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RESUMEN: La facilidad de acceso a la tecnología ha propiciado la llegada de una nueva revolución industrial que capacita a los ciudadanos para dejar de ser meros usuarios y convertirse en creadores y constructores de sus propios bienes, apoyándose en las tendencias sociales basadas en la cultura colaborativa. El surgimiento de los Fablab -Fabrication Laboratory- como entornos que potencian dichas capacidades en los usuarios ha sido decisiva en esta democratización tecnológica, y sigue un ritmo creciente incesante, extendiéndose de forma llamativa por todo el planeta. A través de siete etapas, descritas en este artículo, se presenta el proceso de construcción y validación de la herramienta de obtención de información denominada FabLab Global Survey con el objetivo de conocer y caracteriza el fenómeno FabLab. La falta de referentes teóricos y la limitada bibliografía académica sobre el tema hace necesario el diseño de dicha herramienta basándonos en aportaciones de los expertos en el fenómeno FabLab y, para ello, se consideró adecuada su validación mediante el método Delphi, ya que permite la transmisión de la información subjetiva aportada por los expertos, respetando sus peculiaridades. El reto al que nos enfrentamos como investigadores estriba en nuestra capacidad de transformar los resultados obtenidos para su valoración a través de herramientas analíticas cuantitativas. Para compensar y equilibrar la subjetividad de las opiniones expresadas por el panel de expertos mediante escalas nominales, se emplea el Modelo de Torgerson, que permite un reescalamiento de la escala original cualitativa en una escala de intervalo (cuantitativa) verificando la equivalencia entre ellas. Asimismo, y una vez contrastada la adecuación de la escala utilizada, se realiza un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de las aportaciones generadas por el grupo de expertos que permiten perfilar las características del cuestionario resultante. La excelente acogida de la Fablab Global Survey obtenida durante la distribución entre los gestores de los FabLabs -que señalan su idoneidad y acierto en la selección de cuestiones planteadas- muestra la adecuación del método Delphi para la generación de herramientas de investigación que permitan, como es el caso que nos ocupa, abrir nuevas líneas de investigación ABSTRACT: The ease of access to technology has led to the arrival of a new industrial revolution that enables citizens to stop being mere users and become creators and builders of their own assets, relying on social trends based on collaborative culture. The emergence of the Fablab -Fabrication Laboratory- as environments that enhance these capacities in the users has been decisive in this technological democratization, and continues in an incessant rhythm, extending by the whole planet. Through seven stages, we describe in this article, the process of construction and validation of the information retrieval tool called FabLab Global Survey, with the objective of characterizing the FabLab phenomenon. The lack of theoretical references and the limited academic literature on the subject makes necessary to design such a tool based on contributions from the experts in the FabLab phenomenon and, for this purpose, it was considered appropriate to validate it using the Delphi method, since it allows the transmission of the subjective information provided by the experts, respecting their peculiarities. The challenge we face as researchers lies in our ability to transform the results obtained for their valuation through quantitative analytical tools. To compensate and balance the subjectivity of the opinions expressed by the panel of experts using nominal scales, the Torgerson`s Model is used, which allows a rescaling of the original qualitative scale on an interval scale (quantitative) by verifying the equivalence between them. Likewise, and once the adequacy of the scale used is verified, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the contributions generated by the group of experts is carried out, allowing to profile the characteristics of the resulting questionnaire. The excellent reception of the Fablab Global Survey obtained during the distribution among the managers of the FabLabs - which point out their suitability of the questions - shows the appropriateness of the Delphi method for the generation of research tools that allow, as it is the case in hand, open new lines of research.

In today´s economy, information technology (IT) companies must increasingly compete for resources and customers, and consumer interests and resource scarcity are changing the way these companies do business. To stay competitive, IT companies must look beyond their own operations and consider opportunities to introduce sustainability and social responsible issues into their business strategies in order to increase resource efficiency across the entire value chain: not only at the front-end and the design and manufacturing of products and packaging but also in the systematic recovery of valuable materials. By collaborating closely with value chain partners and other key stakeholders, IT companies can discover optimal solutions and drive impactful action. In this chapter, the authors delve into how IT companies can promote sustainability and socially responsible issues into their value chain while presenting a set of tools that these firms can use to act in a sustainable manner and obtain competitive advantages.

[EN] This work shows an active methodology for university teaching through cooperative learning and learning assessment conducted through the collaborative formative assessment, all mediated by the transversal skills of teamwork and communicative of public speaking. The research methodology consisted of comparing the marks obtained in the same subject prior to implement the cooperative learning and collaborative formative assessment with the ones obtained after their use. The results show that the use of tools of cooperative learning and participatory and formative assessment originate better learning in students in relation to older and more traditional teaching-learning and assessment methods, also increases their involvement and learning, taken advantage of those to further enhance their skills of teamwork and public speaking communication., [ES] Este trabajo muestra una metodología activa para la enseñanza universitaria a través del aprendizaje cooperativo y la evaluación de los aprendizajes realizada a través de la evaluación formativa compartida, todo ello vehiculizado con las competencias transversales de trabajo en equipo y comunicativa de hablar en público.La metodología de investigación ha consistido en comparar las calificaciones obtenidas en la misma asignatura con anterioridad a implementar el aprendizaje cooperativo y la evaluación compartida formativa, con las obtenidas después de utilizarla. Los resultados demuestran que la utilización de herramientas de aprendizaje cooperativo y de evaluación participativa y formativa originan un mejor aprendizaje en el alumnado en relación a metodologías más antiguas y tradicionales de enseñanza-aprendizaje y evaluación, esta nueva metodología aumenta su implicación y aprendizaje, la cual se aprovecha para potenciar asimismo sus competencias de trabajo en equipo y comunicativa de hablar en público.

RESUMEN: La actual expansión tecnológica ha permitido a una nueva generación de consumidores pasar de ser meros usuarios a artífices de sus propios bienes siguiendo la tendencia DIY (do it yourself). Los laboratorios de fabricación (fablab) potencian dicha tendencia y la complementan con la posibilidad de colaborar con otros usuarios (DIWO, do it with others), permitiendo, así mismo, replicar cualquier proyecto en otro fablab, ya que todos comparten dos elementos: maquinaria y aplicaciones open-source libres. Gracias a sus capacidades en la difusión del conocimiento a través de las redes, estos espacios amplían los límites de dicha colaboración a escala planetaria. La difusión de sus proyectos -que se muestra como uno de los pilares de este tipo de ecologías- requiere de una adecuada documentación de los mismos. En este artículo se identifican los elementos que influyen en el proceso de difusión realizada en los fablabs para obtener, finalmente, un modelo explicativo sobre la documentación de proyectos. ABSTRACT: Current technological expansion has allowed a new generation of consumers to move from being mere users to architects of their own goods following the "do it yourself" (DIY) trend. Fabrication laboratories (fablabs) enhance this trend and complement it with the possibility of collaborating with other users (DIWO), allowing to replicate any project in another fablab, since they all share two elements: machines and free/open-source tools. Thanks to their capacities in the dissemination of knowledge through networks, these spaces expand the limits of such collaboration on a planetary scale. The diffusion of their projects ?which is shown as one of the pillars of this ecology- requires an adequate documentation. This article identifies the elements that influence the diffusion process carried out in fablabs to obtain, finally, an explanatory model about project documentation.

Progress in the understanding of susceptibility factors to drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and outcome predictability are hampered by the lack of systematic programs to detect bona fide cases.A cooperative network was created in 1994 in Spain to identify all suspicions of DILI following a prospective structured report form. The liver damage was characterized according to hepatocellular, cholestatic, and mixed laboratory criteria and to histologic criteria when available. Further evaluation of causality assessment was centrally performed.Since April 1994 to August 2004, 461 out of 570 submitted cases, involving 505 drugs, were deemed to be related to DILI. The antiinfective group of drugs was the more frequently incriminated, amoxicillin-clavulanate accounting for the 12.8% of the whole series. The hepatocellular pattern of damage was the most common (58%), was inversely correlated with age (P.0001), and had the worst outcome (Cox regression, P.034). Indeed, the incidence of liver transplantation and death in this group was 11.7% if patients had jaundice at presentation, whereas the corresponding figure was 3.8% in nonjaundiced patients (P.04). Factors associated with the development of fulminant hepatic failure were female sex (OR = 25; 95% CI: 4.1-151; P.0001), hepatocellular damage (OR = 7.9; 95% CI: 1.6-37; P.009), and higher baseline plasma bilirubin value (OR = 1.15; 95% CI: 1.09-1.22; P.0001).Patients with drug-induced hepatocellular jaundice have 11.7% chance of progressing to death or transplantation. Amoxicillin-clavulanate stands out as the most common drug related to DILI.

Drug-induced idiosyncratic liver disease (DIILD) depends largely on host susceptibility factors. Small studies support the genetic influence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules on the predisposition to DIILD. We sought associations between HLA-DRB and -DQB alleles and DIILD considered collectively or according to the biochemical expression of liver damage. We studied a total of 140 patients with a definitive or probable diagnosis of DIILD, as assessed with the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences scale, with 635 volunteer bone marrow and blood donors serving as controls. HLA-DRB1* and -DQB1* genotyping was performed by hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotides after genomic amplification. The group with DIILD did not differ from control subjects with regard to the distribution of HLA-DRB and -DQB antigens. The frequencies of alleles DRB1*15 (35.4% vs. 18.6% of controls; P = .002; odds ratio [OR] 2.31) and DQB1*06 (61.5% vs. 40.8%; P = .001; OR 2.32) were significantly increased in patients with the cholestatic/mixed type of liver damage in comparison to healthy subjects. By contrast, frequencies of alleles DRB1*07 (16.9% vs. 35.4%; P = .003; OR 0.37) and DQB1*02 (32.3% vs. 55.8%; P = .0003; OR 0.39) were significantly decreased. In conclusion, there is no association between any specific HLA allele and the propensity to develop DIILD. However, the genetic influence associated with HLA class II alleles appears to play a role in the biochemical expression of liver injury in cholestatic/mixed hepatotoxicity and may explain why a given drug may cause different patterns of liver damage. (HEPATOLOGY 2004;39:1603–1612.)

To evaluate the efficacy of an active-participative educational intervention on the average arterial pressure, index of corporal mass and level of knowledge in hypertensive patients.A quasi-experimental open study was carried out. An active-participative educational intervention 4 h daily during a period of 5 days twice monthly for 3 months focused on themes related to arterial hypertension in patients with high blood pressure. No control subjects were included. Subject to acceptance and after informed consent, 48 patients (25-60 years of age) were included with slight and moderate arterial hypertension. Patients with evidence of severe organ damage or with chronic underlying disease were excluded. The impact of the educational intervention was evaluated based on the increase of knowledge, improvement of weight (IMC), and average arterial pressure, taking into consideration 2, 4, and 6 months of the educational strategy. Descriptive statistics were utilized for analyzing results using Student's ttest.The level of knowledge increased 31.30 points in the population studied and there was a decrease of the IMC of 2.75 points after educational intervention (p0.05). The decrease in weight, as well as the arterial pressure, showed statistically significant differences with respect to the initial measurements, with a difference of the PAM of 13.69 mm Hg at the conclusion of the study (p0.05).An active-participative educational strategy is useful in the control of the PAM and IMC in the hypertensive patient.

504 INSULIN RESISTANCE CONFERS A HIGHER RISK OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION, CIRRHOSIS AND EARLY MORTALITY TO ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE PATIENTS E. Trepo, D. Degre, A. Lemmers, T. Gustot, A. Gerkens, S. Evrard, R. Ouziel, P. Deltenre, M. Adler, J. Deviere, C. Moreno. Department Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and Digestive Oncology, Erasme Hospital, Laboratory of Experimental Gastroenterology, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Hopital de Jolimont, Haine-Saint-Paul, Belgium E-mail: christophe.moreno@erasme.ulb.ac.be