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Fludarabine-cyclophosphamide-rituximab (FCR) has been the gold standard front-line treatment for fit CLL patients until novel agent's introduction. Decision between either time-limited FCR or "endless" Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi) therapy may be difficult in fit IGHV-mutated-non-TP53 cases. We describe the outcomes after front-line FCR in 110 CLL patients from 5 centres in Catalonia, Spain, over a period of more than 10 years. ORR was 96.3% and CR 74.5%. Median second-treatment free survival (TFS1) was 6.2 years and median OS was 10.8 years. 50 (45.5%) patients required a subsequent therapy. Median third-treatment free survival was better for BTKi than for chemotherapy ± antiCD20 strategies (not reached vs 3.1 years, p = 0.003). Only 50 (45.5%) patients completed 6 cycles of FCR, and the main reason for discontinuation was cytopenia 29 (26.4%). 15 (13.6%) patients developed a second cancer, and 5 (4.5%) patients experienced a Richter's transformation (RT). At the end of follow-up, 50 (45.5%) patients remained in CR. Response rates, TFS1, OS, RT, and second cancers did not differ between patients treated with 6 vs 4 cycles of FCR. In conclusion, front-line FCR treatment leads to very long CR in almost half of patients, and BTKi yields excellent outcomes in relapsed patients., (© 2022. Japanese Society of Hematology.)

The purpose of this report is to provide long-term follow-up of 38 patients diagnosed of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) included in a phase 2 clinical trial of first line therapy with rituximab and to evaluate the same therapy in a real world cohort of 21 consecutive patients treated once the trial was closed. Eligible patients were ≥ 18 years of age with a biopsy-proven CD20 positive B cell PTLD and treatment naive except for reduction of immunosuppression. Treatment consisted in four weekly infusions of rituximab at the standard dose of 375 mg/m 2 . Patients in complete remission (CR) were followed without further treatment, and those in partial remission (PR) were treated with another four cycles of weekly rituximab. Median follow-up in the clinical trial was 13.0 years. Disease-specific survival (DSS) at 10 years was 64.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 48.2-81.2%]. For those patients who achieved CR (61%), DSS at 5 and 10 years was 94.4% (95% CI 83.8-100%) and 88.1% (95% CI 72.6-100%), respectively, and only 1 patient progressed beyond 5 years. The median follow-up of the real world patients was 6.5 years. DSS at 5 years was 75.2% (95% CI 56.4-94.0%). DSS at 5 years of patients who achieved CR (38%) was 87.5% (95% CI 64.6-100%). In conclusion, PTLD patients in CR after rituximab have an excellent long-term outcome. These results not only apply in the clinical trial setting but are also reproducible in the real world. However, those patients who do not respond represent an unmet clinical need and should be included in prospective clinical trials.

Introduction: Biosimilars of granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF) have shown similar efficacy to originator filgrastim (Neupogen® [NEU]; Amgen Inc.) as prophylaxis in neutropenia and in the mobilization of stem cells in patients receiving combination chemotherapy with G-CSF., Methods: This was a retrospective study in which the characteristics of stem cell mobilization treated with a G-CSF alone were compared in 216 patients and 56 donors. The two G-CSF compared were NEU and the biosimilar filgrastim Zarzio® (Sandoz GmbH) (referred to hereafter as BIO). Primary objectives were mobilization rate (minimum of 10 × 10 3 /ml CD34+ on day 4 of treatment [day +4]) and use of the immunostimulant plerixafor (PLEX) in each group., Results: The general characteristics of the patients receiving NEU (n = 138) and those receiving BIO (n = 78) did not differ significantly. PLEX was used in 24% of BIO patients and in 25.7% of NEU patients. The median CD34+ cell count on day +4 was significantly lower in BIO patients who needed PLEX than in those who did not (2.4 vs. 4.8 × 10 3 /ml; p = 0.002), as was the final CD34+ cell count (2.5 vs. 3.3 × 10 6 /kg; p 0.03). Mobilization failure rate was higher in the BIO group than in the NEU group (20 vs. 0%; p = 0.01). With respect to donors, more than one apheresis was needed in three BIO donors, one of them with PLEX. The use of BIO was the only risk factor for mobilization failure in patients who needed PLEX (hazard ratio 10.3; 95% confidence interval 1.3-77.8)., Conclusion: The study revealed that BIO had a lower efficacy for stem cell mobilization when the only treatment was G-CSF, especially in poor mobilizers needing PLEX.

The discriminative power of International Prognostic Index (IPI) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) decreased with the addition of rituximab to chemotherapy. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)-IPI and the Grupo Español de Linfomas y Trasplante Autólogo de Médula Ósea (GELTAMO)-IPI were developed to improve the risk prediction for DLBCL patients. We aim to validate the NCCN-IPI and GELTAMO-IPI in a large and homogeneous cohort of 337 DLBCL patients treated with curative intent with R-CHOP/R-CHOP-like immunochemotherapy. The IPI stratifies patients in two independent risk groups and the estimated 5-year overall survival (OS) of the high-risk (HR) group was 43%. NCCN-IPI discriminated four risk groups and GELTAMO-IPI three risk groups of patients. The predicted 5-year OS of the HR group was 38% and 29%, respectively. NCCN-IPI and GELTAMO-IPI are more accurate prognostic indices than IPI in DBLCL patients treated with immunochemotherapy. GELTAMO-IPI demonstrated enhanced discrimination than NCCN-IPI for the higher-risk population.

Objectives: To clarify the impact of histological grades in follicular lymphoma., Methods: We retrospectively analysed 250 patients diagnosed with FL treated with chemoimmunotherapy: 188 patients were grades 1-2 and 62 grade 3A., Results: In our series, grade 3A FL patients were older, higher proportion of localised disease and lower bone marrow infiltration at diagnosis comparing grades 1-2 FL patients. Estimated six-year progression-free survival and time to progression showed no differences between both groups [grade 3A: 56% (95%CI: 39%-73%) and 51% (95%CI: 41%-61%) vs grades 1-2:55% (95%CI: 46%-63%) and 57% (95%CI: 49%-65%), P = .782 and P = .521, respectively]. Estimated six-year overall survival was lower, 76% (95%CI: 64%-88%) for the grade 3A group than grades 1-2 83% (95%CI: 77%-89%); P = .044. In addition to that, cumulative incidence curves of death not related to lymphoma at 10 years between groups were as follows: [0.26 (95%CI: 0.25-0.27) and 0.05 (95%CI: 0.04-0.06) for G3AFL and G1-2FL, respectively], P = .010. Grade 3A FL showed in PFS curve no relapses after 6 years. These results were absolutely reproduced in 199 patients receiving R-CHOP regimen as induction., Conclusions: Our results indicate similar long-term outcomes in terms of progression-free survival and time to progression in grades 1-2 and 3A. No relapses were observed in G3AFL group after 6 years., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Introduction: The present study evaluates CD30 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHQ) in 216 patients with de novo DLBCL. Methods: CD30 expression was assessed retrospectively in all cases by IHQ. More than >0% and >20% of CD30 expression in the malignant cells were used as a cut-off for positivity. Survival was analysed in 176 patients treated with R-CHOP/R-CHOP-like regimens. Results: CD30 expression >0% was found in 66 (31%) patients, and >20% in 41 (19%). Younger patients <60 years ( p  = 0.03), good performance status ( p  = 0.04), and non-GCB subtype ( p  = 0.004) correlated with CD30 expression. No significant differences were found in overall survival and progression-free survival (PFS), although there was a trend towards better PFS in CD30-positive patients ( p  = 0.07). Among 7 patients with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive-DLBCL, CD30 was expressed in 71%, and 2-year PFS significantly inferior compared with CD30-positive EBV-negative-DLBCL patients ( p =  0.01). Conclusion: CD30 is expressed in 30% of DLBCL patients, in whom targeted therapy with an anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody could be explored. CD30 is expressed more frequently younger patients, with better performance status and in the non-GCB subtype and its expression trends towards a better PFS. No significant differences regarding characteristics at diagnosis or prognosis were found between groups with different cut-off for positivity.

Retrospective series have reported many clinical and biological significant prognostic factors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We describe a prospective cohort of 135 patients with CLL homogeneously studied at diagnosis for prognostic factors. Biological variables analyzed were CD38 and ZAP-70 expression, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for 13q-, +12, 11q-, and 17p-, and conventional cytogenetics. Univariate and multivariate analysis for progression-free survival (PFS) were performed in patients with early stage (Rai 0-1) CLL. CD38 was positive in 42 (31.6%) patients and ZAP-70 in 47 (35.9%). The most frequent FISH finding was isolated 13q- in 50 (38.5%) patients, and 17p- -was found in 11 (8.4%). Among 135 patients, 114 (84.4%) were Rai 0-1 at diagnosis and 39 (28.9%) presented adenopathies. With a median follow-up of 39 months, the presence of lymphadenopathy in patients with Rai 0-1 stage CLL was the only significant variable for predicting PFS in multivariate analysis (odds ratio [OR] 7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2-22, p = 0.001). When only biological factors were analyzed, CD38 expression (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.1-9.3, p = 0.03) and 17p- (OR 3.5, 95% CI 0.95-13.1, p = 0.05) correlated with worse PFS. A longer follow-up is necessary to analyze the prognostic value of these variables regarding overall survival.

Background: The presence of a few circulating donor cells in recipient's blood was first thought to be only an epiphenomenon of solid organ transplantation, also called microchimerism, but several authors have suggested that these circulating cells may contribute to tolerance induction. This study aims to assess the rate of microchimerism after kidney transplantation and determine its influence on acute rejection in a 4-year follow-up., Methods: A total of 84 single-kidney recipients were included for microchimerism detection and quantification 2, 6, 12, and 18 months after transplantation by specific detection of non-shared STR, VNTR, human leukocyte antigen-A, -B, -DRB1, and SRY alleles. Kinetic establishment of microchimerism was monitored in a double kidney transplanted recipient for 150 min after declamping and after 7 days., Results: Microchimerism was detected in 56.2% of kidney recipients 2 months after transplantation (M2): this fell to 30.1% at 12 months. In renal calcineurin inhibitor-based immunosuppression cohort (n=73), the microchimerism-negative group (n=32) showed 37.9% biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR), whereas in the microchimerism-positive group (n=41), no recipient did (P<0.001). Regardless of immunosuppression, BPAR incidence was 35.6% and 4.9%, respectively (P<0.001). Multivariate study showed microchimerism as a protective factor against BPAR (odds ratio: 8.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.8 to 37.9; P = 0.006), blinding other well-known rejection-risk variables. Microchimerism M2 presence did not correlate with a multifactorial critical outcome such as late graft loss., Conclusion: Microchimerism was frequent after kidney transplantation and correlated with a significantly lower incidence of rejection. We propose that early microchimerism monitoring could help early detection of low rejection-risk recipients.

CTLA-4 is an inhibitory molecule that down-regulates T-cell activation. Although polymorphisms at CTLA-4 have been correlated with autoimmune diseases their association with clinical outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) has yet to be explored. A total of 5 CTLA-4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped on 536 HLA-identical sibling donors of allo-HSC transplants. Genotypes were tested for an association with patients' posttransplantation outcomes. The effect of the polymorphisms on cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) mRNA and protein production were determined in 60 healthy control participants. We observed a reduction in the mRNA expression of the soluble CTLA-4 isoform in the presence of a G allele at CT60 and +49. Patients receiving stem cells from a donor with at least 1 G allele in position CT60 had worse overall survival (56.2% vs 69.8% at 5 years; P = .001; hazard ratio [HR], 3.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.75-8.22), due to a higher risk of relapse (P = .049; HR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.00-2.93). Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) was more frequent in patients receiving CT60 AA stem cells (P = .033; HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.03-2.29). This is the first study to report an association between polymorphisms at CTLA-4 and clinical outcome after allo-HSCT. The CT60 genotype influences relapse and aGVHD, probably due to its action on CTLA-4 alternative splicing.

Patients with hematological malignancies who relapse after autologous stem cell transplantation (auto-SCT) generally have poor prognosis. Salvage treatment is often associated with severe toxicities. The aim of our study was to evaluate retrospectively the toxicity and outcome of rescue therapy in patients with acute leukemias, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), Hodgkin's disease (HD) and multiple myeloma (MM) relapsing after auto-SCT. Fifty-four of the 62 patients who relapsed received some form of salvage chemotherapy. Six (10%) patients were treated by second stem cell transplantation, which was allogeneic in 5 cases. Toxicity of the salvage therapy was significant. As a result of adverse effects, salvage therapy had to be discontinued or reduced in 14 patients (26%). The outcome of salvage was evaluated after 90 days. Of the treated patients, 14 (26%) entered into complete remission with another 5 (9%) reaching partial response. The disease was stabilized in 5 patients (9%) but 30 (56%) patients were in progression or dead. Overall survival of the patients was poor with the median survival of 8.7 months after relapse and the leading cause of death being progressive disease. In conclusion, the development of new, more efficient regimens is critical if disease-free survival is to be increased in patients who relapse after auto SCT.