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Background: In order to recruit and retain Latinx teachers, we must first understand how they choose to enter teaching; are socialized; and the influence of factors such as race, ethnicity, and culture on their beliefs and teaching practices. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the life history of Oscar, a Latino immigrant preservice physical education teacher. Method: Occupational socialization theory and life history methodology guided all the steps of this study. Results: Oscar’s life history revealed key narratives that were influential in constructing his socialization toward teaching and coaching. A constant search for belonging was an emerging theme. Conclusion: This life history highlights the significance and value in voicing the experiences and perspectives of our up and coming ethnically diverse educators. Oscar’s story adds a diverse lens to the occupational socialization and life history literature, especially from a recruitment and retainment standpoint.

Models of the Solar Corona, ranging from potential field source surface (PFSS) to magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), typically provide a steady-state representation for a given time period, based on a single photospheric magnetic map. However, the Sun's magnetic flux is in truth constantly evolving, and these changes in the flux affect the structure and dynamics of the corona and heliosphere. The dynamics may be crucial to understanding solar wind properties. A key question in the "Open Flux Problem" is whether the nature of open magnetic flux is adequately captured by steady-state PFSS and MHD models. We describe an approach to evolutionary models of the corona and solar wind, using time-dependent boundary conditions. We use the Lockheed Surface Flux Transport (SFT) model to evolve the surface magnetic fields, which in turn drive the coronal evolution. The simulations are performed with the MAS thermodynamic Wave-Turbulence Driven (WTD) model for a month of simulated time. We use the simulated observables derived from the simulation to explore the evolution of coronal structure (e.g., coronal hole boundaries). We investigate the open magnetic flux in the model and contrast the results with MHD solutions using static magnetic flux boundaries at selected times.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a dismal prognosis, and new therapies are needed. RG7787 is a novel low-immunogenic antimesothelin recombinant immunotoxin (RIT), engineered to overcome the limitations of SS1P, a RIT now in clinical trials. In vitro activity was evaluated on five established PDAC cell lines (KLM-1, AsPC-1, BxPC-3, Panc 3.014, and PK-1) and on PDAC cells directly established from a patient tumor (GUMC108). RG7787 had subnanomolar IC50s in most cell lines, and was significantly more active than SS1P in GUMC108, KLM-1, and Panc 3.014 cells. GUMC108 was most sensitive, with RG7787 killing >99% of the cells. In a subcutaneous KLM-1 xenograft mouse model, two cycles of 3 × 2.5 mg/kg RG7787 QOD combined with two cycles of 1 × 50 mg/kg paclitaxel induced near-complete responses, with all tumors regressing below 5 mm3 within 30 days after therapy was initiated (>95% decrease) and no significant growth increase for at least another 3 weeks. RG7787 alone gave limited but significant regressions and paclitaxel by itself arrested tumor growth. Quantifying the uptake of Alexa Fluor 647–labeled RG7787 in tumors showed that the RIT reached only 45% of KLM-1 cells, accounting in part for the limited responses. Paclitaxel did not improve RG7787 uptake, which thus cannot explain the beneficial effect of the combination therapy. In conclusion, RG7787 has high cytotoxic activity on PDAC cell lines as well as on primary patient cells. In vivo, this novel RIT gives durable near-complete tumor responses when combined with paclitaxel. RG7787 merits further evaluation for the treatment of PDAC. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(8); 2040–9. ©2014 AACR.

PDF - 60K, Toxicity studies for RG7787 were performed in athymic nude mice. General health and weight was evaluated during therapy.

PDF - 207K, A: Untreated KLM-1 tumors stain strongly for mesothelin. B-D: Mesothelin expression is not affected by treatment with RG7787, paclitaxel or both. IHC was done by Histoserv, Inc. according to a standard protocol. Representative pictures (10X) are shown.

PDF - 261K, Supplementary methods related to the IHC protocol and supplementary figure legends.

Volcanoes play a key role in the cycling of volatile metals (e.g., chalcophile elements such as Tl, Pb, and Cu and metalloids such as As, Te, and Se) on our planet. Volatile metals and metalloids are outgassed by active volcanoes, forming particulate volcanic plumes that deliver them in reactive form to the environment, where they may be nutrients (e.g., Cu and Zn) or pollutants (e.g., Hg, As, Pb). Volcanic outgassing rates of these elements compare to those associated with building ore deposits in the crust and to anthropogenic emission rates. There are distinct compositional differences between volcanic plumes in different tectonic settings, related to the enrichment of arc magmas in metals transported in slab fluids, metal speciation, and partitioning between silicate melt, vapor, and magmatic sulfide. Volcanic gases have compositions similar to those of quartz-hosted fluid inclusions found in mineralized granites, albeit with a lower density and salinity. Volatile volcanic metals are transported as soluble aerosols in volcanic plumes and may persist for hundreds of kilometers in the troposphere. Volcanic metal chloride aerosols in tropospheric volcanic plumes at high latitudes are recorded in ice cores. ▪ Volcanoes emit significant fluxes of volatile trace metals such as Cu, Tl, and Pb, as gases and particulates, to the surface environment. ▪ There is a distinct metal compositional fingerprint in volcanic and hydrothermal plumes at subduction and hotspot volcanoes and mid-ocean ridges, controlled by magma and fluid chemistry. ▪ Volcanic gases are the less saline equivalent of the fluids forming economic porphyry deposits of chalcophile metals (e.g., Cu) in the crust. ▪ The metals in tropospheric volcanic plumes may be rained out near the vent, but in dry environments they may persist for thousands of kilometers and be deposited in ice cores.

A SHIP1/INPP5D Target Enabling Component focused on Chemical Probes

Background Water vapor in the Martian atmosphere can condense into ice-crystals, forming water ice clouds. At one hand, this works as a cooling mechanism by reflecting incoming solar radiation back into space, and on the other hand as a warming mechanism by the absorption of outgoing longwave radiation from the surface of the planet. Near-infrared observations taken by the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer (CRISM) aboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) provide important information about the atmospheric constituents of Mars, including water ice aerosols. The wealth of data collected in the time period between September 2006 (Mars Year MY28, Ls = 112°) and September 2016 (MY33, Ls = 86°) covers over 5+ Martian years. We here present water ice aerosol opacity maps to provide insights into its spatial, seasonal and interannual variability, and its implications on cloud formation. Methodology The retrieval algorithm used here is first described in Smith et al. (2009) and subsequently adapted and used to provide CRISM atmospheric water ice opacity retrievals. The first step in the retrieval process is to define the background continuum level in the CRISM spectra by fitting the Lambert albedo of the surface between two continuum channels at 2462 nm and 3797 nm away from major absorption bands, and then linearly interpolate the continuum levels between the two channels. A-priori water ice aerosol optical depths are taken from concurrent Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System THEMIS observations (Smith et al., 2003). The retrieval process then applies a correlated-k approximation method for gas absorption (Lacis and Oinas, 1991) on the central observation where it calculates the gas absorption (mainly CO2 and water vapor) using tabulated values of opacities until convergence between the modeled and observed CRISM spectrum. We utilized the water ice feature (Fig. 1) by fitting the spectra in the 2900 – 3700 nm range at three channels at 2900 nm, 3497 nm and 3603 nm, from 30,000+ near-nadir targeted CRISM spectra to generate maps of the column integrated water ice opacity. The water ice is assumed to be well mixed above the water condensation level, and the ice clouds are assumed to be composed of 2-micron particles (e.g., Smith et al. 2009; 2018). Multiple scattering from water ice aerosols was treated using the discrete ordinates method described in Thomas & Stamnes (1999), as in Smith et al. (2018). Results: At the CRISM near-infrared wavelength regime, strong absorption features originating from the presence of H2O and CO2 surface ice from the north and south polar layered deposits heavily influence the retrievals of atmospheric water aerosol opacities, therefore we avoided retrievals over surface ice using a threshold on the presence of surface ice as defined in previous works (e.g., Khayat et al., 2019). The generated CRISM water ice climatology from CRISM is shown in Figure 2. The decrease in the frequency of observations beyond the second Mars year is due to the degradation of the cryocooler on CRISM, leading to a careful planning of the observations, and the vertical gaps are due to spacecraft anomalies and to the lack of data collection during solar conjunction. The aphelion cloud belt (ACB) is well observed around Ls = 90° for every Mars year at the equatorial latitudes, and lasting for at least a period of Ls = 100°. The ACB exhibits small interannual variability, with lower values of ice opacity at MY 29 (Ls ~ 450°) and higher values at MY 30 (Ls ~ 810°) and MY 31 (Ls ~ 1170°). A lack of water ice aerosols (τ3300nm < 0.1) is observed during northern autumn and winter of every Mars year in the southern hemisphere, and reaching latitudes in the north up to 50 °N at the beginning of northern winter. High opacities of water ice aerosols (τ3300nm > 0.4) are observed at high northern latitudes (> 50 °N) and last for the entirety of the northern winter, followed by values around (τ3300nm ~ 0.25) over the polar latitudes in the north at the beginning of northern summer and lasting for the whole season. A similar trend is observed in the THEMIS water ice climatology with the respect to the timing in the maxima and minima in the optical depths, but a noticeable difference is observed over the north polar latitudes around the beginning of northern summer where high water ice opacities are not observed in the THEMIS climatology. A detailed analysis to address this discrepancy is currently underway. Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge financial support from the NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter project and are grateful for the work done by the CRISM operations team. This work is supported by the NASA ROSES Planetary Data Archiving, Restoration, and tools, grant number 80NSSC21K0880. References: [1] Khayat, A. SJ., Smith, M. D., Guzewich, S. D., 2019. Icarus 321, 722-735. [2] Lacis, A.A., Oinas, V., 1991. J. Geo- phys. Res., 96, 9027 – 9063. [3] Smith, M. D., J. L. Bandfield, P. R. Christensen, and M. I. Richardson, 2003. J. Geophys. Res., 108(E11), 5115. [4] Smith, M.D., Wolff, M.J., Clancy, R.T., Murchie, S.L., 2009. J. Geophysics. Res. 114, E00D03. [5] Smith, M.D., Daerden, F., Neary, L., Khayat, A., 2018. Icarus301,117–131. [6] Thomas, G.E., Stamnes, K., 1999. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Figure 1: Near-nadir CRISM spectrum from observation EPF0000B8A4 taken around the aphelion cloud belt around Ls = 90°. The highlighted areas in light red represents the atmospheric absorption band at 2000 nm belonging to CO2 and it is used to retrieved the surface pressure. A large water ice aerosol feature is detected in the 3000 – 3700 nm range and is highlighted in blue. Figure 2: Upper panel: CRISM retrieved zonal water ice opacity (Tau) from near-infrared spectra around 3300 nm between MY28 and MY33 taken at ~ 15:00 local time. Lower panel: Concurrent THEMIS water ice opacity at 12120 nm (825 cm-1) interpolated at the location and season on Mars.

Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MCADD) is the most common inherited metabolic disorder of β-oxidation. Patients with MCADD present with hypoketotic hypoglycemia, which may quickly progress to lethargy, coma, and death. Prognosis for MCADD patients is highly promising once a diagnosis has been established, though management strategies may vary depending on the severity of illness and the presence of comorbidities.Given the rapid developments in the world of gene therapy and implementation of newborn screening for inherited metabolic disorders, the provision of concise and contemporary knowledge of MCADD is essential for clinicians to effectively manage patients. Thus, this review aims to consolidate current information for physicians on the pathogenesis, diagnostic tools, and treatment options for MCADD patients.MCADD is a commonly inherited metabolic disease with serious implications for health outcomes, particularly in children, that may be successfully managed with proper intervention.

A Target Enabling Package Centered around INPP5D (SHIP1) as it relates to Alzheimer's disease

Background: Combination therapies are frequently employed as part of cancer treatment, often with the goal of preventing or slowing the development of drug resistance. Empirically developed combination therapies have had remarkable impact on cancer survival, yet the task of using preclinical data to predict combinations that will yield clinical benefits remains a challenge. Current combination strategies often prioritize drug synergy, where short-term effect of a drug combination is more than additive. However, prior studies of antibiotic resistance have shown that synergistic combinations can accelerate the emergence of resistance in bacteria. This occurs because synergistic drugs rely on one another for activity, resistance to one drug in the combination thereby depletes the efficacy of both. Consistent with experimental data on antibiotics, computational models of tumor evolution have predicted that when comparing equally active synergistic and non-synergistic combinations, synergy will accelerate the development of resistance in cancer cells. Methods: In this study we aim to experimentally determine if synergistic drug combinations promote the development of resistance in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines, MOLM-13 and OCI-AML2. Using live-cell imaging we measured changes in growth rate over 21 days to observe the development of resistance to combination therapies ranging from additive to synergistic (Bliss score range - 1.6 to 19). We tested combinations of Venetoclax, Cytarabine, AZD5991, and AZD1775. We also measured the fitness benefit conferred from acquired resistance by comparing the difference between cellular growth rate during the first 72 hours of treatment and the maximum growth rate achieved by emerging resistant populations over the 21 day treatment. Results: When controlling for both activity and drug synergy using logistic regression, increased drug synergy is consistently predictive of increased likelihood of resistance development within 21 days (MOLM-13 p=0.001, OCI-AML2 p=0.007, n=150 per cell line). As previously predicted, there is also significant correlation between drug synergy and the fitness benefit of resistance (MOLM-13 R=0.71, p=1.6e-6). Furthermore, using a model of competing drug-sensitive and resistant subpopulations treated with combination therapy, we demonstrate that these observations are a mechanistic consequence of synergistic combination, whereby the fitness benefit acquired by gaining resistance to either drug in a synergistic combination is greater than the fitness benefit in a non-synergistic combination. Conclusion: Together these data have important implications for preclinical prioritization of combination therapies, and demonstrate that both short-term and long-term measures of drug efficacy can inform preclinical strategies aiming to develop novel combinations of cancer therapies with robust and durable efficacy. Citation Format: Emily Mason-Osann, Amy E. Pomeroy, Adam C. Palmer, Jerome T. Mettetal. Synergistic drug combinations promote the development of resistance in acute myeloid leukemia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3456.

Fissure eruptions are a pollution hazard due to their emissions of gas and aerosol particulate matter (PM) into the lower troposphere, which elevates pollutant concentrations at ground level. Alongside major gas species (e.g., H2O, SO2, CO2) and minute amounts of ash, fissure eruptions emit volatile trace elements including metals and metalloids, typically transported in the atmosphere as fine particulates.The 2021 Fagradalsfjall fissure eruption in Iceland presented a unique opportunity to better understand volatile emissions and their spread in the atmosphere. During a 5-week campaign inMarch-April 2021, we sampled the plumes from the active vents and the lava flows using ground-based instruments and Unmanned Aerial System (UAS). Size-resolved major (including sulfate and chloride) and trace element aerosol chemistry were analysed using ICP-MS and ion chromatography. We compare the emission rate and magmatic volatility of trace elements between the crater and the lava degassing; and with that of other eruptions globally.The volcanic plume was also sampled in several downwind areas between 3 and 30 km distance from the eruption site. Using this network, we captured temporal and spatial changes in the major and trace element chemistry of the volcanic plume as it aged.

Target Enablement Resource for INPP5D/SHIP1 specific to screening

It is well-understood that wound care poses a significant burden on the healthcare system and patient well-being. As such, it is imperative to develop efficient methods that facilitate tissue repair. Our group previously developed a nutritional gel scaffold, proven to accelerate wound repair. Due to its gel-like properties, this scaffold requires a time-consuming reconstitution, and is optimized for cavernous wounds. This pilot study examined the feasibility of a powdered form of this scaffold to accelerate healing of full-thickness wounds, thus broadening the range of applications, while providing a practical product. Splinted full-thickness wounds were generated on the backs of 6 mice, and treated with either powder, the original gel scaffold, or no treatment. Feasibility and efficacy of the powder was assessed through comparison of clinical wound measurements and histological assessments. There was a significant effect of treatment on rate of epithelialization [H(3) = 8.346, p = 0.0024] and on days to epithelial closure [H(3) = 8.482, p = 0.0061]. Post hoc analysis revealed that while requiring no reconstitution and simple to apply, the powder was sufficient to accelerate epithelialization compared to untreated wounds (p &lt, 0.05). Furthermore, our results suggest that application of this powder did not alter certain processes associated with healing progress, such as epidermal thickness and collagen deposition. As such, this powder may provide a novel alternative to our previously developed gel scaffold by accelerating epithelialization, while providing a practical product. Future studies necessitate further evaluation of healing measures with a larger sample size.

The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) returns high-resolution images of the solar atmosphere in seven extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelength channels. The images are processed on the ground to remove intensity spikes arising from energetic particles hitting the instrument, and the despiked images are provided to the community. In this article a three-hour series of images from the 171 A channel obtained on 28 February 2017 was studied to investigate how often the despiking algorithm gave false positives caused by compact brightenings in the solar atmosphere. The latter were identified through spikes appearing in the same detector pixel for three consecutive frames. 1096 examples were found from the 900 image frames. These "three-spikes" were assigned to 126 dynamic solar features, and it is estimated that the three-spike method identifies 20% of the total number of features affected by despiking. For any ten-minute sequence of AIA 171 A images there are therefore around 35 solar features that have their intensity modified by despiking. The features are found in active regions, quiet Sun, and coronal holes and, in relation to solar surface area, there is a greater proportion within coronal holes. In 96% of the cases, the despiked structure is a compact brightening of size two arcsec or less and the remaining 4% have narrow, elongated structures. By applying an EUV burst detection algorithm, we found that 96% of the events could be classed as EUV bursts. None of the spike events are} rendered invisible by the AIA processing pipeline, but the total intensity over an event's lifetime can be reduced by up to 67%. Users are recommended to always restore the original intensities to AIA data when studying short-lived or rapidly evolving features that exhibit fine-scale structure., Accepted by Solar Physics journal; 23 pages

BackgroundLarge-scale Parkinson’s disease (PD) genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and meta-analyses have, until recently, only been conducted on subjects with European-ancestry. Consequently, polygenic risk scores (PRS) constructed using PD GWAS data are likely to be less predictive when applied to non-European cohorts.MethodsUsing GWAS data from Nalls et al. 2019, we constructed a PD PRS for a Latino PD cohort (LARGE-PD) and tested it for association with PD status. We validated the PRS performance through testing the PD PRS in an independent cohort of Latino PD patients and by repeating the PRS analysis in LARGE-PD with the addition of 440 external Peruvian controls. To explore the global distribution of PD PRS, we utilized 1000 Genomes Project (1KGP) and Peruvian Genome Project (PGP) data to estimate PD risk allele frequencies. We also tested SNCA haplotypes for association with PD risk using logistic regression in LARGE-PD and a European-ancestry PD cohort from the International Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium (IPDGC).ResultsThe GWAS-significant PD PRS had an area under the receiver-operator curve (AUC) of 0.668 (95% CI: 0.640-0.695) and explained 2.2% of the phenotypic variance on the liability scale in LARGE-PD. The inclusion of external Peruvian data as controls mitigated this result, dropping the AUC 0.632 (95% CI: 0.607-0.657). In 1KGP Latinos, we found the PD PRS to exhibit a bias by ancestry. At the SNCA locus, haplotypes differ by ancestry. Ancestry-specific SNCA haplotypes were associated with PD status in both LARGE-PD and the IPDGC cohort (p-value < 0.05). Apart from rs356182, these haplotypes share as little as 14% of their variants.ConclusionThe PD PRS has potential for PD risk prediction in Latinos, but variability caused by admixture patterns and bias in the PD PRS calculated using only European-ancestry data limits its utility. The inclusion of diverse subjects can help elucidate PD risk loci and improve risk prediction in non-European cohorts. In the case of the SNCA locus, by leveraging a Latino cohort, we provide orthogonal evidence for rs356182 causality.

Post-flare arcades are well-known components of solar flare evolution, which have been observed for several decades. Coronal rain, cascades of catastrophically cooled plasma, outlines the loops and provides eye-catching evidence of the recent flare. These events are acknowledged to be common, but the scientific literature does not include any statistical overview documenting just how common the phenomenon actually is. This study reviews Solar Dynamics Observatory Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (SDO AIA) observations of 241 flares collected from the Space Weather Prediction Center database between 2011 and 2018. The flares cover the entire strength range of the C, M, and X GOES classes, and are distributed evenly across the SDO-observed majority of Solar Cycle 24. We find that post-flare arcade rain occurs for nearly all X- and most M-class flares, but that it tapers off rapidly within C-class flares. There appears to be a cut-off point around C5, below which the occurrence of post-flare arcade rain drops significantly. There is also a general positive correlation between GOES class and the average duration of post-flare rain events. Post-flare arcade rain events in X- and M-class flares appear to track with the sunspot number, providing a potential new tool for estimating, if not predicting, solar cycle strength. Furthermore, arcades are observed to persist for up to several days after the originating flare, transitioning from hosting post-flare rain to typical quiescent active region condensations. These results open up further avenues for future research, including new methods to estimate energy deposition and to gain greater insight into steady active region heating.

OBJECTIVE This work was undertaken in order to identify Parkinson's disease (PD) risk variants in a Latino cohort, to describe the overlap in the genetic architecture of PD in Latinos compared to European-ancestry subjects, and to increase the diversity in PD genome-wide association (GWAS) data. METHODS We genotyped and imputed 1,497 PD cases and controls recruited from nine clinical sites across South America. We performed a GWAS using logistic mixed models; variants with a p-value

Long-lived basaltic volcanic eruptions are a globally important source of environmentally reactive, volatile metal pollutant elements such as selenium, cadmium and lead. The 2018 eruption of Kīlauea, Hawai’i produced exceptionally high discharge of metal pollutants, and was an unprecedented opportunity to track them from vent to deposition. Here we show, through geochemical sampling of the plume that volatile metal pollutants were depleted in the plume up to 100 times faster than refractory species, such as magnesium and iron. We propose that this rapid wet deposition of complexes containing reactive and potentially toxic volatile metal pollutants may disproportionately impact localised areas close to the vent. We infer that the relationship between volatility and solubility is an important control on the atmospheric behaviour of elements. We suggest that assessment of hazards from volcanic emissions should account for heterogeneous plume depletion of metal pollutants. Volatile metal pollutants in basaltic volcanic plumes can be deposited up to 100 times faster than refractory species, and may produce disproportionate impacts at proximal locations, according to extensive sampling of Kīlauea’s 2018 eruption plume.

Despite the growing number of PhDs awarded in the geosciences in the last decade, the availability of permanent or more senior positions hasn’t matched this trend. Recent estimates suggest that less than 1% of graduates become professors/senior lecturers and only 30% stay in academic roles after graduation (The Royal Society, 2010). To analyse the impact of these developments on the Early Career Scientist (ECS) community, the ‘Careers and Jobs Working Group’ of the EGU representatives designed a survey. The survey focused on the motivation as well as obstacles faced by ECS in their decision to pursue a career in academia and on suggestions for resources to help them with their career decisions. The survey was distributed to ECS via social media platforms, webinars and newsletters.Here, we present the preliminary outcome of the survey, received up until December 2020. The survey highlights that despite high interest in remaining in academia, many scientists are also interested in alternative careers, but face a number of barriers in their quest for both academic and non-academic positions. Some of the most prominent hurdles to a continued career in academia include poor job security and lack of support for families. The interest in non-academic careers varies by career stage and family status (whether single, in a relationship or a parent). The importance of this research is underlined by the recent ‘Graduate student happiness and wellbeing report’ conducted at the University of California, Berkley, which identified job insecurity and low career prospects as having a large negative impact on the mental health of ECS.ECS are particularly interested to learn more about work fields that are related to their subject of study, about transferable skills and are keen to participate in events such as webinars and networking events. These findings highlight the role that international organisations (such as EGU, AGU, ERC) can play to help and guide ECS in finding a career path. Through their extensive networks both inside and outside of academia, such organisations are in a powerful position to facilitate interactions between members of different career stages and work fields. We suggest that a stronger focus on career development within such organisations – for example by creating a dedicated point of contact for careers information and regularly organising career-related events- will create a better outlook for ECS whilst also contributing to their mental health and overall wellbeing.

Funder: EPSRC-CASE studentship, Funder: NERC studentship, Funder: Leverhulme Trust; doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000275, Funder: NERC-CASE studentship, Funder: Rolex Institute, Volcanoes represent one of the largest natural sources of metals to the Earth’s surface. Emissions of these metals can have important impacts on the biosphere as pollutants or nutrients. Here we use ground- and drone-based direct measurements to compare the gas and particulate chemistry of the magmatic and lava–seawater interaction (laze) plumes from the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea, Hawai’i. We find that the magmatic plume contains abundant volatile metals and metalloids whereas the laze plume is further enriched in copper and seawater components, like chlorine, with volatile metals also elevated above seawater concentrations. Speciation modelling of magmatic gas mixtures highlights the importance of the S2− ligand in highly volatile metal/metalloid degassing at the magmatic vent. In contrast, volatile metal enrichments in the laze plume can be explained by affinity for chloride complexation during late-stage degassing of distal lavas, which is potentially facilitated by the HCl gas formed as seawater boils.

To date, over 90 Parkinson’s disease (PD) risk variants have been reported from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, these GWAS efforts have been limited to individuals of European and East Asian ancestry. We performed the first GWAS of Latino PD patients from South America, comparing 807 cases against 690 controls followed by association testing of suggestive loci in a replication cohort of 1,234 cases and 439,522 controls. We demonstrated that SNCA plays a significant role in PD etiology in a Latino cohort and identified a suggestive locus near NRROS on chromosome 3 that appeared to be driven by Peruvian subjects. We also characterized the overlap of PD genetic architecture between Europeans and Latinos with a replication of significant variants identified by Nalls et al. in their 2019 GWAS1, finding 80% concordance in direction of effect. We then leveraged the population history of Latinos via admixture mapping, identifying a significant locus on chromosome 14 in a joint test of ancestries, driven by the Native American ancestral background, and a significant locus on chromosome 6 in our test of African ancestry, containing the genes STXBP6 and RPS6KA2, respectively. Ultimately, our work reflects the most comprehensive characterization of PD genetic architecture in Latinos to date.

Aerial measurements using unoccupied aerial systems (UAS) transform our ability to measure and monitor volcanic plumes., Volcanic emissions are a critical pathway in Earth’s carbon cycle. Here, we show that aerial measurements of volcanic gases using unoccupied aerial systems (UAS) transform our ability to measure and monitor plumes remotely and to constrain global volatile fluxes from volcanoes. Combining multi-scale measurements from ground-based remote sensing, long-range aerial sampling, and satellites, we present comprehensive gas fluxes—3760 ± [600, 310] tons day−1 CO2 and 5150 ± [730, 340] tons day−1 SO2—for a strong yet previously uncharacterized volcanic emitter: Manam, Papua New Guinea. The CO2/ST ratio of 1.07 ± 0.06 suggests a modest slab sediment contribution to the sub-arc mantle. We find that aerial strategies reduce uncertainties associated with ground-based remote sensing of SO2 flux and enable near–real-time measurements of plume chemistry and carbon isotope composition. Our data emphasize the need to account for time averaging of temporal variability in volcanic gas emissions in global flux estimates.