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This study aimed to evaluate the in sacco nutrient degradability of total mixed ration (TMR) silage containing intact and defatted black soldier fly (BSF) larvae. The study evaluated four dietary treatments and six replications. The treatments consisted of control TMR silage without BSF larvae (R1), 20% intact BSF larvae + 80% TMR silage (R2), 20% chemically defatted BSF larvae + 80% TMR silage (R3), and 20% mechanically defatted BSF larvae + 80% TMR silage (R4). Samples were placed in polyester bags and incubated in the rumen in sacco up to 72 h. Nutrient degradability was evaluated for each time point interval. Results revealed that the lowest dry matter degradability (DMD) was found in R1 compared to all treatments (p < 0.05), while the highest DMD was found in R2 (p < 0.05). The highest organic matter degradability was found in R2 compared to R1, R3 and R4 (p < 0.05). Addition of BSF larvae to TMR silage increased the crude protein degradability (p < 0.05). In conclusion, inclusion of both intact and defatted BSF larvae into TMR silage did not have any adverse effects on nutrient profiles and showed a good nutrient degradation values in the rumen.

This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the effects of glycerine supplementation at various concentrations on performance, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and product characteristics of beef and dairy cattle in vivo by using a quantitative meta‐analysis approach. Meta‐analysis was performed by integrating a total of 52 studies from 39 articles and 182 treatments into a database. Data were constructed into an intact database and did not distinguish between beef and dairy cattle, except for the parameters of production performance and product characteristics. Data summarized were analysed by using a statistical meta‐analysis that employed a fixed effect of glycerine supplementation level and a random effect of various studies for both beef and dairy cattle. Significance of an effect was stated at the probability level of p < .05, and p < .1 was considered as a tendency of significant. Results revealed that there was a linear decrease on dry matter intake (p < .01) and daily gain (p < .05) of beef cattle with the increasing levels of glycerine supplementation. Glycerine supplementation did not decrease milk production of lactating dairy cows. Molar proportion of acetate in the rumen was decreased (p < .001), whereas propionate and butyrate proportions were increased (both at p < .001) by glycerine supplementation. Generally, glycerine did not change nutrient digestibility except that it reduced fibre digestibility (p < .001). Glycerine supplementation linearly lowered triglyceride and NEFA concentrations (both at p < .05) in the blood serum, but not other blood metabolites. Glycerine tended to linearly increase (p < .1) carcass percentage in beef cattle. Increasing dietary glycerine levels decreased milk fat (p < .01) but elevated milk protein (p < .001). Glycerine tended to increase milk lactose (p < .1) by following a quadratic pattern. The proportion of MUFA was increased quadratically by glycerine supplementation (p < .05), whereas glycerine tended to decrease SFA by following a quadratic pattern (p < .1).

Chitosan (CHI) has been used as a feed additive in ruminant diets, but the effects obtained to date have been varied. This study aimed to evaluate the dietary addition of CHI on performance, nutrient utilization, and product characteristics of ruminants by using a meta-analysis approach. A total of 15 articles that composed of 21 studies and 57 data points were included in the database. Number of articles reported the effects of dietary CHI addition were six on beef cattle, seven on dairy cows, and two papers on sheep. Data analysis was based on the mixed model methodology, in which CHI addition levels were considered as fixed effects whereas different studies were treated as random effects. Results revealed that, across various studies, CHI decreased ruminal acetate proportion (p 0.05) and increased propionate proportion (p 0.01). Dry matter and crude protein digestibility were elevated due to CHI addition (p 0.05). CHI decreased blood cholesterol level (p 0.05) and increased monounsaturated fatty acid proportion in the milk (p 0.05). However, CHI addition had no effect on dry matter intake, milk production, and milk efficiency of ruminants. In conclusion, CHI is able to modify rumen fermentation towards a favorable direction, but it limitedly affects performance of ruminants.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the body composition, nutrient uptake in mammary gland and milk amino acid profile of lactating Etawah Crossbred goats fed by tempeh by product. Twelve lactating goats were randomly allocated into three groups which fed by ration containing concentrate (R1), concentrate plus 25% fresh tempeh waste (R2) and concentrate plus 25% fermented tempeh waste (R3). Tempeh waste was fermented by Aspergillus niger. Kinggrass was given 50% of the total ration for all groups. Urea space technique was used to measure body composition before and after the experiment was done. Milk production was calculated two times a day during two months after giving birth (postpartum). Total milk protein and amino acid, whey and casein were analyzed by kjeldahl method and amino acid analyzer respectively. Nutrient uptake in mammary gland was calculated base on Fick principles. Result showed that there was significantly different on body weight, but on body water, protein and fat had no significant difference between the treatments. The best milk production was found in fermented tempeh waste group. Concentration of glutamic acid was dominant than other essential amino acids in whole milk and casein but there were no significant difference between groups for those essential amino acid profile. It was concluded that fermented tempeh waste could substitute 50% of total concentrate and had the highest body weight, milk yield and nutrient uptake in the mammary gland of lactating Etawah Crossbred goats. Key words: body composition, fermentation, lactating PE goat, nutrient uptake, tempeh waste DAFTAR PUSTAKA Astuti DA & Sastradipradja D. 1998. Measurement of body composition using slaughter technique and urea-space in local sheep. Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Science. 3: 1-9 Astuti DA & Sastradipradja D. 1999. Evaluation of body composition using urea dilution and slaughter technique of growing Priangan sheep. Media Veteriner. 6 (3) : 5-9. Astuti DA, Sastradipradja D & Sutardi T. 2000. Nutrient balance and glucose metabolism of female growing, late pregnant and lactating ettawah crossbred goats. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 13:8: 1068-1077 Astuti DA& Wina E. 2002. Protein balance and excreation of purine derivatives in urine of lactating etawah crossbred goats fed with tempe waste. Jurnal Peternakan dan Veteriner. 7(3) : 162-166 Astuti DA, Baba AS & Wibawan IWT. 2011. Rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and performance of sheep fed tropical browse plants. Media Peternakan. 34 (3) : 201-206 Astuti DA & Sudarman A. 2015. Status fisiologi, profil darah dan komposisi tubuh domba yang diberi minyak lemuru tersaponifikasi dan disalut dengan herbal. Buletin Peternakan. 39 (2): 116-122. Badan Pengendalian Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan Daerah. 2000. Laporan Pertanggungjawaban Pembangunan Instalasi Pengolahan Limbah Cair Industri Tahu Tempe PRIMKOPTI Ngoto Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta (ID) : Setwilda Propinsi DIY Bishop JM, Hill, DJ, & Hosking CS. 1990. Goat milk does not suppress the immune system. Journal of Pediatrics. 116: 862-867 Bruhn JC, FST & Davis CA. 1999. Dairy goat milk composition. https://drinc.ucdavis.edu/goat-dairy-foods/dairy-goat-milk-composition Cant JP, DePeters EJ & Baldwin RL, 1993. Mammary amino acid utilization in dairy cows fed fat and its relationship to milk protein depression. Journal of Dairy Science. 76 (3) :762-774 Chaiyabutr N, Komolvanich S, Preuksagorn S & Chanpongsang S. 2000. Comparative studies on the utilization of glucose in the mammary gland of crossbred holstein cattle feeding on different types of roughage during different stages of lactation. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 13 (3): 334 – 347. Laconi EB, & Jayanegara A. 2015. Improving nutritional quality of cocoa pod (theobroma cacao) through chemical and biological treatments for ruminant feeding: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences Open Access. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.13.0798. Lehninger AL. 1982. Principles of Biochemistry. New York (US): Woth Publisher, Inc. NRC. 1990. Nutrient Requirement of Goat. Washington (US): National Academy of Science. Panaretto BA & Till A.R.. 1963. Body compositition in vivo. II. The composition of mature goats and its relationship to the antypyrene, tritiated water and acetyl-4-aminoantipyrene spaces. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 14 (6): 926 – 943 Park YW. 1991. Goat milk as a substitute for those who are lactose intolerant. Journal of Dairy Science 74:3326-3333 Riis PM. 1983. Dynamic Biochemistry of Animal Production. New York (US): Elsevier Science Rovanis. 1995. Letters in applied microbiology. Journal of Milk and Food Technology. 20 (3): 164-167 Steel RGD & Torrie JH, 1993. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. New York (US): McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. Shapiro BA, Harrison RA & Walton JR, 1982. Clinical Application of Blood Gas. 3rd ed. London (UK): Book Medical Publishers, Inc. Waghorn GC & Baldwin, RL. 1984. Model of metabolic flux within mammary gland of the lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 67: 531-544

This study examined the supplementation effects of gliricidia leaves (GL, Gliricidia sepium ), lerak fruit (LF, Sapindus rarak ), or hibiscus leaves (HL, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ) on in vitro rumen fermentation and methanogenesis and made a comparison with the Napier grass (NG, Pennisetum purpureum ) grass. In vitro rumen fermentation was designed according to a randomized complete block design with four replications and seven treatments: NG, GL, LF, HL, NG 70% + GL 30%, NG 70% + LF 30% and NG 70% + HL 30%. The generated data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Duncan’s multiple range test and compared among treatment means. Addition of a plant containing saponin such as LF or HL to NG did not alter gas production after 24 and 48 h of incubation period in comparison to NG alone. The HL alone or blended with NG produced the highest IVOMD during the fermentation process as compared to other treatments (P

This study aimed to perform a meta-analysis on the effect of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) on enteric methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants. A total of 12 in vivo studies from 10 articles were integrated into a database. Ruminant species included were dairy cows, beef cattle and sheep. Concentration of 3-NOP in diets varied from 0 to 280 mg/kg dry matter intake (DMI). Parameters included were CH4 emissions, rumen fermentation, microbial population, nutrient digestibility and animal performance. Meta-analysis of data was performed by using mixed model methodology in which different studies were treated as random effects whereas 3-NOP addition levels in diets of ruminants were treated as fixed effects. Results showed that increasing level of 3-NOP addition in diets of ruminants decreased enteric CH4 emissions per unit of body weight, CH4/DMI, CH4/milk produced, CH4/digested organic matter or CH4/gross energy intake (p

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a complete ration silage made of cassava biomass nitrogen retention, and metabolizable energy male ducks. Control diet consisted of corn, rice bran, coconut meal, soybean meal, vegetable oil, fish meal and premix. While the treatment of silage ration of cassava based (BBS) consisted of leaves, peel, and tubers of cassava, as well as a mix of fish meal, vegetable oil, premix, DL-methionine and L-lysine. The experimental design used was completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replicates ie S0 (100% control diet), S25 (75% control diet + 25% BBS silage), S50 (50% control diet + 50% BBS silage), S75 (25% control diet + 75% BBS silage), and S100 (100% BBS silage ration). Measurement of metabolizable energy and nitrogen retention was conducted using 25 male ducks aged 10 weeks maintained in metabolic cages and adapted to experimental diets for seven days. Ducks were fasted for 24 hours before the experimental diets were offered. Metabolizable energy and nitrogen retention were measured by the method of Sibbald (1989). The results showed that a decline in nitrogen retention and, metabolizable energy along with the increasing level of BBS silage in the rations. The conclusion of this study was the use of up to 75% BBS silage generated metabolizable energy and nitrogen retention that do not differ from the control ration. Key words: cassava silage, complete ration, male duck, metabolizable energy, nitrogen retention

This experiment was aimed to evaluate chemical composition, in vitro rumen fermentation, digestibility and methane emissions of some insects, i.e. Jamaican field cricket (JFC), mealworm (MW) and black soldier fly larvae age 1 and 2 weeks (BSF1 and BSF2). Insect samples were oven-dried at 60 o C for 24 h, and ground to pass a 1 mm sieve. The ground samples were used subsequently for chemical composition determination and in vitro rumen fermentation test. Incubation was carried out in a water bath maintained at 39 oC for 48 h in three replicates. Results revealed that all insect meals contained high crude protein, i.e. above 40% DM. Proportions of neutral detergent insoluble CP ( NDICP) and neutral detergent insoluble CP ( ADICP) were high in the insect meals than that of soybean meal (SBM), and these were particularly very high in BSF2. All insect meals had lower IVDMD and IVOMD than that of SBM (P

The objective of this study was to determine energy and protein requirements, for both maintenance and gain, of sheep in Indonesia by using a meta-analysis method. A database was developed from various in vivo experiments involving sheep as the experimental animals in which energy intake, protein intake and average daily weight gain (ADG) were reported. A total of 38 articles consisting of 137 data points were integrated into the database. Different breeds (Priangan, fat-tailed and local) and sexes (male and female) were specified in the database. Maintenance and gain requirements of dry matter, energy and protein were determined by regressing ADG with dry matter intake (DMI), total digestible nutrient intake (TDNI) and crude protein intake (CPI), respectively. An intercept (where ADG= 0 g/kg MBW/d) and a slope (required nutrient intake per unit ADG) were taken as maintenance and gain requirements, respectively. Results revealed that all sheep breeds had similar energy requirement for maintenance (TDNm). Energy requirement for gain (TDNg) of Priangan breed was lower than other breeds; the breed required 0.860 g TDN for 1 g ADG. Fat-tailed and local breeds required 1.22 and 2.75 g TDN for 1 g ADG, respectively. All breeds also revealed relatively similar protein requirement for maintenance (CPm), i.e. 6.27-6.47 g/kg MBW/d. Priangan breed required less CP for 1 g ADG (CPg), i.e. 0.295 g. Requirements of CPg for fat-tailed and local breeds were 0.336 and 0.497 g/g ADG, respectively. It was concluded that each sheep breed in Indonesia had specific TDN and CP requirements for gain, but similar requirements for maintenance.

The objective of this study was to apply urea treatment of rice straw at elevated temperature and pressure (121oC; 1.4 atm) and at short treatment period (30 or 60 min) in comparison to conventional urea treatment (4 weeks incubation). Rice straw was subjected to the following treatments: RS1: untreated rice straw (control), RS2: RS1+1% urea (no incubation), RS3:RS1+1% urea (4 weeks incubation), RS4: RS2+autoclave 30 min, RS5: RS3+autoclave 30 min, RS6: RS2+autoclave 60 min, RS7: RS3+autoclave 60 min. The samples were analyzed for fiber contents and incubated in vitro. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan’s post-hoc test. Results showed that urea treatments (RS3-RS7) did not change NDF and ADF contents of rice straw in comparison to control. Urea treatment in autoclave for 30 min (RS4) increased rice straw IVDMD and IVOMD by 23.3% and 25.6% as compared to control, respectively (P

This study aimed to assay L. plantarum (P1), S. cerevisiae (P2), and its combination (P3) as probiotics candidates and their effects on nutrient digestibility in Japanese quails (Cortunix cortunix japonica) diets. In vitro assays were employed to evaluate the antibacterial activities against pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella pullorum), sensitivity to antibiotics (i.e., streptomycin, penicillin, and erythromycin), stress on bile salt and acidity condition. Evaluation of probiotics on in vivo nutrient utilization was carried out by administration of probiotics to laying quails in drinking water with various treatments (R0, control; R1, L. plantarum; R2, S. cerevisiae; R3, combination of R1+R2; R4, commercial feed additive). Results showed that the highest inhibitory activity was performed by P2 on S. aureus (17.28 mm). Treatments P2 and P3 were resistant to all the tested antibiotics, while P1 was resistant to streptomycin and penicillin. P1 was tolerant to bile salts whereas P2 was tolerant to gastric acidity conditions. For the in vivo experiment, quails fed R1, R2, and R4 had higher nitrogen retention as compared to R0 (p

The use of rice straw for ruminant livestock has been restricted by the high fiber and low digestibility. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional value and in vitro digestibility of rice straw processed by combining autoclave and ammoniation. The combination was performed to produce rice straw, which was able to digest by the rumen microorganism. The autoclave was conducted at 150°C, 1.2 atm, 60 minutes, whereas ammoniation used 3% urea. The study used a completely randomized design with four treatments i.e., untreated rice straw (A), rice straw + 3% urea (B), rice straw + autoclave (C), and rice straw + 3% urea + ensiling (D). Results revealed that urea addition increased (Pin vitro analyses showed no significant difference, which means it with suit condition for the microorganism in the rumen (6.76– 6.82). The combination of rice straw + urea (B) showed higher (Pin vitro digestibility of rice straw.

Although saponin originated from plants has been used to control methanogenesis performed by archaea methanogens in the rumen, its effect has been inconsistent. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary saponin on enteric methane emission and nutrient digestibility of ruminants across various studies by employing a meta-analysis method. A database was developed by integrating data from 17 studies that originated from 11 articles. Different ruminant species, i.e., both small and large ruminants were included in the database. Data on related in vitro studies were excluded. Papers should be based on in vivo studies only that simultaneously reported dietary saponin and methane emission. Treatments were divided into control (no saponin), low saponin (saponin level less than 0.5% DM) and high saponin (saponin level above 0.5% DM). The treatments were considered as fixed effects whereas various studies were considered as random effects in the statistical mixed model methodology. Results showed that dietary saponin decreased enteric methane emission of ruminants as compared to control (Pin vivo and enhances nutrient digestibility provided that the level use should not exceed 0.5% DM.

This study aimed to compare between rice straw and urea-treated rice straw with regard to their chemical composition and degradation kinetics in the rumen by employing a modelling approach. Data were collected from various journal articles that comprised of chemical composition (crude protein [CP], neutral detergent fiber [NDF], acid detergent fiber [ADF] and lignin) and degradation kinetic parameters of organic matter (soluble fraction, degradable, undegradable, degradation rate and lag time). Comparison was performed by using a statistical mixed model methodology in which treatments (control vs urea-treated rice traw) were considered as fixed effects whereas different studies were considered as random effects. These data were then used as parameters to build a dynamic model of rice straw degradation in the rumen. Results showed that urea treatment increased CP (P

Acacia (Acacia mangium Willd) is a fast growing tree species that widely found in Indonesia. Acacia bark contains a number of secondary metabolites such as tannin, saponin and flavonoid that may inhibit the growth of undesirable microbes incuding the pathogenic ones. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of tannin extract obtained from Acacia bark against common pathogenic bacteria species present in the gastro-intestinal tract of livestock, i.e., Salmonella typhimurium and Eschericia coli as Gram negative bacteria. The disc diffusion method was employed for assessing the antimicrobial activity of Acacia tannin extract. Treatments consisted of negative control (NC), positive control by using chloramphenicol (PC), Acacia tannin extract at two concentrations, i.e., 1% (AT1) and 2% w/v (AT2), and commercial chestnut tannin at 1% (CT1) and 2% w/v (CT2). Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance and followed by a post-hoc test namely Duncan’s multiple range test. Results showed that the inhibitory diameters formed on the activity assay of AT in the form powder, liquid and CT with concentration of 2% against Salmonella typhimurium bacteria were 17.3, 7 and 16 mm, respectively. Inhibitory diameters of AT powder, AT liquid and CT against Eschericia coli bacteria were 17.3, 0 and 17 mm, respectively. The AT powder resulted in a higher inhibition of both pathogenic bacteria species than that of liquid form (PSalmonella typhimurium and Eschericia coli bacteria in which its magnitude of inhibition is comparable with commercial tannin extract from chestnut.

Bioconversion of cocoa pod husk (CPH) is a biological processing technique using black soldier fly (BSF) larvae to improve the quality of the CPH while being able to produce added value in the form of BSF larvae as a protein source of animal feed. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo complete feeds containing BSF larvae and bioconversion product of CPH on performance and hematological profile of sheep. This study used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications, so that total number of sheep used were 20 heads, conducted for 12 weeks period. The treatments were: R1 (complete feed, control without BSF and bioconverted CPH), R2 (5% BSF), R3 (20% bioconverted CPH), R4 (2.5% BSF + 10% bioconverted CPH), and R5 (5% BSF + 20% bioconverted CPH). The BSF and bioconverted CPH were used to replace soybean meal and coffee husk, respectively. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and continued with a post-hoc Duncan’s test. Results revealed that replacement of soybean meal with BSF larvae and replacement of coffee husk with bioconverted CPH in the complete feed did not significantly affect performance of sheep, i.e., live weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio). Furthermore, different dietary treatments showed similar response on hematological profile of sheep. It can be concluded that BSF larvae and bioconverted CPH may be used to replace soybean meal and coffee husk, respectively, without any adverse effects on performance and hematological profile of sheep.

This study aimed to evaluate the use of beta-agonist on beef cattle by integrating data from various experiments and analyzing the data by a meta-analysis method. A total of 42 articles were used to build a database in which the articles reported dietary addition of beta-agonist on performance and carcass of beef cattle. Treatments were grouped into control (without beta-agonist) and with beta-agonist addition. The treatments were considered as fixed effects whereas different experiments were considered as random effects. Model statistics used was P-value in order to distinguish between the two groups, and the P-value less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results showed that dietary beta-agonist addition increased average daily gain and gain to feed ratio of beef cattle (P

Greenhouse gases are produced through microbial activity in the digestive tract and feces of ruminants. The main gas is in the form of CH4 which has an impact 25 times more than carbon dioxide to retain heat. Efforts to reduce methane emission have been carried out through feed and nutritional approaches. Natural compounds that potentially can be used are chitin and chitosan which can be found on the exoskeleton of the insects. This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of chitin and chitosan extracts from black soldier fly (BSF) on methane emission and rumen fermentation profile in vitro. This study consisted of two phases, the first was chitin extraction from insect and the second was chitin and chitosan evaluation by using an in vitro rumen fermentation method. Extraction of chitin was obtained through three steps, i.e., delipidation, deproteination, and demineralization. Conversion from chitin to chitosan was performed by deacetylation. Parameters measured in the in vitro evaluation were gas production kinetics, pH and methane emission. Extracted chitin and chitosan were used as feed additives and able to positively modulate rumen fermentation and mitigate methane emission.

The effects of different level Spinach tree leaves Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, and high concentrate diets supplemented with micro minerals on in vitro rumen fermentation profiles were investigated. The basal diets consisted of 30% king grass (Pennisetum hybrid), and 70% concentrate. The mineral mix consists of FeCl2.4H2O; MnCl2.4H2O; CuSO4.5H2O; ZnSO4.7H2O; and CoCl2.6H2O. The treatments were Basal Ration (B), B+5% C. aconitifolius leaf (BC), B+2% mineral mix (BM), and B + 5% C. aconitifolius leaf + 2% mineral mix (BCM). The treatment diets were incubated for 48 h. Completely Randomized Design with one-factor consists of four treatments, and three replications were used in this experiment followed by One Way Analysis of Variance for statistical analysis. The gas production, N-ammonia, propionate, dry matter, and organic matter digestibility decreased significantly (p0.05) but increased significantly (p0.05) were observed for Protozoa population, methane production, acetate, and butyrate proportion. It was concluded that supplementation of C. aconitifolius leaves to the high concentrate diet has no effect on the fermentation variables whereas it combination with micro minerals reduced the fermentability and increased microbial protein synthesis in the rumen.

Ensiling of high-protein forages like alfalfa, indigofera, cassava and moringa, however, are characterized by considerable extent of proteolysis. This study aimed to perform a meta-analysis from various published experiments regarding the effect of protein level on fermentative quality of silage. Papers reported data on protein contents of silages and their fermentative characteristics were collected and integrated in a database. A total of 15 papers and comprised of 155 data points were included. The ensiled materials were peas, wheat, barley, maize, sorghum, alfalfa and mucuna. The ensiling period varied from 20 to 303 days. Data were statistically analyzed by using the mixed model methodology. Studies from different papers were treated as random effects whereas protein level in silage was treated as fixed effect. The model statistics used was p-value. Results revealed that higher protein level led to an increase of DM loss in silage (p

This experiment aimed to evaluate the decrease of the fiber fraction of some agricultural and plantation residues after being treated with Fiber Cracking Technology (FCT) and urea. The residues included rice straw, oil palm frond (OPF), oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB), cocoa pod and coffee husk. They were added with 5% urea and incubated in FCT at temperature 135oC and pressure 2.3 atm for 2.5 h. The experimental treatments were arranged as a factorial design 5 × 2, in which the first factor was various agricultural and plantation residues (rice straw, OPF, OPEFB, cocoa pod and coffee husk) and the second factor was FCT application (untreated and treated with FCT + 5% urea), performed in 4 replicates. All treatments were subjected to Van Soest analysis and in vitro digestibility test. The decrease of fiber fraction was confirmed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) methods. Results showed that FCT + 5% urea treatment decreased NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin contents of all samples (P

Paenibacillus sp. is a bacterium that contains the expected lignocellulolytic enzyme. Agricultural by-products like rice straw, corn straw, soybean straw, and sugarcane bagasse are lignocellulose biomass that have potential to be used as carbon source. This study aimed to measure the growth of Paenibacillus sp. inoculated on different carbon media. The treatments consisted of nutrient broth (NB) and five formulations which including carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) and four agricultural by-products as the varied carbon sources. The media was composed of peptone (0.5%), yeast extract (0.5%), K2HPO4.3H2O (0.1%), MgSO4.7H2O (0.02%), and a carbon source (0.5%). A loop-full of Paenibacillus sp. was used to inoculate the variable media and was then incubated at 30°C. Total numbers of bacteria in stationary phase was calculated using the total plate count method and it was found that sugarcane bagasse provided the highest number of bacteria. Overall the total number of bacteria in stationary phase was determined to be significantly different (p < 0.05). Corn straw obtained the least number of bacteria (9.5×105 CFU ml−1), whereas the sugarcane bagasse medium had the highest yields with 1.4×107 CFU ml−1. The other media NB, soybean straw, rice bean straw, and CMC yielded 2.5×106 CFU ml−1, 5.2×106 CFU ml−1, 9.9×106 CFU ml−1, and 1.13×107 CFU ml−1, respectively. This study concludes that agricultural by-products, especially sugarcane bagasse can be used as the carbon source for growing Paenibacillus sp.

The objective of the present study was to investigate chemical composition and methane emission of some tropical forage legumes from Indonesia, namely Acacia mangium, Acacia villosa, Calliandra calothyrsus, Albizzia falcataria, Leucaena leucocephala, Leucaena diversifolia, and Sesbania grandiflora. These leaves were oven dried at 60°C, ground by a hammer mill (1 mm screen size), and subjected to chemical composition analyzes and in vitro incubation. Determination of chemical composition included crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, and tannin. Samples (200 mg DM) were incubated in vitro with 10 ml of ruminal fluid and 20 ml of buffer solution at 39 °C for 24 h in four replicates. Parameters measured were total gas production, methane emission, volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles, ammonia concentration, microbial population (total bacteria and total protozoa), and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey’s test. Results showed that a number of forages contained CP of more than 30% DM, i.e. Acacia villosa, Leucaena leucocephala, Leucaena diversifolia, and Sesbania grandiflora. Exceptionally high tannin content was found in Acacia villosa in which the value was above 20% DM. The lowest total gas production was observed in the in vitro incubation of Acacia villosa, whereas the highest gas production was observed in that of Sesbania grandiflora. This pattern was also observed for the IVOMD parameter. The lowest and the highest methane emissions were observed in the incubation of Acacia villosa and Sesbania grandiflora, respectively.

Live microbial cultures have a positive effect on animal digestibility by increasing the natural balance of microflora in the digestive tract. This study evaluated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast as probiotic candidates with resistance to bile salt, acid conditions, and inhibitory activities against pathogenic bacteria. The LAB and yeast were isolated from the colons of native chicken and Javanese duck, respectively. This experiment followed a factorial design. Characteristics of the isolates were evaluated as follows: antibacterial activity, antibiotic sensitivity, and viability percentage in bile salt, gastric juice and acid conditions. The result showed that both isolates had the ability to inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella pullorum. The yeast B-18 isolate was resistant to streptomycin 10 µg, penicillin 10 µg, and erythromycin 15 µg, while the LAB AKK-30 isolate was resistant to streptomycin 10 µg and penicillin 10 µg. LAB AKK-30 tends to be tolerant to bile salt, while yeast B-18 was more resistant to gastric juices and acid conditions. It concluded that both isolates are potentially useful probiotic candidates followed by microencapsulation. Further experiments should be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the isolates on nutrient use in poultry.

The aim of research was to test the capability of glucomannan yeast product (GYP) and glucomannan resulted from Amorphophallus oncophyllus extraction (GRE) to bind aflatoxin in in vitro testing. Before in vitro testing, both GYP and GRE were analyzed to determine proximate analysis, glucose, and mannose concentrations. In vitro testing used aflatoxin, binder and gastro intestinal fluid in 3% ringer solution. The weights of binders were 41.05; 82.1; 123.15; and 164.2 mg and weight of aflatoxin was 0.1642 µg of each tube. The results showed that the percentage of aflatoxin bound increased by the increasing weight either glucomannan from yeast product or glucomannan resulted from A. oncophylus extraction. The percentages of aflatoxin binding with binder of both glucomannan yeast product were 19.72%; 21.51%; 42.25%; 46.35% and glucomannan from A. oncophyllus extraction were 4.08%; 28.72%; 36.73%; and 89.07%, consecutively. There were positive correlations (P

This study aimed to evaluate nutritive value of elephant grass, rice straw and maize silage by using a dynamic modelling approach. Data on dry matter (DM) degradation characteristics were compiled, i.e., soluble (S), degradable (D) and undegradable (U) fractions, and rate of degradation of the degradable fraction (kd). Each of the S, D or U fraction was assumed to have a specific rate of passage (kp). The S, D and U fractions are dynamically changed over time. Degraded S and D fractions form a pool namely cumulative S and D (CSD) and it dynamically increases over time. Integration of all the dynamic models was performed in Vensim software version 7.3.5 using the Euler method. Results revealed that soluble fraction present in elephant grass, rice straw and maize silage disappeared within early hours in the rumen. The degradable fraction of maize silage was degraded more rapidly than that of elephant grass and rice straw. Maize silage had the highest potential CSD as compared to those of elephant grass and rice straw. It can be concluded that, based on the dynamic modelling approach, maize silage has higher nutritive value for ruminant livestock, followed by elephant grass and then rice straw.

Total digestible nutrient (TDN) values represent utilisable energy contents of feedstuffs, and these are extremely important values in order to provide adequate energy supply for livestock. This study aimed to estimate and validate TDN values of forage and concentrate feedstuffs from their nutrient contents. Nutrient composition data were obtained from BR CORTE database, comprised of 86 forage and 36 concentrate feedstuffs. The data included contents of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), lignin, non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP) and TDN. A correlation analysis was conducted among the nutrient composition parameters for forage and concentrate. Data were then randomly divided into two parts, the first part (two-third of data) was used to estimate TDN whereas the second part (one-third) was used to validate the estimated TDN. Estimation of TDN was performed by employing a multiple linear regression method and it was validated by plotting between observed and estimated TDN. Results revealed that TDN in forage was negatively correlated with NDF (P

In this study, the possibility black soldier fly (BSF) larvae as a novel feedstuff for animal was investigated. The objective of this study was to compare the nutritive value between intact and defatted BSF larvae for animal feed by means of chemical composition determination and in vitro rumen fermentation technique. The following treatments were tested: intact BSF (T1), BSF low in lipid by mechanical extraction (T2), BSF low in lipid by chemical extraction (T3), and soybean meal (T4). The samples were subjected to proximate analysis, Van Soest’s fiber fraction and cell wall nitrogen determination. The samples were further incubated in vitro with buffered-rumen fluid in four replicates, represented by two incubation units per replicate, and conducted for 48 h at 39°C. Parameters measured in the in vitro evaluation were total gas production and methane emission at regular time point intervals. Other parameters measured after the incubation were dry matter degradation, organic matter degradation, total volatile fatty acid (VFA), ammonia concentration and pH. Data were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and if there was a significant different at Pin vitro rumen fermentation system.

Phanerochaete chrysosporium was widely used to delignify agricultural waste product and improve biodegradation of the substrate as animal feed. The experiment was carried out to increase the use of palm oil fronds as a substitute material for napier grass through biodegradation process with P. chysosporium . A completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications was used. The treatments were ration containing 60% napier grass (R1), ration containing 40% napier grass and 20% fermented palm oil frond (R2), ration containing 20% napier grass and 40% fermented palm oil frond (R3), ration containing 60% fermented palm oil frond (R4). Fourty percent concentrate was included in all treatment rations. Parameters measured were in vitro digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber, NDF, ADF, NH 3 , TVFA, and ruminal cellulolitic bacteria. Results showed that increasing level of fermented palm oil frond in the ration reduced (P

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of different drying temperature on chemical composition, in vitro rumen fermentation and digestibility of soybean and redbean. Soybean and redbean were dried in an oven set at four different drying temperatures, i.e. 50, 60, 70 and 80 oC for 24 h in three replicates. Dried samples were then milled and used further for chemical composition determination (proximate analysis, Van Soest analysis and protein fraction) and in vitro rumen fermentation assay. Parameters measured in the in vitro assay were gas production, digestibility, pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Data obtained were analyzed by using analysis of variance and a posthoc test namely Duncan’s multiple range test. Results revealed that neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) content increased at higher drying temperature (70 or 80 oC) for both soybean and redbean (P

Utilization of cocoa pod husk (CPH) as feedstuff needs pretreatment to increase its nutrients availability. Bioconversion with Phanerochaete chrysosporium changes its structure by breaking down the linkage between lignin and structural carbohydrates. This experiment was aimed to evaluate the quality of fermented CPH biomass as feed for goats. The experimental treatments i.e.: A= 30% of fresh napier grass (RG) + 50% of dried RG + 20% of concentrate; B= 30% of fresh RG + 30% of dried RG + 40% of concentrate; C= 30% of fresh RG + 30% of CPH + 40% of concentrate; D= 30% of fresh RG + 30% of fermented CPH + 40% of concentrate and E= 30% of fresh RG + 50% of fermented CPH + 20% of concentrate. The treatments were allocated in a randomized block design with three replications. Feed intake, body weight gain and ration efficiency were measured. The use of fermented CPH at the level of 30% had higher (P < 0.05) feed intake (560.33 g day -1 ), body weight gain (101.79 g head -1 day -1 ), and feed conversion (5.50) compared to other treatments. In conclusion that the use of 30% fermented CPH in the ration showed the best body weight gain and feed efficiency.

This research was done to evaluate the physical characteristic and chemical quality of the complete ration in pellet form that contain shrimp by-product. The evaluation was done on several variables namely: moisture content, water activity, particle size, average collision endurance, friction endurance and angle of repose. Data obtained was analyzed based on Completely randomized design. The treatment was: R0 (complete ration without shrimps by-product), R1 (complete ration with 10% shrimps by-product), R2 (complete ration with 20% shrimps by-product) and R3 (complete ration with 30% shrimps by-product). The results showed that physical characteristic of the complete ration pellet that contain 20% shrimps by-product had the lowest moisture (13.07%) and the water activity (0.45). Based on the research, it is concluded that the best level of shrimp by-product in the complete ration was 20%.

The aims of research were to identify and analyze potential agricultural waste used as feed, examines the characteristics of beef cattle ranchers and estimate the ability of the addition of beef cattle population in Kuningan Regency. The primary data were taken from interviews with 30 respondents beef cattle farmers selected by purposive sampling in three districts based on the largest beef cattle population as a recommendation by local government of Kuningan Regency Agricultural. Waste samples taken randomly three times to analyze of nutrient composition by proksimat analyze was the type of the most widely used for feed. Secondary data was obtained from Kuningan Regency Veterinary Office, Department of Food Crops and the Central Statistics Agency. The results showed that the type of agricultural waste used in Kuningan Regency from highest to lowest production is rice straw, hay sweet potatoes, peanuts and hay with traditional animal husbandry systems. Districts that can improve beef cattle population from the highest to lowest number was Luragung, Cibingbin, Ciwaru, Subang, Maleber, Cibeureum, Cilebak, Karangkancana and Cimahi. In conclusion, the highest agricultural waste production was rice straw and the highest potential for the development of beef cattle in the Kuningan Regency was Luragung District.

Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui interaksi terbaik dari dosis inokulan dan waktuinkubasi biodegradasi pelepah sawit dengan P.chrysosporiumterhadap perubahan nilai gizi pelepahsawit. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap pola faktorial. Perlakuanterdiri dari 2 faktor yaitu dosis inokulan (105cfu/ml, 106cfu/ ml, and 107cfu/ml) dan lama inkubasi(10, 15, dan 20 hari). Tidak terdapat interaksi antara dosis inokulan dan lama inkubasi terhadapkandungan bahan kering, bahan organik, protein kasar, serat kasar, lemak kasar dan BETNfermentasi pelepah sawit. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah interaksi terbaik antara dosisinokulan dan lama fermentasi adalah 105cfu/ml dan 10 hari.Kata kunci : Biodegradasi, nilai gizi, pelepah kelapa sawit, Phanerochaete chrysosporium

This study was aimed to extract tannins from Swietenia mahagony and saponins from Sapindusrarak by using different solvents, and to test their extracts on in vitro rumen fermentation andmethanogenesis. Solvents used for extraction were water, methanol, acetone and their combinations.Tannin and saponin extracts were added into each incubation bottle containing Brachiaria humidicolagrass and Indigofera sp. legume (1:1 w/w) according to the following treatments (in four replicates): R1:control substrate, R2: R1 + 0.5 mg/ml tannin extract, R3: R1 + 1 mg/mL tannin extract, R4: R1 + 0.5mg/mL saponin extract, R5: R1 + 1 mg/mL saponin extract, R6: R1 + 0.5 mg/mL tannin extract + 0.5mg/mL saponin extract, and R7: R1 + 1 mg/mL tannin extract + 1 mg/mL saponin extract. Resultsrevealed that 75% water + 25% methanol was the best solvent to extract tannins from S. mahagonywhereas 100% methanol was the best to extract saponins from S. rarak. The highest gas production andthe lowest methane emission were obtained in R7. It can be concluded that combination of tannin andsaponin extracts were potential in mitigating ruminal methane emissions.

This study was aimed to analyze neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) and acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) contents of various commonly used forage and concentrate feedstuffs in Indonesia. A number of forages and concentrates, i.e. gliricidia, trichantera, indigofera, calliandra, papaya leaves, cassava leaves, leucaena, rapeseed meal, corn gluten feed, soybean meal, copra meal, palm kernel meal, fish and bone meal and wheat bran were subjected to proximate analysis, cell wall nitrogen determination and in vitro rumen fermentation evaluation. Chemical composition analysis was done in duplicate. The in vitro incubation was conducted in 14 treatments and 3 replicates by following a randomized complete block design. Variables measured after the incubation were total volatile fatty acid (VFA), ammonia, dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and crude protein digestibility (CPD). Results revealed that among the forages, cassava leaf had the highest proportion of NDICP while corn gluten feed was the highest among the concentrates. Different from that of NDICP, the highest proportion of ADICP was obtained in papaya leaf and copra meal for the forages and concentrates, respectively. Higher proportion of NDICP tended to decrease CPD (P