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Dysfunctional viral movement protein (MP) genes have been shown to give broad spectrum resistance when expressed in transgenic plants. Transgenic tobacco lines were generated expressing dysfunctional MP of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) strain Fny, modified by polymerase chain reaction-site directed mutagenesis. The transgenic lines were molecularly analysed, and challenged with CMV isolates belonging to subgroups I and II. However, unexpectedly none of the transgenic MP lines conferred resistance, irrespective of transgene copy number and of the accumulation of putative dysfunctional MP. In addition, hybrid lines expressing two different modified MPs were also susceptible to CMV infection.As a first step towards studying the mechanism of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS)-based immunity to Potato virus Y (PVY) and its suppression by CMV, accumulation pattern of CMV and PVY were studied in infected tobacco plants. CMV was detected in all leaves, but concentrated in young leaves. On the other hand, PVY mostly accumulated in older systemic leaves. Dual infection of CMV and PVY benefited both viruses, resulting in higher virus titres and more severe symptoms. CMV aided PVY movement to the top part of the plant.CMV and PVY co-inoculation of PVY-immune transgenic tobacco plants, expressing a sense- or a dsRNA-transgene, showed that CMV induced the breakage of PTGS-based immunity to PVY. Increased time intervals between CMV and subsequent PVY inoculations resulted in an increasing proportion of initially immune plants becoming infected with PVY. Immunity was broken in 100% of initially immune transgenic plants when PVY was inoculated on a leaf newly emerged following CMV inoculation. This confirmed the proposed mode of action of PTGS suppression by CMV 2b protein through preventing the initiation of PTGS. Interestingly, PVY failed to establish a long term systemic infection, despite the initial immunity breakdown and continued presence of CMV in all leaves. Attempts to re-inoculate PVY on the youngest leaves failed indicating a highly resistant state of these transgenic plants in the presence of CMV.Molecular information on Australian CMV isolates is limited. Six Australian CMV isolates were characterised to determine their experimental host range, disease symptoms, and evolutionary relatedness. Host differentials and differentiating symptoms were identified for each isolate. Phylogenetic analyses based on the sequences of RNA 3, and sequence analyses of the 2b gene placed the isolates into the known 3 CMV subgroups.The CMV 2b protein is involved in virus movement, pathogenicity, and suppression of plant defence. Two mutants were generated by inserting a stop codon in the 2b and putative 2c genes of Fny-CMV. The CMV 2b mutant infected tobacco plants and moved systemically, but did not cause symptoms, indicating that CMV 2b protein is involved in CMV symptom development. CMV subgroup I isolates encode a putative CMV 2c gene that may function as a modulator of symptom severity, because a 2c mutant had significantly increased symptom severity.To determine whether the 2b gene or its product are involved in the development of disease symptoms and host range specificity, this gene was cloned from five Australian isolates, and moved into the Q-CMV background (Q-CMV RNAs 1 and 3, plus recombinant RNA 2). The 2b genes from Australian CMV isolates which showed distinct host range and disease symptoms in Nicotiana species, sweetcom, tomato, and capsicum, were cloned in an infectious RNA 2 clone of Q-CMV. Inoculation of Nicotiana species and capsicum with recombinant hybrid RNA 2 Q-CMV carrying 2b derived from severe isolates changed Q-CMV symptoms from mild to severe. On the other hand, recombinant Q-CMV carrying 2b derived from mild isolates maintained the mild Q-CMV symptoms. Tomato infected by recombinant hybrid RNA 2 Q-CMV did not show symptoms. However, none of the recombinant hybrid RNA 2 Q-CMV infected sweetcom, which indicates that 2b is not sufficient to overcome CMV resistance in sweet com. These results indicate that the 2b protein is a determining factor in the severity of disease symptoms in a host specific manner. Diagnostic RT- PCR restriction fragment assays were developed to confirm the source of 2b gene in the recombinant Q-CMV.

Tujuan utama pemuliaan kapas di Indonesia adalah meningkatkan produktivitas dan kualitas serat dalam upaya meningkatkan pendapatan petani dan memperbaiki mutu benang tcnun seta kualitas tekstil yang harus bersaing di pasar internasional. Scjumlah enam persilangan telah dilakukan antara dua varietas dai India. I.RA 5166 dan SRT-1 dengan dua varietas dai Amerika Serikat, Dcltapine 55 dan Deltapinc Acala 90 dan satu vaietas dai Australia, Siokra. Seleksi individu, seleksi galur dan seleksi individu dalam galur dilaksanakan pada generasi F2 sampai F5 berdasarkan jumlah buah, tingkat kerusakan daun terhadap Sundapteryx biguttula. dan mutu serat; semua proses di atas dilakukan pada kondisi lahan tadah hujan, dan tanpa penggunaan insektisida terhadap tanaman; dari proses di atas diperoleh 12 galur harapan. Sejumlah 13 percobaan dilakukan antara tahun 1993 sampai dengan 2001 untuk mengamati kcragaan galur-galur baru tersebut; pengujian dilakukan di Jawa Timur dan Sulawesi Selatan, menggunakan teknik-teknik penelitian standar. Dengan proscdur ini dapat diidcntifikasi beberapa galur yang menunjuk¬ kan perbaikan serenlak hasil dan kualitas serat kapas. Beberapa penelitian juga dilakukan untuk mcngcvaluasi tanggap galur-galur tersebut pada tumpangsari dengan kedelai dan kacang hijau di Jawa Timur. Dua galur, 88003/16/2 dan 92016/6 (sudah dilepas dengan nama vaietas Kanesia 8 dan Kanesia 9 pada bulan Juni 2003), menunjukkan produktivitas dan kualitas serai yang lebih linggi. Rata-rata, kedua vaietas menghasilkan 1.85 ton dan 191 ton kapas berbiji per hektar atau 8-12% lebih tinggi dai hasil vaietas Kanesia 7 yang sudah dilepas sebelumnya. Persentase serat 35.2%, kekuatan serat berkisar antara 22.6-24.7 gram tex'1, serat lebih panjang dan berkisar 29.2-30.3 mm sedangkan angka mikroncr lebih rendah yang menyatakan bahwa serat lebih halus. Semua perbaikan di atas menunjukkan perbaikan mutu serat. Kanesia 8 dan Kanesia 9 juga menunjukkan peningkatan ketahanan terhadap Sundapteryx biguttula dan komplcks hama kapas. Kanesia 8 dan Kanesia 9 kurang kompctitif dalam tumpang sari dengan kedelai jika dibandingkan dengan Kanesia 7. Pada tumpang sari dengan kacang hijau Kanesia 8 juga mengalami kehilangan hasil yang tinggi, sedangkan Kanesia 9 menunjukkan toleransi yang tinggi dalam kompctisi dengan kacang hijau. Pelepasan Kanesia 8 dan Kanesia 9 akan memberikan pilihan varietas yang lebih banyak bagi petani dan perusahaan pemintalan untuk menyesuaikan dengan produk akhirnya.Kata kunci : Gossypium hirsutum, prosedur pemuliaan, produktivitas, kualitas serat, Sundapteryx biguttula, tumpangsari ABSTRACT Genetic improvement on two new cotton varieties, Kanesia 8 and Kanesia 9The main objective of cotton breeding in Indonesia is to improve productivity and fiber quality which is aimed to increase farmers' income and to make beter yam and textile quality that has to compete in international market Six crosses were made between two Indian varieties, LRA 5166 and SRT-1 with two USA vaieties, Deltapine 55 and Deltapinc Acala 90 and one Australian variety, Siokra. Individual plants, lines and individual within lines were selected on F2-F5 generations based on boll- counts, leaf-damage by jassids and fiber traits, those were conducted under rainfed and insecticide-ree condition; twelve promising lines were produced from this process. A total of 13 trials were carried out to observe performance of these new lines during 1993 to 2001; those were located in East Java and South Sulawesi using the standardized experimental techniques. By these procedures make it possible to identify several breeding lines showing simultaneous improvement in yield and fiber quality. Several tests were also made to evaluate response of those lines under intercropping with soybean and mungbean, which were located in East Java. Two breeding lines, 88003/16/2 and 92016/6 (those have been released as Kanesia 8 and Kanesia 9 in 2003), showed higher productivity and fiber quality. In average, these new vaieties produced 1.85 and 1.91 ton ha'1 seed cotton respectively or 8 to 12% higher than those on Kanesia 7, the previously released vaiety. Lint turn-out was 35.2% fiber-strength was varied from 22.6 to 24.7 gram tex'1 , fiber lengths ranged from 29.2 to 30.3 mm with lower micronaire-valucs indicating better fiber-ineness. All of those improvements represented a trend toward a higher quality iber. Kanesia 8 and Kanesia 9 also showed a slight improvement in resistance to jasssids and insect pest-complex. Kanesia 8 and Kanesia 9 performed lower competitive ability under intercropping with soybean in comparison with Kanesia 7. Under intercropping with mungbean Kanesia 8 also suffered high yield loss, wherein Kanesia 9 showed good tolerance to mungbean. The release of Kanesia 8 and Kanesia 9 is expected to give a broader choice for the cotton growers and spinning-mills to match with their inal product.Key words: Coton (Gossypium hirsutum), breeding procedure, productivity, liber quality, Sundapteryx bigullul. inter¬ cropping.

Tanaman kapas dengan bentuk daun yang menjari (okra) diharapkanbisa dikembangkan dengan sistem tanam rapat untuk meningkatkan hasilkapas berbiji. Penelitian lapang dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Asem-bagus, Situbondo, Jawa Timur mulai Februari-Juli 2007 dan bertujuanuntuk mengetahui kesesuaian galur kapas berdaun okra pada sistem tanamrapat. Sistem tanam rapat yang dimaksud adalah sistem tanam monokulturdengan jarak tanam dalam barisan dirapatkan yaitu dengan jarak tanam100 cm x 10 cm (100.000 tan/ha). Percobaan disusun dalam rancanganacak kelompok dengan 3 ulangan dan 1 ulangan monokultur dengan sistemtanam normal (100 cm x 25 cm; 40.000 tan/ha). Perlakuan terdiri dari 14galur/varietas kapas yang terdiri atas 12 galur berdaun okra dan 2 varietasberdaun normal (Kanesia 8 dan Kanesia 13) sebagai pembanding.Paramater yang diamati adalah tinggi tanaman, lebar kanopi, jumlahcabang generatif, jumlah buah/tanaman setiap bulan mulai 60-120 HST.Bobot buah, jumlah buah terpanen dan hasil kapas berbiji diamati saatpanen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan populasi tanam-an menurunkan jumlah cabang generatif, jumlah buah dan bobot buah pertanaman. Semua galur okra yang dicoba pada sistem tanam rapat rata-ratahanya meningkatkan hasil kapas berbiji 2,12% dibanding pada populasinormal. Rata-rata hasil kapas berbiji galur okra pada populasi rapat adalah2.315,8 kg/ha dan pada populasi normal 2.293,2 kg/ha. Selanjutnya hasilkapas berbiji berdaun normal Kanesia 8 dan Kanesia 13 pada populasirapat masing-masing 2.159 dan 2.179 kg/ha dan pada populasi normal1.983 kg/ha dan 2.525 kg/ha. Galur okra 98040/3 dan 98048/2 menghasil-kan produksi tertinggi pada populasi rapat (masing-masing 2.640 kg/hadan 2.627 kg/ha) dan pada populasi normal (2.688 kg/ha dan 2.807 kg/ha).Kedua galur okra tersebut mempunyai potensi hasil yang lebih tinggidibanding kapas berdaun normal (Kanesia 8 dan Kanesia 13) baik padapopulasi rapat maupun populasi normal.Kata kunci: Gossypium hirsutum L., tanam rapat, daun okraABSTRACTSuitability of Cotton Lines with Okra Leaves UnderNarrow Interrow SpacingOkra leaf cotton crop may have a potential increase in the seedcotton yield under narrow inter row spacing. Okra leaf cotton lines weretested in relative performance under high interrow spacing. The field trialwas conducted at the Asembagus Experimental Station, Situbondo, EastJava from February to July 2007. Okra leaf cotton lines were planted asmonocrop with plant spacing of 100 cm between rows and 10 cm withinrows (100,000 plants/ha). Experiment was arranged in a randomized blockdesign with three replicates. In addition, one plot was allocated formonocrop with normal inter row spacing (100 cm between rows and 25 cmwithin rows; 40,000 plants/ha). Fourteen selected cotton lines consistingof 12 lines with okra leaf and 2 varieties (Kanesia 8 and Kanesia 13) withnormal leaf as check varieties were tested. Cotton plant height, canopywidth, number of fruiting branches, and boll/plant were measured monthlyfrom 60-120 dap. Boll weight, number of harvested bolls, and seed cottonyield were counted at harvesting. Results showed that increased plantdensity resulted in reduced fruiting branches, boll count, and boll weight.The okra leaf cotton under high crop density system showed a yieldincrease by 2.12% compared to normal spacing. Average seed cotton yieldunder narrow interrow spacing was 2,315.8 kg/ha and the average yieldunder normal interrow spacing was 2,293.2 kg/ha. Okra lines cotton98040/3 and 98048/2 showed the highest yield under narrow interrowspacing (2,640 and 2,627 kg/ha) and under normal interrow spacing (2,688kg/ha dan 2,807 kg/ha). Both lines offered higher yield than those withnormal leaf under high interrow spacing and normal population.Key words: Gossypium hirsutum L., high interrow spacing, okra leaf

Deskripsi aksesi-aksesi kapas berdasarkan karakter morfologinyatelah disusun berdasarkan descriptor list yang disusun oleh IBPGR, akantetapi marka genetik dari aksesi-aksesi tersebut belum diketahui. Penelitianini bertujuan untuk mempelajari keragaman pola-pita isozim Peroksidase(PER), Esterase (EST), dan Aspartate amino transferase (AAT) pada 19aksesi kapas dan kemiripan ke-19 aksesi kapas berdasarkan ketiga isozimtersebut. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan mulai bulan Februari 2008 di RumahKaca Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta dan analisisisozim dilakukan di Laboratorium Biologi Tumbuhan, PAU Ilmu HayatIPB. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah elektroforesis gel pati tipehorisontal dengan tiga sistem enzim, yaitu enzim peroksidase (PER),esterase (EST), dan aspartate amino transferase (AAT). Penelitianmenghasilkan data berupa pola pita isozim yang selanjutnya dibuat dalamdata biner. Data biner yang dihasilkan dibuat dalam persamaan matrik dandilanjutkan analisis gerombol dengan metode ‘UPGMA’ (Unweighted PairGroup Method Arithmetic Average) menggunakan fungsi SHAN padaProgram NTSYSpc versi 2.02. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwaIsozim esterase dapat dijadikan marka genetik bagi Kanesia 1 (terbentuksatu pita spesifik) dan Kanesia 6 (satu pita spesifik); isozim peroksidasedapat dijadikan marka genetik bagi Kanesia 3 (dua pita pada kutub positif),aksesi-aksesi G. barbadense (dalam hal ini CTX-3 dan Giza-90 dua pitapada kutub positif) dan G. arboreum (empat pita pada kutub positif dansatu pita pada kutub negatif). Sedangkan isozim aspartat amino tranferasedapat dijadikan marka genetik bagi spesies G. herbaceum (dua pitaspesifik). Selain itu, terdapat kemiripan genetik antar aksesi kapasberdasarkan ketiga isozim (EST, PER, dan AAT). Pengelompokanberdasarkan ketiga isozim dari ke-19 aksesi kapas diketahui bahwa padajarak kemiripan 0,59 atau kemiripan 59% semua aksesi kapas menyatu,yang terbagi menjadi 2 kelompok. Kelompok pertama hanya terdiri aksesiKanesia 1 saja. Sedangkan Kelompok kedua terdiri atas aksesi-aksesiKanesia 2, Kanesia 3, Kanesia 6, Kanesia 4, Kanesia 10, Kanesia 7,Kanesia 11, Kanesia 12, M-5, Kanesia 8, Kanesia 9, Kanesia 15, AKA-5,Kanesia 13, Kanesia 14, CTX-3, Giza-90 dan Kanesia 5.Kata kunci: Gossypium sp., keragaman genetik, pola pita isozimABSTRACTGenetic Diversity of Cotton Species (Gossypium sp.)Based on Variation of Isozyme Banding PatternMorphological characters of cotton accessions have been describedbased on the descriptor list produced by IBPGR, but the genetic markersfor those accessions have not yet been known. This research aimed atstudying the diversity and similarity among 19 cotton accessions based onisozyme banding patterns of peroxidase (PER), esterase (EST), andaspartate amino transferase (AAT). Research was carried out in February2008 at the green house of Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas MaretUniversity, Surakarta and the isozyme was analyzed in Plant BiologicalLaboratory, Biological Science PAU IPB. Samples were electrophoresedon horizontal type of potato extract gel and stained with three enzymesystems, i.e. peroxidase (PER), esterase (EST), and aspartate aminotransferase ( AAT). The isozyme bandings were scored and translated intobinary data, which was then used to deduce the similarity amongaccessions and to draw dendrogram by using 'UPGMA' (Unweighted PairGroup Method Arithmetic Average) method from the NTSYSPC softwareversion 2.02. Experimental results showed that isozyme esterase can beused as genetic marker for Kanesia 1 (one specific band) and Kanesia 6(one specific band). Isozyme peroxidase can be used as genetic marker forKanesia 3 (two bands at positive end), accessions G. barbadense i.e. CTX-3 and Giza-90 (two bands at positive end) and G. arboreum (four bands atpositive end and one band at negative). Isozyme aspartate aminotransferase can be used as genetic marker for spesies G. herbaceum (twospecific bands). Moreover, the similarity analysis among 19 cottonaccessions based on the three isozymes showed that at the similarity levelof 59%, all accessions are divided in two groups. The first group consistedof Kanesia 1 only. Whereas the second group consisted of accessionsKanesia 2, Kanesia 3, Kanesia 6, Kanesia 4, Kanesia 10, Kanesia 7,Kanesia 11, Kanesia 12, M-5, Kanesia 8, Kanesia 9, Kanesia 15, AKA-5,Kanesia 13, Kanesia 14, CTX-3, Giza-90, and Kanesia 5.Key words: Gossypium sp., genetic diversity, isozyme banding pattern

Persilangan kapas yang dilakukan pada tahun 1999 denganmelibatkan 11 varietas kapas sebagai tetua betina dan lima varietas kapassebagai tetua jantan telah menghasilkan 22 set persilangan kapas. Adapuntujuan persilangan tersebut adalah untuk meningkatkan produktivitas danmutu serat varietas kapas nasional Indonesia. Program perbaikan varietasini menggunakan pendekatan seleksi pedigree pada F3, dan dilanjutkandengan seleksi galur pada generasi F5 dan selanjutnya. Pada kegiatanseleksi galur tahun 2004-2005 di Kebun Percobaan Asembagus, dari 22genotipe generasi F4 yang diseleksi dengan kriteria seleksi produktivitas >3 ton kapas berbiji/ha telah dihasilkan 23 galur harapan. Pada generasi F6dilakukan uji daya hasil dari 23 galur tersebut. Dari pengujian daya hasilgalur-galur tersebut pada tahun 2006, telah dihasilkan enam galur harapanyang memiliki tingkat produktivitas secara statistika tidak berbeda denganatau lebih tinggi dari Kanesia 8 dengan panjang serat > 1,16 inch, kekuatanserat > 30,77 g/tex, dan kehalusan serat antara 3,5 – 4,5 mic, yaitu99004/5, 99005/9, 99013/5, 99023/5, 99023/7, dan 99023/8. Galur-galurtersebut selanjutnya akan diuji secara multilokasi untuk menilai stabilitasekspresi genetiknya di beberapa wilayah pengembangan kapas.Kata kunci : Gossypium hirsutum, kapas, produktivitas, mutu seratABSTRACTVarietal Improvement for Increase of Productivity andQuality of Cotton Fiber Cotton breeding conducted since 1999 involving 11 varieties asfemale parent, and five varieties as male parents has resulted in 22crossing sets. The aim was to improve productivity level as well as fiberquality of national cotton varieties of Indonesia. The breeding approachwas accomplished by pedigree selection on F3 generation, which was thencontinued with line selection from F5 generation. From the line selectionactivity carried out at Asembagus Experimental Station during 2004-2005,out of 22 genotypes selected at the F4 generation based on productivitylevel of > 3 ton seed cotton/ha as selection criteria, 23 promising lines hadbeen selected which were then tested in a yield potential test. From theyield potential test conducted in 2006, six promising lines had beenselected whose productivity levels were statistically not different from orhigher than Kanesia 8 with fiber length of >1.16 inch, fiber strength>30.77 g/tex, and fiber fineness 3.5-4.5 mic. Those promising lines wouldthen be tested in multilocation trials to evaluate the stability of theirgenetic expression in several cotton development areas.Key words : Gossypium hirsutum, cotton, productivity, fiber properties

Areal pertanaman kapas di Indonesia tersebar di enam propinsi yaituJawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Bali, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa TenggaraTimur, dan Sulawesi Selatan. Pengembangan kapas 70% berada di lahantadah hujan dan 30% di lahan sawah sesudah tanaman padi. Di lahan tadahhujan biasanya kapas ditanam setelah jagung, kedelai atau kacang hijaudan selalu mengalami kendala kekurangan air selama pertumbuhannya.Karena kendala tersebut, produksi kapas berbiji ditingkat petani umumnyahanya mencapai 200 – 500 kg per hektar. Penelitian uji multilokasidilaksanakan di Asembagus dan Wongsorejo (Jawa Timur), Bayan (NusaTenggara Barat), dan Bantaeng serta Bulukumba (Sulawesi Selatan), dilahan tadah hujan pada tahun 2004 – 2006. Sebanyak 9 galur dan varietasKanesia 8 disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok yang diulang 4 kali(tiga ulangan tidak mendapatkan tambahan pengairan setelah tanamanberumur 42 hari atau setelah pemupukan kedua), satu ulangan diberipengairan optimal sampai panen, yang digunakan untuk menghitungIndeks Kepekaan Terhadap Kekeringan. Kapas ditanam secara monokulturpada petak percobaan berukuran 50m 2 dengan jarak tanam 100 cm x 25cm, satu tanaman per lubang. Pengamatan yang dilakukan adalah : hasilkapas berbiji pada kondisi keterbatasan air, hasil kapas berbiji padakondisi pengairan optimal, indeks kerentanan terhadap kekeringan, skorkerusakan daun akibat serangan Amrasca biguttula, dan mutu serat. Padakondisi tidak mendapatkan tambahan pengairan, rata-rata potensi hasilgalur-galur yang diuji tidak berbeda nyata dengan varietas Kanesia 8 sertatoleran terhadap A biguttula dan mutu seratnya memenuhi syarat untukindustri tekstil di Indonesia. Galur-galur yang produktivitasnya mencapailebih dari 1.500 kg kapas berbiji/ha adalah (135x182)(351x268)9,(135x182)(351x268)10, dan (135x182)10. Dilihat dari produktivitas, keta-hanan terhadap A. biguttula, ketahanan terhadap kekeringan dan mutuserat, terdapat dua galur harapan yang dapat dilepas sebagai varietas baruyang sesuai untuk dikembangkan di lahan tadah hujan pada kondisi keter-batasan air yaitu galur {(135x182)(351x268)}9 dan galur (339x448)2.Keunggulan galur {(135x182)(351x268)}9 adalah lebih toleran terhadapkondisi dengan ketersediaan air terbatas dibandingkan dengan Kanesia 8,sedangkan produktivitas, ketahanannya terhadap A biguttula, serta mutuseratnya tidak berbeda. Keunggulan galur (339x448)2 dibandingkandengan Kanesia 8 adalah mutu seratnya lebih tinggi, sedangkan produk-tivitas serta ketahanannya terhadap keterbatasan air dan A. biguttula tidakberbeda.Kata kunci : Kapas, produktivitas, mutu serat, tahan terhadap kekeringanABSTRACTNew cotton lines adaptive to rain-fedCotton growing area in Indonesia extended in six provinces i.e.East Java, Middle Java, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggaraand South Sulawesi. Cotton area in Indonesia is mostly (70%) in rain-fed, and the rest is on rice-field after paddy (30%). On rain-fed areas,cotton is commonly grown after maize, soybean, or greenbean, that itsuffers from drought. This condition has resulted low yield ranging 200 –500 kg seed cotton per hectare. As a result, farmers income and farmersinterest in cotton cultivation are low . Multilocations trial were conductedin Asembagus and Wongsorejo (East Java), Bayan (West Nusa Tenggara),and Bantaeng as well as Bulukumba (South Sulawesi), on rain-fed area in2004 to 2006. 9 lines of cotton and Kanesia 8 were arranged in randomizedblock design with four replications three replications without irrigation 42days after planting and one replication with optimal irrigation for theestimation of drought susceptibility index. Monoculture cotton was grownin plots sized 50 m 2 with 100 cm x 25 cm plant spacing, one plant perhole. Parameters observed were seed cotton yield on water limitedcondition, seed cotton yield on full irrigation, drought susceptibility index,score of leaf damage caused by Amrasca biguttula, and fibre quality.Means of productivity level of the cotton lines on water limited conditionwere not significantly different to Kanesia 8, all of them were tolerant toA biguttula with fiber quality was suitable for textile industries inIndonesia. There were three lines reached productivity more than 1,500kg/ha i.e. (135x182)(351x268)9, (135x182) (351x268)10, and (135x182)10. From the trials, there were two promising lines i.e. lines(135x182) (351x268) 9 and (339x448) 2 which can be released as newvarieties tolerant to water limited condition. Lines (135x182)(351x268) 9was more tolerant to water limited condition than Kanesia 8, and it was notsignificantly different in productivity, tolerancy to A biguttula, and fibrequality. Lines (339x448)2 was superior on its fiber quality than Kanesia 8and its productivity as well as its tolerancy to water limited condition andA biguttula were not significantly different.

Ketahanan tanaman terhadap serangga hama berdasarkan karaktermorfologi bulu (trichom) pada daun merupakan salah satu cara potensialmengurangi penggunaan insektisida kimia dalam pengendalian hama.Serangga hama pengisap Bemisia tabaci pada tanaman kapas juga dapatdikendalikan dengan menggunakan varietas kapas resisten berdasarkankarakter morfologi bulu daun. Penelitian peranan kerapatan bulu daunpada tanaman kapas terhadap kolonisasi B. tabaci Gennadius dilakukan diKebun Percobaan Pasirian, Kabupaten Lumajang, dan di LaboratoriumEntomologi Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan Serat Malang, mulaiApril hingga Juli 2005. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahuiperanan kerapatan bulu daun pada beberapa aksesi plasma nutfah kapasterhadap kolonisasi B. tabaci. Perlakuan terdiri atas 11 aksesi plasmanutfah kapas yang dipilih berdasarkan penilaian visual pada karakterkerapatan bulu daun yang mewakili kerapatan bulu rendah hingga tinggi,yaitu: (1) KK-3 (KI 638), (2) Kanesia 1 (KI 436), (3) A/35 Reba P 279 (KI257), (4) Acala 1517 (KI 174), (5) Asembagus 5/A/1 (KI 162), (6) 619-998xLGS-10-77-3-1 (KI 76), (7) DP Acala 90 (KI 23), (8) TAMCOT SP21 (KI 6)), (9) Kanesia 8 (KI 677), (10) CTX-8 (KI 494), dan (11) CTX-1(KI 487). Penelitian disusun dalam rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan10 ulangan. Paramater yang diamati adalah jumlah bulu daun, telur dannimfa pada 1 cm2 luas daun, serta jumlah imago B. tabaci pada daunketiga dari atas tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kerapatanbulu daun berkorelasi positif dengan kolonisasi B. tabaci (R=0,9701).Semakin tinggi kerapatan bulu daun, semakin meningkat kolonisasi B.tabaci. Kolonisasi B. tabaci lebih tinggi pada CTX-1, CTX-8, Kanesia 8,dan KK-3 (150-250 individu/cm 2 luas daun) karena tingkat kerapatan buludaun juga lebih tinggi (150-300 helai/cm 2 luas daun) dibanding TAMCOTSP 21, DP Acala 90, 619-998xLGS-10-77-3-1, Asembagus 5/A/1, Acala1517, A/35 Reba P 279, dan Kanesia 1 yang memiliki kerapatan bulu daun(0-100 helai/cm 2 luas daun) dan tingkat kolonisasi B. tabaci (individu/cm 2 luas daun) lebih rendah.Kata kunci : Kapas, Gossypium hirsutum, plasma nutfah, hama, Bemisiatabaci, trichom, kolonisasi, Jawa TimurABSTRACTRole of trichome density of cotton leaf to colonization ofBemisia tabaci GennadiusTrichome-based host plant resistance offers the potential to reducechemical insecticides used in insect pest control. Cotton whitefly, Bemisiatabaci can be controlled by using resistant variety based on trichomedensity as plant morphological characteristics. The study on the role oftrichome density of cotton accessions on the colonization of B. tabaci wascarried out at Pasirian Experimental Station at Lumajang, and atEntomology Laboratory of Indonesian Tobacco and Fiber Crops ResearchInstitute (IToFCRI ) in Malang from April to July 2005. Treatmentsincluded 11 cotton accessions, viz. (1) KK-3 (KI 638), (2) Kanesia 1 (KI436), (3) A/35 Reba P 279 (KI 257), (4) Acala 1517 (KI 174), (5)Asembagus 5/A/1 (KI 162), (6) 619-998xLGS-10-77-3-1 (KI 76), (7) DPAcala 90 (KI 23), (8) TAMCOT SP 21 (KI 6)), (9) Kanesia 8 (KI 677),(10) CTX-8 (KI 494), and (11) CTX-1 (KI 487). The experiment wasarranged in completely randomized design with ten replications.Parameters observed were trichome density, number of eggs and nymphson one cm2 of leaf and adult of B. tabaci on 3rd highest leaf of cottonplant. The result showed that trichome density was positively correlatedwith B. tabaci colonization (R=0,9701) in which higher trichome densityof cotton leaf has resulted in great colonization of B. tabaci. Bemisiatabaci colonisation was higher on CTX-1, CTX-8, Kanesia 8, and KK-3(150-250 individu/cm2 of leaf) due to dense trichome (150-300trichomes/cm2 leaf) as compared with other accessions, viz. TAMCOTSP 21, DP Acala 90, 619-998xLGS-10-77-3-1, Asembagus 5/A/1, Acala1517, A/35 Reba P 279, and Kanesia 1 which showed less density of leaftrichome (0-100 trichomes/cm2 of leaf) and B. tabaci colonization (< 100individu/cm2 of leaf).Key words : Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, cotton accession, pest,Bemisia tabaci, trichome, colonization

Produksi benih varietas kapas hibrida dapat ditempuh dengan duacara, yaitu dengan persilangan manual dan dengan memanfaatkan galurmandul jantan (male-sterile line). Memproduksi benih kapas secarapersilangan manual memerlukan tenaga dan biaya yang tinggi, dan biayatersebut dapat dikurangi dengan menggunakan galur male steril. Penelitiandilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakaudan Serat, di Karangploso, Malang, Jawa Timur, dari bulan April sampaiOktober 2007. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi hasilgalur-galur mandul jantan kapas untuk memproduksi benih hibrida. Tigaaksesi kapas yaitu KI 487, KI 489, dan KI 494 yang memiliki persentasetanaman mandul jantan masing-masing 60,8%, 57,5%, dan 65% telahdigunakan sebagai donor sifat mandul jantan dan telah dilakukan introgresisifat mandul jantan dari ketiga aksesi tersebut ke varietas komersialKanesia 7, Kanesia 8, dan Kanesia 9 melalui persilangan pada tahun 2006dan diperoleh 9 set kombinasi persilangan. Pada tahun 2007, evaluasipotensi galur dilakukan terhadap 8 galur F1 mandul jantan, 3 tetua jantanyaitu varietas Kanesia 7, Kanesia 8, dan Kanesia 9, serta satu varietas baruyaitu Kanesia 12 sebagai pembanding yang disusun dalam rancangan acakkelompok yang diulang 3 kali. Plot percobaan berukuran 3 x 10 m 2dengan jarak tanam 100 cm x 25 cm; satu tanaman per lubang. Dosispupuk yang digunakan adalah 100 kg urea + 100kg ZA + 100kg SP 36 +100kg KCL per ha. Tidak dilakukan pengendalian hama denganinsektisida kimia selama penelitian. Pengamatan yang dilakukan adalahkemandulan benangsari secara visual dan mikroskopis, jumlah buah pertanaman, bobot buah, dan hasil kapas berbiji. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa pengamatan secara visual dan mikroskopis terhadapstruktur bunga menunjukkan bahwa semua individu tanaman dari 8 galurF1 yang diuji adalah mandul jantan. Jumlah buah galur mandul jantan 7 –96% lebih banyak tetapi ukuran buahnya lebih kecil dibandingkan denganKanesia. Galur-galur mandul jantan KI 494 x Kanesia 7 dan KI 494 xKanesia 8 memberikan hasil kapas berbiji paling tinggi masing-masing2.609kg dan 2.153kg per hektar dibandingkan dengan galur-galur lain,atau sebesar 94 % dan 95% dibandingkan dengan Kanesia 7 dan Kanesia8. Persilangan alami galur-galur tersebut bervariasi sebesar 51 – 95%.Kata kunci : Kapas, Gossypium hirsutum. L., mandul jantan, benih hibridaABSTRACTCotton yield potential of F1 male sterile lines undernatural crossingCotton hybrid seed production can be done by manual crossing andby using male steril line methods. The manual crossing technique ishowever labor dan cost intensive, and the cost can only be reduced byusing male sterile lines. The experiment was conducted in KarangplosoExperimental Station of Indonesian Tobacco and Fiber Crops ResearchInstitute (IToFCRI), Malang, East Java, from April to Oktober 2007aiming to evaluate the yield potential of cotton male sterile lines. Threecotton accessions e.i KI 487, KI 489, and KI 494 which have male sterilitypercentage of 60.8%, 57.5%, and 65%, respectively, were used as donorfor male sterility and were then introgressed to three commercial cottonvariety, Kanesia 7, Kanesia 8, and Kanesia 9 through manual crossing, andthat resulted in nine sets of crossing combinations. In 2007, yield potentialwere studied including 8 F1 male sterile lines, 3 male parent lines (Kanesia7, Kanesia 8, and Kanesia 9), and one new cotton variety, Kanesia 12, ascontrol in a randomized block design with 3 replications. Plot size was 3 x10 m 2 with 100 cm x 25 cm plant spacing; one plant per hill. Fertilizerdosage was 100kg urea + 100kg ZA + 100kg SP 36 + 100kg KCl per ha.Chemical insecticide was not used for insect protection during theresearch. Parameters observed were plants male sterility, number of bollsper plant, boll weight, and seed cotton yield. The experimental resultshowed that both visual and microscopic observation of male sterility onindividual plants confirmed that the eight F1 lines tested were male sterile.Number of bolls per plant of male sterile lines were 7 – 96% higher thanthat of Kanesia’s, but boll size was smaller. Lines KI 494 x Kanesia 7 andKI 494 x Kanesia 8 produced highest cotton seed yield of 2609 kg and2153 kg per hectar, respectively, which were 94% and 95% of that of theirmale parents, Kanesia 7 and Kanesia 8, respectively. Natural crossing ofthose lines varied around 51 – 95%.Key words : Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum. L., male sterile, hybrid seed

Program perbaikan varietas kapas bertujuan meningkatkanproduktivitas dan mutu serat. Sembilan hasil persilangan kapas tahun 1997dan 1998 yang melibatkan dua tetua dari Amerika Serikat (DeltapineAcala 90 dan Deltapine 5690), tiga tetua dari India (LRA 5166, Pusa 1,dan SRT 1), dan satu tetua dari Asia Tengah (Tashkent 2) telah melaluitujuh pengujian di Jawa Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat, dan SulawesiSelatan untuk menilai potensi produksi, mutu serat, dan tingkat ketahananterhadap beberapa hama di lahan tadah hujan dengan atau tanpa diproteksidengan insektisida. Perlakuan disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok(RAK) yang diulang tiga kali dalam kondisi diproteksi ataupun tanpadiproteksi dengan insektisida pada petak-petak percobaan berukuran 40-50m2 dengan jarak tanam (100 x 25) cm. Pengendalian hama pada ulanganulanganyang diproteksi dengan insektisida adalah penambahan insektisidabenih Imidachloprit 10 ml/kg benih dan pengendalian hama H. armigerasebanyak 5-6 kali menggunakan pestisida nabati Organeem (Azadirachtin1%). Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa Kanesia 10 – Kanesia 13mampu berproduksi lebih tinggi apabila diproteksi dengan insektisidadengan potensi produksi berturut-turut 19,32, 21,75, 17,05, dan 21,7%lebih tinggi dari Kanesia 8, dan rata-rata produktivitas berturut-turutadalah 2.457,2, 2.507,3, 2.410,5, dan 2.506,8 kg kapas berbiji per hektar.Kanesia 10 dan Kanesia 11 memiliki kandungan serat berturut-turut 27,2%dan 8,11% lebih tinggi dibandingkan Kanesia 8. Pada rekayasa Kanesia10 - Kanesia 13 ini tidak diperoleh kemajuan genetik yang nyata padaparameter mutu serat, akan tetapi mutu serat dari empat galur tersebut diatas memenuhi kriteria industri tekstil yaitu dengan rata-rata karakteristikmutu serat yaitu panjang serat 26,92 – 29,34 mm, kekuatan 27,13 – 29,50g/tex, kehalusan 4,38-5,08 micronaire, dan keseragaman serat 83,3 –84,6%.Kata kunci : Gossypium hirsutum, kemajuan genetik, produktivitas, mutuseratABSTRACTKanesia 10- Kanesia 13: Four New High Yielding Cotton VarietiesThe cotton breeding program is focusing on the increase ofproductivity and fiber properties. The 1997 and 1998 crossing programinvolving two parents introduced from the United States of America(Deltapine Acala 90 and Deltapine 5690), three parents introduced fromIndia (LRA 5166, Pusa 1, and SRT 1), and one variety originated fromCentral Asia (Tashkent 2), have resulted in nine crosses which had beentested in seven locations at East Java, West Nusa Tenggara, and SouthSulawesi to evaluate their yield potentials, fiber properties, and resistancelevel to insect pests on rainfed areas with or without protection.Experiments were arranged in randomized block design (RBD) with threereplications either with or without insecticide spray on 40-50 m2 plots with(100 x 25) cm planting space. Insect controls were done by treating cottonseed with 10 ml Imidachloprit per kg seed and 5-6 applications ofbotanical pesticide Organeem (Azadirachtin 1%). Experimental resultsshowed that Kanesia 10-Kanesia 13 yield better when insects arecontrolled. Their yield potentials are 19.32, 21.75, 17.05, and 21.7%higher than Kanesia 8, respectively, and means of yield are 2,457.2,2,507.3, 2,410.5, and 2,506.8 kg seed cotton, respectively. Kanesia 10 andKanesia 11 have 27.2 and 8.11% higher gin turnout, respectively thanKanesia 8. On the engineering of Kanesia 10-Kanesia 13, there is noimprovement on the fiber properties, although they meet the textileindustries’ criteria i.e. staple length 26.92 – 29.34 mm, fiber strength 27.13– 29.50 g/tex, fiber fineness 4.38-5.08 micronaire, and uniformity ratio83.3 – 84.6%.Key words : Gossypium hirsutum, genetic improvement, productivity,fiber properties

Persilangan interspesies kapas tetraploid antara G. hirsutum danG. barbadense dilakukan untuk memperbaiki mutu serat G. hirsutum.Penelitian dilakukan dengan menguji 16 galur F1 hasil persilanganinterspesifik kapas tetraploid, 8 varietas tetua betina dari kelompokG. hirsutum (Kanesia 9, Kanesia 10, Kanesia 11, Kanesia 12, Kanesia 14,dan Kanesia 15), dan 2 varietas tetua jantan dari kelompok G. barbadense(Pima dan Giza 90). Penelitian disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompokyang diulang dua kali, dengan luas plot 50 m 2 dan jarak tanam 100 x 25cm 2 . Percobaan dilaksanakan di Asembagus dari bulan Januari sampaidengan Desember 2009. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap komponenproduksi, produksi, dan mutu serat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwaproduktivitas galur-galur F1 hasil persilangan interspesies kapas tetraploidberkisar antara 1.495-2.602,50 kg kapas berbiji/ha dan kandungan seratantara 30,14 – 38,66%. Galur F1 yang tertinggi produktivitasnya adalah P08019 (Kanesia 10 x Pima), sedangkan galur yang tertinggi kandunganseratnya adalah P 08032 (Kanesia 13 x Pima). Heterosis produksi kapasberbiji atas rerata kedua tetua pada galur-galur F1 berserat panjang hasilpersilangan interspesies kapas tetraploid cukup luas kisarannya yaitu dari-20,60 sampai 35,47. Galur-galur F1 hasil persilangan interspesies kapastetraploid memiliki kehalusan, kekuatan dan panjang serat yang lebih baikdibandingkan tetua betinanya (G. hirsutum). Limabelas dari 16 galur F1memiliki kehalusan serat yang berada dalam kisaran 3,5 – 4,9 mic.Perbaikan genetik 15 galur F1 tersebut untuk kekuatan serat adalah 7,34 -72,88%, sedangkan untuk karakter panjang serat mencapai 8,94 – 34,58%.Terdapat korelasi negatif antara potensi produksi dan kekuatan serat, jugaantara kehalusan serat dengan kekuatan dan panjang serat.Kata kunci : G. hirsutum, produksi, mutu serat, persilangan interspesies,tetraploidABSTRACTYield and Fiber Properties of F1 Lines Resulted fromInterspecific Hybridisation of Tetraploid CottonInterspecific hybridisation of tetraploid cotton between G. hirsutumand G. barbadense aiming to improve fiber properties of G. hirsutum wascarried out in Asembagus from January through December 2009.Experiment was testing 16 F1 interspecific cotton lines, eight G. hirsutumvarieties of female parents (Kanesia 9, Kanesia 10, Kanesia 11, Kanesia12, Kanesia 14, dan Kanesia 15), and two G. barbadense varieties of maleparents (Pima dan Giza 90). The experiment was arranged in randomizedblock design with two replicates; plot size was 50 m 2 and planting spacewas 100 x 25 cm 2 . Parameters observed were yield components, yield, andfiber properties. Experiment result showed that yield of F1 lines resultedfrom interspecific hybridisation of tetraploid cotton ranged 1,495 –2,602.50 kg seed cotton/ha with gin turnout of 30.4 – 38.66%. Line P08019 (Kanesia 10 x Pima) was the best yielding line, whereas lineP 08032 performed the highest gin turn. Heterosis of yield overmid parentsof each line ranged from -20.60 to 35.47. F1 lines resulted frominterspecific hybridisation of tetraploid cotton have better fiber fineness,strength, and length as compared to their female parents. Fifteen out of 16F1 line have fiber finess of 3.5 - 4.9 mic. The F1 lines showed geneticimprovement of fiber strength by 7.34 - 72.88% and of fiber length by 8.94- 34.58%. A negative correlation was observed between yield and fiberstrength, as well as between fiber fineness and fiber strength and length.Key words : G. hirsutum, production, fiber value, interspecifichibdridisation, tetraploid

Daerah pengembangan kapas di Indonesia umumnya lahan keringdengan keterbatasan air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan galur-galur kapas toleran kekeringan menggunakan PEG-6000 pada fasekecambah. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Pengujian Benih BalaiPenelitian Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat, mulai bulan April sampai Juni2012. Perlakuan disusun dalam rancangan Petak Terbagi dan diulang duakali. Petak utama adalah perlakuan PEG-6000 (-3 bar) dan tanpa PEG-6000 (air), sedangkan anak petak adalah 13 galur kapas dan varietasKanesia 14. Setiap perlakuan terdiri dari lima pot masing-masing ditanamsepuluh biji. Benih kapas dicampur dengan fungisida Mancozeb 80% 2g/kg benih sebelum ditanam. Parameter pengamatan meliputi dayaberkecambah, panjang kecambah dan akar, bobot kecambah dan akar,rasio panjang akar/kecambah, serta indeks kerentanan terhadapkekeringan. Kecambah dihitung sebagai kecambah normal jika panjanglebih dari 0,5 cm. Perlakuan PEG-6000 berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadappenurunan daya berkecambah, panjang kecambah dan akar, serta bobotkecambah dan akar. Sebaliknya, rasio panjang akar/kecambah lebih tinggipada perlakuan PEG-6000 dibandingkan dengan perlakuan tanpa PEG-6000. Respon ketahanan galur kapas yang dihitung dengan indekskerentanan kekeringan berbeda pada masing-masing parameter yangdiamati. Dari nilai rata-rata indeks kerentanan kekeringan semuaparameter, tidak ada galur yang tahan terhadap kekeringan (STerdapat delapan galur yang agak tahan kekeringan (0,50lebih tahan dibandingkan dengan Kanesia 14, yaitu 03002/12, 03006/1,03008/7, 03008/24, 03012/17, 03014/12, 03017/13, dan 03017/15.Kata kunci: Gossypium hirsutum L., tahan kekeringan, PEG-6000,perkecambahan, galurABSTRACTCotton production areas in Indonesia are arable land with lack of wateravailability. The aim of this study was to obtain cotton lines tolerant todrought using PEG-6000 at germination stage. The experiment wasconducted at the Seed Testing Laboratory in Indonesian Sweetener andFiber Crops Research Institute, from April to June 2012. Treatments werearranged in a Split Plots design with two replications. The main plot wasPEG-6000 (-3 bar) and without PEG-6000 (water), while the subplot was13 cotton lines and Kanesia 14 variety. Seed cotton was treated with 80%Mancozeb fungicide dose of 2g/kg seed before sowing. Parametersobserved were germination percentage, shoot and root length, shoot androot weight, ratio of root/shoot length, and drought susceptibility index.Seedling was counted as normal if its length more than 0.5 cm. PEG-6000treatment gives very significant effect on the decline on seed germination,shoot and root length, shoot and root weight. Otherwise, ratio of root/shootlength was higher in the PEG-6000 than without PEG-6000 treatment.Response of cotton lines to drought which calculated with a droughtsusceptibility index were different among parameter observed. Meandrought susceptibility index of all parameters showed that none of cottonline tolerant to drought (S < 0,50) was achieved from the study. Therewere eight moderately drought-resistant lines (0, 50 < S < 1,0) achievednamely 03002/12, 03006/1, 03008/7, 03008/24, 03012/17, 03014/12,03017/13, and 03017/15 which more resistance than Kanesia 14.Key words: Gossypium hirsutum L., drought tolerant, PEG-6000,germination, lines

Ekstensifikasi pengembangan kapas ke luar Jawa berpeluangmenghadapi masalah salinitas, dan untuk memulai program pemuliaanvarietas kapas tahan salinitas diperlukan informasi ketahanan terhadapsalinitas dari koleksi plasma nutfah kapas. Enam puluh aksesi kapas telahdiuji ketahanannya pada tingkat salinitas 10 g/l NaCl dalam rancanganacak lengkap yang diulang tiga kali. Penelitian dilaksanakan diLaboratorium Pemuliaan pada Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau danSerat pada bulan Agustus – Oktober 2007. Pengamatan meliputi jumlah,panjang, dan berat akar, serta panjang dan berat tunas. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa parameter-parameter akar dan tunas yang diamatisampai dengan umur 28 HST belum konsisten untuk dijadikan dasar untukmelakukan skrining aksesi-aksesi untuk ketahanan terhadap cekamansalinitas. Terdapat tiga aksesi yang termasuk kategori peka terhadapsalinitas untuk semua parameter yang diamati, yaitu aksesi-aksesi NF-SC1, NF-SL 2, dan Tamcot SP-37. Selain itu juga terdapat 5 aksesi yangsecara stabil menunjukkan toleransi terhadap cekaman salinitas yaituaksesi-aksesi KPX 22, NH 38, Ngwe Chi 1, Dora 11, DP-NF-3, BRI 1,dan DPX 7062-5228.Kata kunci : Gossypium hirsutum, aksesi, toleransi, salinitas, vegetatifTolerance of 60 Cotton Accessions to Salinity Stress atVegetative StageABSTRACTExtension of cotton development program outside Java potentiallyfaces salinity problem, and therefore, in order to start the cotton breedingprogram for saline resistant varieties, it is required accurate information onresistance level of cotton accessions in the germplasm collection. Sixtycotton accessions have been tested for their tolerance in 10 g/l NaCl incomplete randomized design with three replications. The experiment washeld at the Breeding Laboratory of the Indonesian Tobacco and FiberCrops Research Institute from August to October 2007. Observations weremade on the number, length, and weight of root, as well as length andweight of shoot. Experimental result showed that root and shootparameters observed up to 28 DAP were not consistent for screeningcotton accession tolerant to salinity. There are three intolerant accessions,namely NF-SC 1, NF-SL 2, and Tamcot SP-37. In addition, there are fiveaccessions tolerant to salinity namely KPX 22, NH 38, Ngwe Chi 1, Dora11, DP-NF-3, BRI 1, and DPX 7062-5228.Key words: Gossypium hirsutum, accessions, tolerance, salinity, vegetative

Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), an intrinsic plant defense mechanism, can be efficiently triggered by double stranded (ds)RNA-producing transgenes and can provide high level virus resistance by specific targeting of cognate viral RNA. The discovery of virus-encoded suppressors of PTGS led to concerns about the stability of such resistance. Here, we show that Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is able to suppress dsRNA-induced PTGS and the associated Potato virus Y (PVY) immunity in tobacco. CMV suppression supported only a transient PVY accumulation and did not prevent recovery of the transgenic plants from PVY infection. CMV inoculation resulted in strongly increased transgene mRNA levels due to suppression of PTGS, but accumulation of PVY-specific small interfering (si)RNA was unaffected. However, PVY accumulation in previously immune plants resulted in increased PVY siRNA levels and transgene mRNA was no longer detected, despite the presence of CMV. Transgene mRNA returned to high levels once PVY was no longer detected in CMV-infected plants. Recovered and chronically CMV-infected tissues were immune to further PVY infection.

Pendekatan teknologi hibrida menawarkan perbaikan tingkat produktivitas, ketahanan terhadap hamadan kekeringan, serta mutu serat melalui pemanfaatan gen-gen dari kedua tetua potensial. Dalammemproduksi benih varietas kapas hibrida dapat ditempuh dengan dua cara, yaitu secara konvensionaldan dengan me-manfaatkan sifat jantan mandul. Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi sumberdaya genetik kapas untuk karakter restorer atau kemampuan merestorasi fertilitas pada F1 dilaksanakan diMalang (untuk kegiatan persilangan), dan Bojonegoro (untuk pengujian F1 hasil persilangan) pada tahun2010 dan 2011. Persilangan dilakukan antara galur mandul jantan 06050 BC3/15 X K7 (BC4) sebagai tetuabetina, dengan masing-masing 60 aksesi kapas sebagai tetua jantan pada tahun 2010 dan 2011. F1 hasilpersilangan untuk mendapatkan restorer ditanam di Bojonegoro dalam rancangan acak kelompok diulang2 kali dengan luas masing-masing plot adalah 2 m x 5 m. Pengamatan meliputi persentase fertilitas dari F1,komponen hasil, dan hasil kapas berbiji. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa selama dua tahun pengujiandiperoleh sebelas aksesi kapas yang mampu merestorasi karakter mandul jantan, yaitu 9442, SHR, KPX22, CTX 5, CTX 7, CTX 4, CTX 2, CTX 6, 9445, 9446, dan NFBL 3, namun hanya dua aksesi yang stabilmenunjukkan potensi merestorasi karakter mandul jantan, yaitu SHR dan KPX 22. Produktivitas tertinggidicapai oleh hasil persilangan dengan aksesi SHR, yaitu tetua jantan dengan potensi restorasi 100% yanggalurnya mampu menghasilkan 1.457,5 kg kapas berbiji/ha. Dengan demikian SHR merupakan aksesi yangcukup prospektif untuk digunakan sebagai salah satu tetua jantan dalam perakitan kapas hibrida nasional.

Keragaman komponen seleksi yang berpengaruh terhadap kecepatan berbunga dan produksi buah kelapa Genjah Salak belum banyak diketahui. Penelitian bertujuan mendapatkan metode penyerbukan dalam peningkatan produktivitas kelapa Genjah Salak dengan menghitung heritabilitas tiga belas karakter vegetatif dan generatif yang berkaitan langsung atau tidak langsung dengan produksi buah. Penelitian dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Paniki, Manado, Sulawesi Utara, dari 2011 sampai 2014, menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok, tiga perlakuan dan empat ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri atas tiga sistem penyerbukan, yaitu penyerbukan sendiri (full sib), penyerbukan terkendali (half sib) dan penyerbukan alami (open pollination). Tiga belas karakter yang diukur adalah tinggi batang, lingkar batang, jumlah bekas daun, jumlah daun, panjang daun, panjang petiole, jumlah anak daun, panjang anak daun, jumlah tandan, jumlah spikelet, jumlah bunga betina, kecepatan berbunga, dan jumlah buah per tandan. Analisis heritabilitas menggunakan rumus Singh dan Chaudary. Analisis sidik lintas mengacu pada metoda matriks Singh dan Chaudary. Kelapa Genjah Salak dengan sistem penyerbukan sendiri memiliki waktu berbunga 34,74 bulan dan tinggi batang 51,75 cm, lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kelapa Genjah Salak yang menyerbuk terkendali (waktu berbunga 35,99 bulan; tinggi batang 52,51 cm) dan penyerbukan alami (waktu berbunga 36 bulan; tinggi batang 56,76 cm). Nilai heritabilitas pada kelapa Genjah Salak menyerbuk sendiri yang berkorelasi langsung dengan karakter hasil adalah tinggi batang (r = 0,383; h2 = 84,0%), jumlah bekas daun (r = 0,442; h2 = 63,0 %), dan jumlah bunga betina (r = 0,344; h2 = 75,0%). Metode terbaik untuk meningkatkan produk- tivitas kelapa Genjah Salak adalah dengan sistem penyerbukan sendiri karena memiliki nilai heritabilitas tinggi dan berkorelasi langsung dengan karakter hasil.Kata kunci: Heritabilitas, koefisien sidik lintas, sistim penyerbukan, kelapa Genjah Salak. Heritability and Path Analysis on Vegetative and Generative Characters of Salak Dwarf Coconut Generated from Three Pollination System ABSTRACT The diversity of Salak Dwarf components that can be used as a criterion of selection affecting the rate of flowering and yield have not been investigated. The research aims to obtain the best method of pollination in improvement of Salak dwarf coconut productivity by calculating the heritability of thirteen vegetative and generative characters. Twelve characters attributed to the production of fruits were investigated. The research was arranged in a randomized block design with three pollination system as the treatments, four replications, conducted at the Paniki Experimental Garden, North Sulawesi, from 2011 until 2014. Treatments consisted of self-pollination system (full sib), controlled pollination system (half sib) and open pollination system. Thirteen characters measured were stem height, girth of stem, number of leaf scars, number of leaves, leaf length, petiole length, number of leaflets, length of leaflet, number of bunches, number of spikelet, number of female flowers, day of flowering, and number of fruit per bunch. Analysis of heritability using the formula of Singh and Chaudary. Path coefficient analysis using matrix model by Shing and Chaudary. Salak dwarf coconut with self-pollination system has better effect of rate of flowering (34.74 month), and height of stem (51.75 cm) compared to the salak dwarf coconut with controlled pollination (rate of flowering 35.99 months; height of stem 52.51 cm) and Salak dwarf coconut with open pollination (rate flowering 36 months; height of stem 56.76 cm). To improve the productivity of Salak dwarf coconut, the best method of pollination is self-pollinated. Heritability value on self-pollinate of Salak dwarf coconut which correlates directly with the character of yield was the height of stem (r =0.383; h2=84.0%), the number of leafscars (r =0.442; h2=63.0%), and the number of female flowers (r =0344; h2=75.0%). The best method to increase the productivity of Salak dwarf coconut through self pollination since it has high heritability values and correlates directly with the character of yield.Keywords : Heritability, coefficient of path analysis, pollination systems, salak dwarf coconut.

Coloured cotton has been used since 3400-2300 BC. Historically, it has been used prior to allotetraploid cotton which are now planted (G. hirsutum dan G. barbadense) of which some have brown and green fiber. The use of coloured cotton is environmentally friendly, and the demand for it will be increasing in relation with the increased demand of organic cotton. The research was aiming to evaluate of Productivity, Fiber Fineness, and Tolerance to Insect Pests ofF7 promising cotton lineswith brown fiber for the development of national cotton new varieties with brown fiber. The experiment was carried out at Pasirian Experimental Station at Lumajang on Januari-December 2013. 14 F7 lines resulted from 2006 crosses and two control varieties were tested in Randomised Blocked Design. There were two unit tests, the spray and unspray test, each was replicated three times. Plot size was 3 x 10m2 with plant spacing was made of 100 x 25 cm in which one single plant per hole was maintained. observation was done on growth and generative components, seed cotton yield, and field tolerance component. Experimental result showed that line 06063/5 was consistently shown high seed cotton yield under spray (2348,3 kg/ha) and unspray conditions (2372,8 kg/ha). Under unspray condition, there were four promising lines which were yielded higher that the best control varieties (Kanesia 10, 2197,2 kg/ha), i.e. 06063/5 (2372,80 kg/ha), 06067/3 (2235,0 kg/ha), 06062/3 (2255,60 kg/ha), and 06066/2 (2383,90 kg/ha). In addition, the best line showingthe highest field tolerance index was 06066/2 (110,5%). There were only two lines which had fiber length of ≥ 1 inch (25,4 mm), i.e. 06067/4 and 06062/1. It terms of fiber strength, genetic improvement achieved was ranging from 0,81 to 11,54% better than Kanesia 10, but 8,11 – 17,64% worse than Kanesia 8. Nine lines which had their fiber fineness 3,0 – 3,8 mic which are met the industry’s demand.Keywords: Gossypium hirsutum L., coloured cotton, productivity, field tolerance index EVALUASI PRODUKTIVITAS, MUTU SERAT, DAN KETAHANAN TERHADAP HAMA GALUR-GALUR F7 KAPAS BE RSERAT COKLATABSTRAKKapas dengan serat berwarna non-putih telah digunakan sejak tahun3400-2300 sebelum Masehi. Sejarah perkembangannya diperkirakan lebihawal dibandingkan kapas allotetraploid yang banyak dikembangkan saatini (G. hirsutum dan G. barbadense) yang beberapa memiliki warna serat coklat dan hijau. Penggunaan serat kapas berwarna sangat ramah lingkungan dan pemanfaatannya akan meningkat sejalan dengan meningkatnya permintaan kapas organik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi produktivitas, mutu serat dan ketahanan terhadap hama galur-galur harapan F7 kapas dengan serat berwarna coklat dalam rangka mengembangkan varietas kapas nasional berserat coklat.Penelitian menguji 14 galur F7 hasil persilangan tahun 2006 dan dua varietas pembanding dilaksanakan di KP Pasirian, Lumajang pada bulan Januari- Desember 2013; disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Kelompok. Terdapat dua unit pengujian yaitu pengujian dengan pengendalian hama optimal (SPRAY atau S) dan pengujian tanpa pengendalian hama (TANPA SPRAY atau TS) masing-masing diulang tiga kali. Ukuran plot adalah 3 x 10m2; jarak tanam adalah 100 x 25 cm dan pada masing-masing lubang tanam dipelihara satu tanaman. Pengamatan komponen pertumbuhan dan hasil, hasil kapas berbiji, dan komponen ketahanan dilakukan untuk menilai penampilan galur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa galur 06063/5 secara konsisten menunjukkan produksi kapas berbiji yang cukup tinggi baik dalam kondisi dengan pengendalian hama (2 348,3 kg/ha) maupun tanpa pengendalian hama (2372,8 kg/ha). Pada kondisi tanpa pengendalian hama, terdapat empat galur yang lebih unggul dibandingkan varietas pembanding terbaik (Kanesia 10, 2197,2 kg/ha) yaitu 06063/5 (2 372,80 kg/ha), 06067/3 (2 235,0 kg/ha), 06062/3 (2255,60 kg/ha), dan 06066/2 (2383,90 kg/ha). Selain itu, galur yang menunjukkan indeks ketahanan lapang terbaik adalah 06066/2 (110,5%). Hanya terdapat dua galur yang panjang seratnya ≥ 1 inchi (25,4 mm), yaitu 06067/4 dan 06062/1. Apabila dibandingkan Kanesia 10, diperoleh kemajuan dalam hal kekuatan serat sebesar 0,81-11,54%. Tetapi apabila dibandingkan dengan Kanesia 8, maka kekuatan serat dari galur-galur yang diuji lebih rendah 8,11 – 17,64%. Terdapat sembilan galur yang kehalusan seratnya dikelompokkan pada kategori diterima oleh industri (3,0 – 3,8 mic).Kata kunci: Gossypium hirsutum L., kapas dengan serat berwarna, produktivitas, indeks ketahanan lapang.

We have characterised six Australian Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) strains belonging to different subgroups, determined by the sequence of their complete RNA 3 and by their host range and the symptoms they cause on species in the Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae and on sweet corn. These data allowed classification of strains into the known three CMV subgroups and identification of plant species able to differentiate the Australian strains by symptoms and host range. Western Australian strains 237 and Twa and Queensland strains 207 and 242 are closely related members of CMV subgroup IA, which cause similar severe symptoms on Nicotiana species. Strains 207 and 237 (subgroup IA) were the only strains tested which systemically infected sweet corn. Strain 243 caused the most severe symptoms of all strains on Nicotiana species, tomato and capsicum and appears to be the first confirmed subgroup IB strain reported in Australia. Based on pair-wise distance analysis and phylogeny of RNA 3, as well as mild disease symptoms on Nicotiana species, CMV 241 was assigned to subgroup II, as the previously described Q-CMV and LY-CMV.