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Red alder (Alnus rubra) has highly desirable wood, dye pigment, and (traditional) medicinal properties which have been capitalized on for thousands of years, including by Pacific West Coast Native Americans. A rapidly growing tree species native to North American western coastal and riparian regions, it undergoes symbiosis with actinobacterium Frankia via their nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Red alder's desirable properties are, however, largely attributed to its bioactive plant phenol metabolites, including for plant defense, for its attractive wood and bark coloration, and various beneficial medicinal properties. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome data analyses were carried out using buds, leaves, stems, roots, and root nodules from greenhouse grown red alder saplings with samples collected during different time-points (Spring, Summer, and Fall) of the growing season. Pollen and catkins were collected from field grown mature trees. Overall plant phenol biochemical pathways operative in red alder were determined, with a particular emphasis on potentially identifying candidates for the long unknown gateway entry points to the proanthocyanidin (PA) and ellagitannin metabolic classes, as well as in gaining better understanding of the biochemical basis of diarylheptanoid formation, i.e. that help define red alder's varied medicinal uses, and its extensive wood and dye usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changes produced during the aging of wines in oak barrels are strongly dependent on the oak's geographical origin and aging time. This paper analyzes the effect of Quercus alba oak from four different geographical locations in four states in the USA, namely Missouri (Mo), Ohio (Oh), Kentucky (Kt), and Pennsylvania (Py), during 24 months of aging. Oak origin had a higher effect on the wine's aromatic composition than the polyphenolic one. Mo and Oh barrels enhanced coconut, spicy, and sweet notes for 12 months of aging, while Kt barrels achieved higher extraction of wood-related compounds at longer aging (24 months). Py wines showed the lowest contents of most volatile compounds at both aging times, as well as hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, anthocyanins, flavonols, stilbenes, and ellagitannins, attributed to their higher porosity. At 12 months of aging, Kt wines showed the highest content of ellagitannins, and Mo wines had the highest content of anthocyanins, but Oh wines had the highest concentrations at 24 months. In the sensory analysis, Kt wines were preferred at both aging times. Kt and Mo wines achieved the highest punctuations for the olfactory phase at 12 months of aging and Kt wines kept it after 24 months. These findings are essential for producers to achieve the sensory characteristics of their wines through strategic barrel aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total syntheses of the C‐glucosidic ellagitannins (−)‐punicacortein A, (−)‐epipunicacortein A and (+)‐castalin were accomplished for the first time, and those of the glucopyranosic ellagitannins (+)‐tellimagrandin I and (+)‐pedunculagin were revisited. The atroposelective construction of their characteristic hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP) and nonahydroxyterphenoyl (NHTP) units relied on the use of different cupric‐amine complexes under different reaction conditions to mediate the intramolecular dehydrogenative coupling of galloyl groups at different positions of glucose cores. In particular, the monodentate n‐butylamine and the bidentate (−)‐sparteine were found to be complementary in their capacity to promote the regio‐ and atroposelective coupling of galloyl groups on a 4C1‐glucopyranosic core into 2,3‐O‐(S)‐ and/or 4,6‐O‐(S)‐HHDP units. Furthermore, replacing (−)‐sparteine by its optical antipode not only counteracted the substrate‐controlled induction of atroposelectivity to forge a 4,6‐O‐(R)‐HHDP unit, but it also enabled a 4C1 to 1C4 ring flip of the glucopyranosic core and hence the formation of 2,4‐O‐(R)‐ and 3,6‐O‐(R)‐HHDP units, such as those featured in the glucopyranosic ellagitannins phyllanemblinin B and geraniin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes research focused on the recovery of ellagic acid (EA) using solid-state fermentation-assisted extraction (SSF) with Aspergillus niger GH1 and Mexican rambutan peel as support. Several culture conditions (temperature, initial moisture, levels of inoculum, and concentration of salts) were evaluated using a Placket–Burman design (PBD) for screening culture factors followed by a central composite design (CCD) for enhancing the EA. Antioxidant activity and polyphenol content were evaluated in SSF. Temperature (28.2 °C), inoculum (2 × 107 spores/g), and NaNO3 (3.83 g/L) concentration were identified as a significant parameter for EA in SSF. This enhancing procedure resulted in an increase in EA recovery [201.53 ± 0.58–392.23 ± 17.53 mg/g] and, with two steps of purification, [396.9 ± 65.2 mg/g] of EA compound was recovered per gram of recovered powder. Fermentation extracts reflect inhibition of radicals and the presence of polyphenol content. This work proposes to identify the ideal conditions of fermentation in order to obtain a higher yield high-quality compound from agro-industrial wastes through SSF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased activity of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a key factor mediating kidney impairment in diabetes. Glomerular podocytes, the crucial component of the renal filter, are a direct target of TGF-β action, resulting in irreversible cell loss and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Urolithin A (UA) is a member of the family of polyphenol metabolites produced by gut microbiota from ellagitannins and ellagic acid-rich foods. The broad spectrum of biological activities of UA makes it a promising candidate for the treatment of podocyte disorders. In this in vitro study, we investigated whether UA influences the changes exerted in podocytes by TGF-β and high glucose. Following a 7-day incubation in normal (NG, 5.5 mM) or high (HG, 25 mM) glucose, the cells were treated with UA and/or TGF-β1 for 24 h. HG and TGF-β1, each independent and in concert reduced expression of nephrin, increased podocyte motility, and up-regulated expression of b3 integrin and fibronectin. These typical-for-epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) effects were inhibited by UA in both HG and NG conditions. UA also reduced the typically elevated HG expression of TGF-β receptors and activation of the TGF-β signal transducer Smad2. Our results indicate that in podocytes cultured in conditions mimicking the diabetic milieu, UA inhibits and reverses changes underlying podocytopenia in diabetic kidneys. Hence, UA should be considered as a potential therapeutic agent in podocytopathies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work studies the influence of the thickness of oak alternatives on the composition and quality of red wines. A red wine was aged in control conditions and also in contact with oak chips, and with thin and thick oak staves for 12 months. As expected, all the wines aged in contact with all the oak alternatives were enriched in total polyphenols and had a higher colour intensity. In addition, the contact with all the oak alternatives enriched the wine in furfural and total furans, vanilla and total aldehydes and ketones, eugenol and total volatile phenols, and in β-methyl-γ-octalactones. However, the thickness of the oak alternative seems to play an important role in the composition and quality of the wine. Specifically, the wines aged in contact with the two types of staves had a more intense colour than the wine aged with oak chips, as well as a higher total phenolic index and higher eugenol concentration. Moreover, the β-methyl-γ-octalactones concentration was higher in the wine supplemented with thick staves. Finally, the wines supplemented with the two types of staves had a higher intensity of the spicy attribute than the wine aged with oak chips. The wine supplemented with thick staves had a higher intensity of candy/pastry, toasted, smoked, complexity, aromatic intensity, sweetness, structure, and persistence. Finally, the panel preferred the wine aged with thick staves followed by, in descending order, the wines aged with thin staves, oak chips, and the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the main driver of fatality and the 3rd most often determined malignancy. Despite advances in detection and therapy, colorectal cancer (CRC) endures as the largest driver of cancer-related morbidity, and mortality. Modern habits and dietary negligence might be one of the reasons that have enhanced cancer prevalence. Thus, changes in Dietary habits will have a better impact, and help in finding a better cure for CRC. Initially, CRC was explored as a genetic event and currently, the research is focused on the epigenetic modifications of chromatin and microRNA (miRNA) in CRC cells. Natural products such as Curcumin, Resveratrol, Flavonoids, and Ellagitannins are been explored as compounds from the perspective of genetic, epigenetic, and miRNA modifications which will have future therapeutic aspects. Also, the extracts of these key players and their analogs will intervene the signaling pathway activation that involves in cancer propagation, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and epigenetic and miRNA modifications. Modulations of these miRNAs, and modification globally might have impact on CRC progression, and cancer tumor cell sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The longan fruit, widely grown and consumed in Southeast Asia, contains an abundance of essential natural chemicals present in its flesh and seeds. The microwave‐assisted approach is used to extract these components, which include total phenolic compound and corilagin. The optimization of the extraction process included factors such as the sample ratio (0.5–1.5 g/30 mL), time (10–20 min), and microwave power (600–700 W). These variables were examined using the response surface approach. The statistical analysis revealed that the data was most accurately represented by a quadratic polynomial equation. The decision coefficients for total phenolic compounds and corilagin were found to be 0.9956 and 0.9485, respectively, indicating a high level of accuracy. The result was that the optimal conditions to obtain the highest total phenolic compound and corilagin from longan extract are 22.214 mgGAE/gDW and 55.137 mg/gDW, respectively. The sample was extracted under a ratio of 0.97 g/30 mL set at microwave power at 695.74 W, with an extraction time of 15 min. This study suggests that microwave‐assisted, water‐based extraction can produce healthful, eco‐friendly concentrated longan extracts, yielding high levels of corilagin and phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jabuticaba fruit (Plinia cauliflora) is widely consumed in various forms such as juice, jam, wine, and liquors; however, its potential therapeutic effects on diabetic complications remain inadequately explored. We aimed to investigate the potential antiglycation activity of Jabuticaba, identify the active compounds through bioassay-guided fractionation, and assess its effects on cataract formation in a Streptozotocin-induced diabetic type 1 rat model. Through bioassay-guided fractionation, we identified gallic acid (IC50: 24.7 µg/mL), protocatechuic acid (IC50: 1.22 µg/mL), and an ellagitannin, Repandinin B (IC50: 0.55 µg/mL), as active compounds contributing to antiglycation effects. In the animal study, the addition of Jabuticaba juice extract to the drinking water at a concentration of 0.5% (w/v) for 12 weeks demonstrated an amelioration in cataract progression. These results suggest that Jabuticaba has high antiglycation effects leading to the delaying of cataract formation in type 1 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Punica granatum L., commonly known as the pomegranate, is an abundant source of polyphenols, including hydrolyzable ellagitannins, ellagic acid, anthocyanins, and other bioactive phytochemicals shown to be effective in defending against oxidative stress, and has immunomodulatory activities. Ellagitannins, and their hydrolyzed product ellagic acid, interact with the gut microbiota to yield secondary metabolites known as urolithins that may have health benefits. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementation with a standardized punicalagin-enriched pomegranate extract, Pomella® (250 mg), on the gut microbiome, circulating short-chain fatty acids, and gut microbial-derived ellagitannin metabolite urolithins. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted over 4 weeks on healthy volunteers aged 25-55 years. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either an oral supplement containing 75 mg of punicalagin or an oral placebo. Stool sample collection and venipuncture were performed to analyze the gut microbiome, SCFAs, and urolithin. There was no significant change in the gut microbial diversity in both cohorts after 4 weeks of intervention, but there was a significantly increased relative abundance of Coprococcus eutectus, Roseburia faecis, Roseburia inullnivorans, Ruminococcus bicirculans, Ruminococcus calidus, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Pomegranate extract (PE) supplementation led to the augmentation of circulating propionate levels (p = 0.02) and an increasing trend for acetate levels (p = 0.12). The pomegranate extract (PE) supplementation group had an increased level of circulating urolithins compared to the placebo group (6.6% vs. 1.1%, p = 0.13). PE supplementation correlated with shifts in the gut microbiome and with higher circulating levels of propionate and acetate. Further studies should explore the implications in larger cohorts and over a longer duration.

This work describes research focused on the recovery of ellagic acid (EA) using solid-state fermentation-assisted extraction (SSF) with Aspergillus niger GH1 and Mexican rambutan peel as support. Several culture conditions (temperature, initial moisture, levels of inoculum, and concentration of salts) were evaluated using a Placket–Burman design (PBD) for screening culture factors followed by a central composite design (CCD) for enhancing the EA. Antioxidant activity and polyphenol content were evaluated in SSF. Temperature (28.2 °C), inoculum (2 × 107 spores/g), and NaNO3 (3.83 g/L) concentration were identified as a significant parameter for EA in SSF. This enhancing procedure resulted in an increase in EA recovery [201.53 ± 0.58–392.23 ± 17.53 mg/g] and, with two steps of purification, [396.9 ± 65.2 mg/g] of EA compound was recovered per gram of recovered powder. Fermentation extracts reflect inhibition of radicals and the presence of polyphenol content. This work proposes to identify the ideal conditions of fermentation in order to obtain a higher yield high-quality compound from agro-industrial wastes through SSF.

Eugenia uniflora leaves are a source of flavonoids and ellagitannins, and the Brazilian population uses them to treat various diseases, including gastrointestinal disorders. This study aimed to determine if the ethanol extract and other derivatives are effective cytotoxic agents against gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS cells) and anti-H. pylori agent, its chemical composition, and mass spectrometry characterization of the more abundant compounds. The results were compared with the literature. The aqueous fraction, rich in Oenothein B and Gemin D/Hippomanin A, showed anti-H. pylori activity and higher cytotoxicity on AGS cells compared to the other samples analysed. Furthermore, the ESI(-) FT-ICR MS characterized the more abundant phenolic compounds, including Quinic Acid, Myricitrin, Gemin D/Hippomanin A, and Oenothein. Therefore, the activity of the ethanolic extract and aqueous fraction for gastric cancer and against H-pylori seems to originate from the antiproliferative and bacteriostatic effects of tannins and flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methanolic extract of the leaves of Macaranga hurifolia Beille showed arginase inhibitory activity (40% at 100 µg/mL) and was then fractionated to obtain nine polyphenolic compounds. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR spectroscopic data, and by comparison with data previously reported in the literature, as gallic acid (1), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2), chlorogenic acid, (3), corilagin (4), cynaroside (5), cosmosiin (6), hyperoside (7) isoquercitrin (8) and guajaverin (9). These compounds have been evaluated as arginase inhibitors. Compounds 4, 7, 8 and 9 showed varying arginase inhibitory activities with IC50 values ranging from 102 to 302 μM. All the isolated compounds were previously identified in this species but their activities on arginase are reported here for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jabuticaba fruit (Plinia cauliflora) is widely consumed in various forms such as juice, jam, wine, and liquors; however, its potential therapeutic effects on diabetic complications remain inadequately explored. We aimed to investigate the potential antiglycation activity of Jabuticaba, identify the active compounds through bioassay-guided fractionation, and assess its effects on cataract formation in a Streptozotocin-induced diabetic type 1 rat model. Through bioassay-guided fractionation, we identified gallic acid (IC50: 24.7 µg/mL), protocatechuic acid (IC50: 1.22 µg/mL), and an ellagitannin, Repandinin B (IC50: 0.55 µg/mL), as active compounds contributing to antiglycation effects. In the animal study, the addition of Jabuticaba juice extract to the drinking water at a concentration of 0.5% (w/v) for 12 weeks demonstrated an amelioration in cataract progression. These results suggest that Jabuticaba has high antiglycation effects leading to the delaying of cataract formation in type 1 diabetes.

Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) are an important source of ellagitannins. They have been linked to positive effects on many pathologies, including cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative syndromes, and cancer. The limited bioavailability of ellagitannins prevents them from reaching significant circulatory levels, despite their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive properties. Urolithins are ellagitannin gut microbiota-derived metabolites. They have better intestinal absorption and may be responsible for the biological activities of ellagitannins. Recent evidence showed that walnut ellagitannins and their metabolites, urolithins, could have positive outcomes for human health. This study aims to synthesize the current literature on the antioxidant activity and mechanistic pathways involved in the therapeutic potential of walnut ellagitannins and their metabolites. In the eligible selected studies (n = 31), glansreginin A, pedunculagin, and casuarictin were the most prevalent ellagitannins in walnuts. A total of 15 urolithins, their glucuronides, and sulfate metabolites have been identified in urine, blood, feces, breast milk, and prostate tissue in analyzed samples. Urolithins A and B were associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anticarcinogenic, and anti-aging activities, both in preclinical and clinical studies. Despite the promising results, further well-designed studies are necessary to fully elucidate the mechanisms and confirm the therapeutic potential of these compounds in human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of storage temperature and pH on phenolic compounds of Phyllanthus emblica juice. Juice was stored at different temperatures and pH for 15 days and sampled on 2‐day intervals. The browning index (BI, ABS420 nm), pH, centrifugal precipitation rate (CPR), and phenolic compounds were evaluated. The results showed 4°C and pH 2.5 could effectively inhibit browning and slow down pH drop of P. emblica juice. The result of orthogonal partial least square‐discriminant analysis showed P. emblica juice stored at 4°C and pH 2.5 still had a similar phenolic composition, but at 20°C, 37°C, and pH 3.5, the score plots were concentrated only in the first 3 days. Additionally, gallic acid (GA) and ellagic acid (EA) were screened out to be the differential compounds for browning of P. emblica juice. The contents of GA, epigallocatechin (EGC), corilagin (CL), gallocatechin gallate (GCG), chebulagic acid (CA), 1,2,3,4,6‐O‐galloyl‐d‐glucose (PGG), and EA were more stable at 4°C and pH 2.5. Overall, during storage at 4°C and pH 2.5, it could inhibit the increase of GA and EA and decrease of CL, GCG, CA, and PGG, whereas EGC did not show significant difference between storage conditions. The CPR was higher at 4°C, while pH 2.5 could reduce the CPR. In conclusion, in order to maintain stability of phenolic compounds and extended storage period, the P. emblica juice could be stored at low temperature and adjust the pH to increase the stability of juice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Couroupita guianensis, a member of the Lecythidaceae family, is a plant widely known for its large, edible and unconventional fruits. The objective of the present study was to investigate the nutritional and chemical composition of the fruits of this species and to perform structural, ultrastructural, and histochemical tests to elucidate the sites of its pulp involved in the production of bioactive substances. The nutritional analysis revealed low fat and protein levels, but the pulp stood out as a significant source of dietary fiber, representing 6.72% of the content. Furthermore, the pulp showed 14.5 ∘Brix and approximately 18.97% total carbohydrates, with an energy value of 56 kcal.100 g−1. The fruit pulp exhibited an antioxidant potential of 183 ± 29 mg GAE.100 g−1 and 3517 ± 1055 µmol Fe2+.100 g−1, as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu and FRAP methods, respectively. LC–MS analysis identified phenolic compounds, with emphasis on hydrolysable tannins. Furthermore, as determined by microscopy, the inner mesocarp was found to consist of vascularized parenchymal tissue accumulating lipid droplets. This region also contained sclereid clusters with secondary polylamellated walls and living protoplasts that accumulated phenolic compounds, probably ellagitannins, near the cell wall and the tonoplast. Additionally, ellagitannin-producing cells were identified, together with the dynamic transport of substances with bioactive potential. Considering these characteristics, along with the abundance of pulp per fruit and the ease of collection, the remarkable potential for consumption and commercialization of the fruit from the C. guianensis species stands out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present review, we discuss the occurrence of ellagitannins (ETs) and ellagic acid (EA) and methods for their isolation from plant materials. We summarize analytical methods, including high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet (HPLC–UV) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), for the determination of ETs, EA and their bioactive metabolites urolithins (Uros) in samples of plant and food origin, as well as in biological samples, such as plasma, urine and feces. In addition, the current interest in the bioactivities of Uros is discussed in brief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Corilagin (Cor) is reported as beiing hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anti-oxidant, while the effect on atrial fibrosis remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the protective effect of Cor in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced atrial fibrosis and atrial fibrillation (AF). Materials and Methods: C57BL/6 mice (male, 8-10 weeks, n = 40) were subcutaneously infused either with saline or Ang II (2.0 mg/kg/day) and Cor (30 mg/kg) intraperitoneally injected 2 hr before Ang II infusion for 4 weeks. Mice were grouped into the control group (n=8), Cor group (n=8), Ang II group (n=8), and Ang II + Cor group (n=8). Morphological, histological, and biochemical examinations were performed. In vivo, transesophageal burst pacing was used to generate AF. Results: Cor treatment markedly reduced Ang II-induced AF development in mice. Ang II + Cor therapy potentially decreased the atrial fibrotic area. It significantly decreased the increase in smooth muscle alpha-actin (α-SMA), CTGF, Collagen I, and Collagen III expressions brought on by Ang II treatment. Moreover, Ang II + Cor treatment remarkably decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were potentially increased (all, P<0.001). In addition, Ang II + Cor significantly reduced Ang II-induced interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentrations in atrial tissues. Furthermore, Cor significantly inhibited Ang II-induced p-PI3K, p-Akt, and NF-κB p-p65 protein expression in atrial tissues. Conclusion: Our data speculated that Cor could have a protective effect against Ang II-induced atrial fibrosis and AF via down-regulation of the PI3K-Akt pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the emerging subject of extracting tannins from various plant sources using deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Tannins are widely used in the food and feed industries as they have outstanding antioxidant qualities and greatly enhance the flavor and nutritional content of a wide range of food products. Organic solvents are frequently used in traditional extraction techniques, which raises questions about their safety for human health and the environment. DESs present a prospective substitute because of their low toxicity, adaptability, and environmental friendliness. The fundamental ideas supporting the application of DESs in the extraction of tannins from a range of plant-based materials frequently used in daily life are all well covered in this paper. Furthermore, this paper covers the impact of extraction parameters on the yield of extracted tannins, as well as possible obstacles and directions for future research in this emerging subject. This includes challenges such as high viscosity, intricated recovery of compounds, thermal degradation, and the occurrence of esterification. An extensive summary of the diversity, structure, biosynthesis, distribution, and roles of tannins in plants is given in this paper. Additionally, this paper thoroughly examines various bioactivities of tannins and their metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyzes the influence of Quercus alba barrels from four different forests of the USA [Missouri (M), Ohio (O), Kentucky (K) and Pennsylvania (P)] on the colour parameters, phenolic composition, and visual and gustatory sensory characteristics of 12 Tempranillo red wines from different wineries after 12 months of aging. Oak origin significantly affected the colour parameters of the wines, except for tonality, and the content of anthocyanins, stilbenes and ellagitannins but had little effect on the rest of the phenolic compounds. Wines aged in K and O barrels showed the highest content of ellagitannins. Wines aged in P barrels had the lowest content of phenolic compounds and colour intensity (CI), while K and O barrels produced the highest levels of ellagitannins. K wines were the best value in the global perception of the taste analysis. The influence of the barrel origin on the phenolic composition of the wines was also evaluated according to their initial phenolic composition. Wines with the highest initial CI and phenol content also showed the highest content of ellagitannins after barrel aging. When aging wines with high CI and phenol content, M barrels provided the wines with the highest content of ellagitannins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Despite rising public awareness and improvements in diagnostic and treatment methods, there are adverse effects brought on by drug resistance, an increase in overall treatment costs, and unanticipated side effects from pharmaceuticals. Main body Therefore, efforts for development strategy that is more efficient, more affordable, and more secure are underway. Such a strategy involves employing naturally occurring phytochemicals to delay the beginning, prevent it from happening, or treat it, and it sparks an increase in interest in studies looking for an effective agent in herbs and other plant materials used in traditional medicines. Urolithins are polyphenol chemicals generated by the gut microbiota studied for potential health benefits and have a high bioavailability. After being ingested, urolithins can move throughout the body and mediate in different locations. Urolithins are studied for over 40 years, but their mechanistic role has been explored recently in understanding their potential health benefits. Short conclusion This review gives an overview of the current Urolithin A research on human health. The findings highlight the importance of exploring the potential of urolithins as a natural compound for therapeutic applications. Elucidating the mechanisms behind the disease process and pinpointing candidate molecules and pathways to target preventive and therapeutic intervention are the need of the hour.

Introduction: Atherosclerosis, a leading cause of global cardiovascularmortality, is characterized by chronic inflammation. Central to this process is the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which significantly influences atherosclerotic progression. Recent research has identified that the olfactory receptor 2 (Olfr2) in vascular macrophages is instrumental in driving atherosclerosis through NLRP3- dependent IL-1 production. Methods: To investigate the effects of Corilagin, noted for its anti-inflammatory attributes, on atherosclerotic development and the Olfr2 signaling pathway, our study employed an atherosclerosis model in ApoE-/- mice, fed a high-fat, highcholesterol diet, alongside cellular models in Ana-1 cells and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages, stimulated with lipopolysaccharides and oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Results: The vivo and vitro experiments indicated that Corilagin could effectively reduce serum lipid levels, alleviate aortic pathological changes, and decrease intimal lipid deposition. Additionally, as results showed, Corilagin was able to cut down expressions of molecules associated with the Olfr2 signaling pathway. Discussion: Our findings indicated that Corilagin effectively inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation, consequently diminishing inflammation, macrophage polarization, and pyroptosis in the mouse aorta and cellular models via the Olfr2 pathway. This suggests a novel therapeuticmechanism of Corilagin in the treatment of atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Corilagin has several pharmacological effects such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular disease treatment. Our previous studies have shown that the Corilagin can significantly inhibit proliferation of HeLa cells. However, there are no scientific data on the anticervical cancer effect of Corilagin in vivo. Methods. Network pharmacology was used to predict the mechanism, followed by in vitro experiments to detect cell proliferation, cycle, and apoptosis, and in vivo experiments to verify the mechanism. Results. It was speculated that the mechanism of action for the anticervical cancer of Corilagin could be related to PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways through network pharmacology. Results of cell assays in the present study showed that the Corilagin has significant effect on the proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis of murine cervical cancer U14 cells in vitro. In addition, Corilagin can significantly inhibit the growth of U14 tumor-bearing mice with insignificant toxic effect on the liver and kidney of the transplanted mice. The current study found that Corilagin can delay development of cervical cancer by boosting antitumor immune responses of the body. RT-PCR and Western blotting were applied in the current study to evident that Corilagin can achieve anticervical cancer property by inducing apoptosis of tumor tissues through both PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways. Conclusion. Therefore, this study provided theoretical reference for research of Corilagin as a bioresource for development of an anticervical cancer drug and functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acne vulgaris is a prevalent skin disorder affecting many young individuals, marked by keratinization, inflammation, seborrhea, and colonization by Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes). Ellagitannins, known for their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, have not been widely studied for their anti-acne effects. Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill., C. sativa), a rich ellagitannin source, including castalagin whose acne-related bioactivity was previously unexplored, was investigated in this study. The research assessed the effect of C. sativa leaf extract and castalagin on human keratinocytes (HaCaT) infected with C. acnes, finding that both inhibited IL-8 and IL-6 release at concentrations below 25 μg/mL. The action mechanism was linked to NF-κB inhibition, without AP-1 involvement. Furthermore, the extract displayed anti-biofilm properties and reduced CK-10 expression, indicating a potential role in mitigating inflammation, bacterial colonization, and keratosis. Castalagin's bioactivity mirrored the extract's effects, notably in IL-8 inhibition, NF-κB inhibition, and biofilm formation at low μM levels. Other polyphenols, such as flavonol glycosides identified via LC-MS, might also contribute to the extract's biological activities. This study is the first to explore ellagitannins' potential in treating acne, offering insights for developing chestnut-based anti-acne treatments pending future in vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute lung injury (ALI) and its severe manifestation, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), are characterized by uncontrolled inflammatory responses, neutrophil activation and infiltration, damage to the alveolar capillary membrane, and diffuse alveolar injury. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), formed by activated neutrophils, contribute significantly to various inflammatory disorders and can lead to tissue damage and organ dysfunction. Corilagin, a compound found in Phyllanthus urinaria, possesses antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of corilagin in hydrochloric acid (HCl)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury. Mice received intraperitoneal administration of corilagin (2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg) or an equal volume of saline 30 min after intratracheal HCl/LPS administration. After 20 h, lung tissues were collected for analysis. Corilagin treatment significantly mitigated lung injury, as evidenced by reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines, and alleviated oxidative stress. Furthermore, corilagin treatment suppressed neutrophil elastase expression, reduced NET formation, and inhibited the expression of ERK, p38, AKT, STAT3, and NOX2. Our findings suggest that corilagin inhibits NET formation and protects against HCl/LPS-induced ALI in mice by modulating the STAT3 and NOX2 signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite rising public awareness and improvements in diagnostic and treatment methods, there are adverse effects brought on by drug resistance, an increase in overall treatment costs, and unanticipated side effects from pharmaceuticals. Main body: Therefore, efforts for development strategy that is more efficient, more affordable, and more secure are underway. Such a strategy involves employing naturally occurring phytochemicals to delay the beginning, prevent it from happening, or treat it, and it sparks an increase in interest in studies looking for an effective agent in herbs and other plant materials used in traditional medicines. Urolithins are polyphenol chemicals generated by the gut microbiota studied for potential health benefits and have a high bioavailability. After being ingested, urolithins can move throughout the body and mediate in different locations. Urolithins are studied for over 40 years, but their mechanistic role has been explored recently in understanding their potential health benefits. Short conclusion: This review gives an overview of the current Urolithin A research on human health. The findings highlight the importance of exploring the potential of urolithins as a natural compound for therapeutic applications. Elucidating the mechanisms behind the disease process and pinpointing candidate molecules and pathways to target preventive and therapeutic intervention are the need of the hour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need of finding out new and potent antimicrobial agents to combat the multidrug resistance pathogens becomes critical. Ailanthus altissima is characterized by its vast and remarkable therapeutic potential as a traditional folk medicine. The current study aims to investigate the polyphenolic profiling and the antimicrobial activity of the methanol extract of A. altissima leaves and its derived fractions. The antimicrobial activity was investigated through two in-vitro assays; agar well diffusion and broth microdilution against six pathogens while the polyphenolic profiling was characterized through UPLC-ESI-MS analysis. All the test pathogens were susceptible to the test samples except Mucor circinelloides. The zone of microbial growth inhibition of the samples was found in 10-40 mm range and the minimum inhibitory values ranged between 3.9 and 1000 µg/mL. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited significant antimicrobial potential especially against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and C. albicans where the diameters of inhibition zones were 40, 30 and 25mm, respectively and their corresponding MIC values were 3.9, 7.8 and 15.6 µg/mL, respectively. The UPLC-ESI-MS analysis of the samples revealed the tentative identification of various phenolic compounds mainly corilagin. A. altissima offers a perfect choice to be investigated as a natural and potent antimicrobial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteosarcomas are the most common primary malignant bone tumors and mostly affect children, adolescents, and young adults. Despite current treatment options such as surgery and polychemotherapy, the survival of patients with metastatic disease remains poor. In recent studies, punicalagin has reduced the cell viability, angiogenesis, and invasion in cell culture trials. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of punicalagin on osteosarcomas in a 3D in vivo tumor model. Human osteosarcoma biopsies and SaOs-2 and MG-63 cells, were grown in a 3D in vivo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. After a cultivation period of up to 72 h, the tumors received daily treatment with punicalagin for 4 days. Weight measurements of the CAM tumors were performed, and laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) and a deep learning-based image analysis software (CAM Assay Application v.3.1.0) were used to measure angiogenesis. HE, Ki-67, and Caspase-3 staining was performed after explantation. The osteosarcoma cell lines SaOs-2 and MG-63 and osteosarcoma patient tissue displayed satisfactory growth patterns on the CAM. Treatment with punicalagin decreased tumor weight, proliferation, and tumor-induced angiogenesis, and the tumor tissue showed pro-apoptotic characteristics. These results provide a robust foundation for the implementation of further studies and show that punicalagin offers a promising supplementary treatment option for osteosarcoma patients. The 3D in vivo tumor model represents a beneficial model for the testing of anti-cancer therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tellimagrandin-I (TL) and camptothin A (CA) are ellagitannins widely found in diverse plant species. Numerous studies demonstrated their significant biological activities, which include antitumor, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties. Despite this protective profile, the effects of TL and CA on DNA have not been comprehensively investigated. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the mutagenic and antimutagenic effects attributed to TL and CA exposure on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains using the Ames test. In addition, the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects were examined on human lymphocytes, employing both trypan blue exclusion and CometChip assay. The antigenotoxic effect was determined following TL and CA exposure in the presence of co-treatment with doxorubicin (DXR). Our results from the Ames test indicated that TL or CA did not display marked mutagenic activity. However, TL or CA demonstrated an ability to protect DNA against the damaging effects of the mutagens 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and sodium azide, thereby exhibiting antimutagenic properties. In relation to human lymphocytes, TL or CA did not induce significant cytotoxic or genotoxic actions on these cells. Further, these ellagitannins exhibited an ability to protect DNA from damage induced by DOX during co-treatment, indicating their potential beneficial usefulness as antigenotoxic agents. In conclusion, the protective effects of TL or CA against mutagens, coupled with their absence of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on human lymphocytes, emphasize their potential therapeutic value in chemopreventive strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracting valuable compounds from waste plant tissues is a challenging process. To better understand this process, kinetic modeling was used to study the extraction of phenolic compounds from the waste tissues of industrial strawberry (RF) and apple (GS) processing using green solvents. The experimental design variables included type of solvent (W: water, EtOH: ethanol 80%), solid–liquid ratio (1:20, 1:30, 1:40), and temperature (20, 70°C). The model of Peleg (MI) and an empirical model (MII) were applied to determine the kinetic constants for total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AC). The phenolic compound profile was determined at each experimental assay. The extraction variables affected (p < 0.001) TPC and AC of RF and GS extracts. Using EtOH increased TPC extraction yields from both tissues (up to 62% for RF). The highest AC was determined in EtOH extracts at 20°C (119 and 25 μmol TE/g for RF and GS, respectively). Temperature, extraction ratio, and solvent type significantly affected the kinetic constants of both models. The study identified nine phenolic compounds from both waste tissues, with Agrimoniin being the main compound in RF (0.49 g/kg) and quercetin pentoxide being the main compound in GS (0.23 g/kg). There was no significant increase in TPC and AC of the extracts after 90 min at 20°C and 60 min at 70°C. The kinetic modeling of phenolic compound extraction from strawberry and apple agro‐industrial by‐products using green solvents enabled the determination of the best extraction conditions, promoting the use of these waste tissues by obtaining bioactive compounds with antioxidant potential. Practical Applications: This study provides valuable insight into the effective use of green solvents in extracting bioactive compounds, thereby promoting sustainable practices and reducing waste in the industrial processing of strawberries and apples. The kinetic modeling approach for recovering phenolic compounds from strawberry and apple agro‐industrial by‐products improves our comprehension of the influence of the extraction process variables on the phenolic compound profile and antioxidant capacity of these tissues. These findings highlight the potential of these waste tissues as an alternative source of bioactive compounds. By standardizing the extraction process and optimizing the utilization of agro‐industrial by‐products, the food industry can effectively reduce the environmental impact of these waste tissues and promote sustainable operations. Additionally, using green solvents aligns with the increasing demand for environmentally friendly practices, making it easier to turn strawberry and apple agro‐industrial processes into circular processes by eco‐friendly valorization of these biowastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three prototypes of a blackberry-soy-flaxseed beverage were formulated and processed by pasteurization (71.1 °C, 3 s) or commercial sterilization (heating to 87 °C followed by immediate hot-fill). The effects of heat exposure on selected bioactive compounds (total phenolics, ellagitannins, anthocyanins, isoflavones and lignans) and physicochemical properties (pH, °Brix, turbidity, viscosity and color) were evaluated. Bioactive compounds were quantified by HPLC-DAD analytical methods. No significant changes (p > 0.05) were observed in the contents of total phenolic compounds, ellagitannins, cyanidin-3-glucoside, isoflavones (daidzein and genistein), or lignans, regardless of the heat regime applied or the beverage formulation. The pH and soluble solids were similar among the three beverages and did not change after heat treatments. The content of cyanidin-3-malonyl-glucoside, a polyphenol, significantly decreased (p

Plants play a key role in the treatment and prevention of diseases since ancient times. Eucalyptus has been traditionally used in the treatment of conditions related to the respiratory system, such as flu, colds, sore throats, bronchitis, as well as neuralgia, and stiffness. Eucalyptus camaldulensis has several phytoconstituents such as ellagitannins endowed with bioactivity, including antioxidant and inhibitory potential on various microorganisms causing foodborne diseases. Tellimagrandin I, pedunculagin, castalagin/vescalagin are among the most representative and have activity against pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus. These antioxidant ellagitannins may have potential application in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. The main industrial uses of E. camaldulensis are related to the production of wood, paper, and charcoal, with its leaves and branches considered by-products from these industrial activities. However, these plant by-products could be used to obtain bioactive compounds for the development of new and improved consumer goods. Therefore, the aim of this work was to review the main ellagitannins of E. camaldulensis and their antioxidant and antibacterial activities in foodborne microorganisms, as well as the relevance that these compounds may have in the food industry and related sectors.

The changes produced during the aging of wines in oak barrels are strongly dependent on the oak’s geographical origin and aging time. This paper analyzes the effect of Quercus alba oak from four different geographical locations in four states in the USA, namely Missouri (Mo), Ohio (Oh), Kentucky (Kt), and Pennsylvania (Py), during 24 months of aging. Oak origin had a higher effect on the wine’s aromatic composition than the polyphenolic one. Mo and Oh barrels enhanced coconut, spicy, and sweet notes for 12 months of aging, while Kt barrels achieved higher extraction of wood-related compounds at longer aging (24 months). Py wines showed the lowest contents of most volatile compounds at both aging times, as well as hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, anthocyanins, flavonols, stilbenes, and ellagitannins, attributed to their higher porosity. At 12 months of aging, Kt wines showed the highest content of ellagitannins, and Mo wines had the highest content of anthocyanins, but Oh wines had the highest concentrations at 24 months. In the sensory analysis, Kt wines were preferred at both aging times. Kt and Mo wines achieved the highest punctuations for the olfactory phase at 12 months of aging and Kt wines kept it after 24 months. These findings are essential for producers to achieve the sensory characteristics of their wines through strategic barrel aging.

The healthy properties of pomegranate fruit, a highly consumed food, have been known for a long time. However, the pomegranate supply chain is still rather inefficient, with the non-edible fraction, whose weight is roughly half the total and is endowed with plenty of valuable bioactive compounds, either disposed of or underutilized. A novel extract obtained from non-edible byproducts (called PPE), using hydrodynamic cavitation, a green, efficient, and scalable technique, was investigated for its cardiovascular effects in vivo. PPE showed efficacy in an acute phenylephrine (PE)-induced hypertensive rat model, similar to the extract of whole fruit (PFE) obtained using the same extractive technique, along with good intestinal bioaccessibility after oral administration. Finally, when chronically administered for 6 weeks to spontaneously hypertensive rats, PPE was shown to significantly contain the increase in systolic blood pressure, comparable to the reference drug Captopril, and at a dose remarkably lower than the reported effective dose of ellagic acid. The extract from the non-edible fraction of the pomegranate fruit also showed good anti-inflammation and anti-fibrotic effects. The findings of this study, along with the extraction technique, could contribute to enhancing the value of the pomegranate supply chain, relieve the related environmental burden, and potentially improve public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Punica granatum L., commonly known as pomegranate, is a typical fruit of Asia, Mediterranean countries, the Middle East and the USA. While in ancient times pomegranate was considered an ornamental plant, nowadays numerous scientific studies have highlighted its antioxidant and anti-radical activities, making it a "superfood". Pomegranate presents a high content of natural bioactive compounds (NBCs), and its consumption appears to exert numerous healthy effects, in particular, in several pathological conditions as metabolic syndrome, cancer, nephrolithiasis, urinary tract infections and neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, recent studies have pointed out the possible beneficial action of pomegranate on oral health. For these reasons, the utility of pomegranate in internal medicine and dentistry represents a promising field, as it could enable the development of innovative natural adjuvant therapies and empower standard pharmaceutical therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red raspberries are gaining attention more and more for their nutritional and bioactive components, with potential health effects such as antitumor properties. This review aims to describe the antioxidant activities of red raspberries, emphasizing the role of anthocyanins and ellagitannins as primary contributors among red raspberry polyphenols; it also outlined the connection between red raspberries and their role in inhibiting cancer cell growth by regulating oxidative stress. Numerous studies suggest that red raspberries are able to block cancer cell progression by inhibiting proliferation, migration, and autophagy, as well as regulating the cell cycle, angiogenesis, and DNA damage repair. This review sheds light to the growing evidence supporting antioxidants as a crucial link between fruit consumption and cancer prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil extracted from walnuts leaves behind large amounts of defatted press cake that still retains valuable nutrients. Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a promising method to liberate bioactive compounds from food by-products. Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizopus oligosporus, and Streptococcus thermophilus possess the necessary enzymes to utilize these nutrients from the walnut press cake (WPC) and convert walnut ellagitannins into ellagic acid and urolithins. This study conducted SSF with WPC to release ellagic acid from ellagitannins and form urolithins. The growth of the two filamentous fungi could be observed visually and the growth of Streptococcus thermophilus was confirmed by plate count technique. Extracts from fermented products were subjected to analysis using HPLC–DAD to measure the release of ellagic acid from ellagitannins. Additionally, a more sensitive UHPLC–MS method was employed to screen fermented samples for urolithin A. The ellagic acid content exhibited no perceptible change but was already present in the press cake before and after all fermentations. Urolithin A was undetectable, even with the more sensitive MS method. All studies showing urolithin A formation were conducted under anaerobic conditions. This might be a basic prerequisite for the transformation of ellagic acid to urolithins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study defined the physicochemical attributes, composition, and antioxidant capacity of four Polish cultivars of cornelian cherry (CC) at six stages of development and ripening. A total of 52 metabolites were identified by UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS and quantified by HPLC-PDA. In general, phenolic acids, hydrolyzable tannins, flavonols, iridoids, antioxidant activity, organic acids, and vitamin C decreased, while anthocyanins, malic acid, sugars, and titratable acidity increased. For the first time, we determined the evolution of the CC chemical properties and the metabolic behavior and quantified the individual compounds, and groups of compounds during ripening, in particular gallotannins, ellagitannins, iridoids, and organic acids. The main novelty of our study is that CC is a valuable resource for utilization at different degrees of maturity. We showed that unripe fruits in particular deserve valorization, as they contained the highest content of total bioactive phytocompounds (5589.1–6779.6 mg/100 g dw)—primarily phenolic acids > iridoids > tannins—and the highest antioxidant capacity. The intermediate stages were the most abundant in vitamin C (341.1–495.6 mg/100 g dw), ellagic acid (5.9–31.6 mg/100 g dw), gallotannins (47.8–331.1 mg/100 g dw), and loganic acid (1393.0–2839.4 mg/100 g dw). The ripe fruits contained less bioactive phytocompounds (1403.7–1974.6 mg/100 g dw)—primarily iridoids > phenolic acids > tannins > anthocyanins—and the lowest antioxidant capacity. On the other hand, ripe fruits showed the highest content of anthocyanins (30.8–143.2 mg/100 g dw), sugars (36.4–78.9 g/100 g dw), malic acid (5.5–12.2 g/100 g dw), and, favorably for the nutritional applications, the highest sugar-to-acids ratio (3.0–6.4). Our work illustrates in detail that quality attributes and the content of health-promoting phytocompounds in CC depend on the ripening stage and on the cultivar. These results advance the scientific knowledge about CC. Our findings can be helpful to select the optimal properties of CC for the development of diverse functional foods and phytopharmaceuticals applied in the prevention of civilization diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ellagitannins are vital bioactive polyphenols that are widely distributed in a variety of plant-based foods. The main metabolites of ellagitannins are urolithins, and current research suggests that urolithins provide a variety of health benefits. This review focused on the role of the gut bacteria in the conversion of ellagitannins to urolithins. Based on the results of in vitro and in vivo studies, the health benefits of urolithins, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-aging, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective, kidney protective, and muscle mass protective effects, were thoroughly outlined, with a focus on their associated molecular mechanisms. Finally, we briefly commented on urolithins' safety. Overall, urolithins' diverse health benefits indicate the potential utilization of ellagitannins and urolithins in the creation of functional foods and nutraceuticals to treat and prevent some chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Pomegranate peel contains bioactive ellagitannins including punicalagin, a major bioactive principle. However, studies have not optimally recovered and evaluated these ellagitannins for their antioxidant and glycaemic control potential. In the present study, a temperature‐dependent extraction was employed to optimally recover bioactive ellagitannins and punicalagin from pomegranate (variety 'Wonderful') peel. The peel was extracted with distilled water at different temperatures (25, 37, 50, 65, 78 and 95 °C) and evaluated for phenol and flavonoid contents, in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. XAD16N resin was used to recover tannins from the extracts and punicalagin was purified from the tannin recovered from the 78 °C crude extract. LC–MS was used to characterise the ellagitannins profile. The dose‐dependent anti‐lipid peroxidative and glucose uptake potential of the punicalagin and its parent crude extract and tannin were measured. The extract obtained at 78 °C had the highest phenolic, flavonoid, tannin and punicalagin contents, which potentiated stronger radical scavenging, ORAC (IC50 = 9.64 vs. 15.6 and 25.6 μg/mL, respectively), anti‐linoleic acid peroxidative (IC50 = 9.97 vs. 19.9 and 27.3 μg/mL, respectively) and antiglycation (IC50 = 29.1 vs. 34.2 and 79.1 μg/mL, respectively) activities than the extract and the purified punicalagin. Similarly, the cellular anti‐lipid peroxidative and glucose modulatory effects of the recovered tannin (IC50 = 3.67 μg/mL; EC50 = 14.8 μg/mL) better than that of the extract (IC50 = 24.3 μg/mL; EC50 = 55.0 μg/mL) and the purified punicalagin (IC50 = 59.0 μg/mL; EC50 = 112 μg/mL), which may be attributed to the complementary action of the tannin's constituent compounds (punicalagin, ellagic acid, granatin A, corilagin, casuarinin, gallic acid and quercetin hexoside). The α‐amylase inhibitory data, however, suggest the purified punicalagin influences enzyme inhibitory potential of pomegranate peel. The study suggests tannin/ellagitannin purified from pomegranate peel aqueous extract obtained at 78 °C may be a promising dietary supplement for exerting glycaemic control and mitigating oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate peel contains ellagitannins as antioxidant principles but the aqueous extraction temperature for optimum ellagitannins recovery and antioxidant profile remains elusive. This study employed advanced chemometrics models, including principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) to determine the influence of different extraction temperatures (25–95 °C) during a 1 h period on the antioxidant profile of the peel's aqueous extract, as well as the profile of the constituent ellagitannins recovered using Amberlite® XAD16N resin and characterized by LC–MS. Extraction at 78 °C had the most potent radical scavenging potency, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and anti-lipid peroxidative activity, which was consistent with its highest ellagitannins constituents relative to other extraction temperatures. Pearson's bivariate correlation depicted strong positive correlations (r = 0.7–0.9) between the ellagitannins and the anti-lipid peroxidative profile of the extracts. PCA and OPLS models adequately characterized and predicted the variation and patterns in the antioxidant and phytochemical datasets (up to 93.6%). OPLS biplot showed a distinct clustering pattern of the antioxidant and ellagitannins variables around 78 °C extraction temperature, suggesting the observable influence of the ellagitannins on the potent antioxidant profile of the 78 °C extraction. The variable contribution plots, as well as the obtained antioxidant data, suggest punicalagins, granatin A, and ellagic acid as notable influencing ellagitannins. It is safe to speculate that extraction at 78 °C optimally influenced the ellagitannins and antioxidant profile of pomegranate fruit peel. Thus, this aqueous extraction temperature may be promising for optimally recovering the ellagitannins from pomegranate peel, without sacrificing the antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the enzymatic process of clarification, filtration, and pasteurization on the retention of ellagitannins in raspberry juices. Experiments were carried out to determine the influence of the enzymatic clarification and filtration of cloudy juice and the pasteurization of clear juice on the content of ellagitannins and anthocyanins typical for raspberry fruits, namely lambertianin C, sanguiin H-6, cyanidin-3-sophoroside, and cyanidin-3-rutinoside, in the final product. Enzymatic treatment was performed using the Rohapect 10L enzyme at the manufacturer's recommended dose of 80 mg/L for 1 h at 45 °C. The process of cloudy juice filtration was carried out immediately after enzymatic treatment on a Hobrafilt type S40N filter medium enabling the retention of 5 μm particles. Due to the high retention of the main ellagitannins on the filtration barrier, the pasteurization process was carried out on juices fortified with the tested compounds. Pasteurization was carried out in four variants, using temperatures of 65 and 85 °C and pasteurization times of 20 and 60 s. The studies showed that the process of enzymatic clarification (1 h, 45 °C) did not significantly affect the content of ellagitannins or anthocyanins. The critical factor determining the content of the tested compounds was the filtration stage, which caused 100% retention of lambertianin C and 82% retention of sanguiin H-6 on the filtration barrier, as manifested by the low content of these substances in the filtered juice. The filtration process did not affect the content of anthocyanins. In addition, it was shown that regardless of the pasteurization conditions used, this process did not significantly affect the contents of lambertianin C, sanguiin H-6, or the tested anthocyanins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Punica granatum L., commonly known as the pomegranate, is an abundant source of polyphenols, including hydrolyzable ellagitannins, ellagic acid, anthocyanins, and other bioactive phytochemicals shown to be effective in defending against oxidative stress, and has immunomodulatory activities. Ellagitannins, and their hydrolyzed product ellagic acid, interact with the gut microbiota to yield secondary metabolites known as urolithins that may have health benefits. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementation with a standardized punicalagin-enriched pomegranate extract, Pomella® (250 mg), on the gut microbiome, circulating short-chain fatty acids, and gut microbial-derived ellagitannin metabolite urolithins. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted over 4 weeks on healthy volunteers aged 25–55 years. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either an oral supplement containing 75 mg of punicalagin or an oral placebo. Stool sample collection and venipuncture were performed to analyze the gut microbiome, SCFAs, and urolithin. There was no significant change in the gut microbial diversity in both cohorts after 4 weeks of intervention, but there was a significantly increased relative abundance of Coprococcus eutectus, Roseburia faecis, Roseburia inullnivorans, Ruminococcus bicirculans, Ruminococcus calidus, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Pomegranate extract (PE) supplementation led to the augmentation of circulating propionate levels (p = 0.02) and an increasing trend for acetate levels (p = 0.12). The pomegranate extract (PE) supplementation group had an increased level of circulating urolithins compared to the placebo group (6.6% vs. 1.1%, p = 0.13). PE supplementation correlated with shifts in the gut microbiome and with higher circulating levels of propionate and acetate. Further studies should explore the implications in larger cohorts and over a longer duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defatted seed residues after the extraction of rose oil have their potential not fully described in the existing literature. The aim of this study was to determine and characterize the components important for the human body that are found in Rosa rugosa defatted seeds, including dietary fibers, proteins, selected minerals, polyphenols and antioxidant activity. Rosa rugosa seeds defatted with CO2 in supercritical conditions are a rich source of dietary fibers (approx. 65%) and proteins (15%); their macronutrients include the following: Ca (175.9), Mg (83.9), K (199.2) and Na (3.5 mg/100 g). They also contain polyphenols, including flavanols (0.9%) and total ellagic acid (0.5%), and they exhibit antioxidant activity (143.8 µM TAEC/g). Tellimagrandin I and II and rugosin A were found in the extracts, and ellagitannins with a yet-indeterminate structure were also present. The seeds also contained ellagitannin derivatives—galloyl-HHDP-glucose and bis-HHDP-glucose—at the same time, and they are characterized by a low-fat content—0.4%. The energy value of defatted rose seeds is about half the energy value of popular seeds used in the food industry. The findings of the present study suggest that defatted rosehip seeds, the by-product of rosehip processing, could be an important source of bioactive components like dietary fibers, flavanols, ellagitannins and mineral compounds. Therefore, defatted rose seeds are very promising and require further research, because they can potentially be used as a natural source of chemopreventive agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulcerative colitis, an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, places a significant financial burden on patients and the healthcare system. Recently, reviews of the pomegranate and the abundant medicinal applications of its ellagitannins, as well as its pharmacological action, phytochemicals, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics, have been completed. However, summaries on their anti-ulcerative colitis effects are lacking. Numerous preclinical animal investigations and clinical human trial reports demonstrated the specific therapeutic effects of pomegranate and the effect of its ellagitannins against ulcerative colitis. According to the literature collected by Sci-finder and PubMed databases over the past 20 years, this is the first review that has compiled references regarding how the rich ellagitannins found in pomegranate have altered the ulcerative colitis. It was suggested that the various parts of pomegranates and their rich ellagitannins (especially their primary components, punicalagin, and ellagic acid) can inhibit oxidant and inflammatory processes, regulate the intestinal barrier and flora, and provide an anti-ulcerative colitis resource through dietary management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Pomegranate peel polyphenols, specifically the punicalagin, have gained importance due to their potential antioxidant capacity and because of this different methodologies to encapsulate and protect the polyphenols for proposing their uses have been proposed. The objective of the present work was to optimise the spray drying of pomegranate peel polyphenols and additionally to evaluate their antioxidant activity based on lipid oxidation inhibition. The spray‐drying process was optimised via Taguchi L9 orthogonal array considering the feed flow (3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 mL min−1), temperature (125, 150, and 200 °C), and airflow (30, 35, and 40 m3 h−1). The lipid oxidation inhibition was the response variable. The optimal spray‐drying conditions were experimentally validated, and the changes in polyphenols were analysed by HPLC‐ESI‐MS. The spray‐drying conditions optimised at which the polyphenols better preserved their antioxidant capacity (i.e., 87.40% of inhibition) were feed flow, 4.5 mL min−1; temperature, 125 °C; and airflow, 35 m3 h−1. However, temperature control was the most critical factor for obtaining good quality spray‐dried polyphenols (37.65% of influence). This permitted us to propose that spray‐dried pomegranate peel polyphenols could be used as antioxidants in edible oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate is native to the region between Iran and northern India, as well as cultivated in China with a large planting area and a variety of high-quality species. Pomegranate not only has delicious fruits and beautiful flowers, but it is rich in bioactive compounds with benefits to human health.The distribution and content of bioactive components in different organs and by-products of pomegranate have distinct characteristics. A variety of phenols, flavonoids, and triterpenoids exist in pomegranate peels and flowers, whereas the active ingredients in the leaves are mainly tannins. Arils and seeds are good sources of anthocyanins and unsaturated fatty acids, respectively. Pomegranate possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-cardiovascular, anti-pathogenic and skin care effects, among others. It is also widely used in food, health care, medicinal, and ornamental purposes. This review summarizes recent research progress on pomegranate, putting forward some innovative applications for the development and utilization of pomegranate resources. This review also provides a theoretical basis for the research and industrialization of pomegranate, as well as a reference for further development of pomegranate germplasm resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Osteosarcoma (OS) is an extremely aggressive primary bone cancer (BC) malignancy. A variety of malignancies can develop in the bones, including BC. Primary BCs are tumors that start in the bone. Bones can also become affected by tumors that start in the body's organs or other tissues. Objectives: Several reports suggested that corilagin (CL) exerts anticancer properties on various kinds of tumor cells; however, its molecular action on OS cells remains undefined. Materials and Methods: The CL activity of OS cells' cytotoxicity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), apoptosis, and cell-cycle distribution was evaluated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), Rh-123, acridine orange and ethidium bromide (AO/EB), 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and flow cytometry analysis. Results: Results revealed that CL could suppress OS cell proliferation via enhanced intracellular ROS, and MMP loss, and triggered apoptosis in a dose-dependent has an inferior manner. Our findings demonstrated that CL alleviates U2OS and MG-63 cell proliferation by the ROS-mediated apoptosis, which triggers G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest. Conclusion: Thus, CL might be a protective therapeutic agent against BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]