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1. Upscaling of geological properties in a world-class carbonate geothermal system in France: From core scale to 3D regional reservoir dimensions

Author: Hadrien Thomas, Benjamin Brigaud, Thomas Blaise, Elodie Zordan, Hermann Zeyen, Maxime Catinat, Simon Andrieu, Emmanuel Mouche, Marc Fleury, Géosciences Paris Saclay (GEOPS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Schlumberger, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Department of Geoscience [Aarhus], Aarhus University [Aarhus], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation Hydrologique (HYDRO), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN), and ANR-19-CE05-0032,UPGEO,Changement d'échelle et simulation des flux de chaleur pour amélioer l'efficacité des systèmes géothermiques profonds(2019)
Subjects: History, 3D geomodeling, Polymers and Plastics, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Facies, Geology, Jurassic, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Limestone, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Paris Basin, Geothermics, Business and International Management, Reservoir
Abstract: The greater Paris area has some 12 million inhabitants and 48 heating network production units that exploit the heat capacity of a 1.5 km deep aquifer, the Bathonian limestone. This is one of the most productive aquifers in the world for district heating, with an annual output of about 1.7 TWh of energy. The current challenge for Paris is to triple the number of heating networks using geothermal energy so as to reduce dependence on fossil fuels (40% in 2020 in France). As no detailed geothermal reservoir model is available, drilling involves geological risk. A recent well, drilled at Grigny (20 km south of Paris), turned out to be a failure in transmissibility because the bed of permeable limestones it tapped into was very thin (meter-scale). The main aim of this study is to create a digital database and a 3D geological model of this aquifer to minimize geological risks and optimize the location of future geothermal operations around Paris. By compiling data from 168 wells, a high-resolution 3D geological model of 360 km3 size is constructed (about 40 km x 50 km x 0.2 km), made up of 12.2 million cells and displaying sedimentary facies, sequence stratigraphy, porosity (Φ) and permeability (k). About 20% of the oolitic and bioclastic facies are of good reservoir quality (Φ > 13% and k > 350 mD), especially in two targeted, high-quality reservoir sequences. These facies of interest probably correspond to giant dunes and a shoal/barrier prograding from east to west. In these facies, permeable zones are generally 4 m thick and form patches of 1600 m x 1100 m, on average, elongated perpendicular to the depositional slope. 2D and 3D maps of temperature, salinity, porosity, transmissivity, and permeability allow us to understand the areas of interest for geothermal exploration, as demonstrated around Grigny. This model helps us to apprehend better the heterogeneous character of the reservoir for geothermal prospection and to reduce the risk of future doublets during well implantation. Detailed local models may be extracted to anticipate better the implantation of new doublets in areas with already densely spaced existing wells.
Published: 2023
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2. Hydrological modelling on atmospheric grids: using graphs of sub-grid elements to transport energy and water

Author: Jan Polcher, Anthony Schrapffer, Eliott Dupont, Lucia Rinchiuso, Xudong Zhou, Olivier Boucher, Emmanuel Mouche, Catherine Ottlé, Jérôme Servonnat, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols (METIS), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Instituto Franco-Argentino sobre Estudios de Clima y sus Impactos [Buenos Aires] (IFAECI), Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera (CIMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales [Buenos Aires] (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales [Buenos Aires] (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and The University of Tokyo (UTokyo)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], General Medicine, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment
Abstract: Land surface models (LSMs) use the atmospheric grid as their basic spatial decomposition because their main objective is to provide the lower boundary conditions to the atmosphere. Lateral water flows at the surface on the other hand require a much higher spatial discretization as they are closely linked to topographic details. We propose here a methodology to automatically tile the atmospheric grid into hydrological coherent units which are connected through a graph. As water is transported on sub-grids of the LSM, land variables can easily be transferred to the routing network and advected if needed. This is demonstrated here for temperature. The quality of the river networks generated, as represented by the connected hydrological transfer units, are compared to the original data in order to quantify the degradation introduced by the discretization method. The conditions the sub-grid elements impose on the time step of the water transport scheme are evaluated, and a methodology is proposed to find an optimal value. Finally the scheme is applied in an off-line version of the ORCHIDEE (Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems) LSM over Europe to show that realistic river discharge and temperatures are predicted over the major catchments of the region. The simulated solutions are largely independent of the atmospheric grid used thanks to the proposed sub-grid approach.
Published: 2023
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3. Overland flow as a queueing process: The B/D/1 queue with an arbitrary service time.

Author: Emmanuel Mouche and Marie-Alice Harel
Published: 2016
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4. Upscaling runoff and evapotranspiration fluxes in the Little Washita watershed using physically-based hillslope models

Author: Fanny Picourlat, Emmanuel Mouche, and Claude Mugler
Subjects: Hydrology, Watershed, Evapotranspiration, Environmental science, Surface runoff
Abstract: Several authors in the literature, such as Khan (2014) and Loritz (2017), have previously suggested that 3D catchment hydrology can be predicted from 2D hillslope simulations. Following this idea, we propose an upscaling methodology for runoff and evapotranspiration fluxes. The first step consists of a geomorphic analysis of the studied watershed. The average mean slope and hillslope length are then used to build a 2D equivalent-hillslope model. The validity of the methodology is tested by comparing the resulting water balance with a 3D physically-based distributed model. 2D fluxes of the equivalent hillslope are converted into 3D by using the drainage density. This upscaling methodology is applied to the Little Washita (LW) watershed (Oklahoma, USA). Both the 3D reference model and the 2D equivalent model are built with the physically-based distributed code HydroGeoSphere, which is forced by LW reanalysis climatic data. Two decades are simulated. Regarding the evapotranspiration, the upscaling methodology with only one equivalent hillslope gives a good prediction of 3D fluxes. However, a combination of several hillslopes is needed for simulating the 3D flow rate at the basin’s outlet. This work on the decrease of model dimensionality is a first step in the upscaling process from 3D physically-based models to 1D column models used in global Land Surface Models.
Published: 2020
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5. The integrated hydrologic model intercomparison project, IH-MIP2: A second set of benchmark results to diagnose integrated hydrology and feedbacks

Author: E. Cordano, Jens Christian Refsgaard, Claudio Paniconi, Reed M. Maxwell, Stefan Kollet, Simon Stisen, Stefano Endrizzi, Giacomo Bertoldi, Emmanuel Mouche, Young-Jin Park, Mauro Sulis, Claude Mugler, Evgeny Kikinzon, Mario Putti, Ethan T. Coon, and Edward A. Sudicky
Subjects: Hydrology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, 0208 environmental biotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 6. Clean water, Field (geography), 020801 environmental engineering, Set (abstract data type), Hydrology (agriculture), Benchmark (surveying), Slab, Environmental science, Representation (mathematics), Surface runoff, Level of detail, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: Emphasizing the physical intricacies of integrated hydrology and feedbacks in simulating connected, variably saturated groundwater-surface water systems, the Integrated Hydrologic Model Intercomparison Project initiated a second phase (IH-MIP2), increasing the complexity of the benchmarks of the first phase. The models that took part in the intercomparison were ATS, Cast3M, CATHY, GEOtop, HydroGeoSphere, MIKE-SHE, and ParFlow. IH-MIP2 benchmarks included a tilted v-catchment with 3-D subsurface; a superslab case expanding the slab case of the first phase with an additional horizontal subsurface heterogeneity; and the Borden field rainfall-runoff experiment. The analyses encompassed time series of saturated, unsaturated, and ponded storages, as well as discharge. Vertical cross sections and profiles were also inspected in the superslab and Borden benchmarks. An analysis of agreement was performed including systematic and unsystematic deviations between the different models. Results show generally good agreement between the different models, which lends confidence in the fundamental physical and numerical implementation of the governing equations in the different models. Differences can be attributed to the varying level of detail in the mathematical and numerical representation or in the parameterization of physical processes, in particular with regard to ponded storage and friction slope in the calculation of overland flow. These differences may become important for specific applications such as detailed inundation modeling or when strong inhomogeneities are present in the simulation domain.
Published: 2017
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6. Contribution of drone photogrammetry to 3D outcrop modeling of facies, porosity, and permeability heterogeneities in carbonate reservoirs (Paris Basin, Middle Jurassic)

Author: Elodie Zordan, Eric Portier, Hugo Chirol, Bertrand Saint-Bezar, Benoit Vincent, Hadrien Thomas, Benjamin Brigaud, Hermann Zeyen, Emmanuel Mouche, Simon Andrieu, Thomas Blaise, Université Paris-Saclay, Géosciences Paris Saclay (GEOPS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Schlumberger, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Cambridge Carbonates Ltd, CV Associés Engineering, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation Hydrologique (HYDRO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ANR-19-CE05-0032,UPGEO,Changement d'échelle et simulation des flux de chaleur pour amélioer l'efficacité des systèmes géothermiques profonds(2019), ANR-11-IDEX-0003,IPS,Idex Paris-Saclay(2011), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Outcrop, Stratigraphy, Petrophysics, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Geology, Structural basin, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Drone, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geophysics, Photogrammetry, chemistry, Facies, Carbonate, Economic Geology, Petrology, Geothermal gradient, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: This study showcases the value of drone photogrammetry in creating a meter-scale geological model of complex carbonate geobodies. Although drone photogrammetry is now commonly used for modeling the sedimentary facies and architecture of sandstone outcrops, its use is not widespread in creating geomodels of carbonate geobodies. Drone photogrammetry can generate accurate line-drawing correlation and detailed architecture analysis along inaccessible vertical faces of outcrops and permits observations of unreachable places. This work models the Bathonian limestones of Massangis quarry (Burgundy) as an example. The quarry covers an area of 0.4 km2 and is considered as an analogue for the Oolithe Blanche geothermal reservoir in the center of the Paris Basin. The Massangis quarry model represents a good analogue for reservoir microporosity and secondary porosity associated with dedolomitization. Ten facies are described and grouped into three facies associations (1) clinoforms, (2) tidal to subtidal facies, and (3) lagoonal facies. The clinoforms are sets of very large marine dunes 15–20 m high that prograded N70° across the platform as part of a regressive systems tract. Moldic rhombohedral pore spaces associated with dedolomitization are well-expressed within clinoforms and in the bioturbated levels of lagoonal facies. Drone photogrammetry combined with the “Truncated Gaussian with Trends” algorithm implemented in Petrel® software is used to create a geological model that faithfully reproduces the facies architecture observed in the quarry cliffs. Drone photogrammetry can be combined with field work to describe and locate facies and so constrain the spatial distribution of petrophysical properties. It also helps constraining the shapes of geobodies in the model grid for more realistic geological static models and helps providing 3D petrophysical models from an outcropping analogue for geothermal and petroleum reservoirs.
Published: 2021
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7. Buoyant flow of through and around a semi-permeable layer of finite extent

Author: Emmanuel Mouche, Pascal Audigane, Tri Dat Ngo, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation Hydrologique (HYDRO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], Capillary pressure, Buoyancy, Materials science, Capillary action, Mechanical Engineering, Multiphase flow, [PHYS.MECA]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics], Mechanics, engineering.material, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Gravity current, 010101 applied mathematics, Mechanics of Materials, 0103 physical sciences, engineering, [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], 0101 mathematics, Diffusion (business), Current (fluid), Saturation (chemistry), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: The buoyancy- and capillary-driven counter-current flow of $\text{CO}_{2}$ and brine through and around a semi-permeable layer is studied both numerically and theoretically. The continuities of the capillary pressure and the total flux at the interface between the permeable matrix and layer control the $\text{CO}_{2}$ saturation discontinuity at the interface and the balance between the buoyant and capillary diffusion fluxes on each side of the interface. This interface process is first studied in a one-dimensional (1-D) vertical column geometry using the concept of extended capillary pressure and a graphical representation of the continuity conditions in the ($S_{L}$, $S_{U}$) plane, where $S_{L}$ and $S_{U}$ are the lower and upper saturation traces at the interface, respectively. In two dimensions, we heuristically extend the two-phase gravity current model to the case where the current is bounded by a semi-permeable layer. Consequently, the current is not saturated with $\text{CO}_{2}$, and its saturation and shape are derived from the flux and capillary pressure continuity conditions at the interface. This simplified model, which depends on $\text{CO}_{2}$ saturation only, is compared to fine grid simulations in the capillary-free and gravity-dominant cases. A good agreement is obtained in the second case; the current geometrical characteristics are accurately described. In the capillary-free case, we demonstrate that the local total velocity, which is, on average, zero because the flow is counter-current, must be considered in the total flux at the interface to obtain the same level of agreement.
Published: 2016
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8. Effect of land use on interrill erosion in a montane catchment of Northern Laos: An analysis based on a pluri-annual runoff and soil loss database

Author: O. Sengtahevanghoung, K.O. Latsachak, Vincent Chaplot, Emmanuel Mouche, Olivier Ribolzi, J. Patin, Christian Valentin, Bounsamay Soulileuth, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agriculture Land-Use Planning Center, Representation du Laos (IRD), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), ANR-13-AGRO-0007,TecItEasy,Effets conjugués de l'expansion des plantations d'arbres et du changement climatique sur le fonctionnement hydro-sédimentaire des bassins versants tropicaux de montagne: la diversité microbienne aquatique comme un proxy de la conversion d'usage des terres(2013), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation Hydrologique (HYDRO), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)
Subjects: Sustainable land management, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil surface features, Land management, Drainage basin, 01 natural sciences, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, 2. Zero hunger, Hydrology, Splash, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Land use, Micro-plot, Interrill erosion model, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Infiltration (HVAC), Southeast Asia, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Erosion, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Surface runoff
Abstract: International audience; The introduction of cash crops and the evolution of farming practices in the uplands of Southeast Asia have drastically changed the agricultural landscape of the region during these last decades. This evolution has significantly increased soil erosion leading to important on and off-site effects. A long-term multi-scale monitoring of soil erosion was initiated in the early 2000's in the Houay Pano catchment located near the city of Luang Prabang in Northern Laos to assess these effects and propose sustainable land management solutions. We report here the analysis and the modelling of the soil erosion measurements made during the whole period on 1 m2 plots for different land uses. As expected, land use has an important impact on runoff production and soil erosion. The mean annual runoff coefficient increased from 0.05 for established fallow (4 years) to 0.45 for old teak trees plantation (14 years) with intermediate values for crops. The mean soil loss followed the same trend with respect to land use, from 25 g m-2 y-1 to 3765 g -2 y-1. These measurements confirm that established fallow promotes infiltration and reduces erosion and, at the opposite, teak tree increases soil crusting, lowers the infiltration rate and enhances soil detachment. The splash and wash erosion component of a process-oriented model developed for terrace erosion was used. This model describes the soil loss after a rainfall event as the product of an effective soil detachability, the rainfall kinetic energy, the runoff coefficient and different attenuation factors linked to soil surface features. The agreement is good, both at the event and the yearly scales. When aggregated by land use, surface features percentages have low standard deviations and soil detachability variability may be described by a log-normal distribution. This suggests that each land use has a unique signature in the erosion process given by the percentages and the distribution. We conclude that: (i) leaving the litter layer and an understorey in crops and trees plantations is the best way to minimize soil erosion, and (ii) the splash and wash model may be helpful to set up optimal agronomic strategies for a sustainable land use of Southeast Asia uplands.
Published: 2018
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9. Interacting land use and soil surface dynamics control groundwater outflow in a montane catchment of the lower Mekong basin

Author: Anneke de Rouw, Phabvilay Sounyafong, Bounsamai Soulileuth, Oloth Sengtaheuanghoung, Sylvain Huon, Guillaume Lacombe, Olivier Ribolzi, Norbert Silvera, Emmanuel Mouche, Alain Pierret, Keo Oudone Latxachak, Henri Robain, Christian Valentin, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, International Water Management Institute, International Water Management Institute, Vientiane, Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Representation du Laos (IRD), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation Hydrologique (HYDRO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute (NAFRI), Université de Toulouse (UT), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Érosion hydrique, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, 0208 environmental biotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Hydrologic connectivity, Bassin versant, Streamflow, Evapotranspiration, Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), Hydrological modelling, P10 - Ressources en eau et leur gestion, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, P36 - Érosion, conservation et récupération des sols, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 2. Zero hunger, Hydrology, Baseflow, Ecology, Discharge, Culture itinérante, Montagne, Groundwater recharge, 15. Life on land, 6. Clean water, eau souterraine, 020801 environmental engineering, Infiltration (hydrology), Storm and inter-storm streamflow, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Animal Science and Zoology, Tracer-based hydrograph separation, Surface runoff, Agronomy and Crop Science, Groundwater
Abstract: Groundwater contribution to streamflow sustains biodiversity and enhances ecosystem services, especially under monsoon-driven climate where stream baseflow is often the only available water resource during the dry season. We assessed how land use change influences streamflow and its groundwater contribution in a small headwater catchment subject to shifting cultivation in Montane Southeast Asia. Continuous time series of rainfall, reference evapotranspiration, groundwater level, stream discharge and electrical conductivity (EC) of surface and groundwater were monitored from 2002 to 2007. With the rainfall-runoff model GR4J, we investigated temporal changes in the hydrological behaviour of the study catchment to verify consistencies with observed land use change. An EC-based hydrograph separation method allowed estimating the groundwater contribution to 104 stormflow events. Mean soil surface crusting rates corresponding to each of the nine land uses identified in the catchment were determined using 236 standard 1-m2 micro-plots. Mean plant cover for each land use was assessed in 10 × 10-m2 plots. Bedrock topography and soil layers’ structure were assessed by electrical resistivity tomography to determine pathways of subsurface storm flows. Our results indicate that an increase in the catchment's areal percentage of fallow from 33% to 71% led to a decrease in the annual runoff coefficient from 43% to 26%. The concurrent reduction of soil crusting rate over the catchment, from 48% to 30%, increased rainwater infiltration. Consecutively, groundwater contribution to storm streamflow increased from 83% to 94%, highlighting the protective role of a dense vegetation cover against flash floods. The overall reduction of the annual basin water yield for inter-storm streamflow from 450 to 185 mm suggests that the potential gain in groundwater recharge was offset by the increased root water uptake for evapotranspiration, as confirmed by the drop in the groundwater level. This analysis illustrates how two different land uses with opposite impacts on soil permeability (i/ extensive soil surface crusting under annual crops resulting in limited runoff infiltration or ii/ fallow regrowth promoting both infiltration and evapotranspiration) both inhibit groundwater recharge. The maintenance of strips of fallow buffers between annual crop plots can slow down runoff and locally promote infiltration and groundwater recharge while limiting evapotranspiration.
Published: 2018
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10. Groundwater flow and heat transport for systems undergoing freeze-thaw : Intercomparison of numerical simulators for 2D test cases

Author: N. Collier, Andrew Frampton, Agnès Rivière, Johann Holmén, Emmanuel Mouche, John Molson, Barret L. Kurylyk, Ethan T. Coon, Jennifer M. Frederick, René Therrien, Patrik Vidstrand, Jan Olof Selroos, Clifford I. Voss, Romain Pannetier, Nicolas Roux, Christophe Grenier, Quentin Chanzy, Laurent Orgogozo, Samuel Kokh, Johanna Scheidegger, H. Anbergen, François Costard, Wolfram Rühaak, Victor F. Bense, Michel Ferry, Julio Gonçalvès, Anne Jost, Jeffrey M. McKenzie, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation Hydrologique (HYDRO), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), APS Antriebs-, Prüf- und Steuertechnik GmbH, School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), ENS Cachan, Département Génie Mécanique, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, France, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, Climate Change Science Institute [Oak Ridge] (CCSI), UT-Battelle, LLC-UT-Battelle, LLC, Géosciences Paris Sud (GEOPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MFRDC, 6 rue de la Perche 44700 Orvault, France, Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute (DRI), Structure et fonctionnement des systèmes hydriques continentaux (SISYPHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Golder Associates Kapellgränd 7, 11625 Stockholm, Sweden, Laboratoire d'Etudes Thermiques des Réacteurs (LETR), Département de Modélisation des Systèmes et Structures (DM2S), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Centre dor Water Resources Studies [Halifax] (CWRS), Dalhousie University [Halifax], Department of Civil and Resource Engineering [Halifax], Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Montréal] (EPS), McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de biologie et modélisation de la cellule (LBMC UMR 5239), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Géosciences (GEOSCIENCES), Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Technische Universität Darmstadt - Technical University of Darmstadt (TU Darmstadt), British Geological Survey (BGS), Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company, United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, and TU Darmstadt Graduate School of Excellence Energy Science & Engineering
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Groundwater flow, Discretization, 0208 environmental biotechnology, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Permafrost, 02 engineering and technology, Numerical simulation, Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management, 01 natural sciences, Sharp interface problems, Range (statistics), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, WIMEK, Computer simulation, Thermo-hydrological coupling, Mechanics, 020801 environmental engineering, Test case, Code benchmarking, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Environmental science, Temporal discretization, Groundwater, Hydrologie en Kwantitatief Waterbeheer
Abstract: In high-elevation, boreal and arctic regions, hydrological processes and associated water bodies can be strongly influenced by the distribution of permafrost. Recent field and modeling studies indicate that a fully-coupled multidimensional thermo-hydraulic approach is required to accurately model the evolution of these permafrost-impacted landscapes and groundwater systems. However, the relatively new and complex numerical codes being developed for coupled non-linear freeze-thaw systems require verification. This issue is addressed by means of an intercomparison of thirteen numerical codes for two-dimensional test cases with several performance metrics (PMs). These codes comprise a wide range of numerical approaches, spatial and temporal discretization strategies, and computational efficiencies. Results suggest that the codes provide robust results for the test cases considered and that minor discrepancies are explained by computational precision. However, larger discrepancies are observed for some PMs resulting from differences in the governing equations, discretization issues, or in the freezing curve used by some codes.
Published: 2018
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11. The integrated hydrologic model intercomparison project, IH-MIP2: A second set of benchmark results to diagnose integrated hydrology and feedbacks

Author: Stefan Kollet, Mauro Sulis, Reed M. Maxwell, Claudio Paniconi, Mario Putti, Giacomo Bertoldi, Ethan T. Coon, Emanuele Cordano, Stefano Endrizzi, Evgeny Kikinzon, Emmanuel Mouche, Claude Mügler, Young-Jin Park, Jens C. Refsgaard, Simon Stisen, Edward Sudicky
Published: 2017
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12. 1-D steady state runoff production in light of queuing theory: Heterogeneity, connectivity, and scale

Author: Emmanuel Mouche and Marie-Alice Harel
Subjects: Queueing theory, Scale (ratio), Autocorrelation, 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 15. Life on land, 01 natural sciences, 6. Clean water, Physics::Geophysics, Runoff model, Exponential function, 010104 statistics & probability, Statistics, Log-normal distribution, Boundary value problem, Statistical physics, 0101 mathematics, 020701 environmental engineering, Surface runoff, Water Science and Technology, Mathematics
Abstract: [1] We used the frameworks of queuing theory and connectivity to study the runoff generated under constant rainfall on a one-dimensional slope with randomly distributed infiltrability. The equivalence between the stationary runoff-runon equation and the customers waiting time in a single server queue provides a theoretical link between the statistical description of infiltrability and that of runoff flow rate. Five distributions of infiltrability, representing soil heterogeneities at different scales, are considered: four uncorrelated (exponential, bimodal, lognormal, uniform) and one autocorrelated (lognormal, with or without a nugget). The existing theoretical results are adapted to the hydrological framework for the exponential case, and new theoretical developments are proposed for the bimodal law. Numerical simulations validate these results and improve our understanding of runoff-runon for all of the distributions. The quantities describing runoff generation (runoff one-point statistics) and its organization into patterns (patterns statistics and connectivity) are studied as functions of rainfall rate. The variables describing the wet areas are also compared to those describing the rainfall excess areas, i.e., the areas where rainfall exceeds infiltrability. Preliminary results concerning the structural and functional connectivity functions are provided, as well as a discussion about the origin of scale effects in such a system. We suggest that the upslope no-flow boundary condition may be responsible for the dependence of the runoff coefficient on the scale of observation. Queuing theory appears to be a promising framework for runoff-runon modeling and hydrological connectivity problems.
Published: 2013
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13. Overland flow as a queueing process: The B/D/1 queue with an arbitrary service time

Author: Marie-Alice Harel, Emmanuel Mouche, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation Hydrologique (HYDRO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Edinburgh, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Discrete mathematics, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Computer Networks and Communications, M/G/k queue, 0208 environmental biotechnology, M/D/1 queue, M/M/1 queue, M/D/c queue, G/G/1 queue, 02 engineering and technology, 020801 environmental engineering, Hardware and Architecture, Modeling and Simulation, M/G/1 queue, Applied mathematics, M/M/c queue, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Bulk queue, Software, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Mathematics
Abstract: We study the single server B/D/1 FIFO queue with Bernoulli inter-arrival times t (t{0,1}) and arbitrary deterministic service time s (s
Published: 2016
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14. Contradictory hydrological impacts of afforestation in the humid tropics evidenced by long-term field monitoring and simulation modelling

Author: Didier Orange, Olivier Ribolzi, Jean-Louis Janeau, Henri Robain, Alain Pierret, Christian Valentin, Guillaume Lacombe, Toan Tran Duc, Keoudone Latsachak, Adrien Taccoen, Rinh Pham Dinh, Anneke de Rouw, Phouthamaly Sengphaathith, Emmanuel Mouche, Norbert Silvera, Bounsamai Soulileuth, Oloth Sengtaheuanghoung, International Water Management Institute [CGIAR, Laos] (IWMI), International Water Management Institute [CGIAR, Sri Lanka] (IWMI), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Soils and Fertilizers Research Institute (SFRI), Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences (VAAS), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire d'Etudes des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts (ENGREF)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Arizona, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation Hydrologique (HYDRO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Laos, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géosciences Environnement Toulouse ( GET ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris ( IEES ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD [France-Ouest] ), Centre de Recherches Interculturelles sur les Domaines Anglophones et Francophones ( CRIDAF ), Université Paris 13 ( UP13 ) -Université Sorbonne Paris Cité ( USPC ), Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-oncology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute ( HHMI ) -The Rockefeller University, Representation du Laos ( IRD ), Unité GEOVAST, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ), Laboratoire de minéralogie, cristallographie de Paris ( LMCP ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] ( LSCE ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Agricultural Land Management ( DALaM ), Soils and Fertilizers Research Institute ( SFRI ), VAAS, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Ouest]), Centre de Recherches Interculturelles sur les Domaines Anglophones et Francophones (CRIDAF), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC), Howard Hugues Medical Institute-The Rockefeller University, Representation du Laos (IRD), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Laboratoire de minéralogie, cristallographie de Paris (LMCP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Agricultural Land Management (DALaM), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - UFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [ SDU.OCEAN ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Tree planting, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Conservation des sols, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Technology, Water balance, Shifting cultivation, Tectona grandis, Afforestation, Forêt tropicale humide, lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, Hydrologie, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, lcsh:Environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 2. Zero hunger, lcsh:GE1-350, lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Plantation forestière, Reconstitution forestière, lcsh:TD1-1066, Water conservation, Conservation de l'eau, Streamflow, [ SDU.ENVI ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Hydrometeorology, P10 - Ressources en eau et leur gestion, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, P36 - Érosion, conservation et récupération des sols, Hydrology, lcsh:T, Régénération naturelle, 15. Life on land, K10 - Production forestière, 020801 environmental engineering, Water resources, lcsh:G, 13. Climate action, Environmental science
Abstract: The humid tropics are exposed to an unprecedented modernisation of agriculture involving rapid and mixed land-use changes with contrasted environmental impacts. Afforestation is often mentioned as an unambiguous solution for restoring ecosystem services and enhancing biodiversity. One consequence of afforestation is the alteration of streamflow variability which controls habitats, water resources, and flood risks. We demonstrate that afforestation by tree planting or by natural forest regeneration can induce opposite hydrological changes. An observatory including long-term field measurements of fine-scale land-use mosaics and of hydrometeorological variables has been operating in several headwater catchments in tropical southeast Asia since 2000. The GR2M water balance model, repeatedly calibrated over successive 1-year periods and used in simulation mode with the same year of rainfall input, allowed the hydrological effect of land-use change to be isolated from that of rainfall variability in two of these catchments in Laos and Vietnam. Visual inspection of hydrographs, correlation analyses, and trend detection tests allowed causality between land-use changes and changes in seasonal streamflow to be ascertained. In Laos, the combination of shifting cultivation system (alternation of rice and fallow) and the gradual increase of teak tree plantations replacing fallow led to intricate streamflow patterns: pluri-annual streamflow cycles induced by the shifting system, on top of a gradual streamflow increase over years caused by the spread of the plantations. In Vietnam, the abandonment of continuously cropped areas combined with patches of mix-trees plantations led to the natural re-growth of forest communities followed by a gradual drop in streamflow. Soil infiltrability controlled by surface crusting is the predominant process explaining why two modes of afforestation (natural regeneration vs. planting) led to opposite changes in streamflow regime. Given that commercial tree plantations will continue to expand in the humid tropics, careful consideration is needed before attributing to them positive effects on water and soil conservation.
Published: 2016
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15. A Physical Model for the Action of Raindrop Erosion on Soil Microtopography

Author: Emmanuel Mouche, Olivier Planchon, Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation Hydrologique (HYDRO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physical model, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Scale (ratio), Erosion control, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Soil Science, Soil science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, 01 natural sciences, Soil quality, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Surface roughness, Erosion, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Diffusion (business), Exponential decay, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; At finer scales, raindrops are the sources of the onset of soil erosion. Understanding the effects of raindrops at the decimeter scale is useful for soil erosion prediction, understanding erosion principles, and deriving erosion control management practices. The objective of this study was to develop and rest a physically based model to predict the effect of raindrop erosion on soil microtopography and identify the parameters that can be experimentally measured. The model has three parameters: (i) detachment rate mu similar to (9.0 +/- 4.0) x 10(-2) kg m(-2) mm(-1), (ii) average projection distance lambda similar to 0.15 +/- 0.05 m, and (iii) a dimensionless anisotropy coefficient delta similar to 3 +/- 1, which expresses the slope dependency of lambda and mu. Variation in soil height caused by raindrop erosion followed a diffusion-type equation with a source term. Under uniform conditions of soil and rainfall, the model simplifies into a basic diffusion equation. Under the homogeneous bare soil condition, soil surface roughness is predicted by an exponential decay model. Under nonuniform conditions, when sparse perennial vegetation protects the soil locally from raindrop impact (a common surface feature in semiarid areas), the model predicts that small mounds of 2 to 30 cm in height can develop underneath the cover. On a horizontal surface, the mound height asymptotically tends to a limit. On sloping areas, however, mounds are predicted to develop faster, higher, and to be asymmetric. Under both flat and sloping terrain, model predictions were found consistent with published data and models, with the noticeable improvement that the model parameters can be measured by laboratory experiments.
Published: 2010
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16. A generalized Richards equation for surface/subsurface flow modelling

Author: Sylvain Weill, Emmanuel Mouche, Jérémy Patin, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation Hydrologique (HYDRO), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Darcy's law, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Discretization, 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Mechanics, 01 natural sciences, 6. Clean water, Nonlinear system, Infiltration (hydrology), Vadose zone, Geotechnical engineering, Richards equation, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 020701 environmental engineering, Subsurface flow, Convection–diffusion equation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: Summary An approach for modelling surface/subsurface flow and transport in a fully integrated way is presented. The diffusive wave approximation used to model runoff is formulated as a nonlinear Darcy law and coupled with the Richards equation for variably saturated flow. The water dynamics in the three physical domains, land surface, vadose zone and saturated zone, is described through a single Richards type equation with domain-dependent parameters. This approach naturally provides pressure and fluxes continuity along land surface. An advective–diffusive transport equation is incorporated in the model in order to follow and identify pre-event and event water. This multi-domain Richards equation is solved with a mixed hybrid finite element formulation. The time discretization is implicit and the nonlinear equations are solved within a sequential iterative Picard scheme. This model can describe both infiltration excess or saturation excess runoff. In order to assess this modelling approach, several classical validation, verification and application test cases are presented. For overland flow solely, the model is compared to an analytical solution and to commonly used hydrological models. The integrated model is then validated with a sandbox laboratory experiment. Finally, the dynamic response of a saturated contributing area at the toe of a 3D virtual hillslope is simulated to illustrate the applicability of the model to 3D situations.
Published: 2009
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17. Afforestation by natural regeneration or by tree planting: examples of opposite hydrological impacts evidenced by long-term field monitoring in the humid tropics

Author: Olivier Ribolzi, P. Sengphaathith, Alain Pierret, J.-L. Janeau, N. Silvera, Emmanuel Mouche, Didier Orange, K.O. Latsachak, Henri Robain, R. Pham Dinh, T. Tran Duc, Guillaume Lacombe, Bounsamay Soulileuth, A. de Rouw, Christian Valentin, Oloth Sengtaheuanghoung, and A. Taccoen
Subjects: Water conservation, Land use, Agroforestry, Tree planting, Environmental science, Afforestation, Soil conservation, Surface runoff, Term (time), Ecosystem services
Abstract: The humid tropics are exposed to an unprecedented modernization of agriculture involving rapid and highly-mixed land-use changes with contrasted environmental impacts. Afforestation is often mentioned as an unambiguous solution for restoring ecosystem services and enhancing biodiversity. One consequence of afforestation is the alteration of streamflow variability controlling habitats, water resources and flood risks. We demonstrate that afforestation by tree planting or by natural forest regeneration can induce opposite hydrological changes. An observatory including long-term field measurements of fine-scale land-use mosaics and of hydro-meteorological variables has been operating in several headwater catchments in tropical Southeast Asia since 2001. The GR2M water balance model repeatedly calibrated over successive 1 year periods, and used in simulation mode with specific rainfall input, allowed the hydrological effect of land-use change to be isolated from that of rainfall variability in two of these catchments in Laos and Vietnam. Visual inspection of hydrographs, correlation analyses and trend detection tests allowed causality between land-use changes and changes in seasonal flows to be ascertained. In Laos, the combination of shifting cultivation system (alternation of rice and fallow) and the gradual increase of teak tree plantations replacing fallow, led to intricate flow patterns: pluri-annual flow cycles induced by the shifting system, on top of a gradual flow increase over years caused by the spread of the plantation. In Vietnam, the abandonment of continuously cropped areas mixed with patches of tree plantations led to the natural re-growth of forest communities followed by a gradual drop in streamflow. Soil infiltrability controlled by surface crusting is the predominant process explaining why two modes of afforestation (natural regeneration or planting) led to opposite changes in flow regime. Given that commercial tree plantations will continue to expand in the humid tropics, careful consideration is needed before attributing to them positive effects on water and soil conservation.
Published: 2015
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18. Is the connectivity function a good indicator of soil infiltrability distribution and runoff flow dimension?

Author: Marie-Alice Harel and Emmanuel Mouche
Subjects: Hydrology, Geography, Planning and Development, Flow (psychology), Function (mathematics), 15. Life on land, Runoff model, Percolation, Soil water, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Environmental science, Outflow, Surface runoff, Scale (map), Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract: Among the studies on runoff connectivity of soils with heterogeneous properties, the need to understand the relationships between soil heterogeneity and the associated runoff organization and amount is frequently mentioned. In this study, we simulate the stationary runoff–runon process on bi-dimensional (2D) flat slopes for five infiltrability distributions, one of them correlated, as a function of rainfall intensity and flow dimension. We define flow dimension by 1 + e, where e is the outflow fraction transferred from one pixel to each of the two lateral downslope pixels. Our aim is to assess the effect of e and soil heterogeneity on the connectivity function compared to the mean runoff flow rate, the wet area and the number of runoff patterns. The analysis of connectivity is carried within the percolation framework. The results show that the integral connectivity scale is more sensitive to the flow dimension and soil heterogeneity compared to the other variables. The wet area fraction does not depend on e. Unlike previous studies, we find that increased runoff production is not necessarily related to increased connectivity. The use of the connectivity function within the percolation framework appears to be a valuable method for assessing the impact of soil heterogeneity and flow dimension on the runoff organization during a rainfall event. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: 2014
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19. H-CUBE Project - Hydrodynamics, Heterogeneity, and Homogeneization in CO2 Storage Modeling

Author: Emmanuel Mouche, Sophie Viseur, Pascal Audigane, Jeremy Rohmer, and Dominique Guerillot
Subjects: Regional geology, geography, Hydrogeology, geography.geographical_feature_category, Geological formation, Engineering geology, Aquifer, Economic geology, Petrology, Geology, Geobiology, Environmental geology
Abstract: The main goal of the present project is to provide, at the different scales of interest, appropriate models for the accurate simulation of the hydrodynamic behaviour of CO2 storage in saline aquifer. By integrating heterogeneity of the geological formation both at the meso-scale and at large basin scale domain, the H-CUBE project intends to capture correctly and to improve the estimates of (i) the hydrodynamic impacts associated with CO2 storage operations (aquifer pressurization and induced brine displacements), (ii) the CO2 plume migration and (iii) the associated CO2 capacity storage performance. In this framework several innovative methods will be developed such as: -homogenization techniques to upscale physical processes -ranking techniques to reduce the number of realizations to be run in a full mode -multi mesh methods extended to compositional modelling combined with smart meshing techniques. A complete framework from field observation (digital outcrops models at the meter scale) to static geological models built at large aquifer-scale is proposed. Six case studies will be used to evaluate the performance of such investigations based on three relevant geological contexts: - Stratified shale heterogeneity in unconsolidated sandy aquifer (analogue: Sleipner); - Fluvial sediment deposit including slopping formations (analogue: Ketzin and ULCOS); - Carbonated aquifers (analogue: Weyburn and Paris basin).
Published: 2014
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20. Assessment of Retention Processes for Transport in a Fractured System at Äspö (Sweden) Granitic Site: from Short-Time Experiments to Long-Time Predictive Models

Author: Christophe Grenier, Frederick Delay, Hakim Benabderrahmane, André Fourno, and Emmanuel Mouche
Subjects: Test case, Petroleum engineering, Scale (ratio), TRACER, Flow (psychology), Fracture (geology), Geotechnical engineering, Sensitivity (control systems), Geology, Block (data storage), Matrix (geology)
Abstract: We present results obtained within the Task 6 modeling project hosted by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB) Task Force on Numerical Modeling of Flow and Solute Transport in fractured granitic rock. Modeling the transport of radionuclides in natural fractured media is done to characterize and assess the performance of a potential deep geologic repository. The Task 6 modeling exercise objective provides a bridge between models based on detailed site investigation data and calibrated against tracer experiments (month scale), and models corresponding to a hypothetical repository postclosure time scale (hundred thousands of years). The latter postclosure models capture the most significant features and processes of radionuclide transport, and allow for a sensitivity analysis of uncertain parameters. Two features from the tracer experiments (TRUE-1 and True Block Scale-TBS) are studied. The first is a 10 m single fracture, the second is a 200 m semisynthetic fractured block. The study focuses on matrix zone heterogeneity, its influence on retention processes, and its level of identification from tracer tests. Results show that tracer tests poorly constrain the systems. In addition, we build a model suited to performance assessment for single fracture geometry and present a smeared-fracture approach to model transfers in a fractured block. The model is calibrated and validated on synthetic test cases and applied to the Task 6 fractured block. Results show that this approach is appropriate for performance-assessment time-scale modeling. Nevertheless, the approach requires further development to be applied to systems incorporating small-scale heterogeneities affecting flow and transport conditions.
Published: 2013
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21. Impact of permafrost development on groundwater flow patterns: a numerical study considering freezing cycles on a two-dimensional vertical cut through a generic river-plain system

Author: Philippe Davy, Hakim Benabderrahmane, Damien Régnier, Emmanuel Mouche, François Costard, Christophe Grenier, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation Hydrologique (HYDRO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs (ANDRA), Interactions et dynamique des environnements de surface (IDES), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géosciences Rennes (GR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), and Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Groundwater flow, 0207 environmental engineering, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Aquifer, 02 engineering and technology, Permafrost, 01 natural sciences, Paleohydrogeology, Numerical modeling, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Depression-focused recharge, 020701 environmental engineering, Geomorphology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Hydrology, geography, Hydrogeology, geography.geographical_feature_category, Groundwater recharge, Talik, Waste disposal, 6. Clean water, Groundwater/surface-water relations, 13. Climate action, France, Geology
Abstract: International audience; The impact of glaciation cycles on groundwater flow was studied within the framework of nuclear waste storage in underground geological formations. The eastern section of the Paris Basin (a layered aquifer with impervious/pervious alternations) in France was considered for the last 120 ka. Cold periods corresponded with arid climates. The issue of talik development below water bodies was addressed. These unfrozen zones can maintain open pathways for aquifer recharge. Transient thermal evolution was simulated on a small-scale generic unit of the landscape including a "river" and "plain". Coupled thermo-hydraulic modeling and simplified conductive heat transfer were considered for a broad range of scenarios. The results showed that when considering the current limited river dimensions and purely conductive heat transfer, taliks are expected to close within a few centuries. However, including coupled advection for flows from the river to the plain (probably pertinent for the eastern Paris Basin aquifer recharge zones) strongly delays talik closure (millennium scale). The impact on regional underground flows is expected to vary from a complete stop of recharge to a reduced recharge, corresponding to the talik zones. Consequences for future modeling approaches of the Paris Basin are discussed.
Published: 2013
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22. Calibrating transmissivities from piezometric heads with the gradual deformation method: An application to the Culebra Dolomite unit at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), New Mexico, USA

Author: Emmanuel Mouche, Mickaele Le Ravalec, IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation Hydrologique (HYDRO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Horizon (geology), Hydrology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, Hydrogeology, geography.geographical_feature_category, 0207 environmental engineering, Context (language use), Soil science, 02 engineering and technology, Deformation (meteorology), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Hydraulic head, Reservoir engineering, 020701 environmental engineering, Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Water well
Abstract: Summary The gradual deformation method (GDM) is a geostatistical parameterization technique introduced in reservoir engineering for compelling reservoir models to respect production history. It makes it possible to adjust the spatial distribution of the hydraulic properties populating the reservoir model so that the flow responses simulated for the modified model closely replicate the production data collected on the field. The work presented in this paper investigates the potential of the GDM to solve inverse problems in hydrogeology, or subsurface hydrology, and produce heterogeneous transmissivity fields conditional to both transmissivity and piezometric head measurements within a stochastic context. It focuses on the calibration of the Culebra Dolomite unit, which lies approximately 450 m above the repository horizon of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in southeastern New Mexico, USA. Results show that the proposed version of the GDM, with a local deformation in each sub-domain neighboring a well, is efficient and competitive compared to other geostatistical-based inverse methods such as the pilot point method.
Published: 2012
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23. Analysis of runoff production at the plot scale during a long-term survey of a small agricultural catchment in Lao PDR

Author: K.O. Latsachak, J. Patin, Christian Valentin, O. Sengtahevanghoung, Emmanuel Mouche, Bounsamay Soulileuth, Vincent Chaplot, Olivier Ribolzi, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation Hydrologique (HYDRO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), National University of Lao PDR, Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), GIS Climat-Environnement-Societe through the PASTEK, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DRV (Departement des Ressources Vivantes) of IRD, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Lao PDR, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) ), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Wet season, 0207 environmental engineering, Land management, Soil science, 02 engineering and technology, Runoff curve number, Spatial variability, Soil crusting, 020701 environmental engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Water Science and Technology, Hydrology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Land use, Infiltration, Temporal variability, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Infiltration (HVAC), Spatially variable infiltration model, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Land degradation, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Surface runoff
Abstract: International audience; In northern Laos, small agricultural catchments are under high pressure because of the past decades of land management policies. Although the land degradation is well documented, no clear relationships have been established between land use and event scale runoff and erosion. In this study, we use a simple yet realistic model to obtain a per land use characterisation of small plot runoff production at the event scale. Runoff produced during 7 years (2003-2009) from 1 m(2) plots under different land uses is analyzed with the spatially variable infiltration (SVI) model. This model has been recently used by different authors to study infiltration at the plot scale under monsoon climate. It depends on rainfall intensity and a parameter to be calibrated that we called infiltrability. This parameter is an average infiltration rate during a rainfall event for given soil characteristics and a given land use. The analysis and calibration of runoff production with the SVI model led to a data set of almost 3000 infiltrability values. The statistical analysis of this data set with soil parameters, like surface features and slope, land use and the antecedent precipitation index (API), which is an indicator of soil moisture content, shows that infiltrability is strongly correlated with the percentage of crust and land use type. Except for certain land use like rice, the correlation with API is not well established and it is clear that minima of infiltration are reached in the rainy season after a close sequence of rainfall events and infiltrability is generally highest at the end of the dry season. Since we could not establish clear relationships between infiltrability, soil and meteorological parameters, we propose to consider infiltrability as a random function in space and time described, for each land use, by a log normal probability density function.
Published: 2012
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24. Comparison of roughness models to simulate overland flow and tracer transport experiments under simulated rainfall at plot scale

Author: J. Patin, Emmanuel Mouche, Patrick Richard, Olivier Planchon, Norbert Silvera, C. Mügler, Sylvain Weill, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation Hydrologique (HYDRO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), BIOEMCO c/o Center for Water Resources Research, SAEES, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), RIDES project, ECCO, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Scale (ratio), [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Flow (psychology), 0207 environmental engineering, Roughness model, Hydrograph, 02 engineering and technology, Surface finish, Rainfall-simulation, 01 natural sciences, Power law, Tracer injection, [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], TRACER, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, 020701 environmental engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Hydrology, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Mechanics, Flow velocity, Friction law, Environmental science, Surface runoff
Abstract: International audience; The Saint-Venant equations have consistently proved capable of accurately simulating hydrographs at plot scale. However, recent works showed that even though the hydrograph is satisfyingly reproduced, the flow velocity field within the plot might be wrong, with the highest velocity largely underestimated. Moreover, the choice of roughness models to be used in the Saint-Venant equations is most often done in the purpose of increasing the hydrograph quality, while the actual travel time of water is ignored. This paper presents a tracer experiment made on a 10-m by 4-m rainfall simulation plot, where travel time and tracer mass recovery as well as local flow velocity have been measured. Four roughness models are tested: (i) Darcy-Weisbach's model, (ii) Lawrence's model, (iii) Manning's model with a constant roughness coefficient, and (iv) Manning's model with a variable roughness coefficient which decreases as a power law of the runoff water depth. Models with a constant friction factor largely underestimate high velocities. Moreover, they are not able to simulate tracer travel-times. Lawrence's model correctly simulates low and high velocities as well as tracer breakthrough curves. However, a specific set of parameters are required for each breakthrough curve from the same experiment. The best results are obtained with the Manning's model with a water-depth dependent roughness coefficient: simulated velocities are consistent with measurements, and a single set of parameters captures the entire set of breakthrough curves, as well as tracer mass recovery. The study reported here brings the following findings: (i) roughness coefficient is flow-dependent, (ii) faithful simulation of the velocity fields does not imply a good prediction of travel time and mass recovery, (iii) the best model is a Manning type model with a roughness coefficient which decreases as a power law of water depth. The full dataset used in this work is available on request. It can be used as benchmark for overland flow and transport models.
Published: 2011
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25. Impact of slope gradient on soil surface features and infiltration on steep slopes in northern Laos

Author: Jean-Pierre Thiébaux, Olivier Ribolzi, Christian Valentin, Oloth Sengtaheuanghoung, K.O. Latsachack, Emmanuel Mouche, L.M. Bresson, Norbert Silvera, J. Patin, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), International Water Management Institute [CGIAR, Laos] (IWMI), International Water Management Institute [CGIAR, Sri Lanka] (IWMI), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Modélisation Hydrologique (HYDRO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Agiculture Land Research Center (ALRC), National Agriculture and Forest Research Institute, Office of Science and Land Development, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), International Water Management Institute, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Compaction, STEEP SLOPES, 01 natural sciences, Hydraulic conductivity, Hillslope processes, Vegetation and slope stability, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Hydrology, RAINFALL SIMULATION, SURFACE DU SOL, HILLSLOPE PROCESSES, HYDROLOGIE, Infiltration, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Runoff generation, Infiltration (HVAC), Bulk density, 6. Clean water, Steep slopes, INFILTRATION, Loam, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Rainfall simulation, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, RUNOFF GENERATION, Surface runoff, Geology
Abstract: It was recently demonstrated that, infiltration into mountain-tilled soils with highly stable microaggregates, increases with increasing slope gradient. In this work we investigate the processes that underpin this phenomenon by means of field experiments and modelling. The study area is located in northern Laos. Rainfall simulations were conducted in two 1-m 2 plots using a portable field simulator. The drop size distribution and kinetic energy were similar to that occurring on the occasion of tropical downpours. Soils exhibited a clay loam texture and very similar organic matter contents across experimental plots, but differed greatly in slope gradient (30% and 75%). Runoff water samples were collected at intervals ranging from 1 to 3 min, depending on the runoff intensity. Plots microtopography was measured before and after rainfall simulations using an automatic surface roughness meter on a 1-cm grid. High-resolution bulk density images were obtained from soil slices using a standard X-ray generator. Final infiltration rates of 6 and 21 mm h −1 ; soil detachment of 667 and 310 g m −2 ; surface lowering due to soil loss of 0.82 and 0.38 mm; surface lowering due to compaction of 1.21 and 0.90 mm; percentage area with sieving crust of 36% and 90%; percentage area with erosion crust of 63% and 0%; were obtained for the 30% and 75% slopes, respectively. Three main conclusions can be drawn from this work: (1) high intensity rainfall can rapidly transform soil surface features of steep bare soil; (2) on steeper slopes, the micro-relief tends to form micro-terraces much more pervious and less erodible than the ripple-like roughness that formed on gentler slopes; and (3) there was a more pronounced lowering of the soil surface due to compaction and denser microlayers on gentler slopes. The latter conclusion confirms the hypothesis that higher effective rainfall intensity is responsible for the formation of less permeable erosion crusts under 30% slope gradients while more permeable structural crusts develop under 75% slope gradients. The runoff results were modelled with the Green and Ampt model which accounts for time evolution of soil hydraulic conductivity. This modelling shows that soil is undoubtedly non homogeneous, evolves with time and that infiltration kinetics is slower and soil permeability greater for the 75% slope.
Published: 2011
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26. Upscaling of CO2 vertical migration through a periodic layered porous medium: The capillary-free and capillary-dominant cases

Author: Emmanuel Mouche, Mohamed Hayek, Claude Mugler, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation Hydrologique (HYDRO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Capillary pressure, Buoyancy, Capillary action, 0207 environmental engineering, Mineralogy, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Flux (metallurgy), 020701 environmental engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Mechanics, Plume, engineering, Two-phase flow, Saturation (chemistry), Porous medium, Geology
Abstract: article i nfo Buoyancy Capillarity Heterogeneity Upscaling We present an upscaled model for the vertical migration of a CO2 plume through a vertical column filled with a periodic layered porous medium. This model may describe the vertical migration of a CO2 plume in a perfectly layered horizontal aquifer. Capillarity and buoyancy are taken into account and semi-explicit upscaled flux functions are proposed in the two following cases: (i) capillarity is the main driving force and (ii) buoyancy is the only driving force. In both cases, we show that the upscaled buoyant flux is a bell-shaped function of the saturation, as in the case of a homogeneous porous medium. In the capillary-dominant case, we show that the upscaled buoyant flux is the harmonic mean of the buoyant fluxes in each layer. The upscaled saturation is governed by the continuity of the capillary pressure at the interface between layers. In the capillary-free case, the upscaled buoyant flux and upscaled saturation are determined by the flux continuity condition at the interface. As the flux is not continuous over the entire range of saturation, the upscaled saturation is only defined where continuity is verified, i.e. in two saturation domains. As a consequence, the upscaled buoyant flux is described by a piecewise continuous function. Two analytical approximations of this flux are proposed and this capillary-free upscaled model is validated for two cases of heterogeneity. Upscaled and cell averaged saturations are in good agreement. Furthermore, the proposed analytical upscaled fluxes provide satisfactory approximations as long as the saturation set at the inlet of the column is in a range where analytical and numerical upscaled fluxes are close.
Published: 2010
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27. Modeling vertical stratification of CO2 injected into a deep layered aquifer

Author: Claude Mugler, Mohamed Hayek, Emmanuel Mouche, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation Hydrologique (HYDRO), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 0207 environmental engineering, Stratification (water), Mineralogy, Aquifer, 02 engineering and technology, Classification of discontinuities, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Plume, Incompressible flow, Fluid dynamics, Two-phase flow, 020701 environmental engineering, Porous medium, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: The vertical stratification of carbon dioxide (CO2) injected into a deep layered aquifer made up of highpermeability and low-permeability layers, such as Utsira aquifer at Sleipner site in Norway, is investigated with a Buckley–Leverett equation including gravity effects. In a first step, we study both by theory and simulation the application of this equation to the vertical migration of a light phase (CO2), in a denser phase (water), in 1D vertical columns filled with different types of porous media: homogeneous, piecewise homogeneous, layered periodic and finally heterogeneous. For each case, we solve the associated Riemann problems and propose semi-analytical solutions describing the spatial and temporal evolution of the light phase saturation. These solutions agree well with simulation results. We show that the flux continuity condition at interfaces between high-permeability and low-permeability layers leads to CO2 saturation discontinuities at these interfaces and, in particular, to a saturation increase beneath low-permeability layers. In a second step, we analyze the vertical migration of a CO2 plume injected into a 2D layered aquifer. We show that the CO2 vertical stratification under each low-permeability layer is induced, as in 1D columns, by the flux continuity condition at interfaces. As the injection takes place at the bottom of the aquifer the velocity and the flux function decrease with elevation and this phenomenon is proposed to explain the stratification under each mudstone layer as observed at Sleipner site. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published: 2009
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28. Impact of the landscape evolution on the hydraulic boundary conditions of the Callovo–Oxfordian formation

Author: Jacques Wendling, Georges Vigneron, Pascal Maugis, Jacques Brulhet, Emmanuel Mouche, Vanessa Teles, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation Hydrologique (HYDRO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs (ANDRA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, Plateau, geography.geographical_feature_category, Hydrogeology, Groundwater flow, Outcrop, 0207 environmental engineering, Radioactive waste, Aquifer, 010103 numerical & computational mathematics, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 6. Clean water, Hydraulic head, Geophysics, Geochemistry and Petrology, Erosion, 0101 mathematics, 020701 environmental engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Geomorphology, Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: The Callovo–Oxfordian formation in the Eastern part of France was recognized as a potential nuclear waste repository layer. The Andra (National Agency for Nuclear Waste Management) has launched a few years ago a research program that aims to define the mechanisms of importance in the impact of the surface environment evolution on the site hydrogeology. Based on mapping and dating results, Andra has quantified the geomorphological evolution of the Meuse/Haute-Marne site in the past and has estimated the future evolution over 1 million years. The Callovo–Oxfordian boundary conditions depend on the hydraulic heads in the two surrounding aquifers, the Oxfordian limestone above, and the Dogger one, below. Both aquifer outcrops are modified over the next million years. For the present study, the geomorphologic evolution is considered independently of other processes and translated in the hydrogeological model in terms of changes in the hydraulic boundary conditions at the surface. The hydrodynamic simulations have been performed with the code Cast3M (implemented by CEA (Atomic Energy Commissariat)) using a mixed hybrid finite-element formulation. For these groundwater flow simulations, three modelled stages are presented: the Present, 500,000 years (500 Ky) and 10 6 years (1 Ma) in the future. The landscape evolution is merely considered through the use of three different topographies on which the boundary conditions are applied. According to Andra predictions, at the Meuse/Haute-Marne site, the valley incisions on the Bure plateau will locally reach the Oxfordian limestone. Thus, the Oxfordian aquifer exhibits more changes due to topographic evolution than the Dogger aquifer. Hydrodynamic simulations show a significant impact of the valley incisions on the groundwater flow by the creation of local outlets to the Oxfordian limestone aquifer in the North of the area for the 1 My topography. It induces local perturbations of the saturation level. The global erosion of the topography also pulls down the hydraulic heads on a regional basis. Changes induced by the geomorphologic evolution in the Dogger aquifer are located around 30 km East from the Underground Laboratory site, at the outcropping areas. Thus, at the Laboratory location, the piezometric surface does not show, for the future, significant modifications compared to the present state. The 20-m general lowering of the hydraulic heads in the Dogger is also globally less important than for the Oxfordian aquifer. The consequence on the Callovo–Oxfordian boundary conditions for the future is an increase of the internal upward vertical hydraulic gradient which, at present state, is well developed only immediately to the North of the Laboratory.
Published: 2007
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29. Mise à l'échelle des processus hydrologiques pour les modèles de surface continentale, de la modélisation 3D intégrée au modèle de réservoir : Application au bassin du Little Washita

Author: Picourlat, Fanny, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, Emmanuel Mouche, and Claude Mügler
Subjects: Land surface, Mise à l'échelle, Modélisation, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Upscaling, Modeling, Hydrology, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Hydrologie, Surface continentale
Abstract: As the water cycle is a driving force of climate, accurate modeling of the various continental hydrological fluxes is a major challenge in climate modeling. These flows are modeled within Land Surface Models (LSM) with a horizontal resolution of about 100 km. At this scale, the representation of continental hydrology is simplified: lateral flows are conceptualized through reservoirs, and their influence on the spatial distribution of soil water content is neglected. Such simplifications introduce biases on the calculation of evapotranspiratory flux and river flow. A consensus is therefore observed within the scientific community on the need to improve the representation of hydrology in LSM. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to develop an upscaling approach of the hydrological processes for LSM, ranging from integrated 3D model to reservoir model. Applied to the Little Washita basin (Oklahoma, USA), this approach is articulated in three steps of dimensionality reduction. First, a 3D simulation is conducted over 20 years using a physically-based integrated code. The 3D model of the basin is then reduced to a 2D equivalent hillslope model. A third step consists in reducing the 2D model to a conceptual reservoir model using simplifying assumptions. Finally, a 1D column simulation is performed using a LSM. A comparison with the conceptual model resulting from the upscaling approach allows us to identify different avenues for the development of LSM hydrology.; Le cycle de l'eau étant un élément moteur du climat, modéliser avec exactitude les différents flux hydrologiques continentaux constitue un enjeu majeur de la modélisation climatique. Ces flux sont modélisés au sein des modèles de surface continentale (nommés LSM) dont la résolution horizontale est de l'ordre de la centaine de kilomètres. À cette échelle, la représentation de l'hydrologie continentale est simplifiée : les écoulements latéraux sont conceptualisés au travers de réservoirs, et leur influence sur la distribution spatiale de la teneur en eau des sols est négligée. De telles simplifications introduisent des biais sur le calcul du flux évapotranspiratoire, ainsi que du débit en rivière. Un consensus est par conséquent observé au sein de la communauté scientifique sur le besoin d'améliorer la représentation de l'hydrologie dans les LSM. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cette thèse est de mettre en œuvre une démarche de mise à l'échelle des processus hydrologiques pour les LSM, allant de la modélisation 3D intégrée au modèle de réservoirs. Appliquée au bassin du Little Washita (Oklahoma, USA), cette démarche s'articule en trois étapes de réduction de dimensionnalité. En premier lieu, une simulation 3D de référence est conduite sur vingt années à l'aide d'un code intégré à base physique. Le modèle 3D est ensuite réduit à un modèle 2D de versant équivalent. Une troisième étape consiste en la réduction, au moyen d'hypothèses simplificatrices, du modèle 2D à un modèle conceptuel de réservoirs. Enfin, une simulation de colonne 1D est conduite à l'aide d'un LSM. Une comparaison avec le résultat du modèle conceptuel issu de la démarche de mise à l'échelle permet de dégager différentes pistes de développement de l'hydrologie des LSM.
Published: 2022

30. Développement d'un modèle hydrologique de colonne représentant l'interaction nappe - végétation - atmosphère et applications à l'échelle du bassin versant

Author: Maquin, Mathilde, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), Emmanuel Mouche, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Column model, Modèle de colonne, Bassin versant, Water table - evapotranspiration interaction, Numerical modeling, Hydrology, Modélisation numérique, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Catchment, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, Hydrologie, Interaction nappe - évapotranspiration
Abstract: The representation of the water cycle on land surfaces is essential for climate modeling. Nowadays, the "Land Surface Models" (LSMs) represent soil columns of a few meters deep and they simulate the temporal evolution of the vertical water flows and the interaction with the atmosphere. However, the interaction with a near-surface water table is not taken into account although it strongly influences the evapotranspiration fluxes at the local scale, and therefore the climate at the regional scale. This interaction, which occurs at a smaller scale than the grid scale of the LSMs, is difficult to model. The objective of this PhD is to propose a model that incorporates the impact of a near-surface water table on evapotranspiration fluxes for global climate models. The computation time of the model must be small enough to enable simulations at large spatial and temporal scales. In this context, a new soil column model is proposed with a drainage function that is imposed at the bottom of the column. This function aims at reproducing the temporal evolution of the water table level in interaction with both the infiltration and the evapotranspiration fluxes. The model is tested and validated on numerical experiments and on a real catchment (Strengbach, France). A methodology based on this column model is introduced to estimate the evapotranspiration fluxes taking into account their subgrid variability. This methodology is applied to a catchment whose area is similar to the one of a classic grid cell of LSMs (Little Washita, USA).; Dans le cadre de la modélisation climatique, la représentation du cycle de l'eau des surfaces continentales est primordiale. Actuellement, les "modèles de surface continentale" représentent l'évolution des flux d'eau verticaux dans des colonnes de sol de quelques mètres de profondeur et leur interaction avec l'atmosphère. En revanche, l'interaction avec les nappes de faible profondeur n'est pas prise en compte alors que leur présence influence fortement les flux d'évapotranspiration à l'échelle locale, et, en conséquence, le climat à l'échelle régionale. Une difficulté est que les zones où cette interaction apparaît relèvent d'une échelle inférieure à celle du maillage des modèles de surface continentale. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer un modèle qui permette de prendre en compte l'impact des nappes de faible profondeur sur les flux d'évapotranspiration pour les modélisations climatiques à l'échelle globale. La contrainte principale associée relève des temps de calculs, qui doivent être réduits pour permettre la réalisation de simulations sur de grandes échelles de temps et d'espace. Dans ce cadre, un nouveau modèle de colonne de sol est proposé. Une fonction de drainage imposée en bas de colonne permet de reproduire l'évolution temporelle du toit de la nappe, en interaction avec les processus d'infiltration et d'évapotranspiration. Le modèle est testé et validé sur des cas tests académiques simples dans un premier temps, puis sur le cas d'un bassin versant réel dans un second temps (bassin versant du Strengbach, en France). Enfin, une méthodologie basée sur ce modèle de colonne et permettant d'estimer les flux d'évapotranspiration en tenant compte de leur variabilité dans l'espace est introduite. Elle est appliquée à un bassin versant dont la superficie est proche de celle d'une maille classique des modèles de surface continentale (bassin versant du Little Washita, aux États-Unis).
Published: 2016

31. Development of a soil column model for simulating the water table - vegetation - atmosphere interaction and applications to the catchment scale

Author: Maquin, Mathilde, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), and Emmanuel Mouche
Subjects: Column model, Modèle de colonne, Bassin versant, Water table - evapotranspiration interaction, Numerical modeling, Hydrology, Modélisation numérique, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Catchment, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, Hydrologie, Interaction nappe - évapotranspiration
Abstract: The representation of the water cycle on land surfaces is essential for climate modeling. Nowadays, the "Land Surface Models" (LSMs) represent soil columns of a few meters deep and they simulate the temporal evolution of the vertical water flows and the interaction with the atmosphere. However, the interaction with a near-surface water table is not taken into account although it strongly influences the evapotranspiration fluxes at the local scale, and therefore the climate at the regional scale. This interaction, which occurs at a smaller scale than the grid scale of the LSMs, is difficult to model. The objective of this PhD is to propose a model that incorporates the impact of a near-surface water table on evapotranspiration fluxes for global climate models. The computation time of the model must be small enough to enable simulations at large spatial and temporal scales. In this context, a new soil column model is proposed with a drainage function that is imposed at the bottom of the column. This function aims at reproducing the temporal evolution of the water table level in interaction with both the infiltration and the evapotranspiration fluxes. The model is tested and validated on numerical experiments and on a real catchment (Strengbach, France). A methodology based on this column model is introduced to estimate the evapotranspiration fluxes taking into account their subgrid variability. This methodology is applied to a catchment whose area is similar to the one of a classic grid cell of LSMs (Little Washita, USA).; Dans le cadre de la modélisation climatique, la représentation du cycle de l'eau des surfaces continentales est primordiale. Actuellement, les "modèles de surface continentale" représentent l'évolution des flux d'eau verticaux dans des colonnes de sol de quelques mètres de profondeur et leur interaction avec l'atmosphère. En revanche, l'interaction avec les nappes de faible profondeur n'est pas prise en compte alors que leur présence influence fortement les flux d'évapotranspiration à l'échelle locale, et, en conséquence, le climat à l'échelle régionale. Une difficulté est que les zones où cette interaction apparaît relèvent d'une échelle inférieure à celle du maillage des modèles de surface continentale. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer un modèle qui permette de prendre en compte l'impact des nappes de faible profondeur sur les flux d'évapotranspiration pour les modélisations climatiques à l'échelle globale. La contrainte principale associée relève des temps de calculs, qui doivent être réduits pour permettre la réalisation de simulations sur de grandes échelles de temps et d'espace. Dans ce cadre, un nouveau modèle de colonne de sol est proposé. Une fonction de drainage imposée en bas de colonne permet de reproduire l'évolution temporelle du toit de la nappe, en interaction avec les processus d'infiltration et d'évapotranspiration. Le modèle est testé et validé sur des cas tests académiques simples dans un premier temps, puis sur le cas d'un bassin versant réel dans un second temps (bassin versant du Strengbach, en France). Enfin, une méthodologie basée sur ce modèle de colonne et permettant d'estimer les flux d'évapotranspiration en tenant compte de leur variabilité dans l'espace est introduite. Elle est appliquée à un bassin versant dont la superficie est proche de celle d'une maille classique des modèles de surface continentale (bassin versant du Little Washita, aux États-Unis).
Published: 2016

32. Mise à l’échelle d’un écoulement diphasique avec gravité dans un milieu géologique hétérogène : application au cas de la séquestration du CO₂

Author: Ngo, Tri Dat, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), Emmanuel Mouche, and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: Geological storage of CO₂, Ecoulement diphasique avec gravité, Courant de gravité, Stockage géologique de CO₂, Gravity current, Multi-Scale asymptotic homogenization, Homogénéisation asymptotique multi-Échelle, Two-Phase flow including gravity, Upscaling, [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], Mise à l’échelle, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Heterogeneous media, Milieu hétérogène
Abstract: This work deals with the mathematical modeling and the numerical simulation of the migration under gravity and capillarity effects of the supercritical CO₂ injected into a geological heterogeneous sequestration site. The simulations are performed with the code DuMux. Particularly, we consider the upscaling, from the cell scale to the reservoir scale, of a two-phase (CO₂ -brine) flow model within a periodic stratified medium made up of horizontal low permeability barriers, continuous or discontinuous. The upscaling is done by the two-scale asymptotic method. First, we consider perfectly layered media. An homogenized model is developed and validated by numerical simulation for different values of capillary number and the incident flux of CO₂ . The homogenization method is then applied to the case of a two-dimensional medium made up of discontinuous layers. Due to the gravity effect, the CO₂ accumulates under the low permeability layers, which leads to a non-standard local mathematical problem. This stratification is modeled using the gravity current approach. This approach is then extended to the case of semi-permeable stratas taking into account the capillarity. The upscaled model is compared with numerical simulations for different types of layers, with or without capillary pressure, and its limit of validity is discussed in each of these cases. The final part of this thesis is devoted to the study of the parallel computing performances of the code DuMux to simulate the injection and migration of CO₂ in three-dimensional heterogeneous media (layered periodic media, fluvial media and reservoir model SPE 10).; Ce travail de thèse porte sur la modélisation mathématique et la simulation numérique de la migration par gravité et capillarité du CO₂ supercritique injecté dans un site de séquestration géologique hétérogène. Les simulations sont réalisées à l'aide du code DuMux. Particulièrement, on s'intéresse à la mise à l'échelle, de l'échelle de la cellule à l'échelle du réservoir, d'un modèle d'écoulement diphasique CO₂ -saumure, au sein d'un milieu stratifié périodique constitué d'un réseau de barrières peu perméables horizontales, continues ou discontinues. La mise à l'échelle est effectuée par la méthode asymptotique à double échelle. Dans un premier temps, on considère le cas d'une colonne verticale parfaitement stratifiée. Un modèle homogénéisé est développé puis validé par simulation numérique pour différentes valeurs du nombre capillaire et du flux incident de CO₂ . La méthode d'homogénéisation est appliquée au cas d'un écoulement dans un milieu bidimensionnel constitué de strates discontinues. Par l'effet de gravité, le CO₂ s'accumule sous les strates peu perméables, ce qui conduit à un problème mathématique local non standard. Cette stratification est modélisée à l'aide de l'approche des courants de gravité. L'approche est étendue au cas des strates semi-perméables et en prenant en compte la capillarité. Le modèle mis à l'échelle est comparé à des simulations numériques effectuées pour différents types de strates, avec ou sans pression capillaire, et sa limite de validité est discutée pour chacun de ces cas. La dernière partie de la thèse est dédiée à l'étude des performances du code DuMux pour simuler par calcul parallèle l'injection et la migration de CO₂ dans des milieux hétérogènes tridimensionnels (milieu périodique stratifié, milieu fluviatile et milieu réservoir SPE10).
Published: 2016

33. Upscaling of a two-phase flow model including gravity effect in geological heterogeneous media : application to CO₂ sequestration

Author: Ngo, Tri Dat, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), and Emmanuel Mouche
Subjects: Geological storage of CO₂, Courant de gravité, Ecoulement diphasique avec gravité, Stockage géologique de CO₂, Gravity current, Multi-Scale asymptotic homogenization, Homogénéisation asymptotique multi-Échelle, Two-Phase flow including gravity, Upscaling, [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], Mise à l’échelle, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Heterogeneous media, Milieu hétérogène
Abstract: This work deals with the mathematical modeling and the numerical simulation of the migration under gravity and capillarity effects of the supercritical CO₂ injected into a geological heterogeneous sequestration site. The simulations are performed with the code DuMux. Particularly, we consider the upscaling, from the cell scale to the reservoir scale, of a two-phase (CO₂ -brine) flow model within a periodic stratified medium made up of horizontal low permeability barriers, continuous or discontinuous. The upscaling is done by the two-scale asymptotic method. First, we consider perfectly layered media. An homogenized model is developed and validated by numerical simulation for different values of capillary number and the incident flux of CO₂ . The homogenization method is then applied to the case of a two-dimensional medium made up of discontinuous layers. Due to the gravity effect, the CO₂ accumulates under the low permeability layers, which leads to a non-standard local mathematical problem. This stratification is modeled using the gravity current approach. This approach is then extended to the case of semi-permeable stratas taking into account the capillarity. The upscaled model is compared with numerical simulations for different types of layers, with or without capillary pressure, and its limit of validity is discussed in each of these cases. The final part of this thesis is devoted to the study of the parallel computing performances of the code DuMux to simulate the injection and migration of CO₂ in three-dimensional heterogeneous media (layered periodic media, fluvial media and reservoir model SPE 10).; Ce travail de thèse porte sur la modélisation mathématique et la simulation numérique de la migration par gravité et capillarité du CO₂ supercritique injecté dans un site de séquestration géologique hétérogène. Les simulations sont réalisées à l'aide du code DuMux. Particulièrement, on s'intéresse à la mise à l'échelle, de l'échelle de la cellule à l'échelle du réservoir, d'un modèle d'écoulement diphasique CO₂ -saumure, au sein d'un milieu stratifié périodique constitué d'un réseau de barrières peu perméables horizontales, continues ou discontinues. La mise à l'échelle est effectuée par la méthode asymptotique à double échelle. Dans un premier temps, on considère le cas d'une colonne verticale parfaitement stratifiée. Un modèle homogénéisé est développé puis validé par simulation numérique pour différentes valeurs du nombre capillaire et du flux incident de CO₂ . La méthode d'homogénéisation est appliquée au cas d'un écoulement dans un milieu bidimensionnel constitué de strates discontinues. Par l'effet de gravité, le CO₂ s'accumule sous les strates peu perméables, ce qui conduit à un problème mathématique local non standard. Cette stratification est modélisée à l'aide de l'approche des courants de gravité. L'approche est étendue au cas des strates semi-perméables et en prenant en compte la capillarité. Le modèle mis à l'échelle est comparé à des simulations numériques effectuées pour différents types de strates, avec ou sans pression capillaire, et sa limite de validité est discutée pour chacun de ces cas. La dernière partie de la thèse est dédiée à l'étude des performances du code DuMux pour simuler par calcul parallèle l'injection et la migration de CO₂ dans des milieux hétérogènes tridimensionnels (milieu périodique stratifié, milieu fluviatile et milieu réservoir SPE10).
Published: 2016

34. Approches de modélisation pour la partition ruissellement-infiltration à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles : cas de la parcelle de Thies (Sénégal) et du bassin versant de Houay Pano (Laos)

Author: Patin, Jérémy, UL, Thèses, Laboratoire Environnement Géomécanique et Ouvrages (LAEGO), Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine (INPL), Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine, Michel A. Buès, and Emmanuel Mouche
Subjects: [SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, Milieu naturel, Scale effect, Runoff, [SPI.OTHER] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, Infiltration, Modeling, Dynamique des, Heterogeneities, Effet d'échelle, Ruissellement, Écoulement (hydrologie)-Modèles mathématiques, Modélisation, Hétérogénéités, Fluides, Natural environment, Infiltration-Modèles mathématiques
Abstract: This work deals with distributed modeling of runoff-infiltration processes in a natural environment. The response of complex natural systems is studied from local measurements, numerical investigations and distributed models. Experiments held in Thies, Senegal, on a 40m2 plot show that the heterogeneity of the surface put in the wrong classical friction laws (Manning, Darcy-Weisbach) of runoff models, because they underestimate high velocities. Two laws, taking physically or empirically into account the submersion of rugosity, are tested. In the Houay Pano catchment, we highlight from simulated rainfall experiments on 1m2 plots the effects of heterogeneities, mainly due to soil crusting and vegetation, on the spatially integrated runoff. We observed that the mean infiltration rate is dependent of the rainfall intensity and studied the effects of a statistical distribution of infiltrabilities on permanent and non-permanent infiltration. The exponential distribution of infiltrabilities appeared to be the best suited distribution. It is used to analyze spatial and temporal variability of runoff production in the catchment under natural rainfall, in order to obtain a per land use characterization of infiltration. Eventually, this simple but accurate model at the meter scale is implemented as a base pixel into a runoff-infiltration model at the sub-catchment scale (0.5 ha), Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de la modélisation distribuée de la partition ruissellement-infiltration en milieu naturel. Notre démarche consiste à étudier la réponse de systèmes naturels complexes à partir de mesures locales, d’expérimentations numériques et de modèles distribuées. Les expériences de la parcelle de Thiès (40m2), au Sénégal, montrent que les hétérogénéités de rugosités mettent en défaut les lois de friction classiques (Manning, Darcy- Weisbach) des modèles de ruissellement qui sous estiment les hautes vitesses. Deux lois qui prennent en compte la hauteur de submersion de la rugosité de manière physique ou empirique sont testées. Dans le bassin versant de Houay Pano, les données obtenues sous pluie simulées, sur des placettes de 1m2, permettent de mettre en évidence l’effet des hétérogénéités, en particulier en terme d’encroutement du sol et de végétation, sur le ruissellement intégré spatialement. L’infiltration moyenne apparait comme dépendante de l’intensité de pluie et l’effet d’une distribution statistique d’infiltrabilité sur le transitoire et le permanent d’infiltration est étudié. La distribution exponentielle d’infiltrabilité semble la plus adaptée, elle est utilisée pour analyser la variabilité spatiale et temporelle de la production de ruissellement dans le bassin versant sous pluie naturelle. Enfin, ce modèle exponentiel, simple mais pertinent à l’échelle du mètre, est implémenté pour représenter un pixel de base dans un modèle de ruissellement-infiltration à l’échelle d’un sous bassin versant de 0.5 ha et différents scénarios de modélisation sont envisagés
Published: 2011

35. Modélisation des échanges surface/subsurface à l'échelle de la parcelle par une approche darcéenne multidomaine

Author: Weill, Sylvain, Centre de Géosciences (GEOSCIENCES), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, and Emmanuel Ledoux et Emmanuel Mouche
Subjects: Subsurface runoff, Mathematical model, Modélisation intégrée, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Darcy Law, Infiltration, Interaction surface subsurface, Surface flow, Coupled method, Ruissellement
Abstract: This study deals with physically-based distributed modelling of surface/subsurface interactions. A new modelling approach, called Darcy multi-domain approach, is presented. Richards and diffusive wave equations are used to describe respectively infiltration and runoff processes. Diffusive wave is turned into a non-linear diffusion equation that looks like Richards one. Overland flow is then assimilated as a flow in porous medium that has particular properties. A porous layer, called runoff layer, is introduced in the computational domain. The whole surface/subsurface dynamics is then described in a Darcy continuum by a single non-linear Darcy equation with domain dependant parameters. It allows to impose a hydraulic continuity between surface and subsurface waters. A transport model that allows to deal with hydrograph separation is also implemented. The model is evaluated from classical test cases of the literature. A sensibility analysis and a detailed study of Hortonian runoff are then presented. Finally, the plot scale experiment realized by IRD in Thies, Senegal is reproduced. Results are satisfying and show that the developed modelling approach allows to reproduce the strongly coupled dynamics of small scale hydrological systems.; Cette étude s'inscrit dans le cadre de la modélisation distribuée à base physique des interactions entre processus de surface et de subsurface. Une nouvelle approche de modélisation, dite darcéenne multidomaine , est présentée. Les équations de Richards et de l'onde diffusive sont respectivement utilisées pour décrire le processus d'infiltration et de ruissellement. L'équation de l'onde diffusive est transformée en une équation de diffusion non linéaire similaire à l'équation de Richards. L'écoulement d'eau à la surface du sol est alors assimilé à un écoulement dans un milieu poreux aux propriétés particulières. Une couche de milieu poreux, appelée couche de ruissellement, est introduite dans le domaine de calcul. L'ensemble de la dynamique surface/subsurface est alors décrite dans un continuum darcéen par une seule équation de Darcy non linéaire avec des paramètres domaine-dépendants. Cela permet notamment d'imposer une continuité hydraulique entre l'eau de surface et l'eau de subsurface. Un modèle de transport permettant de s'attaquer à la problématique de la séparation d'hydrogramme est également implémenté. Le modèle développé est évalué à partir de cas tests classique de la littérature. Une analyse de sensibilité ainsi qu'une étude détaillée du ruissellement hortonien sont ensuite présentée. Enfin, l'expérience réalisée par l'IRD sur la parcelle de Thies au Sénégal est reproduite. Les résultats sont encourageants et laisse penser que l'approche de modélisation développée permet de reproduire correctement à petite échelle la dynamique fortement couplée des systèmes hydrologiques de type parcelle ou versants.
Published: 2007

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35 results on '"Emmanuel Mouche"'

1. Upscaling of geological properties in a world-class carbonate geothermal system in France: From core scale to 3D regional reservoir dimensions

2. Hydrological modelling on atmospheric grids: using graphs of sub-grid elements to transport energy and water

3. Overland flow as a queueing process: The B/D/1 queue with an arbitrary service time.

4. Upscaling runoff and evapotranspiration fluxes in the Little Washita watershed using physically-based hillslope models

5. The integrated hydrologic model intercomparison project, IH-MIP2: A second set of benchmark results to diagnose integrated hydrology and feedbacks

6. Contribution of drone photogrammetry to 3D outcrop modeling of facies, porosity, and permeability heterogeneities in carbonate reservoirs (Paris Basin, Middle Jurassic)

7. Buoyant flow of through and around a semi-permeable layer of finite extent

8. Effect of land use on interrill erosion in a montane catchment of Northern Laos: An analysis based on a pluri-annual runoff and soil loss database

9. Interacting land use and soil surface dynamics control groundwater outflow in a montane catchment of the lower Mekong basin

10. Groundwater flow and heat transport for systems undergoing freeze-thaw : Intercomparison of numerical simulators for 2D test cases

11. The integrated hydrologic model intercomparison project, IH-MIP2: A second set of benchmark results to diagnose integrated hydrology and feedbacks

12. 1-D steady state runoff production in light of queuing theory: Heterogeneity, connectivity, and scale

13. Overland flow as a queueing process: The B/D/1 queue with an arbitrary service time

14. Contradictory hydrological impacts of afforestation in the humid tropics evidenced by long-term field monitoring and simulation modelling

15. A Physical Model for the Action of Raindrop Erosion on Soil Microtopography

16. A generalized Richards equation for surface/subsurface flow modelling

17. Afforestation by natural regeneration or by tree planting: examples of opposite hydrological impacts evidenced by long-term field monitoring in the humid tropics

18. Is the connectivity function a good indicator of soil infiltrability distribution and runoff flow dimension?

19. H-CUBE Project - Hydrodynamics, Heterogeneity, and Homogeneization in CO2 Storage Modeling

20. Assessment of Retention Processes for Transport in a Fractured System at Äspö (Sweden) Granitic Site: from Short-Time Experiments to Long-Time Predictive Models

21. Impact of permafrost development on groundwater flow patterns: a numerical study considering freezing cycles on a two-dimensional vertical cut through a generic river-plain system

22. Calibrating transmissivities from piezometric heads with the gradual deformation method: An application to the Culebra Dolomite unit at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), New Mexico, USA

23. Analysis of runoff production at the plot scale during a long-term survey of a small agricultural catchment in Lao PDR

24. Comparison of roughness models to simulate overland flow and tracer transport experiments under simulated rainfall at plot scale

25. Impact of slope gradient on soil surface features and infiltration on steep slopes in northern Laos

26. Upscaling of CO2 vertical migration through a periodic layered porous medium: The capillary-free and capillary-dominant cases

27. Modeling vertical stratification of CO2 injected into a deep layered aquifer

28. Impact of the landscape evolution on the hydraulic boundary conditions of the Callovo–Oxfordian formation

29. Mise à l'échelle des processus hydrologiques pour les modèles de surface continentale, de la modélisation 3D intégrée au modèle de réservoir : Application au bassin du Little Washita

30. Développement d'un modèle hydrologique de colonne représentant l'interaction nappe - végétation - atmosphère et applications à l'échelle du bassin versant

31. Development of a soil column model for simulating the water table - vegetation - atmosphere interaction and applications to the catchment scale

32. Mise à l’échelle d’un écoulement diphasique avec gravité dans un milieu géologique hétérogène : application au cas de la séquestration du CO₂

33. Upscaling of a two-phase flow model including gravity effect in geological heterogeneous media : application to CO₂ sequestration

34. Approches de modélisation pour la partition ruissellement-infiltration à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles : cas de la parcelle de Thies (Sénégal) et du bassin versant de Houay Pano (Laos)

35. Modélisation des échanges surface/subsurface à l'échelle de la parcelle par une approche darcéenne multidomaine

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35 results on '"Emmanuel Mouche"'

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