Search

Management of the water in the stack is a major problem in achieving optimal performance of a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell. One of the problems caused by water imbalance in the PEM system is the formation of liquid water on the side of the cathode. High water content in the PEM fuel cell stack causes liquid water and flooding, and decreases its performance. The presence of liquid water on the cathode side of the fuel cell leads to a decrease in the amount of oxygen reacting in the catalyst layer. The results of this study indicate that a general increase in water content results in a decrease in the performance of PEM fuel cell systems. The highest water content occurs at a current density of 0.9, with Rha and RHc of 90%. In this condition, system performance is relatively stable at 0.67 volts, with 0.00016 gr/cm2 of liquid water content produced. Above this water content, system performance decreases significantly.

Abstract Sustainable food provision for a continuously growing human population is one of the major challenges for the next decades. Cultured meat represents one of the alternatives which is currently extensively explored. Yet, the most appropriate cell type, capable of long-term proliferation and myogenic differentiation, remains to be identified. Bovine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are considered as a promising cell source. Within the context of cultured meat production, it is mandatory to maximize cell yield per tissue source. Although many enzymatic methods to isolate MSCs from adipose tissue (AT) have been described, cell yield has never been compared. In this study, we evaluate 32 isolation conditions including four enzyme mixtures (Collagenase type I, Collagenase type I + Trypsin, LiberaseTM and Collagenase type IV) at varying concentrations and incubation times, regarding their efficiency to isolate MSCs from bovine subcutaneous AT. The highest cell yield in combination with a low population doubling time was obtained using LiberaseTM at a concentration of 0.1% for 3 h. MSC identity of the cells was confirmed by tri-lineage differentiation potential and cell surface marker expression. Subsequently, isolated cells were myogenically differentiated using 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine and galectin-1. mRNA levels of the myogenic regulatory factors (MRF) myogenic factor 5 (MYF5), myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1), MYF6, and myogenin (MYOG) were increased, while less paired box 3 (PAX3) mRNA expression was observed when compared to undifferentiated MSCs. The presence of desmin (DES), tropomyosin (TM), and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) in myogenically differentiated bovine AT-MSCs was confirmed using immunofluorescence stainings. When considering MSCs from bovine AT as potential cell source to produce cultured meat, it is recommended to use 0.1% LiberaseTM for 3 h to ensure a high cell yield.

Pengembangan penilaian merdeka belajar pada satuan pendidikan SMA/MA menjadi upaya untuk mengembangkan sistem penilaian yang lebih respontif terhadap kebutuhan peserta didik serta dapat memberikan gambaran secara utuh tentang kemampuan yang mereka miliki. Sehingga melalui penilaian yang ada dapat memberikan motivasi yang besar kepada mereka untuk belajar dan meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran. Melihat urgensi pentingnya mengkaji serta memahami konsep penilaian merdeka belajar pada satuan pendidikan SMA/MA di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menerangkan bagaimana sebenarnya pengembangan penilaian merdeka belajar pada satuan pendidikan tingkat SMA/MA dengan menggunakan metodologi penelitian library research. Maka diperoleh hasil penelitian bahwasanaya dalam pelaksanaannya penilaian merdeka belajar pada satuan pendidikan SMA/MA tidak terdapat perbedaan yang sangat siknifikan dengan tingkat satuan pendidikan lainnya dan begitu juga dengan kurikulum sebelumnya, namun dalam kebijakan pengembangan penilaian merdeka belajar memberikan ruang yang lebih luas kepada siswa untuk menentukan bagaimana pembelajaran berlangsung, kemudian pemberian motivasi dan inovasi, serta memberikan kebebasan kepada peserta didik untuk memilih jalur belajar mereka sesuai dengan bakat, minat dan kemampuannya.

Individuals typically have dual effects when experiencing stress, namely a physical manifestation influencing their well-being during stressful episodes and a psychological impact characterized by cognitive, emotional, and behavioural symptoms. The objective of this investigation was to scrutinize the variables exerting influences on stress. Employing a cross-sectional analytical design, this study considered age, gender, employment position, and the duration of yoga practice as independent variables, while stress levels served as the dependent variable. The research involved 20 individuals who participated in a questionnaire test, supplemented by an additional 30 individuals serving as research subjects. The study population were 50 members drawn from fitness centres located in West Jakarta. The data collection relied on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale questionnaire, probing into facets, such as age, gender, employment situations, and the frequency of yoga practice. The distribution of questionnaires used the Google Forms platform, administered by researchers presented at the research site. Employing a multiple linear regression as the method of data analysis, computations were executed through the JAMOVI statistical program. The findings of this study revealed a negative correlation between age, gender, employment situations, and the duration of yoga practice with stress levels. It suggests that these factors collectively contribute to the reduction in stress levels. However, despite a discernible 23.5 percent difference in stress levels, the impact remains inconspicuous.

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA; or 4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol) is an endocrine disrupting chemical. It was widely used in a variety of plastic-based manufactured products for several years. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recently reduced the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for BPA by 20,000 times due to concerns about immune-toxicity. Objective: We used human biomonitoring (HBM) data to investigate the general level of BPA exposure from 2007 to 2014 of European women aged 18–73 years (n = 4,226) and its determinants. Methods: Fifteen studies from 12 countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) were included in the BPA Study protocol developed within the European Joint Programme HBM4EU. Seventy variables related to the BPA exposure were collected through a rigorous post-harmonization process. Linear mixed regression models were used to investigate the determinants of total urine BPA in the combined population. Results: Total BPA was quantified in 85–100 % of women in 14 out of 15 contributing studies. Only the Austrian PBAT study (Western Europe), which had a limit of quantification 2.5 to 25-fold higher than the other studies (LOQ=2.5 µg/L), found total BPA in less than 5 % of the urine samples analyzed. The geometric mean (GM) of total urine BPA ranged from 0.77 to 2.47 µg/L among the contributing studies. The lowest GM of total BPA was observed in France (Western Europe) from the ELFE subset (GM=0.77 µg/L (0.98 µg/g creatinine), n = 1741), and the highest levels were found in Belgium (Western Europe) and Greece (Southern Europe), from DEMOCOPHES (GM=2.47 µg/L (2.26 µg/g creatinine), n = 129) and HELIX-RHEA (GM=2.47 µg/L (2.44 µg/g creatinine), n = 194) subsets, respectively. One hundred percent of women in 14 out of 15 data collections in this study exceeded the health-based human biomonitoring guidance value for the general population (HBM-GVGenPop) of 0.0115 µg total BPA/L urine derived from the updated EFSA’s BPA TDI. Variables related to the measurement of total urine BPA and those related to the main socio-demographic characteristics (age, height, weight, education, smoking status) were collected in almost all studies, while several variables related to BPA exposure factors were not gathered in most of the original studies (consumption of beverages contained in plastic bottles, consumption of canned food or beverages, consumption of food in contact with plastic packaging, use of plastic film or plastic containers for food, having a plastic floor covering in the house, use of thermal paper…). No clear determinants of total urine BPA concentrations among European women were found. A broader range of data planned for collection in the original questionnaires of the contributing studies would have resulted in a more thorough investigation of the determinants of BPA exposure in European women. Conclusion: This study highlights the urgent need for action to further reduce exposure to BPA to protect the population, as is already the case in the European Union. The study also underscores the importance of pre-harmonizing HBM design and data for producing comparable data and interpretable results at a European-wide level, and to increase HBM uptake by regulatory agencies.

This study aims to identify guidelines for the implementation of halal tourism in Indonesia in order to formulate the component parameters in the implementation of Halal Tourism Village. This study used literature review as method in analyzing the data, which were 21 books indexed by web of science (SCI). The result of this study indicate that efforts to implement halal tourism villages must be able to meet the needs of tourists, namely the need for fun and the need for worship in the form of providing adequate infrastructure. As for the fulfillment of infrastructure in the halal tourism village in the form of tourist destinations, religious facilities, halal-certified food and beverage services, sharia lodging, good road access, sharia travel, and centers of typical souvenirs.

Blue Economy is an emerging concept that focuses on the sustainable utilization of ocean resources. The Philippines, being an archipelagic country, has a vast potential for Blue Economy development. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the Blue Economy in the Philippines. The study examines the current state of the Blue Economy, identifies the challenges, and presents strategies for sustainable development. The review of literature includes research articles, policy documents, and relevant reports. The study used a qualitative research design, relying on secondary data analysis. The results show that the Philippines has significant potential for Blue Economy development, but the challenges include overfishing, pollution, and climate change. The paper concludes that sustainable development of the Blue Economy in the Philippines requires coordinated efforts from various stakeholders, including government, private sector, civil society, and the international community. This novel review of the emerging blue economy concept in the Philippines emphasizes its opportunities, challenges, and the need for multi-stakeholder collaboration for sustainable development, supported by an extensive analysis of diverse literature sources.

Nutrition is a basic need for a child to grow optimally. Improper child feeding practices are still found in the community, leading to malnutrition. The incidence of malnutrition has increased sharply in children aged 6 to 18 months in various countries, primarily due to ignorance and/or an inability to prepare food. The family plays a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of child nutrition problems. Families can provide education and practical supervision in addressing nutrition-related issues, including promoting healthy lifestyle patterns. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of implementing family-centered care in changing child feeding practices. The research design employed was true experimental analysis with a pre-posttest group design. The population consisted of 130 respondents, infants aged 6 to 23 months, selected using a probability sampling technique with purposive random sampling. The research was conducted in Wonokromo, Surabaya, Indonesia, from March to June 2023. The measuring instrument utilized was a family-centered care-based child feeding guide. The independent variable in the study was family care, while the dependent variable was the change in the child's feeding practices. Test analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test. The results of the Mann-Whitney test indicated a significant difference in feeding practices before and after counseling with the family-centered care approach (p = 0.043). Thus, family-centered care was found to be effective in changing child feeding practices.

Abstract Background Long-term drug evaluation heavily relies upon rodent models. Drug discovery methods to reduce animal models in oncology may include three-dimensional (3D) cellular systems that take into account tumor microenvironment (TME) cell types and biomechanical properties. Methods In this study we reconstructed a 3D tumor using an elastic polymer (acrylate-endcapped urethane-based poly(ethylene glycol) (AUPPEG)) with clinical relevant stiffness. Single cell suspensions from low-grade serous ovarian cancer (LGSOC) patient-derived early passage cultures of cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) embedded in a collagen gel were introduced to the AUPPEG scaffold. After self-organization in to a 3D tumor, this model was evaluated by a long-term (> 40 days) exposure to a drug combination of MEK and HSP90 inhibitors. The drug-response results from this long-term in vitro model are compared with drug responses in an orthotopic LGSOC xenograft mouse model. Results The in vitro 3D scaffold LGSOC model mimics the growth ratio and spatial organization of the LGSOC. The AUPPEG scaffold approach allows to test new targeted treatments and monitor long-term drug responses. The results correlate with those of the orthotopic LGSOC xenograft mouse model. Conclusions The mechanically-tunable scaffolds colonized by a three-dimensional LGSOC allow long-term drug evaluation and can be considered as a valid alternative to reduce, replace and refine animal models in drug discovery. Graphical Abstract

This study aims to explain the discourse structure, specifically the lexical and grammatical cohesion in the discourse of West Sumatra Province, with a discourse analysis approach. The object of this research is a special regional regulation (SRR) of West Sumatra Province, which is different from Regional Regulation (RR) in other regions in Indonesia, as evident in the use of local concepts and terms. This regulation is interesting to study in cohesion because its structures represent the social reality of the indigenous people’s lives. One notable regulation is Nagari, the lowest government level in West Sumatra Province, with authority to regulate their communities and customary land in the Republic of Indonesia. That social reality is illustrated in the cohesiveness and harmony of the relationships of the forms that construct the discourse. This mixed-method research employs both quantitative and qualitative data and applied lexical and grammatical cohesion theory in data analysis. Findings show that lexical cohesion is realized in the following forms: repetition, synonym, meronymy, hyponym, and collocation; while grammatical cohesion is realized in the form of references, substitutions, and conjunctions. Based on the analysis, lexical and grammatical cohesion are interconnected constituents in building the integrity of the discourse structure in the SRR of West Sumatra Province. Cohesion plays a role in determining the meaning of the discourse as a whole and reflects the coherence of ideational meanings in discourse.

The productivity of the rice plant is commonly influenced by both genotype and environmental factors. One common environmental factor that leads to harvest failure is drought, often caused by low rainfall. Therefore, the development of drought-tolerant varieties should be implemented to obtain optimum productivity under an unfavorable environment. One of the canonical approaches for achieving this is genetic manipulation, such as by gamma radiation-induced mutation. This study aimed to determine the drought tolerance and quantitative characteristics of mutant rice varieties generated from gamma radiation. The methodology used was a split-plot design with two factors, including drought as the first factor consisting of three groups namely control, mid-level, and high-level. The second factor was rice genotypes, which consisted of six genotypes comprising PMG 07/PsJ, PMG 08/ PsJ, and PMG 09/ PsJ (mutant varieties), Gajah Mungkur (parental background), Limboto (drought-tolerant), and IR 20 (drought-susceptible). The data were statistically examined using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and further analyzed with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with a significance level of 5%. The results showed that high-level drought significantly affected plant height during both the vegetative and mature stages. Among the mutants, PMG 08/PsJ exhibited better vegetative growth under dry conditions, retaining a relatively higher height. Drought also had a negative impact on the number of tillers and productive tillers. The PMG 08/PsJ mutant had a slightly higher number of tillers under drought cultivations. On the other hand, PMG 09/PsJ was found to have a relatively more filled grain number per panicle. Leaf rolling and dryness index showed similar trends in all varieties, while drought treatments imposed a delay on the flowering and harvesting age. Although the results demonstrated no substantial improvement over the parental lines, the selected mutant lines provided several beneficial agronomical features such as maintenance of plant height, tiller number, and shorter life cycles under severe drought. These characteristics could serve as valuable genetic resources for breeding programs focused on developing drought-resistant rice varieties for challenging environments.

There is a high demand for in vitro intestinal models towards studying intestinal disfunctions, such as gastrointestinal diseases (Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, colorectal cancer, etc.) which are commonly diagnosed in modern society. In parallel, in vitro models are utilized for the evaluation of novel food supplements and pharmaceuticals in the intestinal micro-environment. Gelatin-based hydrogels can offer appropriate mechanical cues (down to G’ < 10 kPa) and cell interactivity to obtain physiologically relevant soft tissue models. Therefore, the current paper focused on the development of a novel, gelatin-methacryloyl-aminoethyl-methacrylate (gel-MA-AEMA)-based in vitro intestinal model, which also provides sufficient permeability towards nutrients and drugs. Moreover, the effect of the hydrogel morphology on the cell response was assessed by comparing the formation of a functional intestinal cell monolayer on flat hydrogel films versus 3D hydrogel scaffolds maintaining a close morphological resemblance with the intestinal architecture.A gel-MA-AEMA-based biomaterial ink was formulated and processed towards flat hydrogel films, while digital light processing was exploited to replicate the intestinal microarchitecture. The mechanical assessment of the 2D films confirmed physiologically relevant scaffold stiffness (G’ = 3.30±1.07 kPa). To evaluate the permeability of the hydrogels towards a medium size marker molecule (FITC-dextran 4 kg·mol−1), a static diffusion setup was exploited with custom-made adjustable inserts, which evidenced that both the 2D films and 3D constructs exhibited sufficient permeability. Finally, the combination of the hydrogels with a Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture evidenced hydrogel biocompatibility, enabling the formation of a functional cell monolayer after 21 days on the 2D hydrogel films, proven by transepithelial electrical resistance measurements and immunohistochemistry, while the 3D hydrogel constructs did not achieve confluency within 35 days.

The water systems inside a dental unit are known to be contaminated with a multi-kingdom biofilm encompassing bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. Aerosolization of these micro-organisms can potentially create a health hazard for both dental staff and the patient. Very little is known on the efficacy of dental unit disinfection products against amoeba. In this study we have examined the effect of four different treatment regimens, with the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) containing product Oxygenal, on an in-vitro multi-kingdom dental unit water system (DUWS) biofilm. The treatment efficacy was assessed in time using heterotrophic plate counts, the bacterial 16S rDNA, fungal 18S rDNA gene load and the number of genomic units for Legionella spp. the amoeba Vermamoeba vermiformis. The results indicated that a daily treatment of the DUWS with a low dose H2O2 (0.02% for 5 h), combined with a weekly shock dose (0.25% H2O2, 30 min) is necessary to reduce the heterotrophic plate count of a severely contaminated DUWS (>106 CFU.mL−1) to below 100 CFU.mL−1. A daily treatment with a low dose hydrogen peroxide alone, is sufficient for the statistically significant reduction of the total amount of bacterial 16S rDNA gene, Legionella spp. and Vermamoeba vermiformis load (p

Penelitian dilakukan berdasarkan fenomena yang muncul pada peserta didik SMKN 1 Jatirejo, Mojokerto, yaitu dengan permasalahan perilaku school refusal. Tujuan pada penelitian ini agar mengetahui efektivitas pendekatan cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) untuk mereduksi perilaku school refusal. Rancangan penelitian yang dipai adalah kuantitatif dengan jenis penilitian single subject design (SSD) yaitu A-B-A’. Hasil analisis yang diperloleh pada analisis dalam kondisi dan antar kondisi yaitu menurun dengan hasil overlap -0,95%, dimana semakin rendah semakin baik. Hal ini juga diperkuat oleh hasil post-test pada akhir baseline-2 (A’) dengan skor 51 yang tergolong rendah. Setelah dilakukannya konseling individu teknik cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) dapat ditarik hasil bahwa dapat mengurangi perilaku school refusal.

Abstract Background The successive FLEHS campaigns assess internal exposure to pollutants and associated early biological and health effects in participants of different age groups. Materials and methods Mother–newborn pairs (N = 220 in 2008–2009, age 18–42 years; N = 269 in 2013–2014, age 18–44 years), 197 adolescents 14–15 years (2010–2011), 201 adults 20–40 years (2008–2009) and 205 adults 50–65 years (2014) were recruited. For the various groups of subjects different sets of PFAS were assessed. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) were determined in cord plasma and peripheral serum as these were the PFAS compounds for which we had access to high quality measurements and which were expected to be present in the highest concentrations. Participants filled out a questionnaire based on the European Community Respiratory Health Survey questionnaire on asthma and allergy. In these cross-sectional studies associations were assessed using stepwise multiple logistic regression, with confounders (including smoking and familial occurrence of the disease) and potential covariates selected on the basis of experience in our previous studies and a literature search. Forest plots of odds ratios summarize the associations between the various PFAS on the one hand and the different immune outcomes on the other hand. Results For several self-reported immune system-related diseases inverse associations with PFAS serum concentrations were observed. These inverse associations were more pronounced in mothers and adults than in adolescents. A significant inverse association was observed in adults and mothers (for mothers based on measurements on cord plasma) between PFNA, PFOS, and PFHxS and asthma (for mothers also for PFOA), in mothers between PFHxS, PFNA and PFOS and allergic rhinitis, in mothers and adults between PFHxS and PFOS and some forms of allergy (for mothers also for PFOA), in adults between PFOA and eczema, and in adolescents between PFOS and systemic allergy. Conclusion Internal exposure to PFAS was associated with changes in immunological processes consistent with what has been reported in the literature. Whereas these changes were observed in many publications to be associated with adverse health effects, our findings suggest that they can also lead to inverse associations with certain immune system-related diseases.

Abstract Background Parents of children who have a congenital anomaly can experience significant worry about their child’s health. Access to clear, helpful, and trustworthy information can provide a valuable source of support. In this study the aim was to explore the information needs of parents/carers of children with congenital anomalies across Europe. Method A cross-sectional online survey was developed in nine languages to measure parents’ information needs, including: (1) the ‘helpfulness’/’trustworthiness’ of information received from eight relevant sources, and (2) overall satisfaction with information received. Parents/carers of children (0–10 years) with cleft lip, spina bifida, congenital heart defect [CHD] requiring surgery, and/or Down syndrome were recruited online via relevant organisations in 10 European countries from March-July 2021. Quantitative analyses using multivariable logistic regressions were performed. Results One thousand seventy parents/carers of children with a cleft lip (n = 247), spina bifida (n = 118), CHD (n = 366), Down syndrome (n = 281), and Down syndrome with CHD (n = 58) were recruited in Poland (n = 476), the UK (n = 120), Germany (n = 97), the Netherlands/Belgium (n = 74), Croatia (n = 68), Italy (n = 59), other European countries (n = 92), and not specified/non-European countries (n = 84). Most participants were mothers (92%) and aged 31–40 years (71%). Participants were most likely to rate support groups (63%), patient organisations (60%), specialist doctors/nurses (58%), and social media (57%) as ‘very helpful’ information sources. ‘Very trustworthy’ ratings remained high for specialist doctors/nurses (61%), however, they declined for support groups (47%), patient organisations (48%), and social media (35%). Germany had the highest proportion of participants who were ‘very satisfied’ (44%, 95% CI = 34%-54%) with information, whereas this percentage was lowest in Croatia (11%, 95% CI = 3%-19%) and Poland (15%, 95% CI = 11%-18%). Parents of children with Down syndrome had significantly lower satisfaction ratings than parents of children with CHD; 13% (95% CI = 8%-18%) reported being ‘very satisfied’ compared to 28% (95% CI = 23%-33%) in the CHD group. Conclusions Findings suggest that informal sources of information (e.g. support groups) are of value to parents, however, they are not deemed as trustworthy as specialist medical sources. Satisfaction ratings differed across countries and by anomaly, and were particularly low in Croatia and Poland, as well as for parents of children with Down syndrome, which warrants further investigation.

Statistical data from the Covid 19 task force in Surabaya confirmed that the death rate for COVID-19 cases until February 2021 reached 1,276 from a cumulative number of 19,089 confirmed COVID-19 and most of the deaths were 42 years old. This condition caused fear, especially in the elderly, and families with children, toddlers, and families with newborns who are at risk of mental health crises, thus requiring the development of a resilience framework to develop a stimulation model for children's social-emotional development based on cultural values and beliefs. This study aimed to determine the model of parental stimulation and resilience and their effect on children's social and emotional development. This research is a survey with a cross-sectional approach, totality sampling is 300 respondents, the instrument uses a questionnaire, while the social-emotional uses the Social Diversity Questionnaire. Test analysis using SEM modeling. The results of the stimulation model have a positive influence on children's socio-emotional development of 0.78 with a t-count value of 4.556 and p-value=0.001. The resilience stage model has a t-count value of 4.987 and a path coefficient of 0.92 with a p-value=0.001. The resilience stage has a positive influence on the stimulation model of 0.57 with a t-count value of 3.245 and a p-value 0.001. Activities to stimulate the development of children at the age of 5 years can be done by making work together with parents with resilience conditions in the recovery stage.

At present, stunting in children aged 3-5 years is the biggest child health problem experienced by most developing countries including Indonesia. A survey conducted in January 2023 with local health officials found that out of 170 toddlers, 30 were malnourished in the form of underweight, 18 toddlers and 12 toddlers were indicated to be stunted with parents who had low economic status. The general objective of this activity is focused on achieving health independence through establishing information centres and stunting management facilities managed by health cadres as an effort to prevent an increase in stunting prevalence as well as a facility to increase the income of families who have children at risk of nutritional problems, families who are indicated to be stunted through stunting centres. The activity method uses an assessment-based community development approach through seminars, training and mentoring. The instrument uses questionnaires and checklists. Indicators of achievement are the level of knowledge, skill level and income of families with infants and toddlers at risk of malnutrition and stunting. The target partners are 55 health cadres and 55 mothers who have babies and toddlers aged 5 years in the Sidoarjo area. The results of this activity found that there was a difference in the mean in each indicator of achievement of the level of knowledge of 66.6. Food management skills of 66.2, health-based entrepreneurship skills of 64.3 and family income indicators of 1.63 and Whitney mean test results with Sig = 0.001. The community development-based assessment approach method through seminars, training and mentoring is effective in changing the level of knowledge, perception and behaviour of health cadres and mothers who have infants and toddlers in fulfilling nutrition and improving the family economy as a form of support for stunting reduction programs, family food security as well as family economic security

Artikel ini didasarkan pada penelitian tentang kekeliruan bahasa Indonesia dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Penelitian ini penting karena kekeliruan bahasa Indonesia dalam peraturan pemerintah daerah terkait dengan implementasi Peraturan Presiden Nomor 63 Tahun 2019 Bagian 3 yang menyatakan bahwa bahasa Indonesia harus digunakan dalam peraturan tata bahasa yang menggunakan kalimat, teknik penulisan, dan ejaan. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan adanya beberapa kekeliruan dalam bahasa Indonesia ditemukan dalam peraturan pemerintah daerah Provinsi Sumatera Barat yaitu 1) kekeliruan tanda baca yang digunakan, 2) kekeliruan kata dan ejaan, 3) kekeliruan penggunaan kata dari bahasa daerah dan bahasa asing, 4) kekeliruan penggunaan kata majemuk, 5) kalimat yang tidak efektif, 6) penggunaan kata non-standar, 7) kekeliruan pengetikan kata, dan 8) kekeliruan penggunaan kata depan. Kata kunci: Kekeliruan, Bahasa Indonesia, Pemerintah Daerah, Perda, Sumatera Barat

The gut microbiota strongly impacts the development of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC), but it is largely unknown how the microbiota affects the pathogenesis of mismatch-repair-deficient CRC in the context of Lynch syndrome. In a mouse model for Lynch syndrome, we found a nearly complete loss of intestinal tumor development when animals were transferred from a conventional “open” animal facility to specific-pathogen-free (SPF) conditions. Using 16S sequencing we detected large changes in microbiota composition between the two facilities. Transcriptomic analyses of tumor-free intestinal tissues showed signs of strong intestinal inflammation in conventional mice. Whole exome sequencing of tumors developing in Msh2-Lynch mice revealed a much lower mutational load in the single SPF tumor than in tumors developing in conventional mice, suggesting reduced epithelial proliferation in SPF mice. Fecal microbiota transplantations with conventional feces altered the immune landscape and gut homeostasis, illustrated by increased gut length and elevated epithelial proliferation and migration. This was associated with drastic changes in microbiota composition, in particular increased relative abundances of different mucus-degrading taxa such as Desulfovibrio and Akkermansia, and increased bacterial-epithelial contact. Strikingly, transplantation of conventional microbiota increased microsatellite instability in untransformed intestinal epithelium of Msh2-Lynch mice, indicating that the composition of the microbiota influences the rate of mutagenesis in MSH2-deficient crypts.

Early puberty has been found to be associated with adverse health outcomes such as metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and hormone-dependent cancers. The decrease in age at menarche observed during the past decades has been linked to an increased exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). Evidence for the association between PFAS and phthalate exposure and menarche onset, however, is inconsistent. We studied the association between PFAS and phthalate/DINCH exposure and age at menarche using data of 514 teenagers (12 to 18 years) from four aligned studies of the Human Biomonitoring for Europe initiative (HBM4EU): Riksmaten Adolescents 2016–2017 (Sweden), PCB cohort (follow-up; Slovakia), GerES V-sub (Germany), and FLEHS IV (Belgium). PFAS concentrations were measured in blood, and phthalate/DINCH concentrations in urine. We assessed the role of each individual pollutant within the context of the others, by using different multi-pollutant approaches, adjusting for age, age- and sex-standardized body mass index z-score and household educational level. Exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), especially mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5OH-MEHP), was associated with an earlier age at menarche, with estimates per interquartile fold change in 5OH-MEHP ranging from −0.34 to −0.12 years in the different models. Findings from this study indicated associations between age at menarche and some specific EDCs at concentrations detected in the general European population, but due to the study design (menarche onset preceded the chemical measurements), caution is needed in the interpretation of causality.

Objective To survey parents and carers of children with a congenital anomaly across Europe about their experiences of healthcare services and support during the COVID-19 pandemic.Design Cross-sectional study.Setting Online survey in 10 European countries, open from 8 March 2021 to 14 July 2021.Population 1070 parents and carers of children aged 0–10 years with a cleft lip, spina bifida, congenital heart defect (CHD) requiring surgery and/or Down syndrome.Main outcome measures Parental views about: the provision of care for their child (cancellation/postponement of appointments, virtual appointments, access to medication), the impact of disruptions to healthcare on their child’s health and well-being, and satisfaction with support from medical sources, organisations and close relationships.Results Disruptions to healthcare appointments were significantly higher (p

BackgroundWhile repeated shutdown and lockdown measures helped contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing and self-isolation negatively impacted global mental health in 2020 and 2021. Although suicide rates did reportedly not increase during the first months of the pandemic, long-term data, and data on the quality of serious violent suicide attempts (SVSAs) are not available to date.Materials and methodsOrthopaedic trauma patient visits to the emergency department (ED), ED trauma team activations, and SVSAs were retrospectively evaluated from January 2019 until May 2021 in four Level-I Trauma Centers in Berlin, Germany. SVSAs were assessed for suicide method, injury pattern and severity, type of treatment, and length of hospital stay.ResultsSignificantly fewer orthopaedic trauma patients presented to EDs during the pandemic (n = 70,271) compared to the control (n = 84,864) period (p = 0.0017). ED trauma team activation numbers remained unchanged. SVSAs (corrected for seasonality) also remained unchanged during control (n = 138) and pandemic (n = 129) periods, and no differences were observed for suicide methods, injury patterns, or length of hospital stay.ConclusionOur data emphasize that a previously reported rise in psychological stress during the COVID-19 pandemic does not coincide with increased SVSA rates or changes in quality of SVSAs.

The number of pornography and cybercrime among Indonesian children reaches 4448 cases – children as a perpetrator and victim. Meanwhile, Indonesian children experience 183 cases of rape and sexual abuse, 54 cases of sodomy or pedophilia – children as a perpetrator, 42 cases of sodomy or pedophilia – children as a victim, and 44 cases of abortion. A preliminary study on March 2020 in West Surabaya showed that 6 in 10 children aged 3-5 years faced sexual abuse or harassment and rape by their closest circle. The research aims are to describe the level of knowledge, perception, role implementation, emotional connection between father and child in the accompaniment of psychosexual development of children. This paper combined quantitative and qualitative methodologies with a phenomenological approach. Respondents were father compatible with inclusion criteria was determined by researchers. This study used a total sampling of 112 fathers who lived in West Surabaya. The research instruments were a questionnaire and observation sheet. Data analysis utilized percentage analysis, data reduction, and data triangulation. There were 64.5% low levels of knowledge, 70.5% negative perceptions, 63.4% fathers absence in assisting the psychosexual development of children, and 69.6% absence of emotional connection. The new normal period gave limited the role of a father in children's psychosexual development.

Phthalates are mainly used as plasticizers and are associated inter alia with adverse effects on reproductive functions. While more and more national programs in Europe have started monitoring internal exposure to phthalates and its substitute 1,2-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (DINCH), the comparability of results from such existing human biomonitoring (HBM) studies across Europe is challenging. They differ widely in time periods, study samples, degree of geographical coverage, design, analytical methodology, biomarker selection, and analytical quality assurance level. The HBM4EU initiative has gathered existing HBM data of 29 studies from participating countries, covering all European regions and Israel. The data were prepared and aggregated by a harmonized procedure with the aim to describe—as comparably as possible—the EU-wide general population’s internal exposure to phthalates from the years 2005 to 2019. Most data were available from Northern (up to 6 studies and up to 13 time points), Western (11; 19), and Eastern Europe (9; 12), e.g., allowing for the investigation of time patterns. While the bandwidth of exposure was generally similar, we still observed regional differences for Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP), and Di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP) with pronounced decreases over time in Northern and Western Europe, and to a lesser degree in Eastern Europe. Differences between age groups were visible for Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), where children (3 to 5-year olds and 6 to 11-year olds) had lower urinary concentrations than adolescents (12 to 19-year-olds), who in turn had lower urinary concentrations than adults (20 to 39-year-olds). This study is a step towards making internal exposures to phthalates comparable across countries, although standardized data were not available, targeting European data sets harmonized with respect to data formatting and calculation of aggregated data (such as developed within HBM4EU), and highlights further suggestions for improved harmonization in future studies.

A study of Collembola on land affected by pyroclastic material of Kelud Volcano, Ngantang Malang was conducted to elucidate the abundance and diversity of soil Collembola in a volcanic environment at various elevations. The study area was divided into two habitats, affected and unaffected by pyroclastic materials at each altitude of 900 m above sea level (asl), 1000 m asl, and 1100 m asl. The research was carried out in June 2019 using a stratified purposive sampling method. Soil Collembola was collected on litter and soil layers using a square frame, length and width of 20 x 20 cm to a depth of 5 cm. Litter and soil layer samples were extracted using Modified Berlese Funnel. Collembola was identified based on morphospecies up to the genus level. Each genus was found only one species, therefore genus was considered as a species. Results of the study showed that soil Collembola on land affected by pyroclastic has 20 species and an abundance of 8790 individuals/m2. In the pyroclastic unaffected areas, were found 33 species and an abundance of 3865 individuals/m2. Entomobrya sp. was dominant in the litter and soil layers of all the study areas. This indicates that Entomobrya sp. is a species that is easy to adapt and has high habitat tolerance.

Introduction: Previous studies suggested that green space is beneficial for the cognitive development in children. However, evidence in adolescents is limited. Therefore, we aim to investigate green space exposure in association with attention and behaviour in adolescents. Methods: This study includes 596 Flemish adolescents between 13 and 17 years old. Attention was assessed with Stroop Test (selective attention) and Continuous Performance Test (sustained and selective attention). Behaviour was determined based on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Green space was estimated in several radius distances around their current residence and school based on high-resolution land cover data. Multilevel regression analyses were used adjusting for participant’s age, sex, education level of the mother, and area deprivation index. Results: Surrounding green space in a 2000 m radius is associated with a faster reaction time in adolescents. An IQR (13%) increment in total green space within 2000 m of the residence and school combined, is associated with a 32.7 ms (95% CI: −58.9 to −6.5; p = 0.02) and a 7.28 ms (95% CI: −11.7 to −2.8; p = 0.001) shorter mean reaction time between the presentation of a stimulus and the response based on the Stroop Test and the Continuous Performance Test. Subdividing green space based on vegetation height, shows that green space higher than 3 m is associated with a faster reaction time of the Continuous Performance Test (−6.50 ms; 95% CI: −10.9 to −2.2; p = 0.004), while low green is not. We did not find an association between green space and behavioural development in adolescents. Conclusions: Our study shows that green space, especially trees, surrounding the residence and school combined is associated with better sustained and selected attention in adolescents. These findings indicate that the availability of green is important for adolescents that are growing up in a rapidly urbanizing world.

Setiap ibu melahirkan beresiko terjadinya depresi post partum. Depresi post partum didefinisikan sebagai depressi non psikotik yang berupa gangguan mood pada pasca persalinan yang berlangsung hingga satu tahun lamanya (Almond, 2009; Apter, Devouche, Gratier, Valente, & Nestour, 2012). Di negara Amerika depresi post partum mencapai 10-20 % sedangkan di negara berkembang mencapai > 20 %. Depressi post partum berdampak pada status sosial ibu, gangguan kepercayaan diri bahkan berkeinginan untuk bunuh diri serta terganggunya perkembangan anak (Hansotte, Payne, & Babich, 2017). Studi pendahuluan yang dilakukan pada bulan Maret 2018 di kelurahan Wonokoromo Surabaya didapatkan 45 % ibu pasca melahirkan mengalami depresi post partum pada level ringan dan sedang. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui efektifitas metode double D ( Dzikir dan doa ) terhadap penurunan tingkat depresi post partum fase letting go pada ibu post partum hari ke 7. Desain Penelitian ini menggunakan analitik kuantitaif quasi eksperimen dengan instrument kuesioner EDPS ( Edinburgh Depresi Post partum Scale). Sampling yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling dengan menetapkan kriteria inklusi yang berjumlah 84 responden dengan pembagian 42 responden sebagai kelompok kontrol dan 42 responden sebagai kelompok perlakuan. Uji analitik yang digunakan adalah mann whitney dengan nilai p< 0.005. Hasil uji analisis didapatkan p = 0.001 yang berarti efektif metode double D ( Doa dan Dzikir ) terhadap penurunan tingkat depressi post partum pada ibu nifas fase letting go ( hari ke 7 ) Kesimpulan : Metode double D efektif menurunkan depressi post partum pad ibu post partum fase letting go

Chronic biological stress may adversely affect adolescents' physical and mental health, but insight in the personal and environmental factors that determine chronic stress is limited. We measured 3-month cumulative hair cortisol concentration (HCC) in 419 adolescents, participating in the Flemish Environment and Health Study. Adolescents' health and lifestyle characteristics, household and neighborhood socio-economic status as well as neighborhood urbanicity were assessed as potential determinants of HCC, using multiple linear regression models. We additionally explored heterogeneity of our results by sex. HCC were significantly higher in boys from densely populated neighborhoods, the association was not significant in girls. Accordingly, boys living outside cities had significantly lower HCC than boys, living in cities. HCC was significantly lower in adolescents with an optimal vitality, a measure of a positive mental health status. In adolescent girls, menarcheal status (pre-/postmenarche) was a significant determinant of HCC. Our findings are the first to suggest that residential urbanicity may have an impact on chronic biological stress in a general population of adolescent boys.

Objective: Thirty years ago it was demonstrated that folic acid taken before pregnancy and in early pregnancy reduced the risk of a neural tube defect (NTD). Despite Public Health Initiatives across Europe recommending that women take 0.4 mg folic acid before becoming pregnant and during the first trimester, the prevalence of NTD pregnancies has not materially decreased in the EU since 1998, in contrast to the dramatic fall observed in the USA. This study aimed to estimate the number of NTD pregnancies that would have been prevented if flour had been fortified with folic acid in Europe from 1998 as it had been in the USA.Design and Setting: The number of NTD pregnancies from 1998 to 2017 that would have been prevented if folic acid fortification had been implemented in the 28 countries who were members of the European Union in 2019 was predicted was predicted using data on NTD prevalence from 35 EUROCAT congenital anomaly registries and literature searches for population serum folate levels and folic acid supplementation.Results: From 1998 to 2017 an estimated 95,213 NTD pregnancies occurred amongst 104 million births in the 28 countries in the EU, a prevalence of 0.92 per 1,000 births. The median serum folate level in Europe over this time period was estimated to be 14.1 μg/L. There is a lack of information about women taking folic acid supplements before becoming pregnant and during the first trimester of pregnancy, with one meta-analysis indicating that around 25% of women did so. An estimated 14,600 NTD pregnancies may have been prevented if the European countries had implemented fortification at the level adopted by the USA in 1998 and 25% of women took folic acid supplements. An estimated 19,500 NTD pregnancies would have been prevented if no women took folic acid supplements.Conclusions: This study suggests that failure to implement mandatory folic acid fortification in the 28 European countries has caused, and continues to cause, neural tube defects to occur in almost 1,000 pregnancies every year.

Introduction Congenital anomalies (CAs) are a major cause of infant mortality, childhood morbidity and long-term disability. Over 130 000 children born in Europe every year will have a CA. This paper describes the EUROlinkCAT study, which is investigating the health and educational outcomes of children with CAs for the first 10 years of their lives.Methods and analysis EUROCAT is a European network of population-based registries for the epidemiological surveillance of CAs. EUROlinkCAT is using the EUROCAT infrastructure to support 22 EUROCAT registries in 14 countries to link their data on births with CAs to mortality, hospital discharge, prescription and educational databases. Once linked, each registry transforms their case data into a common data model (CDM) format and they are then supplied with common STATA syntax scripts to analyse their data. The resulting aggregate tables and analysis results are submitted to a central results repository (CRR) and meta-analyses are performed to summarise the results across all registries. The CRR currently contains data on 155 594 children with a CA followed up to age 10 from a population of 6 million births from 1995 to 2014.Ethics The CA registries have the required ethics permissions for routine surveillance and transmission of anonymised data to the EUROCAT central database. Each registry is responsible for applying for and obtaining additional ethics and other permissions required for their participation in EUROlinkCAT.Dissemination The CDM and associated documentation, including linkage and standardisation procedures, will be available post-EUROlinkCAT thus facilitating future local, national and European-level analyses to improve healthcare. Recommendations to improve the accuracy of routinely collected data will be made.Findings will provide evidence to inform parents, health professionals, public health authorities and national treatment guidelines to optimise diagnosis, prevention and treatment for these children with a view to reducing health inequalities in Europe.

Background and aims: Prenatal chemical exposure has frequently been associated with reduced fetal growth although results have been inconsistent. Most studies associate single pollutant exposure to this health outcome, even though this does not reflect real life situations as humans are exposed to many pollutants during their life time. The objective of this study is to investigate the association between prenatal exposure to a mixture of persistent environmental chemicals and birth weight using multipollutant models. Methods: We combined exposure biomarker data measured in cord blood samples of 1579 women from four Flemish birth cohorts collected over a 10 years’ time period. The common set of available and detectable exposure measures in these cohorts are three polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) congeners (138, 153 and 180), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p’-DDE) and the metals cadmium and lead. Multiple linear regression (MLR), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), penalized regression using minimax concave penalty (MCP) and Bayesian Adaptive Sampling (BAS) were applied to assess the influence of multiple pollutants in a single analysis on birth weight, adjusted for a priori selected covariates. Results: In the pooled dataset, a median (P25-P75) birth weight and gestational age of 3420 (3140–3700) grams and 39 (39–40) weeks was observed respectively. The median contaminant levels in cord blood were: 15.8, 26.5, 18.0, 16.9 and 91.5 ng/g lipid for PCB 138, PCB 153, PCB 180, HCB and p,p’-DDE, respectively, 0.075 µg/L for cadmium and 9.7 µg/L for lead. According to the applied statistical methods for multipollutant assessment, p,p’-DDE and PCB 180 were most consistently associated with birth weight. In addition, PCB 153 was selected when applying MCP and BAS. An inverse association with birth weight was found for the PCB congeners, while an increased birth weight was observed for elevated levels of p,p’-DDE. Conclusions: Assessing the health risk of combinations of exposure biomarkers reflects better real-world situations and thereby allows more effective risk assessment. Our results add to the existing evidence based on detrimental effects of PCBs on birth weight and indicate a possible increase in birth weight due to p,p’-DDE (while correcting for PCBs).

During the last 15 years, VITO has established an infrastructure for biobanking a collection of biological samples from the general population in Flanders (Belgium). This biobank was set up to contribute to future, yet unspecified, research questions in the field of environment and health. Biobank@VITO is a population biobank in which bio-specimen including human peripheral blood, cord blood, and blood derivatives (e.g., serum, plasma, cells, RNA, DNA), urine, hair, nails, exhaled breath condensate, saliva DNA, and human breast milk collected from non-diseased populations are preserved. Currently, the biobank stores about 70,000 samples from 7,700 individuals. These biospecimen were collected since 2002 in different human biomonitoring studies comprising European (e.g., DEMOCOPHES, HBM4EU), national (e.g., WHO human breastmilk studies), Flemish (Flemish Environment and Health Study (FLEHS) campaigns), and local (e.g., hotspots, 3xG project) well-defined and ethically approved research projects. Participants to the surveys included different age groups (newborns, children, adolescents, and adults) and were representatively selected with regard to gender, age class, residence, and/or socioeconomic status (SES). In each campaign, samples were stored in the Biobank@VITO. The registration, preservation, and management of the samples in the biobank were done in a qualitative and uniform manner which guarantees the traceability of all samples. The samples in the biobank have an extended information backbone on the lifestyle, environment, and health status of the donor. The biological samples in the biobank are an invaluable archive that can be used to address specific policy and research questions in the future, to test old samples with new technology and according to the latest methods and insights or to measure newly identified pollutants in old samples looking for long-term trends.

This study aims to prove the effect of Lavender Essential Oil Aromatherapy to the 24-hour pain scale of post sectio caesarea (SC) in Depok District Hospital. This research is a quasi-experimental design with pre and post-test with the control group. Samples of this study are mothers who have the pain of post-SC in hospitals Depok many as 68 people were divided into a treatment group (34 people) and control group (34 people). The technique of sampling is consecutive sampling. Before the intervention, the treatment group and the control group measured the pain scale using the Numerical Rating Scale. Treatment group was given 10% lavender essential oil aromatherapy 3 drops by using tissue media, then inhaled fragrance for 5 minutes at 10 cm distance. After 30 minutes of aromatherapy, patients assessed the scale of the pain. Aromatherapy is given only once at 24 hours post-SC. The results showed that the scale of pain post SC before giving aromatherapy in the control group was 3.82 while in the treatment group, it was 3.62. After giving aromatherapy it was found that the pain scale in the treatment group was 2.53, whereas in the control group 4.65. There was a significant difference of pain scale of 24 hours post SC between control group and treatment group. Lavender essential oil aromatherapy dominant influence on the reduction of pain scale of 24 hours post SC (p-value0.05) as much as five times greater than those mothers who did not use aromatherapy. Lavender Essential Oil Aromatherapy can be used as one of the solutions in treating pain after sectio caesarea surgery.

Abstract Background The developmental origins of health and disease theory states that a disturbance in the early life environment can contribute to disease risk in later life. Leptin and insulin are anorectic hormones involved in energy homeostasis and are crucial for foetal growth. Disturbances in the levels of these hormones contribute to obesity and diabetes. In adults, altered mitochondrial function is an important hallmark of metabolic disorders, including obesity and diabetes. However, the mitochondrial effects of early life metabolic variation are unexplored. We investigated whether there is an association between metabolic hormones and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content in early life. Methods The study included 236 newborns from the FLEHS III birth cohort, Flanders (Belgium). Relative mtDNA content of cord blood leukocytes was determined using quantitative PCR. Cord blood levels of leptin and insulin were determined using immunoassays. We studied the association between these metabolic hormones and mtDNA content using multiple linear regression models, while accounting for covariates and potential confounders. Results Leptin and insulin levels were positively associated with cord blood mtDNA content. mtDNA content was respectively 4.49% (95% CI 1.15–7.93; p = 0.008) and 1.60% (95% CI 0.31–2.91; p = 0.02) higher for a interquartile range increase of respectively cord blood leptin and insulin levels. In a sensitivity analysis, we observed that insulin and leptin were independently associated to mtDNA content and that insulin was stronger associated to mtDNA content in boys than in girls. Conclusion Neonatal metabolic hormones were associated with cord blood mtDNA content, which suggests that in early life the variation of mtDNA content might accommodate or reflect changes in the metabolic status.

Mass Media is a means of reaching a large audience using different kinds of communication methodes which promates the creativity of language. Various forms of language creativity grow and develop on television programs and social networking. Language creativity successfully blurs the line between the truth and lies between the real and cybernetic world. Nowndays, the popular form of language creativity on the television programs is the uses of adulation and ambigiuous expressions. As a consequence, these expressions are a clear-cut portrait of Indonesian mentality and Intelection.

Abstract Background Esophageal cancer is an aggressive disease with poor survival rates. A more patient-tailored approach based on predictive biomarkers could improve outcome. We aimed to predict radiotherapy (RT) response by imaging tumor hypoxia with 18F-FAZA PET/CT in an esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) mouse model. Additionally, we investigated the radiosensitizing effect of the hypoxia modifier nimorazole in vitro and in vivo. Methods In vitro MTS cell proliferation assays (OACM5 1.C SC1, human EAC cell line) were performed under normoxic and hypoxic (

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants of public health concern. Multiple biological mechanisms have been hypothesized to contribute to PAHs-associated adverse health effects. Little is known about the impact of PAHs on endocrine stress and inflammation in adolescence. We examined 393 Flemish adolescents (14–15 years) cross-sectionally, measured urinary concentrations of hydroxylated naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene metabolites, and calculated the sum of all measured metabolites. We determined hair cortisol concentration (HCC) as endocrine stress biomarker, leucocyte counts and neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in peripheral blood as inflammatory biomarkers, and urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) concentration as oxidative stress biomarker. Exposure–response associations were analyzed by multiple regression, adjusted for a priori selected covariates. A doubling of 1-hydroxypyrene concentration was associated with a factor of 1.13 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.24) increase in HCC and a factor of 1.07 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.13) increase in 8-oxodG. Doublings of 2- and 3-hydroxyphenanthrene concentrations were associated with a factor of 1.08 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.14) and 1.06 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.12) increase in 8-oxodG, respectively. Doubling of 2-hydroxyphenanthrene and of the sum of 2- and 3-hydroxyfluorene was associated with, respectively, a factor of 1.08 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.14) and 1.06 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.13) increase in NLR. Our results indicate the glucocorticoid pathway as a potential target for PAH exposure in adolescents and suggest oxidative stress, endocrine stress, and inflammation in adolescence as underlying mechanisms and early markers for PAH-related adverse health effects.

Abstract Background Due to their lack of repair capacity mitochondria are critical targets for environmental toxicants. We studied genes and pathways reflecting mitochondrial responses to short- and medium-term PM10 exposure. Methods Whole genome gene expression was measured in peripheral blood of 98 adults (49% women). We performed linear regression analyses stratified by sex and adjusted for individual and temporal characteristics to investigate alterations in gene expression induced by short-term (week before blood sampling) and medium-term (month before blood sampling) PM10 exposure. Overrepresentation analyses (ConsensusPathDB) were performed to identify enriched mitochondrial associated pathways and gene ontology sets. Thirteen Human MitoCarta genes were measured by means of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) along with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content in an independent validation cohort (n = 169, 55.6% women). Results Overrepresentation analyses revealed significant pathways (p-value

Diction headline mass media is important because it describes the overall news content. The mass media has a moral responsibility to provide learning for the reader about the correct use of language. That's called character diction. Diction character or character choice of words used in the title of the news media can influence the character speaking readers for diction has meaning and soul. Diction used in the mass media headlines West Sumatra, including euphimisme, sarcasm, regional language (language Minangkabau), foreign language (English), idioms, abbreviations and acronyms, Indonesian non standard, and nicknames