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While twentieth century sea-level rise was dominated by thermal expansion of ocean water, mass loss from glaciers and ice sheets is now a larger annual contributor. There is uncertainty on how ice sheets will respond to further warming, however, reducing confidence in twenty-first century sea-level projections. In 2019, to address the uncertainty, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported that sea-level rise from the 1950s levels would likely be within 0.61–1.10 m if warming exceeds 4°C by 2100. The IPCC acknowledged greater sea-level increases were possible through mechanisms not fully incorporated in models used in the assessment. In this perspective, we discuss challenges faced in projecting sea-level change and discuss why the IPCC's sea-level range for 2100 under strong warming is focused at the low end of possible outcomes. We argue outcomes above this range are far more probable than below it and discuss how decision makers may benefit from reframing IPCC's terminology to avoid unintentionally masking worst-case scenarios. There is great uncertainty on how polar ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica will respond to twenty-first century warming, reducing confidence in sea-level projections. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects sea level in 2100 to be 0.61–1.10 m higher than 1950s levels under unabated greenhouse gas emissions. Here we explain why outcomes above this range are far more probable than below it and discuss how decision makers may benefit from reframing IPCC's terminology to avoid unintentionally masking worst-case scenarios.

The purpose of this article is to give a rather thorough understanding of the compact support property for measure-valued processes corresponding to semi-linear equations of the form u(t) = Lu + beta u - alpha u(p) in R-d x (0, infinity), p is an element of (1, 2]; u(x, 0) = f(x) in R-d; u (x, t) >= 0 in R-d x [0, infinity). In particular, we shall investigate how the interplay between the underlying motion (the diffusion process corresponding to L) and the branching affects the compact support property. In [J. Englander, R. Pinsky, On the construction and support properties of measure-valued diffusions on D subset of R-d with spatially dependent branching, Ann. Probab. 27 (1999) 684-730], the compact support property was shown to be equivalent to a certain analytic criterion concerning uniqueness of the Cauchy problem for the semi-linear parabolic equation related to the measured valued process. In a subsequent paper [J. Englander, R. Pinsky, Uniqueness/nonuniqueness for nonnegative solutions of second-order parabolic equations of the form u(t) = Lu + Vu - gamma u(p) in R-n, J. Differential Equations 192 (2003) 396-428], this analytic property was investigated purely from the point of view of partial differential equations. Some of the results obtained in this latter paper yield interesting results concerning the compact support property. In this paper, the results from [J. Englander, R. Pinsky, Uniqueness/nonuniqueness, for nonnegative solutions of second-order parabolic equations of the form u(t) = Lu + Vu - gamma u(p) in R-n, J. Differential Equations 192 (2003) 396-428] that are relevant to the compact support property are presented, sometimes with extensions. These results are interwoven with new results and some informal heuristics. Taken together, they yield a rather comprehensive picture of the compact support property. Inter alia, we show that the concept of a measure-valued process hitting a point can be investigated via the compact support property, and suggest an alternate proof of a result concerning the hitting of points by super-Brownian motion. (c) 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

Fatigue is a well-recognized issue for individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). This prospective study examined the rate and types of fatigue that are experienced by a cohort of individuals with TBI within the first 2 years, using a multidimensional fatigue scale. The impact of factors such as demographics, injury severity indices, and concomitant psychosocial variables was also examined. Using 2 measures of overall fatigue, 16%-32% at Year 1 and 21%-34% at Year 2 reported significant levels of fatigue. Fatigue did not appear to change between 1 and 2 years post-TBI. Sleep quality was the most prevalent concomitant disturbance followed by depression and pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used a prospective longitudinal design to quantify fatigue and associated factors during the first 2 years after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Fifty-one individuals were assessed at 3 time points: within the first 6, 12, and 18-24 months after TBI. Self-reported fatigue improved during the first year, as did pain, sleep quality, cognitive independence, and involvement in productive activity. Further changes up to 2 years after TBI were not observed. The subset of individuals who reported significant increases in fatigue over the first 2 years demonstrated poorer outcomes in cognition, motor symptoms, and general functioning than those with decreased or stable fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation evaluated yearly trends in charges and lengths of stay for patients with brain injury in acute care and rehabilitation settings over a 7 year period. Data was collected from 800 consecutive patients enrolled in four NIDRR Model Systems Traumatic Brain Injury programmes. Acute care daily charges showed almost routine increases, averaging nearly $550 per year. Conversely, lengths of stay generally showed a downward trend, with annual reductions averaging 2.25 days. Admission lengths of stay averaged 22-29 days between 1990-1994. Admissions averaged less than 20 days beginning in 1995, with the 1996 average of 16 days, nearly half that of the 1993 average. Between 1990-1996, average daily rehabilitation charges increased each year, with the rise averaging $83 or 7%. The rise in daily rehabilitation charges was offset by corresponding decreases in lengths of stay averaging 3.65 days or 8% annually. Increases in daily charges for brain injury rehabilitation care were roughly comparable to those for general medical care prices. However, the rate of change in acute care charges was substantially greater, with annual increases averaging 10% more than national medical care prices. The steady downward trend in lengths of stay raises serious concerns about the future availability of health care services to persons with brain injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To provide a systematic review of published interventions for posttraumatic brain injury fatigue (PTBIF)., Methods: PubMed and OneSearch were systematically searched for PTBIF interventions published between January 1, 1989, and March 31, 2019. Search results were evaluated for inclusion based on an abstract and full-text review. Inclusion criteria were (1) an investigation of an intervention, (2) participant sample including individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI), (3) report of fatigue outcome data among individuals with TBI, and (4) articles available in English, Spanish, French, German, Afrikaans, or Dutch. A risk of bias assessment was conducted on all included publications., Results: The search resulted in 2343 publications, with 37 meeting inclusion criteria for this review. Categories of PTBIF interventions were pharmacological ( n = 13), psychological ( n = 9), exercise-based ( n = 4), complementary alternative medicine ( n = 5), electrotherapeutic ( n = 3), and multimodal ( n = 3). Only methylphenidate, modafinil, and cognitive behavioral therapy interventions included multiple cohorts. Pharmacological and psychological interventions represented the groups with the lowest risk of bias., Conclusions: This review includes 37 studies, with 21 studies published after 2014. Methylphenidate and melatonin were the only pharmacological agents found to reduce fatigue in randomized controlled trials. Creatine given to children prospectively at onset of injury reduced fatigue at follow-up. Walking and water aerobics were effective exercise interventions in isolated randomized controlled studies. One multimodal study of children after concussion was more effective at reducing fatigue and postconcussion symptoms than community standard of care. Other interventions had equivocal results. Overall, more work remains to understand and develop treatments for PTBIF., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Methane (CH 4 ) emissions from oil and natural gas (O&NG) systems are an important contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. In the United States, recent synthesis studies of field measurements of CH 4 emissions at different spatial scales are ~1.5-2× greater compared to official greenhouse gas inventory (GHGI) estimates, with the production-segment as the dominant contributor to this divergence. Based on an updated synthesis of measurements from component-level field studies, we develop a new inventory-based model for CH 4 emissions, for the production-segment only, that agrees within error with recent syntheses of site-level field studies and allows for isolation of equipment-level contributions. We find that unintentional emissions from liquid storage tanks and other equipment leaks are the largest contributors to divergence with the GHGI. If our proposed method were adopted in the United States and other jurisdictions, inventory estimates could better guide CH 4 mitigation policy priorities., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Fatigue is one of the most commonly reported sequelae after traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study evaluated the impact of a graduated physical activity programme on fatigue after TBI. Using a prospective randomised single-blind crossover design, 123 individuals with TBI, over the age of 18, were enrolled. Interventions included a home-based walking programme utilising a pedometer to track daily number of steps at increasing increments accompanied by tapered coaching calls over a 12-week period. Nutritional counselling with the same schedule of coaching calls served as the control condition. Main outcome measures included: the Global Fatigue Index (GFI), the Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) Fatigue Scale Overall Severity Index Score, and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI). Step counts improved over time regardless of group assignment. The walking intervention led to a decrease in GFI, BNI Total, and MFI General scores. Participants reported less fatigue at the end of the active part of the intervention (24 weeks) and after a wash out period (36 weeks) as measured by the BNI Overall. The study suggests that walking can be used as an efficient and cost-effective tool to improve fatigue in persons who have sustained a TBI.

Siderophores provide an established platform for studying molecular recognition principles in biological systems. Herein, the preparation of ferrichrome (FC) biomimetic analogues varying in length and polarity of the amino acid chain separating between the tripodal scaffold and the pendent Fe III chelating hydroxamic acid groups was reported. Spectroscopic and potentiometric titrations determined their iron affinity to be within the range of efficient chelators. Microbial growth promotion and iron uptake studies were conducted on E. coli, P. putida and U. maydis. A wide range of siderophore activity was observed in the current series: from a rare case of a species-specific growth promotor in P. putida to an analogue matching FC in cross-phylum activity and uptake pathway. A fluorescent conjugate of the broad-range analogue visualized siderophore destination in bacteria (periplasmic space) vs. fungi (cytosol) mapping new therapeutic targets. Quantum dots (QDs) decorated with the most potent FC analogue provided a tool for immobilization of FC-recognizing bacteria. Bacterial clusters formed around QDs may provide a platform for their selection and concentration., (© 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Objective: To use a patient-centered approach or participatory action research design combined with advanced psychometrics to develop a comprehensive patient-reported outcomes (PRO) measurement system specifically for individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). This TBI Quality-of-Life (TBI-QOL) measurement system expands the work of other large PRO measurement initiatives, that is, the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System and the Neurology Quality-of-Life measurement initiative., Setting: Five TBI Model Systems centers across the United States., Participants: Adults with TBI., Design: Classical and modern test development methodologies were used. Qualitative input was obtained from individuals with TBI, TBI clinicians, and caregivers of individuals with TBI through multiple methods, including focus groups, individual interviews, patient consultation, and cognitive debriefing interviews. Item pools were field tested in a large multisite sample (n = 675) and calibrated using item response theory methods., Main Outcomes Measures: Twenty-two TBI-QOL item banks/scales., Results: The TBI-QOL consists of 20 independent calibrated item banks and 2 uncalibrated scales that measure physical, emotional, cognitive, and social aspects of health-related quality of life., Conclusions: The TBI-QOL measurement system has potential as a common data element in TBI research and to enhance collection of health-related quality-of-life and PRO data in rehabilitation research and clinical settings.

Unlabelled: Abstract Objective: To determine whether a 12-week home-based walking programme can decrease perceived stress and depressive symptoms in persons with a traumatic brain injury (TBI)., Setting: Community- and home-based., Participants: Sixty-nine participants with a TBI., Design: Comparative effectiveness cross-over design with random assignment to treatment sequence and blinded post-hoc assessment of outcome where participants completed a 12-week walking intervention and a nutrition education module. The walking intervention utilized pedometers to track the amount of steps each participant walked daily. With the assistance of an assigned coach, weekly goals were given with the intent of increasing the amount of walking that the participant was initially completing. The nutrition control group was created to offset the impact of the coaching calls., Main Measures: Measurement of perceived stress and depressive symptoms was completed through the use of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D). These measures were collected at three time points: baseline and following each 12-week intervention., Results: RESULTS indicated that both perceived stress and depression symptoms significantly improved following the walking intervention., Conclusions: While limitations existed with the study, it is evident that walking can be used as an efficient and cost-effective tool to manage perceived stress and depressive symptoms in persons who have sustained a TBI.

Primary Objective: To better characterize, describe and highlight issues that individuals with TBI and active LPTS may face in their daily lives., Design: Prospective multi-centre mixed method qualitative and quantitative interview., Participants: Twenty-five individuals, 5-13 years post-injury, who had reported having LPTS and TBI., Measures: Disability Rating Scale (DRS); Supervision Rating Scale (SRS); Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E); Perceived Stress Scale (PSS); Craig Handicap Assessment Reporting Technique-Short Form (CHART-SF) sub-scales: Physical Independence, Cognitive Independence, Mobility, Occupation, Social Integration; and Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors (CHIEF); and qualitative interview questions pertaining to management of the seizure disorder and its effect on the individual's health, function, community integration and participation., Results: Data are presented regarding seizure activity and management; return to driving post-seizure; coping and participation; and standardized outcome measures., Conclusions: Individuals with TBI and LPTS are at a double-barrelled disadvantage regarding ongoing physical, cognitive, psychosocial and reintegration issues following brain injury and epilepsy. Clearer clinical guidelines and treatment strategies need to be developed to help ameliorate these ongoing issues. Additional research is needed to identify what the rehabilitation community can do to continue to facilitate people living safely and independently.

Objective: To compare and contrast the levels of impairment, disability, and community participation of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) with or without late posttraumatic seizures (LPTS)., Design: Prospective survey study., Setting: Community., Participants: Two groups of 91 individuals with TBI, with and without LPTS, were enrolled in the TBI Model Systems National Database between 1989 and 2002 and interviewed at years 1, 2, and 5 postinjury., Interventions: Not applicable., Main Outcome Measures: Demographic, injury severity, productivity, and psychosocial outcomes., Results: The majority of the demographic and productivity outcomes up to 5 years postinjury were similar between individuals in the LPTS and non-LPTS groups. Both the LPTS and non-LPTS groups showed an increasing percentage of individuals who began to live alone after the first year postinjury and a decreasing percentage of individuals who were living with family members at 5 years postinjury compared with the first year post-TBI. A higher percentage of individuals in the LPTS group reported using more dependent forms of transportation such as riding with others or using public transportation. Individuals in the LPTS group had higher Disability Rating Scale scores at all time points, denoting greater functional disability, than individuals in the non-LPTS group, despite the 2 groups having similar Disability Rating Scale scores at discharge from rehabilitation. Satisfaction With Life Scale scores showed no changes over time but were significantly different between both groups at all time points, with individuals in the LPTS group reporting lower Satisfaction With Life Scale score than individuals in the non-LPTS group., Conclusions: It does appear that the development of LPTS following a TBI is associated with poorer functional and psychosocial outcomes in the first 5 years after injury. It remains to be determined whether there are other factors that also may account for these differences and that may be amenable to intervention.