95 results on '"Eric H. Silver"'
Search Results
2. Innovative monochromatic x‐ray source for high‐quality and low‐dose medical imaging
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Madan M. Rehani, Eric H. Silver, and Seth D. Shulman
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Digital mammography ,Materials science ,Image quality ,Radiation ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Optics ,Optical transfer function ,Medical imaging ,medicine ,Humans ,Mammography ,Breast ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Phantoms, Imaging ,business.industry ,X-Rays ,X-ray ,General Medicine ,Radiographic Image Enhancement ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Female ,Monochromatic color ,business - Abstract
Purpose An estimated 377 million diagnostic and interventional radiological exams are performed annually in the United States and approximately 4 to 5 billion globally. All use x-ray tubes that emit x-rays over a broad energy band, a technology that is more than a century old. Only a small fraction of the radiation is useful for imaging while the remaining fraction either increases the radiation dose received by the patient or degrades the image. Monochromatic x-rays can provide lower dose images in many of these radiological applications while maintaining or improving image quality. We report the development of the first monochromatic x-ray source suitable for low-dose, high-quality imaging in the clinic and demonstrate its first application and performance with mammography phantoms. Methods X-ray fluorescence was used to generate monochromatic x-rays with selectable energies from 18 to 60 keV. This patented technology was incorporated into a laboratory prototype of a monochromatic x-ray mammography system. Image quality was evaluated as a function of radiation dose in standard breast phantoms using the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measured for high and low contrast masses and microcalcifications. Spatial imaging properties were assessed from these images as well as from modulation transfer function (MTF) analysis. Measurements using an iodine contrast agent were also performed. The results were compared to those obtained using a commercially available, conventional x-ray mammography system. Results Our prototype system reduced radiation dose by factors of five to ten times for the same SNRs as obtained from the conventional system. This performance was demonstrated in phantoms simulating a wide range of lesion sizes and microcalcifications in a variety of breast thicknesses. The high SNRs for very thick breast phantoms provide evidence that screening with less breast compression is possible while maintaining image quality. Contrast-enhanced digital mammography (CEDM) with monochromatic x-rays was shown to provide a simpler and more effective technique at substantially lower radiation dose. The MTF value at 20% was 9 lp/mm. Conclusions The monochromatic x-ray system is more sensitive for imaging a wide range of breast sizes and compositions than conventional broadband mammography. High image quality and lower dose are its hallmarks. It also makes CEDM much more effective than current methods developed for use with conventional broadband mammography systems.
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- 2021
3. Exposure and analysis of microparticles embedded in silica aerogel keystones using <scp>NF</scp> 3 ‐mediated electron beam–induced etching and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy
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Andrew J. Westphal, Edward P. Vicenzi, Eric H. Silver, Ting Lin, Jeffrey W. Beeman, Milos Toth, and Aiden A. Martin
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Geophysics ,Materials science ,Space and Planetary Science ,Etching (microfabrication) ,0103 physical sciences ,Analytical chemistry ,Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy ,Cathode ray ,Aerogel ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Published
- 2016
4. An NTD germanium-based microcalorimeter with 3.1eV energy resolution at 6keV
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Jeffrey W. Beeman, Eugene E. Haller, Eric H. Silver, G. Austin, F.S. Goulding, D.A. Landis, and Norman W. Madden
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,X-ray spectroscopy ,Spectrometer ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Resolution (electron density) ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Germanium ,Nuclear physics ,Full width at half maximum ,Optics ,chemistry ,Computer Science::Systems and Control ,Fine resolution ,Electronic band structure ,business ,Instrumentation ,Energy (signal processing) - Abstract
This paper reports recent advances in our microcalorimeter spectrometer that result in an energy resolution of 3.1 eV FWHM for 6 keV X-rays. We have developed a detailed model that indicates that further minor improvements will realize 2 eV FWHM at 6 keV and well under 2 eV at 1 keV. The results demonstrate the value of the microcalorimeter for many applications where a premium exists for very fine resolution in the 0.2–10 keV energy band.
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- 2005
5. An Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) Plus a Microcalorimeter: A Good Combination for Laboratory Astrophysics
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Joseph N. Tan, J. M. Laming, Eric H. Silver, John D. Gillaspy, and Joshua M. Pomeroy
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Physics ,Range (particle radiation) ,COSMIC cancer database ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Plasma ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Nuclear physics ,Observatory ,Ionization ,NIST ,Quantum efficiency ,Atomic physics ,Mathematical Physics ,Electron beam ion trap - Abstract
An EBIT can selectively create, in principle, any charge state of every naturally occurring element, has good control on atomic collision processes, and can produce nearly ideal conditions for the analysis of highly ionized plasmas of astrophysical importance. A microcalorimeter enables the broadband detection of x-ray emission with high energy resolution and near-unity quantum efficiency in the energy range wherein many cosmic x-ray sources emit the bulk of their energy (0.2 keV–10 keV). The combination (EBIT+ microcalorimeter) provides a powerful tool for laboratory studies of the atomic/plasma processes underlying the energy release mechanisms in cosmic x-ray sources. We briefly describe some early experiments with a microcalorimeter built by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) and deployed on the NIST EBIT. We also present some very recent observations with a more advanced microcalorimeter built by SAO that can obtain an energy resolution of 4.5 eV. The higher spectral quality produced by the new system will be useful in laboratory measurements of interest in x-ray astronomy.
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- 2005
6. Spectral broadening by spatial effects in X-ray microcalorimeters with superconducting absorber and NTD-Ge thermal sensor
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Salvatore Serio, Marco Barbera, Eric H. Silver, Emanuele Perinati, PERINATI E, BARBERA M, SERIO S, and SILVER E
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Superconductivity ,Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Photon ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Phonon ,business.industry ,Thermistor ,X-ray ,Numerical simulation ,Optics ,Microcalorimeter ,X-ray spectroscopy ,Spectral resolution ,business ,Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) ,Instrumentation ,Doppler broadening - Abstract
We discuss how the sensitivity to the position of absorption of the photons can affect the spectral resolution of X-ray microcalorimeters with superconducting Sn absorber and NTD-Ge thermal sensor. Data obtained through the computer simulations are reported for microcalorimeters with different geometries and phonon transmission probabilities at the interface between the absorber and thermistor.
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- 2004
7. Spectral broadening by quasiparticle pile-up in X-ray microcalorimeters with superconducting absorbers
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Marco Barbera, Eric H. Silver, Emanuele Perinati, Salvatore Serio, BARBERA M, PERINATI E, SERIO S, and SILVER E
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Physics ,Superconductivity ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Photon ,Condensed matter physics ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Detector ,X-ray ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Germanium ,microcalorimeter ,Heat capacity ,chemistry ,X-ray spectroscopy ,Quasiparticle ,superconducting absorbers ,Atomic physics ,Instrumentation ,Doppler broadening - Abstract
Long-living quasiparticles can pile-up in a superconducting absorber of an X-ray microcalorimeter when photons are detected at high count rate. These quasiparticles can give a non-negligible contribution to the total heat capacity of the detector thus affecting the pulse height spectrum of detected photons. We investigated this effect with numerical simulations and evaluated the resulting spectral broadening as a function of the photon absorption rate, and the heat capacity of the detector for a NTD germanium microcalorimeter with pure Sn absorber.
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- 2004
8. Astrophysics and spectroscopy with microcalorimeters on an electron beam ion trap
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M. Mantraga, H. Tawara, Nancy Brickhouse, D.A. Landis, E. E. Haller, Herbert W. Schnopper, L P. Ratliff, Norman W. Madden, J. M. Laming, John D. Gillaspy, Endre Takacs, Marco Barbera, Eric H. Silver, Jeffrey W. Beeman, K. Makonyi, Takács, E., Silver, E., Laming, J., Gillaspy, J., Schnopper, H., Brickhouse, N., Barbera, M., Mantraga, M., Ratliff, L., Tawara, H., Makónyi, K., Madden, N., Landis, D., Beeman, J., and Haller, E.
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,X-ray ,Highly charged ion ,Surfaces, Coatings and Film ,Fizikai tudományok ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Plasma ,Astrophysics ,Ion ,Nuclear physics ,Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia E Astrofisica ,Természettudományok ,Microcalorimeter ,Ionization ,Cathode ray ,Atomic physics ,Laboratory astrophysic ,Spectroscopy ,Electron beam ion trap ,Instrumentation - Abstract
The importance of the combination of electron beam ion trap (EBIT) spectroscopy with X-ray microcalorimeters in the field of astrophysics was discussed. X-ray astronomy involves heavily charged ion instruments , especially EBIT, to obtain improved quality atomic data. In this regard, the research program at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, which uses X-ray spectroscopic methods to study plasma and atomic physics, was also discussed.
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- 2003
9. [Untitled]
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Victor Reglero, Marco Barbera, Eric H. Silver, Elia Liebowitz, Noah Brosch, Salvatore Sciortino, Alfonso Collura, Hagai Netzer, Niels J. Westergaard, Herbert W. Schnopper, Suzanne Romaine, Christine Jones, William R. Forman, Jeffery Beeman, Juan Fabregat, Stephen S. Murray, Eugene E. Haller, Norman W. Madden, Simon R. Bandler, Alvaro Giménez, and Finn E. Christensen
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Physics ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,X-ray ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,Astrophysics ,Cosmology ,law.invention ,Baryon ,Telescope ,Orbit ,Space and Planetary Science ,law ,Intergalactic travel ,High energy resolution ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics ,Galaxy cluster - Abstract
The X-Ray Spectroscopic Explorer (XRASE) has a unique combination of features that will make it possible to address many of NASA's scientific goals. These include how galaxy clusters form, the physics and chemistry of the ISM, the heating of stellar coronae, the amount and content of intergalactic baryonic matter, the mass of black holes and the formation of disks and jets in AGN and galactic binaries. XRASE has a thin foil, multilayered telescope with a large collecting area up to 10 keV, especially in the Fe Kα region (1100 cm2). Its microcalorimeter array combines high energy resolution (7 eV at 6 keV) and efficiency with a field-of-view of 26 arcmin2 . A deep orbit allows for long, continuous observations. Monitoring instruments in the optical (WOM-X), UV (TAUVEX) and hard X-RAY (GRAM) bands will offer exceptional opportunities to make simultaneous multi-wavelength observations.
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- 2001
10. Emission-Line Intensity Ratios in F[CLC]e[/CLC] [CSC]xvii[/CSC] Observed with a Microcalorimeter on an Electron Beam Ion Trap
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D.A. Landis, Norman W. Madden, Herbert W. Schnopper, George A. Doschek, Nancy Brickhouse, James V. Porto, A. K. Bhatia, John D. Gillaspy, Jeffrey W. Beeman, Eugene E. Haller, J. M. Laming, Simon R. Bandler, Endre Takacs, Marco Barbera, Eric H. Silver, S. S. Murray, I Kink, Laming, J, Kink, I, Takacs, E, Porto, J, Gillaspy, J, Silver, E, Schnopper, H, Bandler, S, Brickhouse, N, Murray, S, Barbera, M, Bhatia, A, Doschek, G, Madden, N, Landis, D, Beeman, J, and Haller, E
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Physics ,Methods: laboratory ,Sun: corona ,Detector ,Techniques: spectroscopic ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,laboratory ,Stars: individual (Capella) ,X-rays: general [Atomic data ,Methods] ,Plasma ,X-rays: general ,Intensity ratio ,Polarization (waves) ,Ion ,Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia E Astrofisica ,Space and Planetary Science ,Radiative transfer ,Emission spectrum ,Atomic physics ,Atomic data ,Electron beam ion trap - Abstract
We report new observations of emission line intensity ratios of Fe XVII under controlled experimental conditions, using the National Institute of Standards and Technology electron beam ion trap (EBIT) with a microcalorimeter detector. We compare our observations with collisional-radiative models using atomic data computed in distorted wave and R-matrix approximations, which follow the transfer of the polarization of level populations through radiative cascades. Our results for the intensity ratio of the 2p6 1S0-2p53d 1P1 15.014 A line to the 2p6 1S0-2p53d 3D1 15.265 A line are 2.94 ± 0.18 and 2.50 ± 0.13 at beam energies of 900 and 1250 eV, respectively. These results are not consistent with collisional-radiative models and support conclusions from earlier EBIT work at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory that the degree of resonance scattering in the solar 15.014 A line has been overestimated in previous analyses. Further observations assess the intensity ratio of the three lines between the 2p6-2p53s configurations to the three lines between the 2p6-2p53d configurations. Both R-matrix and distorted wave approximations agree with each other and our experimental results much better than most solar and stellar observations, suggesting that other processes not present in our experiment must play a role in forming the Fe XVII spectrum in solar and astrophysical plasmas.
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- 2000
11. Laboratory astrophysics and microanalysis with NTD-germanium-based X-ray microcalorimeters
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D.A. Landis, E. E. Haller, Endre Takacs, James V. Porto, John D. Gillaspy, Simon R. Bandler, G Tucker, M. Barbera, Jeffrey W. Beeman, S. S. Murray, Herbert W. Schnopper, Norman W. Madden, Eric H. Silver, Silver, E, Schnopper, H, Bandler, S, Murray, S, Madden, N, Landis, D, Beeman, J, Haller, E, Barbera, M, Tucker, G, Gillaspy, J, Takacs, E, and Porto, J
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,X-ray spectroscopy ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Resolution (electron density) ,X-ray optics ,X-ray fluorescence ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Fizikai tudományok ,Germanium ,Astrophysics ,Microanalysis ,Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia E Astrofisica ,Természettudományok ,chemistry ,Astrophysical plasma ,Instrumentation ,Electron beam ion trap - Abstract
With the ability to create cosmic plasma conditions in the laboratory it is possible to investigate the dependencies of key diagnostic X-ray lines on density, temperature, and excitation conditions that exist in astrophysical sources with X-ray optics and a high-resolution X-ray microcalorimeter. The same instrumentation can be coupled to scanning electron microscopes or X-ray fluorescence probes to analyze the elemental and chemical composition of electronic, biological, geological and particulate materials. We describe how our microcalorimeter and X-ray optics provide significantly improved capabilities for laboratory astrophysics and microanalysis.
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- 2000
12. NTD-GE-based microcalorimeter performance
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Eugene E. Haller, Simon R. Bandler, Norm Madden, Jeff Beeman, Stephen S. Murray, Gregory S. Tucker, Marco Barbera, Eric H. Silver, Herbert W. Schnopper, Don A. Landis, Bandler, S, Silver, E, Schnopper, H, Murray, S, Barbera, M, Madden, N, Landis, D, Beeman, J, Eugene Haller, N, and Tucker, G
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Nuclear transmutation ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Detector ,X-ray detector ,chemistry.chemical_element ,JFET ,Germanium ,Multiplexing ,Electromagnetic interference ,Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia E Astrofisica ,Optics ,chemistry ,Optoelectronics ,Neutron ,business ,Instrumentation - Abstract
Our group has been developing x-ray microcalorimeters consisting of neutron transmutation doped (NTD) germanium thermistors attached to superconducting tin absorbers. We discuss the performance of single pixel x-ray detectors, and describe an array technology. In this paper we describe the read-out circuit that allows us to measure fast signals in our detectors as this will be important in understanding the primary cause of resolution broadening. We describe briefly a multiplexing scheme that allows a number of different calorimeters to be read out using a single JFET. We list the possible causes of broadening and give a description of the experiment which best demonstrates the cause of the primary broadening source. We mention our strategy for finding a suitable solution to this problem and describe briefly a technology for building arrays of these calorimeters.
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- 2000
13. First Use of NTD Germanium-Based Microcalorimeters For High-Resolution, Broadband X-Ray Microanalysis
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Mark LeGros, Norm Madden, Eugene Haler, Gerry Austin, Eric H. Silver, and Jeffrey W. Beeman
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X-ray spectroscopy ,Silicon ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,Scanning electron microscope ,Resolution (electron density) ,Analytical chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Germanium ,Tungsten ,Electron excitation ,Optoelectronics ,Thin film ,business ,Spectroscopy - Abstract
Broadband, high-resolution x-ray spectra from samples excited by the electron beam of a scanning electron microscope were obtained with an NTD germanium-based microcalorimeter. An energy resolution of 8 eV was used to resolve completely the silicon Kα from the tungsten Mα x-rays. This performance will make it possible to analyze efficiently the composition of thin films and surface contaminants by using low electron excitation energies.
- Published
- 1997
14. High-Resolution, Broad-Band Microcalorimeters for X-Ray Microanalysis
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Eugene E. Haller, Norm Madden, Mark LeGros, Jeffrey W. Beeman, and Eric H. Silver
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X-ray spectroscopy ,Optics ,Elemental analysis ,Scanning electron microscope ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,Resolution (electron density) ,Quantum efficiency ,Electron ,business ,Microanalysis ,Image resolution ,Spectroscopy - Abstract
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)-based x-ray analyzers have employed wavelength-dispersive x-ray (WDX) diffractometers or energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) detectors as the spectrally resolving elements. In spite of their relatively poor energy resolution (ΔE = 130 eV at 6 keV), the solid-state EDX instruments have enjoyed much wider use than the WDX systems (ΔE = 1-10 eV) because of their convenience and efficiency. A microcalorimeter detector with 95% quantum efficiency at 6 keV has been developed that can produce spectra with an energy resolution of 7 eV over the broad energy band of 0.2-20 keV. This performance will advance the state-of-the-art for elemental analysis by virtue of its 20-fold increase in x-ray energy resolution. When coupled to an SEM it will permit the evolution of a new generation of microanalysis tools with greatly improved spatial resolution and increased sensitivity for minor elemental constituents. Since it will allow the SEM to operate at low electron energies, it will provide the ability to identify unambiguously x-ray signatures from a mixture of light and heavy elements. The latest performance of these detectors is presented along with a discussion of how they will eventually improve SEM-based microanalysis for small particle defect review and sub-micron depth studies.
- Published
- 1996
15. Using a microcalorimeter to measure the Lamb shift in hydrogenic gold and uranium on cooled, decelerated ion beams
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G. Austin, G. Guth, Jeffrey W. Beeman, Stephen S. Murray, Eric H. Silver, Norman W. Madden, Herbert W. Schnopper, D.A. Landis, Th. Stöhlker, E. E. Haller, and Russell H. Ingram
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,education.field_of_study ,Photon ,Population ,Balmer series ,Electron ,Lamb shift ,Ion ,Nuclear physics ,symbols.namesake ,Ionization ,symbols ,Atomic physics ,education ,Instrumentation ,Storage ring - Abstract
A precise determination of the Lamb shift from photons emitted by highly charged, one electron ions represents one of the most sensitive tests of QED in strong electromagnetic fields. Recent progress in the production and cooling of intense beams of fully stripped Au and U in the SIS/ESR synchrotron storage ring at GSI, Darmstadt has made it possible to obtain precision spectroscopy of these ions. A fully stripped beam of either Au 79+ or U 92+ ions is injected, stored and cooled in the ESR and interacts with an internal gas target. The capture of an electron and the subsequent population of a 2p or 3p state will lead to a decay by either Lyman or Balmer X-ray emission. Although measurements of the 1 s Lamb shift in U with Ge ionization detectors accurate to ∼3% have provided a test of QED for the high Z domain, the experimental errors (±13 eV) are about one order of magnitude larger than the accuracy theoreticians presently claim (±1 eV). We present the results from initial broad band experiments using NTD Ge microcalorimeters to measure the 2 s Lamb Shift in Au and U at the ESR. The broad band coverage of the microcalorimeter makes it possible to reduce the systematic uncertainties in the Doppler corrections while the high-energy resolution reduces the statistical error in the absolute energy calibration.
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- 2004
16. The first high resolution, broad band X-ray spectroscopy of ion-surface interactions using a microcalorimeter
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Sophie Bardin, Eric H. Silver, Norman W. Madden, Jeffrey W. Beeman, D. H. Schneider, Rheinhold Schuch, Mark LeGros, and J.W. McDonald
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,X-ray spectroscopy ,Argon ,Resolution (electron density) ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Ion ,Crystal ,chemistry ,Atom ,Radiative transfer ,Beryllium ,Atomic physics ,Instrumentation - Abstract
A high resolution, broad band X-ray microcalorimeter has been used for the first time to investigate the radiative deexcitation of highly charged 7 keV/q Ar 17+ ions as they interact with a beryllium surface at normal incidence. The 20 eV energy resolution of this instrument made it possible to clearly distinguish the argon K α and K β, γ complex simultaneously. The intensity ratio of the K β, γ to K α emission is 31%, compared to the 8% found in the neutral argon atom. There is strong evidence that the relative intensities of the KL n ( n = 1–8) transitions do not agree with those obtained with crystal spectrometers.
- Published
- 1995
17. Microcalorimeters for broad band high resolution X-ray spectral analysis
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Eric H. Silver, D.A. Landis, Norman W. Madden, F.S. Goulding, Jeffrey W. Beeman, Eugene E. Haller, and Mark LeGros
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Resolution (electron density) ,Detector ,X-ray ,Spectral line ,Optics ,Thermal ,Quantum efficiency ,Spectroscopy ,business ,Instrumentation ,Energy (signal processing) - Abstract
A large area microcalorimeter with 95% quantum efficiency at 6 keV has been developed. When fully illuminated, it produces X-ray spectra between 0.5 and 7 keV with an energy resolution of 23 eV. On a smaller, but similar detector, we measure 18 eV. The resolution is obtained at input count rates of 10–50 Hz in real-time with analog pulse processing and thermal pile-up rejection. The detector is incorporated into a compact and portable cryogenic refrigerator system that is ready for use as a tool for analytical spectroscopy.
- Published
- 1994
18. A dielectric microcalorimeter for photon counting x‐ray spectroscopy
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M. Le Gros, D.A. Landis, Eric H. Silver, Jeffrey W. Beeman, Norman W. Madden, F.S. Goulding, Simon E. Labov, and T. Pfafman
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Permittivity ,Physics ,business.industry ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Relative permittivity ,Dielectric ,Ferroelectricity ,Photon counting ,Pyroelectricity ,Dielectric spectroscopy ,Optoelectronics ,Spectroscopy ,business ,Instrumentation - Abstract
We are developing a cryogenic dielectric microcalorimeter for X‐ray spectroscopy. This type of detector takes advantage of the temperature dependence of the dielectric permittivity in ferroelectric and pyroelectric materials. It should have many advantages over traditional resistive devices, for example, minimal self heating and the reduction of Johnson noise. Several properties of dielectrics are important to their operation as a microcalorimeter. Here we present the measurements of the dielectric permittivity, ϵ = (δD/δE)T/ ϵ0 and the spontaneous polarization, Ps , for the mixed‐crystal quantum ferroelectric KTa1−xNbxO3 (KTN) with a doping of x = 0.012, as a function of temperature and electric field across the device. Prototype dielectric microcalorimeters have been developed and operated between 4.2 K and 1.3 K. We also show the signal response from infrared LED radiation and a spectrum from an α‐particle source.
- Published
- 1994
19. The Extreme Physics Explorer and large area micro-channel plate optics
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Suzanne Romaine, Brian D. Ramsey, Daniel J. Patnaude, Martin Elvis, Jon H. Chappell, Ian N. Evans, Richard Willingale, Laura Brenneman, George W. Fraser, Eric H. Silver, T. J. Turner, Michael R. Garcia, and Ricardo J. Bruni
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Physics ,X-ray astronomy ,Calorimeter (particle physics) ,business.industry ,Antenna aperture ,FOS: Physical sciences ,X-ray optics ,Neutron star ,Optics ,Microchannel plate detector ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,business ,Spectroscopy ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) - Abstract
The Extreme Physics Explorer (EPE) is a concept timing/spectroscopy mission that would use micro-channel plate optics (MCPO) to provide 4 square meters effective area focused to ~1 arc-min onto an X-ray calorimeter. We describe science drivers for such a mission, possible designs for the large area MCPO needed for EPE, and the challenges of the large area MCPO design., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, to appear in proceedings of SPIE V8147, "Optics for EUV, X-ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy V"
- Published
- 2011
20. Energy resolving X-ray detectors using niobium absorbers and multiple quasiparticle tunneling between two aluminum traps
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F.S. Goulding, Charles E. Cunningham, Simon E. Labov, Eric H. Silver, R.W. Bland, R.C. Dynes, Norman W. Madden, George W. Morris, M. Le Gros, D.A. Landis, A. T. Barfknecht, Kenneth E. Laws, and C. A. Mears
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Fabrication ,Materials science ,Condensed matter physics ,business.industry ,Niobium ,X-ray detector ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Particle detector ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Tunnel effect ,chemistry ,Optoelectronics ,Superconducting tunnel junction ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Type-II superconductor ,Quantum tunnelling - Abstract
Superconducting tunnel junction devices are being developed for use as high-resolution, high-efficiency X-ray spectrometers. A device with niobium X-ray absorbing layers coupled to two aluminum layers on either side of the tunneling barrier which serve as quasi-particle traps has been tested. These devices were fabricated photolithographically using a modified niobium/aluminum/niobium trilayer fabrication process. The first devices have a very thin barrier with specific normal state resistance of 1.5*10/sup -6/ Omega -cm/sup 2/, and also exhibit very low leakage current ( >
- Published
- 1993
21. Reply to 'Comment on ‘DiracR-matrix method for the calculation of x-ray line polarization’ '
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T. Lin, Kate Kirby, Eric H. Silver, Nancy Brickhouse, and G. X. Chen
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Physics ,Theoretical physics ,Quantum mechanics ,Polarization (waves) ,X ray spectra ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,R-matrix - Abstract
In response to the Comment written by Zhang et al. [Phys. Rev. A 82, 036701 (2010)] we show that the main ideas and results (about the physics and method) reported in our paper [Phys. Rev. A 79, 062715 (2009)] still appear to be correct. Although none of the conjectures given in the Comment about the potential problems in our code are correct, there was a small error in our code, so the part of our paper with numerical data, presented to support our method, appears to be incorrect. The wealth of resonance features in the x-ray line $3D$ demonstrated in our paper still appears to be real and is reconfirmed by a revised calculation with the error fixed.
- Published
- 2010
22. X-Ray Spectroscopy of Highly Charged Ions in Laboratory and Astrophysical Plasmas
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Kate Kirby, Eric H. Silver, G. X. Chen, John D. Gillaspy, T. Lin, J. M. Laming, Joseph N. Tan, and Nancy Brickhouse
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Nuclear physics ,Physics ,Spectral signature ,Ionization ,Resolution (electron density) ,Radiative transfer ,Atomic spectroscopy ,Plasma ,Spectral line ,Ion - Abstract
The Universe is rich with X-ray sources which can now be observed with unprecedented resolution using instruments on Chandra and XMM-Newton. In order to interpret their spectral signatures and derive reliable information regarding the physical characteristics and the dynamics of these objects and their environments, detailed spectral models have been developed which require vast amounts of highly accurate data on atomic collisional and radiative properties for ions in a broad range of ionization states. These data are usually obtained from theoretical calculations through which a large parameter space of physical conditions such as temperature and density can be explored. Critical to the reliability of these models is the careful benchmarking of the theoretically generated data through high-precision laboratory measurements. To provide a picture of the astrophysics, the goal is to develop a set of key spectroscopic diagnostics with an accuracy ( ∼ 5–10%) that is commensurate with the uncertainties in the highest quality astrophysical spectra. Using a broad band, high resolution X-ray microcalorimeter coupled to an EBIT, we are studying the behavior of highly charged plasma ions. Our goals for accuracy and reliability are now achievable and some of our results are presented here. A new technique for improving the measurement accuracy is also described.
- Published
- 2010
23. SXRP: an X-ray polarimeter for the SPECTRUM-X-Gamma Mission
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Christopher Martin, R. F. Elsner, Martin C. Weisskopf, L. Piro, Enrico Massaro, G. C. Perola, R. A. Sunyaev, Robert Novick, Philip E. Kaaret, Eric H. Silver, Giorgio Matt, I. Lapshov, T. T. Hamilton, G. Manzo, Ping-Shine Shaw, George W. Fraser, Gary Chanan, Enrico Costa, S. Giarrusso, P. Soffitta, Andrea Santangelo, and G. La Rosa
- Subjects
Physics ,X-ray astronomy ,Thomson scattering ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Astronomy ,Bragg's law ,Polarimeter ,Astrophysics ,Polarization (waves) ,Supernova ,Pulsar ,Crystal optics ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics - Abstract
The Stellar X-ray Polarimeter (SXRP) is a focal plane instrument which will be flown on the SPECTRUM-X-Gamma mission in 1993. The polarimeter is composed of two separate instruments: the first exploits the dependence on the polarization of the Bragg reflection from a graphite crystal, and of the Thomson scattering from a metallic lithium target. The second instrument makes use of the recently discovered polarization dependence of X-ray photoemission from CsI. The SXRP will permit sensitive measurements of several classes of galactic X-ray sources, such as X-ray pulsars, black-hole candidates and supernova remnants. Moreover, and for the first time, SXRP will be able to perform highly sensitive measurements of the brightest extragalactic sources.
- Published
- 1992
24. DiracR-matrix method for the calculation of x-ray line polarization
- Author
-
Eric H. Silver, Nancy Brickhouse, Kate Kirby, G. X. Chen, and T. Lin
- Subjects
Physics ,X-ray ,Atomic physics ,Polarization (waves) ,Lambda ,X ray spectra ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Excitation ,Complex ions ,R-matrix - Abstract
We have developed a method within the Dirac $R$-matrix theory to calculate x-ray line polarization resulting from electron-impact excitation to excited-state magnetic sublevels of complex ions. We apply this method to the excitation of two well-known x-ray lines of Fe XVII, $3C$ $(\ensuremath{\lambda}=15.015\text{ }\text{\AA{}})$ and $3D$ $(\ensuremath{\lambda}=15.262\text{ }\text{\AA{}})$. We find strong resonance effects which contribute to complicated energy dependence in the polarization. Our results show large differences, up to 30% or more, from earlier theoretical work, and thus provide a stimulus for direct experimental measurement of the $3C$ and $3D$ line polarizations and further theoretical studies.
- Published
- 2009
25. Test of x-ray microcalorimeters with bilayer absorbers
- Author
-
Emanuele Perinati, L. Dumoulin, L. Piro, C. Pigot, Marco Barbera, Eric H. Silver, Alfonso Collura, Jeffrey W. Beeman, Salvatore Varisco, Perinati, E., Barbera, M., Beeman, J., Collura, A., Dumoulin, L., Pigot, C., Piro, L., Silver, E., and Varisco, S.
- Subjects
Physics ,Superconductivity ,Photon ,Condensed matter physics ,Phonon ,Tantalum ,chemistry.chemical_element ,X-Ray, Detectors, Spectroscopy, Microcalorimeters ,Thermalisation ,chemistry ,Condensed Matter::Superconductivity ,Thermal ,Quasiparticle ,Cooper pair - Abstract
Superconducting absorbers for thermal X-ray microcalorimeters should convert into thermalized phonons and transfer to the thermal sensor most of the energy deposited by single photons, on a time scale as short as a few tens of microseconds. Since deposition of X-ray energy in a superconductor produces quasiparticles by breaking up of Cooper pairs, the thermalization efficiency depends on the time scale on which they survive within the absorber volume, trapping part of the absorbed energy. According to the predicted values of their microscopic parameters, in many standard type-I superconducting metals the quasiparticle life time at very low temperatures results too long to allow for recombination on the relatively short time scale of the thermal sensors. In type-II superconductors the existence of a mixed state with Abrikosov vortices could speed up the recombination process and increase the efficiency of thermalization. We discuss this topic by presenting experimental results of laboratory tests conducted on tantalum and lead-bismuth absorbers in a comparison with an absorber made of gold, where no trapping is expected.
- Published
- 2008
26. A fully planar approach to the construction of X-Ray microcalorimeters with doped Germanium sensors
- Author
-
C. Arnone, Emanuele Perinati, Jeffrey W. Beeman, G. Chianetta, Marco Barbera, Eric H. Silver, Alfonso Collura, Giuseppe Lullo, Chianetta, G., Arnone, C., Barbera, M., Beeman, J., Collura, A., Lullo, G., Perinati, E., and Silver, E.
- Subjects
Thermal sensors ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Thermistor ,Detector ,Doping ,X-ray ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Germanium ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Planar ,X-ray, detectors, microcalorimeter, planar technology ,chemistry ,Etching (microfabrication) ,Optoelectronics ,General Materials Science ,business - Abstract
We have investigated a fully planar technology for the development of arrays of X-ray microcalorimeters with doped germanium thermal sensor. We describe the proposed approach and show promising results obtained with the deep etching of germanium, the most critical step of the whole process.
- Published
- 2008
27. Calorimetric ionization detector
- Author
-
Eric H. Silver, Paul N. Luke, Simon E. Labov, J. W. Beeman, and F.S. Goulding
- Subjects
Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Ionization ,Ionization detector ,Detector ,Process (computing) ,Optoelectronics ,business ,Instrumentation ,Temperature measurement - Abstract
A new mode of operation for ionization detectors is described. The amount of ionization produced in a detector is determined by measuring the amount of heat generated during the carrier collection process. Very high detection sensitivities, including single carrier detection, may be achieved at cryogenic temperatures. Results from an experimental device operated at T = 0.3 K are presented.
- Published
- 1990
28. Erratum: The3C/3DLine Ratio in Ni XIX: NewAb InitioTheory and Experimental Results [Phys. Rev. Lett.97, 143201 (2006)]
- Author
-
Nancy Brickhouse, John D. Gillaspy, G. X. Chen, Joseph N. Tan, J. M. Laming, Joshua M. Pomeroy, Eric H. Silver, and Kate Kirby
- Subjects
Physics ,Nuclear physics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Atomic physics ,Line (formation) - Published
- 2007
29. X-Ray Measurements Using a Microcalorimeter on an Electron Beam Ion Trap
- Author
-
J. D. Gillaspy, Nancy Brickhouse, J. M. Pomeroy, K. Kirby, G. X. Chen, J. M. Laming, Joseph N. Tan, and Eric H. Silver
- Subjects
Physics ,Active galactic nucleus ,Spectrometer ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysical plasma ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,Astrophysics ,Plasma ,Electron ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics ,Galaxy cluster ,Galaxy ,Electron beam ion trap - Abstract
The X‐ray telescopes and spectrometers flown on Chandra and XMM‐Newton are returning exciting new data from a wide variety of cosmic sources such as stellar coronae, supernova remnants, galaxies, clusters of galaxies, active galactic nuclei and X‐ray binaries. To achieve the best scientific interpretation of the data from these and future spectroscopic missions and related ground‐based observations, theoretical calculations and plasma models must be verified or modified by the results obtained from measurements in the laboratory. Such measurements are the focus of several laboratory astrophysics programs that use an electron beam ion trap (EBIT) to simulate astrophysical plasma conditions. Here we describe our recent spectroscopic measurements of neon‐like iron and nickel using a microcalorimeter on the EBIT at the National Institute of Standards (NIST). We obtain values for the intensity ratios of the well‐known lines emitted by these ions and compare the results with new large scale electron‐ion scattering calculations. Additional details about our laboratory astrophysics work can be found in some earlier papers.
- Published
- 2007
30. Accurate modeling of benchmark x-ray spectra from highly charged ions of tungsten
- Author
-
Eric H. Silver, Joseph N. Tan, Joshua M. Pomeroy, John D. Gillaspy, and Yuri Ralchenko
- Subjects
Physics ,education.field_of_study ,Population ,Kinetic energy ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Spectral line ,Ion ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,Excited state ,Emission spectrum ,Atomic physics ,Spectroscopy ,education ,Electron beam ion trap - Abstract
We present detailed collisional-radiative modeling for a benchmark x-ray spectrum of highly charged tungsten ions in the range between 3 and $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$ produced in an electron beam ion trap (EBIT) with a beam energy of $4.08\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{keV}$. Remarkably good agreement between calculated and measured spectra was obtained without adjustable parameters, highlighting the well-controlled experimental conditions and the sophistication of the kinetic simulation of the non-Maxwellian tungsten plasma. This agreement permitted the identification of spectral lines from Cu-like ${\mathrm{W}}^{45+}$ and Ni-like ${\mathrm{W}}^{46+}$ ions, led to the reinterpretation of a previously known line in Ni-like ion as an overlap of electric-quadrupole and magnetic-octupole lines, and revealed subtle features in the x-ray spectrum arising from the dominance of forbidden transitions between excited states. The importance of level population mechanisms specific to the EBIT plasma is discussed as well.
- Published
- 2006
31. High Energy, High Resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy: Microcalorimeters For Nuclear Line Astrophysics
- Author
-
Roland Diehl, C. Jones, D.A. Landis, William R. Forman, Suzanne Romaine, J.W. Beeman, B. Ramsey, Eric H. Silver, M. Barbera, Herbert W. Schnopper, S. E. Woosley, Eugene E. Haller, Norman W. Madden, Finn Erland Christensen, SILVER E, SCHNOPPER H W, JONES C, FORMAN W, ROMAINE S, MADDEN N, LANDIS D, BEEMAN J, HALLER E E, BARBERA M, CHRISTENSEN F, RAMSEY B, WOOSLEY S, and DIEHL R
- Subjects
Physics ,X-ray spectroscopy ,Spectrometer ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Resolution (electron density) ,Astrophysics ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Supernova ,Optics ,law ,Emission spectrum ,Spectroscopy ,business ,X- and gamma-ray telescopes and instrumentation, Photometric polarimetric and spectroscopic instrumentation ,Line (formation) - Abstract
We introduce focusing optics and microcalorimeter spectroscopy to nuclear line emission astrophysics with a balloon payload concept called, B‐MINE. It is designed to probe the deepest regions of a supernova explosion by detecting 44Ti emission at 68 keV with spatial and spectral resolutions that are sufficient to determine the velocity distribution of the 44Ti emitting region. B‐MINE has a thin plastic foil telescope multilayered to maximize the reflectivity in a 20 keV band centered at 68 keV and a microcalorimeter array optimized for the same energy band. This combination provides a reduced background, an energy resolution of 50 eV and a 3σ sensitivity in 106 s of 6 × 10−8 ph cm−2 s−1 at 68 keV. During the course of a long duration balloon flight, B‐MINE could carry out a detailed study of the 44Ti emission line centroids and width in CAS A. Details of the spectrometer and simulated results are presented.
- Published
- 2005
32. Thin-shell plastic lenses for space and laboratory applications
- Author
-
Dervis Vernani, Salvatore Varisco, Russell H. Ingram, Maria Antonella Artale, Roberto Candia, Carsten P. Jensen, Vincenzo Cotroneo, Suzanne Romaine, Marco Barbera, Kristin K. Madsen, Eric H. Silver, Herbert W. Schnopper, Alfonso Collura, Finn Erland Christensen, SCHNOPPER HERBERT, W., Ingram, R., Silver, E., Barbera, M., Candia, R., CHRISTENSEN FINN, E., JENSEN CARSTEN, P., ROMAINE SUZANNE, E., Vernani, D., Cotroneo, V., Varisco, S., ARTALE MARIA, A., MADSEN KRISTIN, K., Collura, A., MacDonald, Carolyn A., Macrander, Albert T., Ishikawa, Tetsuya, Morawe, Christian, and Wood, James L.
- Subjects
Materials science ,Scanning electron microscope ,business.industry ,Shell (structure) ,X-ray optics ,X-ray telescope ,law.invention ,Telescope ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Optics ,Optical coating ,chemistry ,law ,Polyethylene terephthalate ,X-ray optics, X-ray telescopes, X-ray lenses, X-ray imaging, X-ray collimation, medical diagnostics, microanalysis ,Thin film ,business - Abstract
We have identified an inexpensive, readily available, mechanically stable, extremely smooth, elastic, and mechanically uniform plastic suitable for thin film X-ray optics. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is easily deformed without losing its elastic properties or surface smoothness. Most important, PET can be coated with mono- or multilayers that reflect X-rays at grazing incidence. We have used these properties to produce X-ray optics made either as a concentric nest of cylinders or as a spiral. We have produced accurately formed shells in precisely machined vacuum mandresl or used a pin and wheel structure to form a continuously wound spiral. The wide range of medical, industrial and scientific applications for our technology includes: a monochromatic X-ray collimater for medical diagnostics, a relay optic to transport an X-ray beam from the target in a scanning electron microscop0e to a lithium-drifted silicon and microcalorimeter detectors and a satellite mounted telescope to collect celestial X-rays. A wide variety of mono- and multilayer coatings allow X-rays up to ~100 keV to be reflected. Our paper presents data from a variety of diagnostic measurements on the properties of the PET foil and imaging results form single- and multi-shell lenses.
- Published
- 2004
33. A single stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator for testing x-ray microcalorimeters
- Author
-
Salvatore Varisco, Marco Barbera, Alfonso Collura, Eric H. Silver, Gaspare Di Cicca, Manlio Serio, Maria Antonella Artale, Roberto Candia, Salvatore Serio, Simon R. Bandler, Emanuele Perinati, Barbera, M., ARTALE MARIA ANTONELLA, Candia, R., Collura, A., DI CICCA GASPARE, Perinati, E., Serio, M., Serio, S., Varisco, S., Silver, E., and BANDLER SIMON, R.
- Subjects
Physics ,X-ray astronomy ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Instrumentation ,Nuclear engineering ,X-Ray Astronomy, Instrumentation, Cryogenics, Microcalorimeters ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Refrigerator car ,X-ray detector ,Cryogenics ,Astrophysics ,Operating temperature ,Computer Science::Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science ,Calibration ,Adiabatic process - Abstract
A single stage Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator (ADR), has been set-up at the X-ray Astronomy Calibration and Testing (XACT) facility of INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo G.S. Vaiana, for the development and testing of cryogenic X-ray detectors for laboratory and astrophysical applications. The ADR allows to cool detectors at temperatures below 40 mK and to maintain them at constant operating temperature for many hours. We describe the design and construction of the ADR and present test results and performances.
- Published
- 2004
34. Visible, EUV, and X-ray Spectroscopy at the NIST EBIT Facility
- Author
-
Endre Takacs, H. W. Schnopper, E.-O. Le Bigot, Eric H. Silver, K. Fahey, L P. Ratliff, Alexander Dalgarno, J. M. Laming, J. D. Gillaspy, Károly Tökési, V. Kharchenko, K. Makonyi, L. Lugosi, Joseph N. Tan, H. Tawara, B. Blagojevic, Physics Laboratory (NIST), National Institute of Standards and Technology [Gaithersburg] (NIST), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, Department of Experimental Physics (UCD SCHOOL OF PHYSICS), University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), E. O. Hurlburt Center for Space Research, Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB (Jussieu)), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Nuclear Research [Budapest] (ATOMKI), Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), James S. Cohen, David P. Kilcrease, Stephane Mazevet, Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
spectroscopy ,Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph) ,Extreme ultraviolet lithography ,extreme ultra-violet ,FOS: Physical sciences ,x-rays ,microcalorimeter ,Astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Ion ,Physics - Atomic Physics ,Nuclear physics ,[PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] ,Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy ,[PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph] ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph] ,0103 physical sciences ,Microelectronics ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det] ,010306 general physics ,Physics ,X-ray spectroscopy ,Quantum Physics ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ATOM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atomic Physics [physics.atom-ph] ,[SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph] ,business.industry ,Astrophysics (astro-ph) ,charge exchange ,Physics - Plasma Physics ,Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph) ,highly-charged ions ,NIST ,Atomic physics ,Quantum Physics (quant-ph) ,business ,Charge exchange - Abstract
After a brief introduction to the NIST EBIT facility, we present the results of three different types of experiments that have been carried out there recently: EUV and visible spectroscopy in support of the microelectronics industry, laboratory astrophysics using an x-ray microcalorimeter, and charge exchange studies using extracted beams of highly charged ions., 10 pages
- Published
- 2004
35. Spectral broadening by incomplete thermalization of the energy in X-ray microcalorimeters with superconducting absorber and NTD-Ge thermal sensor
- Author
-
Emanuele Perinati, Salvatore Serio, Marco Barbera, Eric H. Silver, Alfonso Collura, PERINATI E, BARBERA M, COLLURA A, SERIO S, and SILVER E
- Subjects
Physics ,Superconductivity ,quasi-particle ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Photon ,business.industry ,Phonon ,x-ray spectroscopy ,microcalorimeter ,Particle detector ,germanium ,Thermalisation ,Optics ,Condensed Matter::Superconductivity ,numerical simulation ,Neutron ,Atomic physics ,Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) ,business ,Instrumentation ,Doppler broadening - Abstract
We present a model of the response of a cryogenic microcalorimeter with superconducting absorber and phonon sensitive thermal sensor to the absorption of X-ray photons. The model is based on the main microscopic processes responsible for the thermalization of the deposited energy. We use a system of rate equations to describe the energy downconversion in the superconductor and transport to the thermal sensor. The model is a tool to investigate the thermalization efficiency with respect to the device characteristics (i.e. absorber material, geometry), in order to optimize the performances of these detectors. As a first case study, we report results of simulations for a microcalorimeter with superconducting Sn absorber and neutron transmutation doped (NTD) Ge thermistor, where the experimentally measured spectral resolution is still a factor ∼3 worse than the limit predicted by the macroscopic formula.
- Published
- 2004
36. The Reconnection And Microscale (RAM) Solar-Terrestrial Probe
- Author
-
Peter Cheimets, Eric H. Silver, Leon Golub, Glenn Paul E, Edward E. DeLuca, Donald M. Hassler, Clarence M. Korendyke, and Jay A. Bookbinder
- Subjects
Physics ,Physics::Space Physics ,Coronal mass ejection ,Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Astronomy ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Plasma ,Astrophysics ,Temporal scales ,Corona ,Microscale chemistry ,Nanoflares - Abstract
A hot, magnetized plasma such as the solar corona has the property that much of the physics governing its activity takes place on remarkably small spatial and temporal scales, while the response to this activity occurs on large scales. Observations from SMM, TRACE, SOHO and Yohkoh have shown that typical solar active regions have loops ranging in temperature from 0.5 to 10 MK, and flares up to 40MK. The spatial and temporal domains involved have been heretofore inaccessible to direct observations from Earth, so that theory has relied heavily on extrapolations from more accessible regimes, and on speculation. The RAM Solar-Terrestrial Probe consists of a set of carefully selected imaging and spectroscopic instruments that enable definitive studies of the dynamics and energetics of the solar corona.
- Published
- 2003
37. Realistic inexpensive soft x-ray polarimeter and the potential scientific return
- Author
-
Herbert W. Schnopper, Stephen S. Murray, John H. Chappell, Martin C. Weisskopf, Eric H. Silver, and Herman L. Marshall
- Subjects
Physics ,Active galactic nucleus ,Linear polarization ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Compton scattering ,Astronomy ,Polarimeter ,Astrophysics ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Neutron star ,Pulsar ,Astrophysical jet ,law ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
Using multilayer coated mirrors to provide high reflectivity at large graze angles, we have proposed to launch a small telescope that is capable of measuring the linear polarization of the soft x-ray fluxes from many astronomical sources. Three identical mirror-detectoer assemblies are designed for maximum efficiency at 0.25 keV, where the photon spectra of many celestial targets peak. In observations lasting 1-3 days using this low risk instrument with proven heritage, we can detect polarizations of 5-10% at 5σ due to Compton scattering or synchrotron processes in the relativistic jets of BL Lac objects, accretion disks or jets in active galactic nuclei and atmospheres of isolated pulsars. Pulsar data can be binned by pulse phase to measure the orientation of the neutron star rotation and magnetic field axes and constrain the mass to radius ratio. This project has been selected for technology development funding by the NASA Explorer Program.
- Published
- 2003
38. A low power 12-bit ADC for nuclear instrumentation
- Author
-
Eric H. Silver, Norman W. Madden, D.A. Landis, Mark LeGros, and R. Adachi
- Subjects
Reduction (complexity) ,Effective number of bits ,Differential nonlinearity ,CMOS ,Computer science ,12-bit ,Nuclear electronics ,Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS ,Electronic engineering ,Successive approximation ADC ,Hardware_ARITHMETICANDLOGICSTRUCTURES ,Power (physics) - Abstract
A low-power, successive-approximation, analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for low-rate, low-cost, battery-powered applications is described. The ADC is based on a commercial 50-mW successive-approximation CMOS device (CS5102). An on-chip self-calibration circuit reduces the inherent differential nonlinearity to 7%. A further reduction of the differential nonlinearity to 0.5% is attained with a four-bit Gatti function. The Gatti function is distributed to minimize battery power consumption. All analog functions reside with the ADC, while the noisy digital functions reside in the personal-computer-based histogramming memory. Fiber-optic cables carry all digital information between the ADC and this memory. >
- Published
- 2003
39. Thin plastic shell x-ray optics: an update
- Author
-
Finn Erland Christensen, Russell H. Ingram, Lester M. Cohen, Herbert W. Schnopper, Alfonso Collura, Stephen S. Murray, Marco Barbera, Eric H. Silver, Suzanne Romaine, Schnopper, H., Barbera, M., Silver, E., Ingram, R., Christensen, F., Romaine, S., Cohen, L., Collura, A., and Murray, S.
- Subjects
Physics ,business.industry ,Aperture ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Plastic shell X-ray optic ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Shell (structure) ,X-ray optics ,X-ray telescope ,Conical surface ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Encircled energy ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Point-to-point X-ray imaging ,Optics ,Approximate X-ray optic ,law ,Microchannel plate detector ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,X-ray optic ,business - Abstract
We present new results from a program to develop large area X-ray telescopes that are made from thin plastic shells. We use multi-shell cylindrical lenses in a point-to-point configuration to form full aperture images of the small focal spot in a an X-ray tube on a microchannel plate detector. The image data are analyzed to yield radial profiles and encircled energy curves. The derived parameters can be extrapolated to the case of a telescope that is a conical approximation to Wolter 1 optics. The plastic shells can be coated with suitable mono- or multilayers that allow for a wideband coverage of X-ray energies. Our current program is focused on the development of a large area, hard X-ray telescope for a balloon payload (see the paper 4851 -107 by E. Silver, et al at this conference).
- Published
- 2003
40. EBIT diagnostics using X-ray spectra of highly ionized Ne
- Author
-
Eugen Haller, Jeff Beeman, Norman W. Madden, Marco Barbera, Martin Laming, Eric H. Silver, Herbert W. Schnopper, Giovanni Peres, Salvatore Serio, John D. Gillaspy, Endre Takacs, Antonio Maggio, M. Matranga, Matranga, M., Barbera, M., Maggio, A., Peres, G., Serio, S., Takács, E., Silver, E., Gillaspy, J., Schnopper, H., Laming, M., Beeman, J., Haller, E., and Madden, N.
- Subjects
X-ray spectra ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Electron density ,EBIT ,Chemistry ,Surfaces, Coatings and Film ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Fizikai tudományok ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Plasma ,Ion ,Neon ,Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia E Astrofisica ,Természettudományok ,Ionization ,Astrophysical plasma ,Physics::Atomic Physics ,Emission spectrum ,Atomic physics ,Ionization of atom ,Forbidden mechanism ,Instrumentation ,Excitation - Abstract
We have carried out a detailed analysis of highly ionized neon spectra collected at the NIST EBIT using an NTD germanium X-ray microcalorimeter developed at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics [Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 444 (2000) 156]. Our attention was focused especially on the Ne IX He-like triplet to check electron density diagnostics through the intercombination/forbidden line ratio. We have investigated possible effects of the ion dynamics on the plasma emission line intensities, looking at the dependence of the count-rate and the charge state distribution on the electron beam energy and current. The temperature and spatial distribution of the neon ions, and hence the overlap between the electron beam and the ion cloud, depend on the electron beam operating parameters. The overlap affects the average electron density seen by the ions, and in turn the measured line ratio. These results underscore the value of future improved studies of the trapped ion dynamics, both for understanding the EBIT performance and for allowing experimenters to take full advantage of its potential for astrophysical plasma diagnostics. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 2003
41. B-MINE, the balloon-borne microcalorimeter nuclear line explorer
- Author
-
Jonathan E. Grindlay, Roland Diehl, Stephen S. Murray, Stan Woosley, William R. Forman, Brian D. Ramsey, Christine Jones, Victor Reglero, Gregory S. Tucker, Norm Madden, David M. Smith, Simon R. Bandler, Patrick Slane, Eugene E. Haller, Marco Barbera, Jeffrey W. Beeman, Eric H. Silver, Alvaro Giménez, Herbert W. Schnopper, Juan Fabregat, Alfonso Collura, Suzanne Romaine, Finn E. Christensen, Silver, E., Schnopper, H., Jones, C., Forman, W., Bandler, S., Murray, S., Romaine, S., Slane, P., Grindlay, J., Madden, N., Beeman, J., Haller, E., Smith, D., Barbera, M., Collura, A., Christensen, F., Ramsey, B., Woosley, S., Diehl, R., Tucker, G., Fabregat, J., Reglero, V., and Gimenez, A.
- Subjects
X-ray Astronomy ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Supernova ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Ballon ,X-ray optics ,SNR ,law.invention ,Astrophysic ,Telescope ,Optics ,Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia E Astrofisica ,NTD Germanium ,law ,Microcalorimeter ,Binary star ,Emission spectrum ,X-ray Optic ,Spectral resolution ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Spectroscopy ,Line (formation) ,Physics ,X-ray astronomy ,business.industry ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Stars ,gamma ray ,Measuring instrument ,business ,Balloon - Abstract
B-MINE is a concept for a balloon mission designed to probe the deepest regions of a supernova explosion by detecting Ti-44 emission at 68 keV with spatial and spectral resolutions that are sufficient to determine the extent and velocity distribution of the Ti-44 emitting region. The payload introduces the concept of focusing optics and microcalorimeter spectroscopy to nuclear line emission astrophysics. B-MINE has a thin, plastic foil telescope multilayered to maximize the reflectivity in a 20 keV band centered at 68 keV and a microcalorimeter array optimized for the same energy band. This combination provides a reduced background, an energy resolution of 50 eV and a 3sigma sensitivity in 10(6) s of 3.3 x 10(-7) ph cm(-2) s(-1) at 68 keV. During the course of a long duration balloon flight, B-MINE could carry out a detailed study of the Ti-44 emission line centroid and width in CAS A.
- Published
- 2002
42. A microcalorimeter spectrometer for the investigation of laboratory plasmas
- Author
-
Herbert W. Schnopper, J.W. Beeman, M. Artale, Norman W. Madden, D.A. Landis, Eugene E. Haller, Eric H. Silver, S. S. Murray, Simon R. Bandler, M. Barbera, D. Malone, Bandler, S., Silver, E., Malone, D., Schnopper, H., Murray, S., Barbera, M., Artale, M., Madden, N., Landis, D., Beeman, J., and Haller, E.
- Subjects
Physics ,Cryostat ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Liquid helium ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Shields ,law.invention ,Nuclear physics ,Optics ,chemistry ,law ,ADR cryostat, EBIT, x-ray microcalorimeters, Astrophysics ,NIST ,Plasma diagnostics ,business ,Helium ,Electron beam ion trap - Abstract
We describe a cryostat and 2-stage ADR specifically designed for making measurements at the NIST EBIT (Electron Beam Ion Trap) facility. The design is compact and consists of a single helium bath with two vapor-cooled shields. The 2-stage ADR has two separate magnets and two heat switches. The interface between the EBIT and microcalorimeter array will also be described.
- Published
- 2002
43. Light weight, thin plastic foil, X-ray telescopes
- Author
-
Stephen S. Murray, Russell H. Ingram, Finn Erland Christensen, Herbert W. Schnopper, Lester M. Cohen, M. Barbera, Alfonso Collura, Suzanne Romaine, Eric H. Silver, Schnopper, H., Barbera, M., Silver, E., Ingram, R., Christensen, F., Romaine, S., Cohen, L., Collura, A., and Murray, S.
- Subjects
Physics ,X-ray astronomy ,High-energy astronomy ,business.industry ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,X-ray optics ,Reflector (antenna) ,X-ray telescope ,Condensed Matter Physics ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Optics ,law ,Microchannel plate detector ,Tube (container) ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business - Abstract
We present results from a program to develop an X-ray telescope made from thin plastic shells. Our initial results have been obtained from multi-shell cylindrical lenses that are used in a point-to-point configuration to image the small focal spot of a an X-ray tube on a microchannel plate detector. We describe the steps that led up to the present design and present data from the tests that have been used to identify the properties of the plastic material that make it a suitable X-ray reflector. We discuss two applications of our technology to X-ray missions that are designed to address some of the scientific priorities set forth in NASA's long term plans for high energy astrophysics. One mission will observe in the 1- 10 keV band, the other will extend up to ca. 100keV.
- Published
- 2002
44. The constellation-X focal plane microcalorimeter array: An NTD-germanium solution
- Author
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Simon R. Bandler, Herbert W. Schnopper, Norm Madden, Eric H. Silver, S. S. Murray, Jeffrey W. Beeman, M. Barbera, D. Landis, E. E. Haller, Beeman, J., Silver, E., Bandler, S., Schnopper, H., Murray, S., Madden, N., Landis, D., Haller, E., and Barbera, M.
- Subjects
Physics ,Fabrication ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Thermistor ,Doping ,Detector ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Germanium ,microcalorimeter ,X-ray ,Astrophysic ,Surface micromachining ,Cardinal point ,Optics ,Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia E Astrofisica ,chemistry ,NTD Germanium ,Optoelectronics ,business - Abstract
The hallmarks of Neutron Transmutation Doped (NTD) germanium cryogenic thermistors include high reliability, reproducibility, and long term stability of bulk carrier transport properties. Using micro-machined NTD Ge thermistors with integral “flying” leads, we can now fabricate two-dimensional arrays that are built up from a series of stacked linear arrays. We believe that this modular approach of building, assembling, and perhaps replacing individual modules of detectors is essential to the successful fabrication and testing of large multi-element spectrometers. Details of construction are presented.
- Published
- 2002
45. Modeling the energy thermalization of X-ray photons in a microcalorimeter with superconducting absorber
- Author
-
Salvatore Serio, Emanuele Perinati, Jeffrey W. Beeman, Eugene E. Haller, Alfonso Collura, Don A. Landis, Marco Barbera, Eric H. Silver, Norman W. Madden, Perinati, E., Barbera, M., Collura, A., Serio, S., Silver, E., Beeman, J., Haller, E., Landis, D., and Madden, N.
- Subjects
Physics ,Range (particle radiation) ,Photon ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Phonon ,business.industry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Germanium ,Thermalization ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Optics ,Thermalisation ,chemistry ,Microcalorimeter ,X-ray spectroscopy ,Neutron ,Atomic physics ,Spectral resolution ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) - Abstract
We present a modeling of the response of a microcalorimeter to the absorption of X-ray photons, based on the main microscopical processes responsible for the energy thermalization. In particular, we have modeled a microcalorimeter with superconducting tin absorber (350 micron x 350 micron x 7 micron) and neutron transmutation doped (NTD) germanium thermistor (75 micron x 50 micron x 150 micron). Such a detector, operated at 60 mK, is expected to achieve a spectral resolution as good as 1 eV FWHM in the soft X-ray energy range, based on the known sources of thermal and electronic noise. Nevertheless, the best spectral resolution measured in laboratory experimental tests is of about 5 eV FWHM (at 5.89 keV). We have investigated how the microscopic processes of energy thermalization, involving both quasiparticles and phonons, and the position of absorption of the photons may affect the spectral resolution of the detector.
- Published
- 2002
46. X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy with NTD germanium-based microcalorimeters
- Author
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D.A. Landis, Norman W. Madden, Jeffrey W. Beeman, M. Barbera, F.S. Goulding, Herbert W. Schnopper, Simon R. Bandler, S. S. Murray, Eugene E. Haller, Eric H. Silver, Silver, E., Bandler, S., Schnopper, H., Murray, S., Madden, N., Landis, D., Goulding, F., Beeman, J., Haller, E., and Barbera, M.
- Subjects
Physics ,X-ray astronomy ,X-ray ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Germanium ,Plasma ,Gamma-ray astronomy ,Astrophysics ,microcalorimeter ,law.invention ,Astrophysic ,Germanium radiation detectors ,Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia E Astrofisica ,chemistry ,law ,NTD Germanium ,gamma-ray ,Spectral resolution ,Light-emitting diode - Abstract
We report on the performance of our NTD-Ge microcalorimeters. To date, the spectral resolution for x-ray and gamma-ray lines from radioactive sources and laboratory plasmas is 4.8 eV in the entire 1 - 6 keV band and 52 eV at 60 keV. Technical details responsible for this performance are presented as well as an innovative electro-thermal approach for enhancing count-rate capability.
- Published
- 2002
47. CALOS: an experiment to study the solar corona with an array of NTD Ge microcalorimeters
- Author
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Fabio Reale, Giovanni Peres, Enrico Costa, Marco Barbera, Herbert W. Schnopper, Salvatore Orlando, Eric H. Silver, S. Bandler, Alfonso Collura, Salvatore Serio, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Barbera, M., Peres, G., Orlando, S., Reale, F., Collura, A., Serio, S., Silver, E., Bandler, S., Schnopper, H., Costa, E., and Bellazzini, R.
- Subjects
Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Solar corona ,Germanium ,microcalorimeter ,Astrophysics ,Space exploration ,law.invention ,X-ray ,Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia E Astrofisica ,Optics ,law ,Observatory ,Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Spectroscopy ,Physics ,X-ray astronomy ,business.industry ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Astronomy ,Polarimeter ,Polarization (waves) ,chemistry ,Physics::Space Physics ,business ,Flare - Abstract
In response to the Italian Space Agency announcement "New Ideas for Space Missions", we have proposed an observatory "CALorimetri per Osservazioni Solari" (CALOS) that will perform spatially resolved (Deltatheta similar to 2) X-ray spectroscopy of the solar corona over the 0.1 - 10 keV band using an array of NTD germanium microcalorimeters. The observatory will also include an X-ray polarimeter of radically new design that will study the hard X-ray solar emission and its polarization and will serve as a flare alarm.
- Published
- 2002
48. Xrase: The X-Ray Spectroscopic Explorer
- Author
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Norman W. Madden, Hagai Netzer, Herbert W. Schnopper, Juan Fabregat, Niels J. Westergaard, Stephen S. Murray, Eugene E. Haller, Salvatore Sciortino, Elia Liebowitz, Jeffery Beeman, William R. Forman, Noah Brosch, Suzanne Romaine, Simon R. Bandler, Alfonso Collura, Finn E. Christensen, Alvaro Giménez, Christine Jones, Victor Reglero, Marco Barbera, and Eric H. Silver
- Subjects
Physics ,Point spread function ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,X-ray ,Astronomy ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,Astrophysics ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Baryon ,Orbit ,law ,Intergalactic travel ,Transition edge sensor ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics ,Galaxy cluster - Abstract
The X-Ray Spectroscopic Explorer (XRASE) has a unique combination of features that will make it possible to address many of NASA’s scientific goals. These include how galaxy clusters form, the physics and chemistry of the ISM, the heating of stellar coronae, the amount and content of intergalactic baryonic matter, the mass of black holes and the formation of disks and jets in AGN and galactic binaries. XRASE has a thin foil, multilayered telescope with a large collecting area up to 10 keV, especially in the Fe Kα region (1100 cm2). Its microcalorimeter array combines high energy resolution (7 eV at 6 keV) and efficiency with a field-of-view of 26 arcmin2. A deep orbit allows for long, continuous observations. Monitoring instruments in the optical (WOM-X), UV (TAUVEX) and hard X-RAY (GRAM) bands will offer exceptional opportunities to make simultaneous multi-wavelength observations.
- Published
- 2001
49. Analysis of broadband x-ray spectra of highly charged krypton from a microcalorimeter detector of an electron-beam ion trap
- Author
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Eric H. Silver, Norman W. Madden, James V. Porto, I Kink, John D. Gillaspy, Jeffrey W. Beeman, Endre Takacs, Nancy Brickhouse, M. Barbera, J. M. Laming, D.A. Landis, E. E. Haller, Simon R. Bandler, Herbert W. Schnopper, S. S. Murray, Kink, I., Laming, J., Takács, E., Porto, J., Gillaspy, J., Silver, E., Schnopper, H., Bandler, S., Barbera, M., Brickhouse, N., Murray, S., Madden, N., Landis, D., Beeman, J., and Haller, E.
- Subjects
Physics ,Detector ,Krypton ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Fizikai tudományok ,Plasma ,Condensed Matter Physic ,Spectral line ,Ion ,Physics and Astronomy (all) ,Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia E Astrofisica ,Természettudományok ,chemistry ,Physics::Atomic Physics ,Ion trap ,Atomic physics ,Electronic band structure ,Mathematical Physics ,Electron beam ion trap ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physic - Abstract
Spectra of highly charged Kr ions, produced in an electron-beam ion trap (EBIT), have been recorded in a broad x-ray energy band (0.3 keV to 4 keV) with a microcalorimeter detector. Most of the spectral lines have been identified as transitions of B- to Al-like Kr. The transition energies have been determined with 0.2% uncertainty. A semi-empirical EBIT plasma model has been created to calculate a synthetic spectrum of highly charged Kr and to determine a charge state distribution of Kr ions inside the EBIT.
- Published
- 2001
50. X–Ray Imaging Spectroscopy Using an NTD Ge-Based Microcalorimeter: An Interdisciplinary Spin-Off from Astrophysics Research
- Author
-
E. E. Haller, Eric H. Silver, Edward P. Vicenzi, Jeffrey W. Beeman, C Gilpin, and Ting Lin
- Subjects
Physics ,Imaging spectroscopy ,Nuclear magnetic resonance ,X-ray ,Astrophysics ,Spin (physics) ,Instrumentation - Abstract
Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
- Published
- 2010
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