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Rapid development of III–V semiconductor device technologies and broadening of device applications are hindered by the high density of surface states produced in those materials by intrinsic complex oxides and surface contaminations. Surface oxides acting as non-radiating recombination centers produce a number of surface levels in the band gap. Oxidation mechanisms depend on the chemical composition of a specific III–V semiconductor compound because surface reactivities differ between materials. The effect of chemical bond polarity on surface oxidation processes in single crystal III–V semiconductor wafers is currently an important research topic. In this work, surface-sensitive XPS method has been used for studying oxidation regularities in GaAs, InAs, GaSb and InSb single crystals undergoing natural atmospheric oxidation and subjected chemical-mechanical polishing. A method of assessing oxidation levels based on chemical shifts of XPS spectral features has been developed. Oxidation level has been shown to depend on chemical bond ionicity degree, the latter being evaluated using the Sanderson and Phillips models. A decrease in surface oxidation level with an increase in bond ionicity degree has been observed for (110) single crystal wafer cleavage surfaces and for (100) single crystal wafer surfaces after single crystal slicing and chemical-mechanical polishing. We show that surface oxidation level increases in the InAs–GaAs–InSb–GaSb sequence, from arsenides to antimonides.

The article describes the risk factors, pathogenetic mechanisms of development of various prostate diseases and highlights the problems in their treatment. Information on regulatory peptides and their mechanism of action is presented. Clinical studies proving the high effectiveness of bioregulatory peptides in the treatment of chronic prostatitis, chronic pelvic pain syndrome and benign prostatic hyperplasia are presented. The analysis was carried out and evidence of the effectiveness of domestic drugs Prostatex and Prostateks Plus in the treatment of prostate diseases was presented.

The active development of production has a negative impact on the environment. Millions of cubic meters of forest are cut down annualy for production needs. These volumes need to be restored. Therefore, research in the field of reforestation is relevant and important. The aim of this study has been to evaluate the technology of rooting coniferous trees during summer grafting. Various terms of green cuttings of coniferous trees of the Pinaceae family were considered, common representatives in the region (Pinus sylvestris L., Picea obovata Ledeb., Picea obovata var. coerulea Malyschev, Pinus sibirica Du Tour) have been considered. The cuttings have been harvested in four terms, starting from the 3rd ten-day-period of June to the end of July. The grafting has been carried out in different conditions: in a green house with a fog plant and a climate chamber with manual watering. Several methods have been used to prepare the cuttings for planting: with and without needle removing on the lower part of the cutting. Before planting, the tested cuttings have been treated with the root formation preparation “Kornevin” (control grop – without treatment). As a result of the study, the optimal time for grafting coniferous trees for the Baikal region has been determined as the 3rd ten-day-period of June and July. The minimum rooting period for the cuttings has been figured out as 155 days. It has been noted that the cuttings whose lower part needles have not been removed, have taken root faster. Their rooting share is 10 % higher. The best rooting rate has been recorded in cuttings obtained from the plants Picea obovata Ledeb. and P. obovata var. coerulea Malyschev – 22–30%. The cuttings from Pinus sylvestris L. and P. sibirica Du Tour have a very low rooting share – less than 1 %. To determine the quality of rooting, biometric indicators of the formed roots have been obtained. The cuttings planted in the 3rd ten-day-period of June in cultivation beds with regulated fogging are characterized by powerful roots.

In recent decades, the state has been tasked with the effective management of natural resources, among which land resources hold particular importance due to the necessity of their rational use and sustainable development. The value of land resources and their indispensable role in ensuring the socio-economic development of the country is most clearly reflected in the state’s tax policy, specifically in land taxation. The amount of land tax depends on the cadastral value, which is often subject to methodological shortcomings and challenges. This study, using the Belgorod Region as a case study, proposes an algorithm for determining the cadastral value of land plots within gardening and horticultural non-profit partnerships, taking local factors into account. To determine the specific indicator of cadastral value (SICV) of land plots, a linear regression model was developed. The results, tested for homoscedasticity, confirmed the model’s adequacy and reliability. The findings showed that the cadastral value decreased by an average of 12.2% compared to the current results of the state cadastral assessment in the Belgorod Region, highlighting the influence of local factors and the importance of considering them in the cadastral evaluation of the land plots in question.

Introduction Increasing the integration of transcutaneous implants is an important goal for their application in clinical practice. The purpose of the work was to evaluate the osseointegration of transcutaneous titanium implants with calcium-phosphate coating containing zinc ions. Materials and methods The studies were performed on 12 male rabbits, who underwent implantation of an original implant into the tibial stump. After implantation, a compression device was installed on the bone, maintaining a load of 3.5 N for 5 weeks. Duration of observation was 26 weeks. The animals were divided into two groups: a control group (n = 6) with an implant without coating and an experimental group (n = 6) with a zinc-substituted calcium-phosphate coated implant. Results The implant fell out in one case in animals from the control group; no cases of implant loss were noted in the experimental group. It was revealed that the weight concentration of Ca and P in all zones of the bone‑implant block of the animals in the experimental group significantly exceeded similar indicators in the control group. In the control group, long-term persistence of high levels of C-reactive protein was noted, which was not observed in the experimental group. Discussion This series of studies has shown that an implant with a zinc-modified calcium-phosphate coating exhibited a more effective integration, in contrast to an uncoated product. The absence of serious adverse reactions to the tested products indicates acceptable tolerability and safety of its use. Conclusion The implants with a zinc-modified calcium-phosphate coating showed signs of more effective osseointegration compared to the product without additional coating.

Psychological well-being is a system of optimal psychological qualities and states manifested as life strategy and a system of personal attitude to the world and oneself. Self-attitude is an intrapersonal phenomenon of individual projections in the field of self-awareness. In assessing psychological well-being, it acts as a guiding vector for self-development and self-actualization. In case of people with disabilities, psychological well-being largely depends on self-attitude as a predictor. This study featured the effect of self-attitude on psychological well-being in university students with limited health capacities. The study involved 60 students aged 18–25. The list of methodological tools involved Sentence Completion (J. M. Sacks, S. Levy), Subjective Well-Being Scale (adapted by M. V. Sokolova), and Personal Self-Attitude (V. V. Stolin, S. R. Pantileev). The study established differences in the assessment of psychological well-being by students with and without disabilities. Physically challenged students tended to demonstrate low self-esteem, associated with negative emotional and health experience. They also had specific parameters of self-attitude with a vector of positivity and trends towards personal growth. These parameters are a motivating component of social behavior that determines the general perception of psychological well-being by students with disabilities.

The process of formation of the Tatar theater was associated with both the formation of national drama and the development of Russian and foreign classics. The Tatar Theater turned to world drama from the first years of its existence. It was an important school of directing and acting, contributed to the expansion of cultural horizons, the formation of professional skills and artistic taste of the young Tatar theater figures. Depending on the nature of the era, the director's preferences and the characteristics of the troupe, the plays of foreign playwrights emphasized social sound, heroic or romantic beginnings, psychologism or the universal nature of human relations. And although the main emphasis in the Tatar theater has always been on national drama, plays by foreign classics have always been included in its repertoire. The article examines the peculiarities of the Tatar theater's reception of the legacy of Shakespeare Moliere and Schiller at different stages of its development.

South African English economic discourse remains underexplored despite its significance in shaping public perception and policy in the region. One of its critical understudied facets are euphemisms, which are heavily influenced by historical and social background and play a crucial role in moderating sensitive issues and managing communication across diverse societal norms. This study aims to fill this gap by identifying how euphemisms reflect and respond to South Africa’s socio-cultural setting. The study involved compiling a corpus of approximately 500,000 words sourced from speeches, interviews, and publications by South African specialists with subsequent identification of euphemisms. As a results, 338 euphemisms were found in the corpus. Through continuous sampling, the study then identified, categorized, and quantitatively assessed the socio-cultural aspects of euphemisms across various economic discussions. According to the study results, euphemism in South African English economic discourse correspond to five main thematic groups: Economic and Racial Inequality, Corporate Governance and Ethics, Impact of Migration, Healthcare Economics, and Influence of Globalization. Each thematic group demonstrates patterns of euphemisms occurrence that reflect intentional communication efforts to address or mask sensitive socio-economic issues. The study results posit that euphemisms emerge as a frequently leveraged linguistic device moderating South African English economic discourse. They reflect an adaptive response to South Africa’s socio-cultural setting where managing the multifaceted societal norms and historical sensitivities is imperative for effective communication and policy dissemination. The study argues for closer examination of the linguistic composition of South African English economic discourse. The findings contribute to the fields of sociolinguistics and intercultural communication as they expose how euphemisms function as a tool for managing complex socio-economic processes.

Abstract Nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNP vaccines have revolutionized vaccine development against infectious pathogens due to their ability to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses. In this article, we present the results of the first norovirus vaccine candidate employing mRNA-LNP platform technology. The mRNA-LNP bivalent vaccine encoding the major capsid protein VP1 from GI.1 and GII.4 of human norovirus, generated high levels of neutralizing antibodies, robust cellular responses, and effectively protected human enteroids from infection by the most prevalent genotype (GII.4). These results serve as a proof of concept, demonstrating that a modified-nucleoside mRNA-LNP vaccine based on norovirus VP1 sequences can stimulate an immunogenic response in vivo and generates neutralizing antibodies capable of preventing viral infection in models of human gastrointestinal tract infection.

Abstract Friedreich’s ataxia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by reduced frataxin (FXN) expression in mitochondria, where the lethal component is cardiomyopathy. Using the conditional Fxn flox/null::MCK-Cre knock-out (Fxn-cKO) mouse model, we discovered significant sex differences in the progression towards heart failure, with Fxn-cKO males exhibiting a worse cardiac phenotype, low survival rate, kidney and reproductive organ deficiencies. These differences are likely due to a decline in testosterone in Fxn-cKO males. The decrease in testosterone was related to decreased expression of proteins involved in cholesterol transfer into the mitochondria: StAR and TSPO on the outer mitochondrial membrane, and the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme P450scc and ferredoxin on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Expression of excitation-contraction coupling proteins (L-type calcium channel, RyR2, SERCA2, phospholamban and CaMKIIδ) was decreased significantly more in Fxn-cKO males. This is the first study that extensively investigates the sexual dimorphism in FA mouse model with cardiac calcium signaling impairment.

Introduction. The study of the vocabulary of the dialectological dictionary, which has its own phonetic, grammatical and lexical-semantic features depending on the area of distribution, is considered relevant because it allows one to understand the richness of the national language. The dictionary contains hundreds of local folk words and expressions that are of cultural and historical value, while remaining poorly studied from the point of view of reflecting the “language” of folk culture. The article pays attention to lexical units that are relevant to the national linguistic consciousness, focusing on the structural variability of dialect vocabulary and the preservation of old vocabulary of certain semantic fields. The purpose of the study is to consider the lexical units of the dialectological dictionary, the ethnolinguistic interpretation of the material being studied, aimed at reconstructing the corresponding fragment of the linguistic picture of the world. Materials and methods. The material for the study was the lexical units of the Mordovian dialectological dictionary, which convey the most diverse aspects of life. The article was written in line with ethnolinguistic research. The work used the method of selecting vocabulary material, the method of identifying semantic groups, the method of semantic analysis, as well as descriptive, comparative and contrastive methods. Results and Discussion. For the first time, understanding the regional picture of the world is considered on the basis of the Mordovian dialectological dictionary. Everyday vocabulary was subjected to analysis and a brief linguocultural assessment: folk names for kitchen utensils and food, clothing, hats, embroidery and jewelry, games and holidays, individual household items, their functions in the everyday life of a peasant. A peculiar feature of this vocabulary is its close connection with the life of the people, indicating the territorial distribution in everyday life of certain groups of the population. The article systematizes the vocabulary denoting flora and fauna, terminology of kinship and properties, special attention is paid to dilexemic complexes, which are a vivid means of expression in folklore works. Conclusion. The dictionary is presented as a lexicographical way of reflecting the material and spiritual culture of an ethnic group, as a way of preserving folk speech culture.

Introduction. This article explores the history of the formation of the stage traditions of the national ballet of Mordovia, which can resist contemporary processes of globalization and unification that lead to the erosion of ethnic culture. The stage history of the ballet reflects the priorities of Russia's national policy, which aims to strengthen the unity of the multinational people while preserving its ethnocultural diversity. The aim of the research is to identify the features of the staging of national ballets on the theatrical stage of Mordovia, using the work of composer N. V. Kosheleva as an example. Currently, her ballet music remains the only material available for creating ballet performances in the republic's musical theater. However, her works have not been the subject of a comprehensive study within the context of the history of Mordovian theatrical art. Materials and Methods. The empirical material included national ballets created by composer N. V. Kosheleva, as well as performances from the repertoire of the I. M. Yaushev State Musical Theater and the Mordovian Republican Children's Choreographic School. The theoretical basis consisted of the works of scholars in the field of musical theater and professional musical and choreographic art of Mordovia. The research methodology is determined by the specificity of the material being analyzed. It is based on a historical-theoretical approach, methods of comparative analysis, and art-historical interpretation of artistic works, which justifies the use of musicological and balletological approaches to material analysis. Research results and Discussion. The national ballet theater relies on the rich choreographic tradition of the people, which, when combined with the tradition of classical ballet, allowed the creation of a unique plastic language. The study found that in the process of composing ballet music based on a national plot, composer N. V. Kosheleva does not simply quote the tunes and melodies of the folk songs and dances of the Mordovians, but also adds her individual creative component. Conclusion. The research results indicate that the national ballet of Mordovia represents a synthesis of ethnic dance traditions and classical ballet. It was formed in close interaction with domestic ballet and composer schools. This is confirmed by the ballet work of composer N. V. Kosheleva. The results of this study can be used for further research into the history of Mordovian ballet art in particular and the history of Mordovian art in general.

Introduction. The transformation of the information space entails changes in the communication practices of the speakers of various ethnic cultures. Internet resources combined with traditional media provide new, previously unknown opportunities for the presentation and broadcasting of cultural values and unique features of ethnic groups. This situation actualizes the need to study the level of the use of media products in the languages of various ethnic groups. One of the objectives of the study is to assess the media us of the residents of the Republic of Mordovia in the languages of the titular ethnic groups. Materials and Methods. The methodological basis was the data of sociological studies. The article summarizes the results of a representative questionnaire "Interethnic, ethno-confessional relations, language situation and migration processes in the Republic of Mordovia" conducted in 2022 and 2023, and a survey of experts "Ethnolanguage situation in the Republic of Mordovia" conducted in September 2023. Results and Discussion. The results of the study of the language preferences of the population allow stating the predominant demand for Russian-language media products among the majority of the respondents. The audience of television, radio broadcasts, and printed materials in Moksha, Erzya, and Tatar languages is a small proportion of the respondents of Mordovian/Tatar nationalities. The main reasons for the rejection of media in the Moksha and Erzya languages were the lack of knowledge of the languages and lack of interest in the content of media products in the Mordovian languages. It is revealed that the content of media resources in a minority language is mostly indifferent to the native speakers themselves, who make up the target audience. The largest proportion of the respondents who found it difficult to answer was also noted among Moksha and Erzya population. Conclusion. In order to attract the interest of a wider audience to the products of the republican media in the Mordovian/Tatar languages, it is advisable to conduct a marketing study of the preferences of consumers of media resources. It is necessary to change the concept of forming programs and broadcasts in the language of the indigenous peoples of the Republic, provide them with more rated airtime, and attract the readership with popular headings, collections or pages for various age groups, interesting and creative projects, continue broadcasting educational cycle programs that allow everyone to master Mordovian/Tatar language. It is advisable to expand the presence of national languages in the most popular Internet resources. At the same time, the content should not be formal or official. The materials of the article may be useful for researchers and government representatives interested in the problems of preserving, popularizing and promoting media resources in the languages of the titular ethnic groups.

Although ellipsis has been extensively researched in theoretical linguistics, the pragmatic applications of ellipsis in corporate interactions remain largely unexplored. While previous studies have empirically established that the omission of noun phrases (NPE) and verb phrases (VPE) serves to economise and facilitate communication and create a different interpretation for the recipient, little is known about the pragmatic functions of these elliptical constructions within a corporate context and how the pragmatics of NPE and VPE can help contribute to achieving the communicative goals. The current study seeks to identify the pragmatic value of NPE and VPE in corporate communication in order to see how they contribute to the efficiency of the discourse and its emotional intensity. The study captures both qualitative and quantitative data. Data were gathered from 312 transcripts obtained from corporate communications (negotiations, meetings, presentations). During the qualitative phase, discourse analysis was used to analyse the function of NPE and VPE in achieving communicative functions such as clarity, emphasis, and rhetorical effect. For the quantitative phase, measuring the frequency of occurrence and contextual usage of these constructions contributed to discerning patterns and functions in the use of NPE and VPE in corporate discourse. Across both the qualitative and quantitative phases, results indicated that NPE and VPE improved discourse efficiency by eliminating redundancies and narrowing focus on strategic elements for an audience. It was additionally shown that NPE improved the emphasis on important content by eliminating redundancies while the use of VPE conveyed urgency and immediacy across communicative contexts. The quantitative phase also illustrated NPE and VPE as easily replicable constructs and that their strategic use influences an audience’s emotional reaction. Additionally, the analysis showed NPE and VPE may contribute to recipient’s perception of confidence and authority regarding their communicative competency in a corporate setting. The study thus challenges the traditional view of ellipsis from linguistic theory to be understood as a tool of pragmatics, not only for its ability to reduce language, but to direct attention and interpretation. The final conclusion of the research is NPE and VPE have specific value in building improved strategies of corporate communication, creating clarity, and emphasising information of importance.

Introduction. The key step in agent-based modeling of epidemics, which allows researchers to take into account individual characteristics of people, is the creation of an artificial population. The main difficulty of this procedure is finding a balance between the detail of the population description and the computational efficiency of the calculations. The aim and objectives of the review: Critically analyze and summarize the current evidence on how to create artificial populations; evaluate the limitations and advantages of available approaches in solving various problems in epidemiology. Materials and methods. An analysis of literature sources devoted to agent-based modeling has been performed. The analysis is focused on algorithms for creating an artificial population with a given level of detail for modeling human respiratory infections. Results. The approaches to the creation of artificial populations are generalized. The main principles of realization of interaction between agents are revealed: by means of networks of contacts between agents and on the basis of taking into account the movement of agents between locations. The first approach is the most computationally efficient and simple; the second approach allows to better take into account the change in the behavior of agents during the development of the epidemic process. Conclusion. Agent-based modeling is an optimal tool for selecting the best scenario for epidemic control and investigating the role of individual characteristics of people in the development of epidemics. When creating an artificial population, it is important to include in the model factors that can be targeted for control. A significant limitation is the lack of factual data on population structure, but this can be overcome by using indirect data.

Abstract Background The previously underestimated effects of commensal gut microbiota on the human body are increasingly being investigated using omics. The discovery of active molecules of interaction between the microbiota and the host may be an important step towards elucidating the mechanisms of symbiosis. Results Here, we show that in the bloodstream of healthy people, there are over 900 peptides that are fragments of proteins from microorganisms which naturally inhabit human biotopes, including the intestinal microbiota. Absolute quantitation by multiple reaction monitoring has confirmed the presence of bacterial peptides in the blood plasma and serum in the range of approximately 0.1 nM to 1 μM. The abundance of microbiota peptides reaches its maximum about 5 h after a meal. Most of the peptides correlate with the bacterial composition of the small intestine and are likely obtained by hydrolysis of membrane proteins with trypsin, chymotrypsin and pepsin – the main proteases of the gastrointestinal tract. The peptides have physicochemical properties that likely allow them to selectively pass the intestinal mucosal barrier and resist fibrinolysis. Conclusions The proposed approach to the identification of microbiota peptides in the blood, after additional validation, may be useful for determining the microbiota composition of hard-to-reach intestinal areas and monitoring the permeability of the intestinal mucosal barrier.

BACKGROUND: Antiangiogenic treatment of diabetic macular edema is a first-line therapy in modern ophthalmology. Novel antiangiogenic drugs are increasingly being developed to improve treatment results and solve certain issues. However, owing to the advent of new drugs, more questions arise about their effect on the patient’s retina and other structures of the eye, such as the cornea. AIM: The study aimed to investigate the effect of intravitreal administration of the anti-VEGF drug brolucizumab on the corneal endothelium in patients with diabetic macular edema. METHODS: 106 patients (106 eyes) were included in the prospective study: 31 men and 75 women. The main group consisted of 56 patients (56 eyes) were included in the prospective study: 14 men and 42 women with different stages of diabetic retinopathy with diabetic macular edema, the average age of patients was 62.2±8.4 years. The average number of endothelial cells per 1 mm2 in these patients before the loading dose of brolucizumab was 2378.9±393.3 cl/mm2. The control group included 50 patients (50 eyes) without diabetes who did not receive intravitreal injections or any other surgical interventions on the examined eye for 1 year. All patients underwent endothelial microscopy using the Tomey EM-4000 endothelial microscope (REN 2017/6294), estimated: CD (the number of endothelial cells per 1 mm2); CCT (the central thickness of the cornea, microns); CV (the coefficient of variation, %); 6A (the proportion of hexagonal cells, %). All study participants received intravitreal injections of brolucizumab in a volume of 0.05 ml (5 injections with an interval of 6 weeks). RESULTS: In the main group before intravitreal injections, the indices of the central corneal thickness and the number of endothelial cells per 1 mm2 were 549.7±30.1 microns and 2378.9±393.3 cells/mm2, respectively. After a course of antiangiogenic diabetic macular edema therapy, the central thickness of the cornea was 548.2±30.6 microns, and the number of endothelial cells per 1 mm2 was 2382.3±424.9 cells/mm2. The indicators CV (coefficient of variability, %) and 6A (proportion of hexagonal cells, %) before the start of intravitreal injections were 36.9±5% and 46.8±6.3%, respectively, after the introduction of the loading dose drugs, the average values were 37.9±4.3% and 45.8±6.3%. Changes in all indicators were not static significant. CONCLUSION: The use of brolucizumab as therapy in patients with diabetic macular edema did not cause a negative effect on the cornea, there were no statistically significant changes in the central thickness of the cornea, the number of endothelial cells per 1 mm2, the coefficient of variation and the proportion of hexagonal cells.

BACKGROUND: According to statistics, microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus are registered in a third of patients during their lifetime, and diabetic retinopathy is the main cause of irreversible blindness in people of reproductive age. Changes in the vascular membrane of the eye in patients with diabetes mellitus are currently being studied as predictors of the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Further study of changes in the vascular membrane in pregnant women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes may help in identifying criteria for the manifestation and progression of diabetic microangiopathy. AIM: To develop a methodology for predicting the risk of diabetic retinopathy progression by analyzing the dynamics of the state of the vascular membrane of the ciliary body. METHODS: The study was conducted in each trimester of pregnancy. A pregnant patient with confirmed diabetes mellitus 1 or diabetes mellitus 2 underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examination, including visometry with maximally corrected visual acuity, tonometry, biomicroscopy of the anterior segment of the eye, ophthalmoscopy under conditions of drug-induced mydriasis (phenylephrine) with a high-diopter lens (78–90 D), and optical coherence tomography of the anterior and posterior eye segments. RESULTS: With an increase in the thickness of the vascular layer of the ciliary body by ≥10% at one or more points compared with the study conducted in the first trimester of pregnancy, the patients exhibited diabetic retinopathy progression during subsequent routine examinations. Quantitative analysis of the vascular layer of ciliary body revealed the transition of diabetic retinopathy to its next stage; however, photoregistration of the fundus did not show obvious signs of transformation into another stage of the disease. CONCLUSION: Dynamic examination of the thickness of the vascular layer of the ciliary body during gestation and its increase by 10% from the initial one enables prediction of progression of diabetic retinopathy to the next stage.

Aim. To evaluate the prognostic value of GDF-15 in relation the development of bleeding and events in stable CAD patients, receiving combined antithrombotic therapy. Materials and methods. The data was obtained from the prospective registry REGATA, 343 CAD patients (249 males), median age 68 [IQR 62; 75] years) were enrolled. Patients with sinus rhythm and concomitant PAD received acetylsalicylic acid in combination with rivaroxaban 2.5 mg bid (31.8%) or clopidogrel (24.8%). Other 43.4% with concomitant atrial fibrillation (AF) received direct oral anticoagulants in combination with antiplatelet therapy after elective percutaneous coronary interventions. Median follow-up was 12 months [IQR 9.0; 18.0]. The safety end point was major and clinically relevant bleedings (type 2–5) according to the BARC classification. Plasma samples for GDF-15 identification were taken at the inclusion and analyzed using ELISA assay. Results. Frequency of BARC 2–5 bleedings was 16% (BARC 2 – 46; BARC 3 – 9; BARC 4–5 – 0), median GDF-15 level was 1185.0 pg/ml [850.0; 1680.0]. In patients with AF and concomitant MFA, the level of GDF-15 was significantly higher than in the subgroups of patients with only AF or MFA (p=0.0022). According to the quintile analysis, GDF-15 values in the top three quintiles of distribution (cut-off value 943 pg/ml) were associated with higher frequency of bleeding events: 23.2% versus 5.1%; p=0.0001. The multivariable logistic regression model demonstrated that bleeding events were independently associated with GDF-15 level943 pg/ml (OR 2.65, 95% CI 1.11–6.30; p=0.0275), AF (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.41–4.83; p=0.0023) and chronic kidney disease (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.03–3.60; p=0.0401). Clinical factors determining the risk of bleeding events also determined a GDF-15 elevation. Conclusion. Assessment of GDF-15 level may improve bleeding risk stratification in CAD patients with concomitant AF and/or PAD receiving combined antithrombotic therapy.

In the process of the formation of the Tatar national dramatic art and the formation of the Tatar theatre, Russian and foreign classics played a significant role. The Tatar theatre turned to Western drama from the first years of its existence. Of the vast world dramatic heritage, the plays of Shakespeare, Schiller and Moliere have proven to be in particular demand. In terms of the number of appeals in this triad of the greats, Moliere is in third place, however, he is not inferior to the English and German playwrights in terms of importance for the development of the Tatar theatrical culture. Moliere stood at its origins; his plays were staged in three pre-revolutionary troupes “Sayar”, “Nur” and “Shirkat”. The French playwright made a significant influence on the formation of the comedy genre line of the young Tatar theatre. Moliere's plays remain on his posters to this day. The article examines the reception of Moliere's dramaturgy by the Tatar theatre at various stages of its development.

The article updated the problem of the formation of design and research skills in the process of university training of a physics teacher, due to the requirements for creating an end-to-end trajectory for the formation of research competencies. The subject of analysis is design and research skills that determine the educational results of preparing future teachers for research activities. The purpose of the study is to determine the content of the educational results of preparing future physics teachers for research activities and to develop a form for representing the end-to-end trajectory of the formation of design and research skills. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study was systemic, activity, competence and interdisciplinary approaches. Methods used: analysis, synthesis, generalization, concretization, classification. Results. Dedicated groups of educational results of training future teachers for research activities are presented in the form of design and research skills that underlie research activities. The basis for the allocation of groups was: the methodology of scientific research; technological basis of research activities; educational product design; checking its implementation in practice; professionally significant personal qualities of the teacher. Practical implications. The proposed form of presentation of the end-to-end trajectory of the formation of project and research skills in the form of a training module allows the selection of educational disciplines, special courses, including practices in the process of preparing the future teacher for research activities.

Introduction. Small and medium-sized businesses are a key engine of economic growth, especially in the context of the digitalization of the economy, where access to digital technologies and digital solutions is becoming increasingly important. The purpose of this study is to substantiate the directions of state support for small and medium-sized businesses, taking into account the specifics of the stages of economic growth in the conditions of digitalization of the economy. The development of small and medium-sized businesses goes through several stages, which can range from the creation of a new enterprise to its diversification and expansion. At the same time, each stage of growth requires an individual approach and special attention from the state. Methods. The research was carried out using a variety of general scientific methods, including a thorough analysis of the works of various authors, synthesis and comparison of information, the use of a system-functional and integrated approach. In addition, the study used data from official statistics, regulatory documents and the legislative framework of the Russian Federation and the DPR. The results of this study not only objectively reflect the theoretical data, but also systematize them for a better understanding. Results. In the course of this study, the dynamics of registered small and medium–sized businesses in the Russian Federation for 2020 – 2024 and new annexed territories – the DPR, LPR, Kherson and Zaporizhia regions for 2023 – 2024 were revealed; the laws of the Russian Federation and legislative acts of the regional level regulating the activities of SMEs were determined. The directions and types of support for SMEs of the DPR at different stages of economic growth. Conclusions. Thus, in the context of the digitalization of the economy, state support for SMEs should be justified and focused on the specifics of the stages of economic growth of this sector. It is necessary to include measures to ensure access to digital technologies, stimulate cooperation and cooperation, ensure financing and create a favorable investment climate.

Introduction. The professional well-being of preschool teachers is sufficiently understudied, and operational models of professional well-being have not yet been built. The aim of the study is to develop a model of professional well-being of preschool teachers and to assess the quality of this model through empirical testing. Materials and Methods. The study involved 818 teachers aged 19‒74 with work experience ranging from 3 months to 50 years. The data was collected with the Russian version of PERMA-Profiler (O. M. Isaeva, A. Yu. Akimova, E. N. Volkova, 2022), Questionnaire of Basic Needs in Work (E. N. Osin, D. D. Suchkov, T. O. Gordeeva, T. Yu. Ivanova, 2015), Questionnaire of Professional Motivation (E. N. Osin, et al., 2017), Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (D. A. Kutuzova, 2006), a short version of the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (A. A. Pankratova, D. S. Kornienko, D. V. Lyusin, 2022), and a short version of the Big Five (M. S. Egorova, O. V. Parshikova, 2016). The empirical data were collected online. Results. The three-component composition of the model of preschool teachers’ professional well-being was identified with structural equation modeling. The model includes general well-being, activity and personal components. High professional well-being is associated with high level of basic PERMA characteristics, subjective feeling of good health; satisfaction of basic needs for autonomy, competence, relatedness; autonomous types of motivation; job satisfaction; the energy and efficiency of the teacher; high agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to new experiences, extraversion and low neuroticism. The characteristics of a teacherʼs emotional intelligence were not included in the model. Discussion and Conclusion. The presented study contributes to the understanding of the structure and components of professional well-being of preschool teachers. The model of professional well-being can be used by the management of preschool educational institutions to develop and implement individual professional development programs, as well as to address issues of teacher retention in the organization.

Introduction. The issue of interaction between the government and the population has long been actively discussed in the scientific literature, since the degree of involvement of the population in the management of the region and the municipality shows the level of democracy of society. The government and the population are relatively independent communities with their own interests, which may not coincide, the alienation of the population from management generates corruption and dictatorship of the government. The scientific problem is the development of mechanisms for involving the population to participate in the management of the territory and strengthening the motivation of officials of regional and municipal authorities to interact with the population. One of the ways to solve this problem is to improve the mechanisms and forms of interaction. The purpose of the article is to investigate the extent of the spread of new forms of electronic interaction between the government and the population and to assess them. Materials and Methods. Analytical materials of research on the subject, key legal acts regulating the process of interaction between the government and the population were selected and summarized. The method of analyzing statistical data presented on the official websites of the Government of the Sverdlovsk Region and the Administration of the municipal formation of the city of Yekaterinburg was used. The indicators for 10 years (from 2013 to 2023) on the number of citizens’ appeals and their forms, as well as reports of the election commission of the Sverdlovsk region on remote voting, are analyzed. Results. The tendency of the predominance of electronic forms of interaction over written appeals and personal meetings of citizens with government representatives has been revealed. Electronic forms are replacing classical forms (voting in elections at polling stations) and are becoming an integral part of new processes such as proactive budgeting. Electronic forms facilitate the interaction process in terms of saving money and time, but at the same time they also generate new challenges (increasing formalism, susceptibility to technical failures, distrust of technology, etc.). Discussion and Conclusion. It is noted that the new forms of electronic interaction are a big step forward, the transition from the practice of simply informing the population to the direct involvement of citizens in the management and distribution of budgetary funds. Great expectations are placed on the new electronic forms; it is assumed that they will increase the activity of the population. However, along with the obvious advantages, they give rise to new problems that require further study and implementation in the practice of interaction between the authorities and the population.

Calculation method for ankle joint biomechanical characteristics is developed: gear relation, ankle joint rigidity, foot inertia moment. The basis of research is the experimental data on flexion-extension-rotation movement of ankle joint and foot walking reaction obtained in the laboratory of kinesiology and biomechanics of the Tartu University, Estonia. Conservation principles of angular momentum were used for foot inertia moments calculation. Angular momentum was calculated according to foot reaction and further estimation of reactive force impulse data. The free transfer dynamics method (FTD-method) was suggested that allowed assessing ankle joint rigidity. Ankle joint gear relation has been calculated for the first time. Foot inertia moments in reference to two ankle joint axes have been calculated on the basis of foot reaction experimental data and angular movement markers data. Experimental data in the phases of foot transfer with further foot movement modeling in this phases have been used in order to assess ankle joint rigidity. Practical relevance of this research is defined by the perspective of further researches and experiments, for example, with the usage of inertial sensors for personalized walk data assessment for patients with remote condition monitoring and information transfer to rehabilitation centers. The given assessments of angle joint rigidity are useful for biomechatronic systems engineering.

A linguistic personality is capable of transforming consciously and unconsciously under the influence of a number of factors and it can change qualitatively, including turning from a strong and average into a weak linguistic personality, moving to a lower, presystemic semantic-structural level. Among such factors, various influences in religious organizations play an important role. The relevance of the proposed article on the one hand, is due to the active use of “speaking in tongues” by believers in a number of religious organizations, and on the other hand, to the lack of an unambiguous understanding of this phenomenon and its impact on people, the lack of linguistic studies of such speaking. The purpose of the research conducted in the article is to identify the essence, goals and consequences of such a phenomenon as “speaking in tongues”, which is practiced in particular by adherents of the Pentecostal religious organization “Bethany” and compare these parameters with what is promoted. There is a reason to imply some difference between the interpretations. The definition of the so called “angelic languages”, which the Bethanyians consider to be real, serving communication, leads to the conclusion that its use puts a person into a trance, plunges into an altered state of consciousness, deprives the ability to reflect. This is indicated by certain lexical and syntactic means found in the statements of Pentecostals, including adherents of Bethany, analysis of videos and texts posted on the websites of these religious organizations. The article examines the religious origins “speaking in tongues”, modern interpretations of this phenomenon by believers, reveals the distortion of the concept of “speaking in tongues” by Pentecostals and adherents of Bethany, unfolds the means of manipulating believers in explaining the phenomenon of glossolalia (e.g., interpretation of religious texts, manipulation of numbers, affecting the emotions and feelings of believers, sometimes odd explanations). Subsequently, the authors come to the conclusion that in some cases Bethany representatives deliberately build their speech communication to immerse the flock as often as possible in a state of altered consciousness, affect, ecstasy, when a person renounces reality, becomes unable to answer for his words and actions. Then people might become vulnerable to the necessary suggestion.

Aim. Evaluation and correction of local antimicrobial protection factors in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM 2) and chronic recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (rVVC). Materials and methods. The study involved 100 women undergoing outpatient follow-up at the age of 40.9±5.8 years, with a body mass index of 29.8±3.5. The period was 2022–2023. The examination included anamnesis, collection of anthropometric data, calculation of body weight, microscopic examination of smears from the cervical canal and vagina, Gram-stained before treatment, in the 1st and 3rd months after its completion, identification pathogenic microorganisms using PCR, colposcopy, ultrasound of the pelvic organs. Indicators of glycosylated hemoglobin in the subjects at the control points of the study: at 1 month the average values were 5.9±2.9%, at 3 months – 5.9±3.0%, the average value was 5.9±3.1%. Candida species were identified by the bacteriological method using Sabouraud dextrose agar (growth of colonies of fungi of the genus Candida in an amount of more than 103 CFU/ml). Immunological methods for studying antimicrobial protection factors included studying the number of neutrophil granulocytes (NG) on the surface of the mucous membranes of the vulva and vagina, their phagocytic and NBT-reducing activity in a latex test. Randomization of patients into groups: group 1 included 50 (50%) women with DM 2 who, as part of complex therapy for rVVC received the drug Genferon® 1 intravaginal suppository of 500 thousand units 2 times a day for 10 days and fluconazole 150 mg orally three times with an interval of 72 hours at the first stage of treatment; group 2 included 50 (50%) women who received therapy with fluconazole 150 mg three times with an interval of 72 hours. The maintenance anti-relapse course therapy in both groups included the use of fluconazole 150 mg once a week for 6 months. In group 1st anti-relapse therapy was supplemented by the administration of the drug Genferon® 1 intravaginal suppository of 500 thousand units at night 3 times a week for 3 months, after which the vaginal microbiota was corrected for 2 weeks using vaginal suppositories, containing Lactobacillus acidophilus in an amount of at least 108 CFU. In group 2nd, basic anti-relapse antimycotic therapy was not accompanied by the prescription of any immunomodulatory or probiotic drugs. Results. The etiological agents of rVVC in women of late reproductive age in 79% (n=79) и 28% (n=28), respectively, were C. albicans and C. glabrata, which during the period of acute of the disease were detected by culture in the vaginal discharge at more than 104 CFU/ml. Chronic recurrent course of vulvovaginal candidiasis in women with DM 2 was characterized by exacerbations 4 or more times a year, accompanied by the corresponding clinical picture: white or yellowish-white cheesy discharge from the genital tract, itching or burning in the anogenital area, discomfort in the external genital area, dyspareunia, dysuria, decreased phagocytic activity of NG in vaginal secretions by 25.8%, impairment of their spontaneous and latex-induced NBT-reducing activity by 35.2%, functional reserve by 23.0% relative to reference values. The use of the drug Genferon® as part of complex therapy for rVVC contributed to a decrease in the number of Candida spp. in 1st and 3d months of observation after completion of anti-relapse therapy, normalization of cellular factors of innate immunity of the mucous membranes, faster resolution of the clinical manifestations of an episode of the disease. The decrease in the number of relapses over a 12-month observation period compared to the control group was also facilitated by an increase in the protective properties of the vaginal mucosa due to the restoration of the vaginal microbiota with the help of lactobacilli acidophilus. Conclusion. The etiological agents of rVVC in women of late reproductive age are C. albicans and C. glabrata. Subcompensated DM 2 is a risk factor for rVVC, which requires additional monitoring of microbiological parameters of the vaginal microbiota. rVVC in women with DM 2 is associated with an increase in the number of NG in the vaginal secretion, a decrease in their phagocytic activity and functional reserve compared to the reference values. Combination therapy of rVVC with topical recombinant interferon α2b, benzocaine and taurine in the formulation of Genferon® (suppositories) is an effective method to improve the clinical and immunological efficacy of therapy.

Aim To evaluate the safety and toxicity of lenvatinib with pembrolizumab in unselected patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Materials and methods. The Russian phase IV observational study included 151 patients with advanced RCC who received lenvatinib with pembrolizumab in a standard dose regimen in 36 clinical centers of the Russian Federation. Most patients were diagnosed with clear cell RCC (n=145, 96.0%), with synchronous (n=77,51.0%) metastasesof more than one location (n=111,73.5%), removed primary tumor (n=98, 64.9%) and were classified into intermediate and poor IMDC prognostic groups (n=111, 73.5%). Median follow-up was 9.6 (1—68) months. Results. Any adverse events (AEs) were noted in 109 (72.2%), grade ≥3 AEs-in 26 (17.2%), serious AEs-in 9 (6.0%) of 151 patients. There were no deaths caused by AEs. AEs were an indication for lenvatinib dose reduction in 32 (21.2%), a dose interruptions in lenvatinib treatment in 21 (13.9%), and lenvatinib discontinuation in 2 (1.3%) cases. A dose interruptions in pembrolizumab therapy due to AEs was necessary in 15 (9.9%) cases. Both combination drugs were discontinued due to toxicity in 10 (6.6%) cases. AEs were assessed as immune-mediated in 24 (15.9%) patients (grade 3-4 - n=7, 4.6%) and required the prescription of high doses of glucocorticosteroids in 2 (1.3%) patients. Conclusions. A Russian observational study confirmed the acceptable safety profile of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab therapy in patients with advanced RCC.

Stimulus-sensitive polymers are of great interest due to their unusual properties in solution and diverse applications. Copolymers with different groups (hydrophilic, hydrophobic and ionizable) are typical stimulus-sensitive polymers, and varying the copolymer composition allows the pH and thermal sensitivity to be adjusted for a particular application. We found that complexes of polymeric acids with short methylated polyamines having trimethylene insertions between amine groups exhibit stimulus-sensitive properties in aqueous media at moderate pH and temperature. The position of the lower critical temperature of the solution depends on the ratio of polyacid to polyamine and on the pH. The complex of poly(acrylic acid) and pentaamine was found to be electrosensitive: exposure to an electric field with reversible polarity (8 Hz) led to precipitation of the polymer. These binary stimulus-sensitive compositions consist of two simple substances and are a promising alternative to copolymer-based systems, since the adjustment of properties does not require the synthesis of new substances and expensive toxicological studies in the case of biomedical applications.

Hard carbons (HC) have been synthesized from D-glucose and pectin via a hydrothermal technique and pyrolized at 1200°C, 1400°C and 1600°C. Their structural evolution depending on the pyrolysis temperature was investigated with X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy with additional characterization with scanning and transmission electron microscopy and gas adsorption/desorption measurements. More ordered and uniform structures were obtained at higher pyrolysis temperature. Correlations of the HC structure with the electrochemical properties as a negative electrode (anode) in potassium half-cells and interaction mechanism of K+ ions with HC were analyzed and discussed. The prevalence of pseudocapacitive contribution for K-ion interaction with HC was deduced from cyclic voltammograms. The hydrothermally pre-treated HC anodes annealed at higher temperature demonstrate less pseudocapacitive and more pronounced diffusion-controlled behavior causing a capacity decrease with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 277 mAh/g (1200°C) to 243 mAh/g (1400°C) and to 153 mAh/g (1600°C).

Occupational pulmonary diseases (OPDs) pose a significant global health challenge, contributing to high mortality rates. This review delves into the pathophysiology of hypoxia and the safety of intermittent hypoxic conditioning (IHC) in OPD patients. By examining sources such as PubMed, Relemed, NLM, Scopus, and Google Scholar, the review evaluates the efficacy of IHC in clinical outcomes for OPD patients. It highlights the complexities of cardiovascular and respiratory regulation dysfunctions in OPDs, focusing on respiratory control abnormalities and the impact of intermittent hypoxic exposures. Key areas include the physiological effects of hypoxia, the role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in occupational lung diseases, and the links between brain ischemia, stroke, and OPDs. The review also explores the interaction between intermittent hypoxic exposures, mitochondrial energetics, and lung physiology. The potential of IHE to improve clinical manifestations and underlying pathophysiology in OPD patients is thoroughly examined. This comprehensive analysis aims to benefit molecular pathologists, pulmonologists, clinicians, and physicians by enhancing understanding of IHE's clinical benefits, from research to patient care, and improving clinical outcomes for OPD patients.

Background. Psoriasis and vitiligo are chronic, relatively common dermatological diseases. Meanwhile, their combination in children is rare. The combination of psoriasis and vitiligo in a child with Sotos syndrome has not been previously described. Clinical case description. The boy, 10 years old, was hospitalized with complaints (according to his mother) of rashes on the scalp, body, and limbs, with mild itching that was not related to the time of day. The pathological skin process was widespread. The patient was hyperactive, restless, emotionally labile, irritable. Complaints of rashes was mentioned firstly at the age of 7. Sotos syndrome was established at the age of 8 (variant c.6559C>T (p.Arg2187Ter) in 23 exon of the NSD1 gene (5q35.3), autosomal dominant type of inheritance (pathological allele de novo)). Psoriasis vulgaris was diagnosed with secondary vitiligo (localized form) at the age of 8.5 years. Symptomatic antipruritic and external pathogenetic therapy was performed in the hospital. Phototherapy was not prescribed due to the relative contradiction (small retrocerebral cyst) and the peculiarities of major disease (hyperactivity, restlessness) that complicated to place the child in the phototherapy booth. Positive dynamics was noted during the treatment (14 days): no itching, decrease of peeling severity, flattening and blanching of psoriatic rash elements to spots of post-inflammatory hypopigmentation. The lesion (focus of depigmentation) on the right knee joint skin remained unchanged. The patient was discharged to outpatient care. The prognosis for Sotos syndrome and skin lesions is favorable. Conclusion. The first medical observation of the child with Sotos syndrome burdened with psoriasis and vitiligo is presented. The pathogenetic correlation of these diseases is not clearly defined. Management of such cases requires the joint collaboration of dermatologists, geneticists and pediatricians.

The topic of epidemiologic surveillance is one of the basic concepts in the theory and practice of epidemiologic science. In Russia, generalization of the accumulated factual material and theoretical developments have allowed us to formulate a number of provisions on the nature of the epidemic process. The pandemic of a new coronavirus infection has forced adjustments in all spheres of society, including the activities of the infectious disease epidemiological surveillance system, requiring the development and implementation of innovative solutions. Based on the experience of prompt response to the tasks set by the COVID-19 pandemic, the authors raised the problem of development and implementation of a system of molecular genetic monitoring for pathogens of emerging and re-emerging infections as a priority vector of epidemiological surveillance development. The introduction of modern molecular biological technologies for the identification of pathogens with epidemic potential, taking into account their genetic diversity, into the system of epidemiologic surveillance has been substantiated based on the experience of using platform solutions created by the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor. The strategy of genomic epidemiologic surveillance as a powerful tool to ensure readiness for response measures and management of the epidemic process by implementing and adjusting preventive and anti-epidemic measures was developed. The Russian platform for aggregation of information on virus genomes (VGARus) developed at the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor as a technological, scientific, organizational and infrastructural base of genomic epidemiological surveillance, acting as an interdepartmental consortium, has been introduced into practice. The efficiency of VGARus was shown to assess the mutational variability of SARS-CoV-2, the influence of evolutionary development of circulating pathogens on the characteristics of the epidemic process, the implementation of operational and retrospective analysis of morbidity and prediction of the spread of genetic variants of pathogens.

Atypical antipsychotics (novell atypical generation antipsychotics) have entered clinical practice recently, but despite this, they have already managed to occupy one of the leading positions in modern therapy of mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. It is known that treatment with antipsychotics of both generations is associated with a number of side effects. When using atypical antipsychotics, metabolic disorders, including carbohydrate metabolism, occupy a leading place. A number of scientific studies, the analysis of which we are conducting in this review, describe the mechanisms of development of such changes in glucose homeostasis as hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in patients receiving therapy with second-generation antipsychotics (atypical). Another proven side effect is an increase in appetite and an increase in body weight. It is obvious that such metabolic changes have the potential to lead to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the long term. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the use of atypical antipsychotics is not always among the causes of drug-induced diabetes mellitus. In this regard, not all internists, endocrinologists, general practitioners, and sometimes even psychiatrists consider patients receiving treatment with these drugs to be at increased risk. Consequently, primary and secondary prevention of diabetes mellitus among such patients may not be carried out or may be insufficient. In this review, through meta-analysis, we summarized data on the effect of the main representatives of atypical antipsychotics on the possibility of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, and also examined in more depth the pathogenesis of carbohydrate metabolism disorders in patients receiving therapy with these drugs.

This article presents the information on the valorization of waste generated during the production of tissue paper. The possibility of bioconversion of the polysaccharide part of paper sludge into simple sugars has been evaluated. The options for processing the paper sludge before enzymic hydrolysis to achieve the maximum yield of monosaccharides have been considered. Pretreatment with acids has been found to be a key step before the biocatalytic cleavage of waste polysaccharides. An additional yield of enzymic hydrolysis products after pretreatment with acids has been obtained by pre-extraction of the paper sludge with spirit or acetone. It has been established that the most intense enzymic hydrolysis of readily available fractions of the paper sludge takes place in the first 10–12 hours. Further, the process slows down, probably due to the action of the remaining components of the fillers, as well as an increase in the proportion of the difficult-to-hydrolyze polysaccharide part. In all cases, the proportion of absolutely dry non-hydrolyzed residue has been about 43±2 % of the dry matter of the paper sludge. The main products of enzymic hydrolysis have been glucose and xylose. The resulting sugars have been used for mixotrophic cultivation of the Tetradesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris algae. Yeast strains have been selected for the conversion of monosaccharides from the paper sludge. In a series of experiments on non-sterile yeast cultivation, the Candida utilis PAL D and Debaryomyces hansenii SWING R cultures have turned out to be the most productive (within 2.10±0.14 g of air-dry yeast weight/dm3 per 24 hours). The degree of conversion of hydrolysate sugars has been 70±2 %. Most of the remaining sugars (about 80 %) have been represented by xylose. Complete utilization of the sugars has taken place on the 2nd day when having added an extra nitrogen source to the medium. On the other hand, the spent nutrient medium after yeast separation has been suitable for mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae. It has been revealed that the economic costs of pre-treatment of the paper sludge with nitric acid can be leveled by using the resulting salts as a nitrogen source for cultivating yeast. In doing so, the yield of yeast biomass increases by almost 2 times.

Background. Prior to the introduction of new agents — immune checkpoint inhibitors — for inoperable and/or metastatic melanoma (IMM), chemotherapy outcomes were generally poor. The median (Me) overall survival (OS) in IMM was no more than 6-9 months, and the Me of progression-free survival (PFS) was about 2 months. The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapy changed the prognosis for the life of IMM patients dramatically. The development, studies, and approval of a new original PD-1 inhibitor, prolgolimab, in Russia in 2020 prompted the professional community to conduct a prospective observational study in the Russian Federation to assess its real-world efficacy and safety. Aim To evaluate the real-world efficacy and safety of prolgolimab in patients with IMM. Materials and methods. From October 2020 to October 2022, 700 patients with IMM receiving prolgolimab in real clinical settings in oncological institutions of various levels in the Russian Federation were included in the study. The main inclusion criteria were: pathology-confirmed diagnosis of melanoma; metastatic and/or inoperable type; use of prolgolimab outside of clinical trials; and signed informed consent. Objective response rate in the general population and the Intention-to-treat and Per Protocol populations was considered the main criterion for evaluating the efficacy of therapy, and the safety criterion was the incidence of grade 3-4 adverse events (AEs). PFS and OS rates were also assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 25.0 software package. Results. The objective response rate for the Per Protocol population (with radiographic assessment available) was 42% (n=235/559). Disease progression was reported in 26.7% (n=149) of patients, stabilization in 31.3% (n=175), and disease control in 73.3% of patients with IMM, regardless of the line of therapy. At the follow-up Me of 12 months (0-36), PFS for all patients regardless of the line of therapy was 8 months (95% confidence interval [Cl] 6.537-9.463), 6-month PFS was 55%, and 12-month PFS was 41%. OS Me for all included patients was 32 months, 6-month OS was 82%, and 12-month OS was 69%. Depending on the line of therapy, the OS Me was: line 1 - not reached, line 2-30 months (95% Cl 16.007-43.993), line 3 and subsequent- 22 months (95% Cl 14.264-29.736); p=0.736. According to the CTCAE 5.0 general terminology criteria for AEs, a total of 136/693 (19.6%) AEs of varying degrees were reported, in particular: grade 1-2 - 105/693 (15.2%), grade 3-4 - 25/693 (3.6%), unknown grade - 5/693 (0.7%), as well as one fatal case (0.1%) due to thromboembolism in the vascular center with an unclear (according to the investigator's assessment) relation with prolgolimab. Conclusion The results obtained at 12 months of follow-up confirm the high efficacy and satisfactory tolerability of prolgolimab in patients with IMM in real-world practice, regardless of the line of therapy and other characteristics.

The article discusses information security in the system of an industrial enterprise. Attention is focused on the need to implement a continuous information security process to protect all information assets from leaks, theft and unauthorized disclosure, the main provisions of information security management standards are analyzed. Objective: To optimize the methods of software protection of modern industrial enterprises, as well as to reduce threats and vulnerabilities related to information security at enterprises. Method or methodology of the work: In the process of investigating the problem, analytical methods of analysis were used. Results: The need to use ISO/IEC 27001 standards and the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) model at industrial enterprises of high-tech sectors of the economy in order to reduce threats and losses of information security, identify critical factors that negatively affect business processes and the enterprises themselves. Practical implications: The results obtained can be used as a theoretical basis for existing assessments of information security tools and automated security systems at high-tech industrial enterprises in modern economic conditions.

The paper considers the results of studying of wetland ecosystems within the boundaries of the “Shantar Islands” National Park in 2016–2018. The characteristics of peat deposits in main bog areas that developed over the Holocene on the surfaces dating back to the Late Pleistocene are described. The features of waterlogging in the flattened watersheds of the Bolshoy Shantar Island in different periods of the evolution of studied peat bogs are considered on the basis of the results of botanical, palynological and radiocarbon analyzes. The settlement of green mosses among areas sparsely vegetated by shrub-sedge communities in small closed depression with a melting substrate during the growth season was determined as the initial centers of waterlogging on the archipelago. The regressive effect of cryogenic processes on the formation of specific organogenic landforms in oligotrophic bogs of the permafrost zone of the southwestern Okhotsk Sea Region has been identified by analyzing cartographic materials, Earth remote sensing data of medium and high spatial resolution (Landsat 8, Sentinel-2), as well as aerial images taken by DJI Phantom 4 UAV. There is a relationship between the thickness of the peat deposit, the natural and climatic circumstances of different Holocene stages, and successional changes in bog vegetation. These shifts' chronometric parameters and order have been established. The order and chronologic parameters of these shifts have been determined. In contrast to the mainland, the transgression of the sea and the confinement of the archipelago to the cryolithic zone of eastern Eurasia were the main factors that defined the features of the development of island swamp phytocenoses and surrounding vegetation.

The study presents the results of a study of the fragments of the journalistic conceptual worldview. This phenomenon is gradually emerging in the minds of future journalists in course of their studies at Russian universities. The key position in the work is occupied by the concept of FREEDOM. This concept was analyzed for its structural and semantic content. The relevance of the study is due to the continuously ongoing transformations in the world and the media. Such changes inevitably affect the worldview of future specialists and their ideas about the basic value for this profession - freedom . The purpose of the work is to determine the linguistic content of the concept under consideration by highlighting and analyzing its elements of the nuclear, near-nuclear and peripheral zones. The study is based on an associative experiment using a cinquain technique. The associative questionnaire made it possible to select and analyze from the point of view of semantic content the most frequent representing the concept of FREEDOM in the journalistic worldview of foreign students. The experiment was attended by the 3rd-4th year foreign students-journalists studying in RUDN University. As a result, it was concluded that the concept in question appears in the minds of foreign students studying journalism at Russian universities, primarily as a basic value associated with life and happiness, and not as a professional term fixed in dictionaries.

The article presents a scientometric analysis of publications on citizen science, i.e., conducted with the participation of non-professional scientists, posted on the portal of the journal Nature, in order to identify the main directions and thematic trends in the field of citizen science over the last 5 years. The article identifies the key thematic clusters to which the reviewed publications belong, and analyses the thematic trends in each of the presented clusters. The search was carried out in English among the publications posted on the portal in the period from 2019 to 2023. The result is presented using computer visualisation and a table of key topics of the reviewed publications; in the future it is planned to expand the study and build a thematic map and scheme of key trends both abroad and in Russia. The analysis shows that the key topics in which volunteer researchers have been involved over the last 5 years have been environmental protection and conservation, publications on biodiversity and climate change, and data analysis in ecology. The authors note a widespread and growing interest in finding scientific volunteers to conduct research, as well as the growing role of volunteer researchers. The participation of non-professional scientists encourages a shift towards interdisciplinary research and promotes the use of different research methodologies. There are trends in the transformation of the role of volunteer researchers from the status of ordinary field researchers to full-fledged participants in research work.

Introduction. Recent environmental concerns over global warming and climate change together with the calls for sustainable development highlighted the importance of sustainable education aimed at preparing the new generations to come for the universal challenges facing humanity. All of that has been reinforced by the recent COVID-19 pandemic that brought about the digital surge in education. The interest in the topic of sustainable education can be demonstrated by the surge of research publications on this topic indexed in the Web of Science database from merely 22 in 1991 to 4055 in 2022. The main goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of scholarly sources related to sustainable education in higher education institutions and the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods. The authors analyzed the vast body of recent research literature on sustainable education and conducted a field review. In total, 1115 results for the keywords “sustainable education” and “COVID-19” have been retrieved from the WoS database and subjected to the network analysis using VOSViewer software for identifying dominant trends, interconnectedness, and network visualization in the intersectoral research. Results. It was found that there has been s a significant increase in interest for sustainable education during the pandemic in the research literature, highlighting the shift in educational focus. Five main thematic clusters of research have been identified, such as university student teaching, health policy services, economic impacts, Sustainable Development Goals, or higher education, with a strong emphasis on the student experience and institutional responses. Additionally, the interdisciplinary nature of research in this area has been proved, covering health, technology, economics, and social policies. It has been confirmed that these recent changes in sustainable education in higher education emphasize the need for multifaceted approaches to address the challenges posed by the pandemic on education sustainability. Discussion and Conclusion. The challenges posed by the COVID-10 pandemic have made it increasingly clear that the higher education sector must go digital to succeed in a post-COVID world. Universities around the world must be prepared for future changes in industry, or they risk being left behind in an ever-changing landscape. The findings stemming from this study can be useful to ministries of education, various authorities and stakeholders, as well as to universities and higher education institutions themselves, both public and private, in the need to implement new approaches at all levels new bottom-up and on-the-ground approaches.

Introduction. The vertical route of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission is a significant problem in African countries, which is characterized by late diagnosis of the disease and high mortality. The high prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Africa may be due to variability in the HBV preCore/Core region, mutations in which contribute to disease progression. Molecular genetic characterization of strains circulating among pregnant women may reflect the overall mutational profile of the pathogen in the population. The objective of this study was to analyze the variability of the HBV preCore/Core region circulating among pregnant women in the Republic of Guinea. Materials and methods. The study material included 480 plasma samples obtained from HBV-positive pregnant women from the Republic of Guinea. For all samples, the nucleotide sequences of the preCore/Core region of the HBV genome were sequenced and analyzed. Results. Amino acid variability in the preCore region was determined in 211 (43.96%), and in the Core region in 473 (98.54%) patients. 12 polymorphic sites of the preCore region were identified in which amino acid substitutions occurred, including 8, 2 and 5 positions identified for genotypes E, A and D, respectively. In the Core region, 67 substitution positions were identified, including 46 in samples of genotype E, 23 in HBV genotype A and 26 in genotype D. It was shown that the distribution of substitutions in the preCore and Core regions in HBV genotypes E, A and D differs significantly with a predominance in mutations among HBV genotype E — p 0.0001. Individual characteristic mutations have been identified for each genotype. The most common clinically significant mutations in the preCore/Core region in the study group were identified, including pc-H5D (27,08%), pc-W28* (35,21%), c-E64D (33,54%), c-L116I/V/G (91,46 %), c-T146N (73,13%). The double mutation A1762T/G1764A in the basal core promoter was shown in 74 samples of HBV genotype E, which accounted for 15.42% of the total group and 16.59% of patients with HBV genotype E. Conclusion. The frequency of clinically significant preCore/Core mutations among pregnant women in the Republic of Guinea was determined. The data obtained reflect their prevalence in the general population and can be used to predict the progression of chronic HBV among the region's population.

Benign and malignant formations of the nose and paranasal sinuses in the early stages of development are asymptomatic or manifest minor nonspecific signs, and therefore often remain unrecognized. Hamartoma is a tumor-like formation of a dysembriological nature, consisting of excessive tissues peculiar to the affected organ. Due to the rarity of the occurrence of hamartomas of the sinonasal region, especially in pediatric practice, their diagnosis may present certain difficulties, since they can mimic other formations, such as nasal polyps or inverted papilloma, may occur as an isolated formation in the nasal cavity, or in combination with chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyposis, allergic rhinosinusitis. Aim – to report a rare clinical case in pediatric practice of respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma associated with allergic rhinosinusitis and polyposis, display the relationship between the occurrence of respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma and chronic inflammation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, to carry out differential diagnosis with other exophytic aggressive lesions of the nasal cavity, combine and summarize available data on sinonasal hamartomas. The article describes a clinical case of respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma in a 17-year-old child with a previous 4-year follow-up with nasal cavity polyposis and a history of repeated polypotomy. The results of endoscopy and computed tomography of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, the results of surgical intervention, as well as the conclusions of a histological examination of the tumor removed from the patient are presented. The authors analyzed the domestic and foreign literature, on the basis of which they presented a differential series of sinonasal hamartomas. Respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma is a rare pathological formation of the sinonasal region, which manifests itself as an isolated polypoid mass in the nasal cavity or as an accidental surgical finding in patients with chronic sinusitis. The association with nasal polyps supports the hypothesis that inflammation may be one of the inducing factors. Respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma, although rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of exophytic lesions of the nasal cavity. The tactics of treatment involves endoscopic removal of the formation within healthy tissues, which provides good long-term results, relapses are extremely rare.

Summary: Antimicrobial resistance poses a serious threat to global public health. The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the need to monitor the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes and understand the mechanisms driving this process. In this study, we analyzed changes to the oropharyngeal and fecal resistomes of patients with COVID-19 undergoing therapy in a hospital setting. A targeted sequencing panel of 4,937 resistance genes was used to comprehensively characterize resistomes. Our results demonstrated that the oropharyngeal resistome is homogeneous, showing low variability over time. In contrast, fecal samples clustered into two distinct resistotypes that were only partially related to enterotypes. Approximately half of the patients changed their resistotype within a week of therapy, with the majority transitioning to a less diverse and ermB-dominated resistotype 2. Common macrolide resistance genes were identified in over 80% of both oropharyngeal and fecal samples, likely originating from streptococci. Our findings suggest that the fecal resistome is a dynamic system that can exist in certain “states” and is capable of transitioning from one state to another. To date, this is the first study to comprehensively describe the oropharyngeal resistome and its variability over time, and one of the first studies to demonstrate the temporal dynamics of the fecal resistotypes.

The invasive North American leaf-mining moth Coptodisca lucifluella (Clemens, 1860) (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae) is reported for the first time in Russia and Abkhazia based on findings of the leaf mines on Carya illinoinensis, Car. tomentosa, Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Juglans regia, and J. nigra in Sochi, Sirius, Crimea, and Abkhazian settlements in 2023 and 2024. The species was identified by DNA barcoding of two larvae dissected from the leaf mines and by morphology of adults grown from the leaf mines in 2024. The analysis of DNA barcoding data of the Russian and Abkhazian specimens together with those from Europe (invaded range) and North America (native range), publicly available in BOLD and/or GenBank, defined relatively low (1.45%) intraspecific variability. High interspecific divergence (over 9%) was detected when comparing C. lucifluella with another invasive North American heliozelid, C. juglandiella, currently spreading in Europe but not yet recorded in Russia and Abkhazia. The leaf mines of C. lucifluella (Chambers, 1874) were notably abundant on the North American pecan, Car. illinoinensis, widely cultivated in orchards and urban area in Southern Russia and Abkhazia. Around 162±23 mines (maximal of 216 mines) and 182±30 mines (maximal of 269 mines) per a compound leaf were documented in Sochi (Russia) and Gulrypsh District (Abkhazia), respectively. In Abkhazia, up to 35% parasitism rate was recorded, with unidentified Eulophidae as a main cause. The overview of the modern range of C. lucifluella and the note on its bionomics in the studied localities are provided. Furthermore, the potential of the species spread in Russia and beyond (in particular to Caucasus and Asian countries) is discussed.

Relevance. Nowadays water treatment technologies are universal. They consist of modules, the sequence of which may vary in the treatment scheme. It depends on the source of water supply and the purposes of treatment. The sorption purification stage is used in technology very oftеn. Sorption is used as the main stage of water treatment for treating wastewater. Also it is used as a post-treatment stage to obtain drinking water from natural sources. Stability of operation at different water temperatures, low cost, mechanical strength, possibility of regenerating sorbents and ease of use make the problem of modifying existing sorbents urgent to increase their selectivity and sorption capacity. Aim. To investigate the adsorption mechanism and sorption capabilities of the sorbent obtained by modifying AlOOH with silver ions in relation to inorganic ions and organic substances. Methods. X-ray phase analysis, method of thermal desorption of nitrogen, photocolorimetry, transmission electron microscopy. Results and conclusions. The sorbent was obtained by modifying aluminum oxyhydroxide with silver ions in a solution of silver nitrate with a silver ion concentration of 0.22 wt %. The physicochemical properties of the resulting sorbent were studied by X-ray phase analysis, transmission electron microscopy and the method of thermal desorption of nitrogen. The authors have determined phase composition and specific surface area as well as sorption kinetic parameters. They obtained sorption isotherms of inorganic ions and organic substances on aluminum oxyhydroxide modified with silver ions. Sorption isotherms were processed in Langmuir and Freundlich coordinates. The study showed that the resulting sorbent can be used in groundwater treatment technologies characterized by increased concentrations of organic substances.

Cancer is unquestionably a global healthcare challenge, spurring the exporation of novel treatment approaches. In recent years, nanomaterials have garnered significant interest with the greatest hopes for targeted nanoformulations due to their cell-specific delivery, improved therapeutic efficacy, and reduced systemic toxicity for the organism. The problem of successful clinical translation of nanoparticles may be related to the fact that most in vitro tests are performed at pH values of normal cells and tissues, ranging from 7.2 to 7.4. The extracellular pH values of tumors are characterized by a shift to a more acidic region in the range of 5.6–7.0 and represent a crucial target for enhancing nanoparticle delivery to cancer cells. Here we show the method of non-active protein incorporation into the surface of HER2-targeted nanoparticles to achieve optimal cellular uptake within the pH range of the tumor microenvironment. The method efficacy was confirmed in vitro and in vivo showing the maximum binding of nanoparticles to cells at a pH value 6.4. Namely, fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles, modified with HER2-recognising affibody ZHER2:342, with proven specificity in terms of HER2 recognition (with 62-fold higher cellular uptake compared to control nanoparticles) were designed for targeting cancer cells at slightly acidic pH values. The stabilizing protein, namely, bovine serum albumin, one of the major blood components with widespread availability and biocompatibility, was used for the decoration of the nanoparticle surface to alter the pH response of the targeting magnetic conjugates. The optimally designed nanoparticles showed a bell-shaped dependency of interaction with cancer cells in the pH range of 5.6–8.0 with maximum cellular uptake at pH value 6.4 close to that of the tumor microenvironment. In vivo experiments revealed that after i.v. administration, BSA-decorated nanoparticles exhibited 2 times higher accumulation in tumors compared to magnetic nanoparticles modified with affibody only. Thus, we demonstrated a valid method for enhancing the specificity of targeted nanoparticle delivery to cancer cells without changing the functional components of nanoparticles.

Loxosceles spp. spiders can cause serious public health issues. Chemical control is commonly used, leading to health and environmental problems. Identifying molecular targets and using them with natural compounds can help develop safer and eco-friendlier biopesticides. We studied the kinetics and predicted structural characteristics of arginine kinase (EC 2.7.3.3) from Loxosceles laeta (LlAK), a key enzyme in the energy metabolism of these organisms. Additionally, we explored (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a green tea flavonoid, as a potential lead compound for the LlAK active site through fluorescence and in silico analysis, such as molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and MM/PBSA analyses. The results indicate that LlAK is a highly efficient enzyme (KmArg 0.14 mM, KmATP 0.98 mM, kcat 93 s−1, kcat/KmArg 630 s−1 mM−1, kcat/KmATP 94 s−1 mM−1), which correlates with its structure similarity to others AKs (such as Litopenaeus vannamei, Polybetes pythagoricus, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus) and might be related to its important function in the spider's energetic metabolism. Furthermore, the MD and MM/PBSA analysis suggests that EGCG interacted with LlAK, specifically at ATP/ADP binding site (RMSD

Relevance. Currently, the rational and economical use of petroleum products is of particular importance. This applies, among other things, to all known types of oils. Waste oils entering the natural environment are only partially neutralized as a result of natural processes. Most of them are a source of pollution of soils, water bodies and atmospheric air, leading to disruption of the reproduction of birds, fish, mammals, and having a harmful effect on humans. Thus, the widespread problem of collecting and recycling waste petroleum products is a relevant, cost-effective and knowledge-intensive area; since with the correct organization of regeneration, the cost of recovered oils is 40–70% lower than the cost of fresh oils with almost the same quality. Aim. To improve the technology of recycling spent petroleum products in the conditions of the northern territories in order to achieve eco- and energy efficiency. After the regeneration stage, used oils can be used for their intended purpose – returned to equipment lubrication systems, this is up to 75–80% of the original amount of waste oil generated. The remaining, “unrecovered” amount of 20–25% is burned in the form of a water-fuel mixture at enterprises equipped with liquid fuel boilers. The information available in the literature is insufficient to create an effective system for the disposal of used oils and other petroleum products, especially in the circumpolar territories. A differentiated approach to the problem is required, taking into account the peculiarities of the climate, the remoteness of the Arctic territories from the transport infrastructure, with mandatory compliance with environmental standards. Methods. cavitation technology (i. e. cavitation effects) and the LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) deep learning method for processing hydrocarbon waste using the example of industrial oil W30 and, accordingly, modeling the migration of pollutants from industrial objects in open natural water sources. Results and conclusions. The results obtained indicate that the integrated use of raw materials is the result of the most complete, economically and environmentally justified application of all advantageous components contained in raw materials, as well as in production waste. Any hydrocarbon waste can be considered as secondary material resources that can be used for economic purposes, partially or completely replacing traditional types of material, raw materials and fuel and energy resources, the main value of which is their constant reproducibility in the production sector.