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1 Introduction The previous articles described police systems and reforms implemented in three countries. In this final article, we explore the similarities and differences in the police systems of these [...]

Abstract The system of police governance in England and Wales has been subject to a process of centralization for many decades. This development has accelerated in recent years, to the extent that although the de jure organization of policing remains based on local provincial forces, some commentators now feel that there is de facto national police force. In this paper, we outline the main contours of the institutional governance of policing in England and Wales, and discuss the main aspects of centralization that have occurred in recent decades. Although the overall picture of centralization is clear, a number of countervailing tendencies are visible that suggest the possibility of enhanced local influence. The paper concludes with a discussion of the future prospects for police organization and governance in England & Wales., 1 Introduction In 2006 central government attempted unsuccessfully to radically re-engineer policing in England and Wales by reducing the 43 police forces to a small number of strategic police forces. [...]

England's key worker housing programs are analyzed to demonstrate the changes in the character of spatial policy. The new approach recognizes that social policies can and must be re-oriented towards broader goals of competitiveness and accumulation. The implications of the new approach to spatial policy on the welfare state are also analyzed.

The article considers the implications for family policy of the proposed new changes to the registration of births, marriages and deaths, contained in the British government White Paper Civil Registration: Vital Change (2002). It asks whether, and to what extent, the changes proposed are 'facilitative' or 'persuasive'. It is argued that, whilst the changes are in part designed to facilitate more diverse patterns of partnering and parenting now evident in the population there are limitations, for example in respect of same sex partnerships. There are also clearly 'persuasive' elements. These are consistent with changes in family policy which focus more on the individuals than on the nuclear family as the focus of policy, which are tolerant of different forms of partnering, but which place supporting parenthood as the highest priority. Changes in civil registration are seen as an essential condition for implementing other types of changes in the family policy arena.

In the historiography of the criminal trial, the law regarding array challenges has received little attention. A challenge to the array involved a party objecting to the composition of the panel of potential jurors from which the trial jury would be selected. Array challenges often arose when the defendant believed that the sheriff, or other official with responsibility to select the jury, had packed the jury pool with individuals who would find the accused guilty. This article first briefly outlines jury selection procedures in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in England and Ireland, then explores the use of challenges to the array, and the reasons why this safeguard was, or was not, employed successfully. In a series of cases the judiciary ensured that the array challenge was a weak instrument for preventing packed juries. The high rates of acquittals in Irish criminal trials led officials to pack juries, especially in high profile, politically-charged cases. Defendants resisted by launching array challenges, particularly in Ireland where Roman Catholic defendants faced jury panels assembled predominantly of Protestants. For its part, the judiciary was concerned that allowing defendants to employ array challenges would stall proceedings. In addition to this efficiency concern, judges applied a remarkably inflexible approach to the law when asked to apply challenging rules to situations in which jury selection irregularities were not caused by the sheriff, but by other officials given responsibilities in the jury selection process. Dans l'historiographie de la cour d'assises, la legislation au sujet des defis au dressage des tableaux des jures n'a pas ete bien etudiee. Ce deft au dressage des tableaux des jures implique qu'une partie formule une objection a la composition de la liste des jures potentiels d'ou on tirerait le jury pour le proces. Ces defis au dressage des tableaux s'elevaient souvent lorsque l'accuse croyait que le sherif ou autre officiel charge de la responsabilite de choisir le jury n'avait choisi que des jures qui le trouveraient surement coupable. Dans cet article, nous passons d'abord brievement en revue les procedures de selection de jury en Angleterre et en Irlande aux dix-huitieme et debut du dix-neuvieme siecles. Ensuite, nous examinons l'emploi du defi au dressage du tableau des jures et les raisons pourquoi cette saufegarde etait, ou n'etait pas, employee avec succes. Dans une serie de proces, la magistrature s'assura que le defi au dressage du tableau des jures fut un faible instrument dans le but de prevenir des jurys partisans. Le taux eleve d'acquittement dans les proces criminels irlandais mena les officiels a former des jurys partisans particulierement dans les proces politiques de haut profil. Les accuses demontraient leur resistance en lancant des defis au dressage du tableau des jures, particulierement en Irlande ou les catholiques faisaient face a une liste de jures qui etaient essentiellement des protestants. De son cote, la magistrature s'inquietait que de permettre aux accuses d'invoquer le defi au dressage du tableau des jures retarderait le proces. En plus de cette inquietude au bon fonctionnement, les juges appliquaient une approche extremement rigide a la loi lorsqu'on leur demandait d'imposer des reglements difficiles a des situations ou des irregularites dans la selection du jury n'avaient pas ete causees par le sherif mais par d'autres officiels responsables du processus de selection du jury., The western criminal trial took its modern form during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Historians have explored the changes in the criminal trial during this important period, but several [...]

SANDFORD M. (2002) What place for England in an asymmetrically devolved UK?, Reg. Studies 36, 789-796. The effect of the government's 'devolution settlement' on the position of England within the UK shows no signs, as yet, of departing from the tradition of British incrementalism. Despite significant changes still underway, attitudes and identity have yet to show decisive changes. The paper analyses the plausibility of an English Parliament and of elected regional assemblies in England, noting that administrative regionalism is progressing effectively in England. Political imperatives may lead to emphasis on local government reform, particularly high-profile Mayors, as an alternative to strong regional governments: but the experience of the Greater London Authority suggests such bodies would lack credibility elsewhere in England. England Regional government English parliament Asymmetry Democratic renewal White Paper SANDFORD M. (2002) Quel role l'Angleterre va-t-elle jouer au sein d'un Royaume-Uni regionalise de facon asymetrique?, Reg. Studies 36, 789-796. L'impact de 'l'accord du gouvernement portant sur la regionalisation' qui avance la place de l'Angelterre au sein du Royaume-Uni ne montre encore aucun signe de rupture avec la tradition britannique de la prise de decision cumulative. En depit des transformations en cours, il faut encore que les attitudes et l'identite refletent des changements decisifs. L'article cherche a analyser les perspectives pour un Parlement anglais et pour des assemblees regionales elues en Angleterre. Il est a noter que la regionalisation administrative progresse efficacement en Angleterre. Il se peut que des imperatifs politiques mettent l'accent sur la reforme de l'administration locale, notamment les maires bien en vue, comme alternative aux administrations regionales fortes: toujours est-il que l'experience de la Greater London Authority laisse supposer que de tels organismes manquerait de credibilite ailleurs en Angleterre. Angleterre Administration regionale Parlement anglais Asymetric Regain democratique Livre blanc SANDFORD M. (2002) Was ware die Stellung Englands in einem assymetrisch dezentralisierten Vereinigten Konig reich?, Reg. Studies 36, 789-796. Die Auswirkung der 'Dezentralisierungsregelung' der Regierung bezuglich der Stellung Englands innerhalb des Vereinigten Konigreichs von GroBbritannien hat bisher keinerlei Anzeichen einer Losung von der britischen Tradition des Prozesses stufenweisen Wachstums erkennen lassen. Obschon bedeutsame Veranderungen noch nicht abgeschlossen sind, mussen Haltungen und Identitat noch entscheidende Fortschritte zeitigen. Der Aufsatz analysiert die Aussichten auf ein englisches Parlament und gewahlte Regionalversammlungen in England, wobei festgestellt wird, daB Regionalverwaltung in England effektive Fortschritte macht. Politisch mag es geboten sein, die Reform der Gemeindeverwaltungen zu betonen, besonders die Einsetzung hoch profilierter Burgermeister als Alternative zu starken Regionalregierungen, doch die Erfahrungen der Verwaltungsbehorde von GroBlondon legt nahe, daB es der artigen Korpern in andern Teilen Englands an Glaubwurdigkeit fehlen wurde. England Regionalregierung Englisches Parlament Asymmetrik Demokratische Erneuerung WeiBbuch

The concept of integrated care has assumed growing importance on the policy agendas both in England and The Netherlands and elsewhere. It is characterized as health and health care-related social care needed by patients with multi-faceted needs. This article compares policy approaches to integrated care in England and The Netherlands. Differing political strategies and conditions for integrated care correspond to the dissimilarities in the institutional structure and culture of their health care systems. Health care systems are understood as specific national and historical configurations. We review the last decade's relevant policy processes, using the concepts of hierarchy, market and network. The state health care system in England relies mainly on hierarchical steering, thus creating tight network structures for integrated care on the local level. The Netherlands, with its health care system in a public-private mix, has set incentives for voluntary, loosely coupled and partly market-driven cooperation on the local level. Implications for success or failure are mixed in both configurations. Policy recommendations have to be tailored to each systems' characteristics.

Research is presented on the rate of homelessness in rural areas of England and Wales, along with an analysis of its relative invisibility to the public eye as compared to its urban counterpart. Reasons include the socio-cultural assumptions of idyllic lifestyles connected with rural regions, which render homelessness inconsistent with such romanticized constructs.

This article argues for a more holistic approach to understanding the Old Poor Law. Using three detailed case studies from southern England, it focuses on the dynamics of differing social groups within the parish. It also looks at the role of the law, looking beyond the statutes to the parts played by King's Bench, Quarter Sessions and individual justices and petty sessions in creating a diversity of experiences for the poor. However, it also stresses the differential access to charitable funds, common rights, and poor relief in individual communities, and the ways in which parish elites attempted to put the total available resources to what they saw as the best uses. From 1650 to 1780 these combined resources allowed a generally humane approach to the treatment of poverty and misfortune, and maintained the independence of the cottager and labourer in southern England. Only after 1780 when population rose sharply and rural employment shrank did the flexibility of combined charitable and rate-based relief founder and more drastic devices were employed to cope with basic needs. In this process the independence of the labourer and cottager was undermined, charitable sources were marginalized, and the seeds were sown for the acceptance of the New Poor Law.

Using data drawn from the Samples of Anonymised Records (SARs) of the 1991 UK Census, this study used multivariate analysis to examine the economic position of immigrants and their children on six dependent variables. The research finds that, net measurable individual characteristics, some non-white groups outperform native whites, several non-white groups outperform the foreign-born Irish, and Pakistanis are not uniquely disadvantaged. Native birth brings occupational improvement but does little to mitigate unemployment. In addition, on several outcomes, Indian males outrank Black Caribbean males, white Black Caribbean females outrank Indian females. The implications of these and other patterns are taken up in the article's concluding section. Keywords: Immigration; ethnicity; gender; employment; occupation; inequality.

The author reports findings of an investigation into educational outcomes of 16-year-old deaf students in mainstream programs in England in 1995 and 1996. Data on examination results, communication competence, and social acceptance were collected by questionnaire and analyzed against several background factors. All the background factors investigated contributed an effect of about 20% on examination results, emphasizing the need to investigate the effect of other factors. Relatively strong predictors of examination success were family socioeconomic status, presence of any additional learning difficulty, whether English was used as a main language in the home, age at onset of deafness, and parents' hearing status. Degree of hearing loss did not appear to have an important effect on examination success but was linked to other outcomes. The discussion considers how different codings of examination success can affect the results obtained from statistical analysis. Findings on the ethnic status of deaf students are also noted.

Research into the effect of legislative reform on the viability of small primary schools reveals that the centralization of educational control has a negative effect on the educational and economic environment for small schools. Results are based on a 1993 study of small schools in England and Wales; topics include government policy, local management of schools, financial restrictions on local authorities, and ways that local action can support small schools, such as clustering and volunteer support.

a model is presented to evaluate the degree of turbulence, or instability and lack of control, within child residential care facilities in England. The model draws on perceptions of the facility by both residents and staff in addition to residents' behavior.

A national curriculum offers both benefits and challenges for students and educator alike. Nicholas Tate, as head of the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority in England, oversees the English national curriculum, which applies to five- to 16-year-olds. At ages seven, 11 and 14, national tests are administered in English, mathematics and science, with scores measured against national averages. Tate is optimistic that the future of education in England will remain secure under the new Labor government, which has infused dynamism into the system.

This paper explores the way family obligation and reciprocity are defined in law in France and England. Focusing on the areas of inheritance and financial support in relation to older people, it explores how these are contrasted and linked in the two societies. In France, families are legally obliged to support their kin through obligation alimentaire, but inheritance is secured by law within the family. In England by contrast there is no such legal obligation to support older relatives; nor is there any constraint on inheritance: testamentary freedom is the legal principle. The paper discusses the significance of these differences and assesses how far they are modified by the operation of the welfare state and by embedded assumptions about family relations. It sets the differences within the context of different discourses of law and social policy in the two countries. KEY WORDS - Family, obligation, inheritance, support, intergenerational, policy, law, comparative, France.

Twenty years ago, I discussed in this magazine how England and America dealt with crime.(1) Then, crime in both nations was increasing rapidly. England, of course, had vastly fewer violent [...]

In early modern England, physical violence was regarded as an acceptable instrument of social policy and of individual and group interaction by almost all sectors of society. There were dissenting [...]

During the 1980s Conservative governments instituted programs that were intended to use religion to achieve Conservative goals. An example is the reform of religious education in the English state schools undertaken by the Thatcher government. This paper reports on the expectations regarding religious education by several influential groups: Thatcherites, religious education specialists, and religious leaders. The conclusion is that the reform of religious education is not likely to advance Conservative policies.

A more logical and equitable system of fund allocation should replace the current system of Higher Education Funding Council for England's allocation of the research unit. The new system should acknowledge the costs of distinct research tasks and award the best, regardless of their discipline. Interdisciplinary differences in research costs cannot be singularly attributed to variation in the standardized amounts available to each discipline.

Performance assessment has gained much attention from educators even in the US where standardized, multiple-choice examinations are the norm. In England, the Assessment of Performance Unit is the performance assessment equivalent of the National Assessment of Educational Progress in the US. England's use of performance assessment has received favorable reactions from students and teachers alike. However, teachers complained that performance assessment demanded too much effort and preparation.

The 1988 Education Reform Act established geography as a |foundation subject' in the 5-16 National Curriculum. In so doing it reversed a long decline in School geography. This new and generally favourable position for the subject was achieved by dint of unprecedented political exertions on the part of the whole geographical community and particularly through interventions by The Geographical Association in the national debate about education which began in 1976. This paper places that debate in the perspective of educational developments since the 1944 Education Act. It argues that the changing fortunes of school geography in this period resulted from the provisions of that Act, from the reorganization of teacher training and from the timing of reforms within geography itself. The value of modern geography as a medium of general education is explained; and some observations are made which may be useful in promoting the cause of geography in schools in a still-uncertain future.

Interviews with relatives and others who knew a group of people dying of cancer in England are reported. The bulk of the paper compares 45 such patients who received hospice care with 126 who received conventional care. The sampling procedure showed that 2.9% of people aged 15 or over at death died in a hospice, and 6.9% received some form of hospice service. The hospice patients differed in several ways from other cancer patients. They had gewer conditions other than cancer recorded on the death certificate, were believed to be more religious and were more likely to suffer from a variety of symptoms and restrictions, including pain. Hospice patients were reported more likely to know that they were dying and respondents' levels of satisfaction with hospice home nursing and in-patient hospice care were significantly higher than for other forms of care. Hospice home nurses were found to have adopted a more advisory approach to nursing care than other home nurses who focussed more on practical care. When final admissions were considered, in-patient hospice care involved fewer medical interventions and, in the last year of life, those receiving hospice services were less likely to have an operation. There were few differences between the two groups in what happened at the time of death, although for in-patient deaths, respondents judged the staff of hospices to be more understanding. The relatives of hospice patients were more likely to be visited by a nurse at home after the death. Few differences in bereavement reaction were found, but those that there were suggested that respondents for the hospice group were adjusting better. The study covered 14 different hospice in-patient units.

The experience with decentralization in New Zealand and England illustrates that the goals of local control and accountability might be more elusive than was initially envisioned by those who designed [...]

Hugh Bayley, the Labour MP for York, England, deems it is essential for the government's policy and spending decisions on health services to undergo public scrutiny. However, the health committee, in which Bayley is a member, lacks the needed resources to ably probe the 40 billion pounds sterling the health department spends on health and personal social services. Bayley claims the National Audit Office can help the committee to more ably perform its tasks.

The New Labor administration of England is looking to set a transformational reform agenda of children's service, which can be interpreted as reflecting New Labor's neoliberal modernity. Along with the promotion of this program, the government aims to create a modern children's workforce.

King James I's religious policies worked effectively in England, however, they failed in Scotland. The king's persistence to impose the Five Articles of Perth, a set of reforms which polarized religious opinion, resulted in a political crisis in Edinburgh. The repercussions of the religious reforms on Scotland politics are examined further.

The extent of local variation and some possible reasons for it, the complexity of decision-making processes and the value of retaining flexibility are highlighted which can help in identifying the most appropriate option for individual children.

The examination of the patterns of ethnic diversity and segregation in England between 1991 and 2001 is presented. The statistical analysis of data from the censuses of 1991 and 2001 is presented.

The impact of the reforms in English local government following the Committee on Standards in Public Life's third report in 1997, which were incorporated in the Local Government Act 2000 and are known as the ethical framework for local government, are analyzed. The extent to which these reforms are part of New Labour's modernization agenda for local government are assessed, and how the three pillars of the ethical framework, namely the Code of Conduct, local standards committees and the Standards Board for England, have developed and address specific issues are discussed.

Implications of English family policy of England and the Wales, on social exclusion of children are examined.

Planning authorities will be required to release more land for house building under latest guidance revisions, it emerged this week. The move was revealed in a pamphlet launched by deputy [...]