15 países de la UE. En l'entorn global de l'escalfament global i la Conferència de Copenhaguen, el tema de les emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle s'ha convertit en un focus d'atenció de tots els països. La UE és la comunitat econòmica i política més important. També és una important organització d'emissió de carboni. Com fer front a el consum d'energia, la relació de coordinació entre el creixement econòmic i les emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle és particularment important. Amb el desenvolupament de les energies renovables, l'estructura de consum d'energia de la UE s'ha tornat més diversa. No obstant això, després de la crisi econòmica, les emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle han mostrat una tendència creixent en els últims anys a mesura que l'economia es recupera i la demanda d'energia s'intensifica. Aquest article analitza principalment les característiques actuals de l'consum d'energia, el creixement econòmic i les emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle dels 15 estats membres de la UE abans de 2004 i els 10 nous estats membres que es van unir després de 2004 a 2007-2017 . Primer, utilitzeu mètodes estadístics descriptius per estudiar les possibles relacions entre els tres. Després utilitzeu el programari SPSS per realitzar anàlisis de regressió lineal múltiple en els tres. Determina l'equació lineal entre els tres. A el mateix temps, es realitza una anàlisi comparativa de l'impacte ambiental entre els 15 països de la UE i els altres 10 nous estats membres. A més reflecteix la diferència en el desenvolupament econòmic i la protecció de l'entorn entre els països desenvolupats i en desenvolupament. Finalment, es realitza una anàlisi de sèries de temps de les dades dels 25 països de la UE, i s'obté la correlació lineal dels tres dades de 2007 a 2017. Es pot concloure que després de la crisi econòmica de 2008, els tres dades han caigut lleument. No obstant això, amb la recuperació econòmica dels últims anys, el consum d'energia i les emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle han mostrat una tendència a l'alça. Hi ha una correlació positiva entre el PIB sol, el consum d'energia i les emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle. L'impacte mediambiental dels 10 nous estats membres de la UE és més greu que el dels 15 països de la UE. In the global environment of global warming and the Copenhagen Conference, the issue of greenhouse gas emissions has become a focus of attention of all countries. The EU is the most important economic and political community. It is also a major carbon emission organization. How to deal with energy consumption, the coordination relationship between economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions is particularly important. With the development of renewable energy, the EU's energy consumption structure has become more diverse. However, after the economic crisis, greenhouse gas emissions have shown an increasing trend in recent years as the economy recovers and the demand for energy intensifies. This article mainly analyzes the current characteristics of energy consumption, economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions from the 15 EU member states before 2004 and the 10 new member states that joined after 2004 in 2007-2017. First, use descriptive statistical methods to study the possible relationships among the three. Then use SPSS software to perform multiple linear regression analysis on the three. Determine the linear equation between the three. At the same time, a comparative analysis of the environmental impact between the EU-15 countries and the other 10 new member states is carried out. It further reflects the difference in economic development and environmental protection between developing and developed countries. Finally, a time series analysis of the data of the 25 EU countries is carried out, and the linear correlation of the three data from 2007 to 2017 is obtained. It can be concluded that after the economic crisis in 2008, all three data have dropped slightly. However, with the economic recovery in recent years, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions have shown an upward trend. There is a positive correlation between GDP alone, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The environmental impact of the 10 new EU member states is more serious than that of the EU-15 countries. Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant

Concerns about the unequal distribution of greenhouse gas emissions attributable to mobility are gaining increasing attention in scholarly analyses as well as in the public policy arena. The factors influencing the emissions of individuals are largely undocumented, but they are assumed to be the same for all, be they low or high emitters. We use a household travel survey conducted in the metropolitan area of Barcelona to differentiate the factors that result in different rates of emission. It shows that the top 10% of emitters produce 49% of total emissions while ‘non-daily’ emitters make up 38.5% of the sample. We adopt a quantile regression approach, which reveals significant socioeconomic differences between groups of emitters. Gender, income and home-municipality type are influential in accounting for CO 2 emissions for all groups. Educational level appears to be less significant, and occupation shows no significance at all. The study confirms the ineffective nature of toll policy design in the area. Overall, socioeconomic factors have different impacts on different emitting groups, but these characteristics do not impact equally across all the population. Quantile regression using mobility survey data gathered from various cities would provide useful evidence for improving the design of urban mobility policies.

2019 IMEKO TC-19 International Workshop on Metrology for the Sea (MetroSea 2019), 3-5 October 2019, Genova, Italy.-- 5 pages, 6 figures, Average global land and ocean surface temperature has stepped up since 2014 above the average. The Mediterranean Sea temperature follows this global trend. The effects of the warming on coastal areas in the Mediterranean are worrying, as they are biodiversity hotspots. Atypical warmer summer periods in the Mediterranean have been pointed out as potential drivers of massive mortalities of deep-sea organisms. Multi-sensor mooring arrays are fundamental to assess the magnitude and effects of water warming. Analysis of long-term oceanographic and biogeochemical data collected in two fixed coastal observation stations in northwestern Mediterranean Sea reveals that marine oligotrophy has intensified since 2014, with increasing water temperature by 0.25°C, greater transparency and an earlier starting of the summer conditions. Phytoplankton biomass and nutrients show no apparent change of trends. Further studies are required to assess an eventual mismatch between the life cycles of the organisms and the expected environmental conditions. These fixed stations may be considered as reference monitoring locations to assess the effects of water warming on marine ecosystem functioning, Support provided the Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC) and the Spanish research projects CTM2008-03983, CTM2011-23458 and CTM201454648-C2-1, to keep the OOCS functional between 2009 and 2018, is acknowledged

El Consejo de Ministros aprobó en enero el acuerdo de Declaración ante la Emergencia Climática y Ambiental en España, mientras que el Congreso de los Diputados lo hizo en septiembre del año pasado. Ambas instituciones se suman al creciente número de administraciones públicas de todo el mundo –el Parlamento Europeo, gobiernos de estados y regionales, ayuntamientos, etc.– así como instituciones de todo tipo, entre ellas universidades, que aprobaron en 2019 declaraciones de emergencia climática.

Special issue Selected Papers from the 2019 IMEKO TC-19 International Workshop on Metrology for the Sea.-- 17 pages, 11 figures, 1 table, 1 appendix, supplementary material https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092658, Since 2014, the global land and sea surface temperature has scaled 0.23 °C above the decadal average (2009–2018). Reports indicate that Mediterranean Sea temperatures have been rising at faster rates than in the global ocean. Oceanographic time series of physical and biogeochemical data collected from an onboard and a multisensor mooring array in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Blanes submarine canyon, Balearic Sea) during 2009–2018 revealed an abrupt temperature rising since 2014, in line with regional and global warming. Since 2014, the oligotrophic conditions of the water column have intensified, with temperature increasing 0.61 °C on the surface and 0.47 °C in the whole water column in continental shelf waters. Water transparency has increased due to a decrease in turbidity anomaly of −0.1 FTU. Since 2013, inshore chlorophyll a concentration remained below the average (−0.15 mg·l−1) and silicates showed a declining trend. The mixed layer depth showed deepening in winter and remained steady in summer. The net surface heat fluxes did not show any trend linked to the local warming, probably due to the influence of incoming offshore waters produced by the interaction between the Northern Current and the submarine canyon. Present regional and global water heating pattern is increasing the stress of highly diverse coastal ecosystems at unprecedented levels, as reported by the literature. The strengthening of the oligotrophic conditions in the study area may also apply as a cautionary warning to similar coastal ecosystems around the world following the global warming trend, The OOCS was initially funded by the Spanish National Research Project OAMMS Ref. CTM2008-03983 (PI. A.C). The research projects ADEPT Ref. CTM2011-23458 Ref. CTM2008-03983 (PI. F.P) and CONECTA Ref. CTM2014-54648-C2−1-R (PI J.B.C) partially contributed to the OOCS operations, With the funding support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI)

Resoldre l’actual crisi climàtica és un dels grans reptes que la humanitat té plantejats. L’escalfament global ens situa en un punt d'inflexió, posa en qüestió el model socioeconòmic i fa paleses les desigualtats que aquest model comporta. Les causes d’aquesta crisi estan íntimament relacionades amb el model de desenvolupament capitalista que concep la natura com a recurs. A través d'aquest pensament que planteja la humanitat i el medi com a ens separats, es comprèn la Terra i tot el que en ella viu com a recursos apropiables i explotables i al voltant d'aquesta explotació s’ha creat un fals paradigma de creixement econòmic il·limitat, totalment incompatible amb un planeta finit. El creixement ha anat lligat a un model productiu occidental masculinitzat, que ha oblidat permanentment la seva contrapart, el principi femení, històricament associat a les dones per ser-ne les principals executores. La feminitat entesa com aquell compendi de valors creatius i no violents que manté la vida i s’encarrega de les tasques reproductives i les cures. Com a productes socialment construïts, la dicotomia masculí/femení o valors productius/valors reproductius, ens ajuda a enfocar en clau de gènere la crisi i a analitzar tant les seves causes, com també les conseqüències i els espais de solució. De la mateixa manera que diversos estudis evidencien que les dones pateixen més intensament les conseqüències del canvi climàtic, resulta il·lustratiu veure que els espais de solució com la UNFCCC es troben altament masculinitzats. No tan sols en relació al pensament predominant, sinó també pel nombre de dones que hi participen. Davant la impossibilitat que suposa resoldre una crisi causada pel productivisme masculí imperant mitjançant aquesta mateixa manera d'entendre el món, cal recuperar el principi femení de les cures i plantejar una forma alternativa de relacionar-nos

The carbon footprint of synthetic natural gas production from biogas catalytic methanation was determined. The material and energy data inputs required to produce 1 kWh of synthetic natural gas were experimentally collected from a pilot plant operating in a waste water treatment plant as a relevant environment. The experimental plant had a capacity of 37 kW and consisted of biogas and water conditioning, water electrolysis and 2-step carbon dioxide catalytic methanation unit, by compact technology of micro-reactor and micro-size catalysts al mild pressure conditions. The technology evaluated in this study is ready for scalability to MW-scale. The carbon footprint was evaluated by means of the Global Warming potential impact in kg CO2-eq/kWh. Life Cycle Assessment methodology was used according to ISO:14040 and ISO:14067 thorough Ecoinvent data. The carbon footprint analysis showed that producing synthetic natural gas using the current electricity mix led to high carbon impact. However, the utilization of renewable electricity sources and a more efficient electrolyzer technology is able to reduce the carbon footprint to 0.100 kg CO2-eq/kWh. This value represents an interesting reduction of the climate change impact of 57%, using currently available technologies. Therefore, synthetic natural gas from biogas catalytic methanation process represents a feasible option to partially decarbonize the gas grid infrastructure. In this way, synthetic natural gas can support the penetration of random renewable sources by allowing its seasonal storage, as well as, to provide a low-carbon gas alternative.