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A utilização de Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs) na Administração Públicapermite maior eficiência e qualidade dos serviços governamentais prestados aos cidadãos eauxilia a promover a aproximação da sociedade e seus governantes. Por meio dos canais dee-participação, o cidadão pode acompanhar a tramitação de projetos e opinar nos processosde tomada de decisão. Contudo, a ampliação no uso de TICs pode levar à exclusão de umaparcela da sociedade que tem menor familiaridade com ferramentasonline. Os idosos são umgrupo que demanda serviços e ações do governo, mas geralmente são usuários menos frequen-tes de tecnologias e necessitam de ajustes específicos dedesignpara uma melhor interaçãocom a interface de sistemas digitais. O fenômeno do envelhecimento acelerado no mundo podeaumentar a população que demanda essas adequações. Diante desses fatos, o presente estudobuscou analisar a usabilidade e aceitação de sistemas de e-participação do Poder Legislativo Fe-deral brasileiro por cidadãos idosos. Para a análise, foram realizados testes de usabilidade com20 participantes, com mais de 60 anos, nas plataformas e-Cidadania do Senado e e-Democraciada Câmara dos Deputados. Além disso, foi aplicado um questionário baseado em teorias deaceitação e uso de tecnologias e uma entrevista pós-teste. O estudo foi conduzido utilizando odesign Between-subject, ou seja, dois grupos diferentes de dez participantes realizaram o testeem cada plataforma. As sessões foram gravadas em vídeo, áudio e captura de tela para poste-rior análise dos dados, que foi dividida em três etapas: classificação dos problemas encontradosnos testes de usabilidade; tabulação das respostas dos questionários por estatística descritiva eanálise temática das entrevistas com codificação dos principais pontos relatados. Os resultadosmostraram que problemas relacionados à Arquitetura da Informação foram os mais frequentesna e-Cidadania, nessa plataforma informações importantes estão abaixo do campo de visão, emrelação ao topo das páginas, exigindo o usuário utilize a barra de rolagens. Na e-Democraciao menu disposto horizontalmente também confundiu os participantes, mas a categoria Intera-tividade foi a mais frequente na plataforma. A falta de funcionalidades como caixa de buscaelinkspara a página inicial em páginas secundárias foram problemas frequentes. Além dasdificuldade encontradas, de forma geral, os participantes demonstraram interesse em contribuirnas plataformas de e-participação do Legislativo e consideraram que esses sistemas proporcio-nam representatividade e empoderamento ao cidadão. Porém, ressaltaram que uma linguagemmais acessível e uma organização mais simples das páginas poderia facilitar o uso e impulsio-nar a adoção dessas plataformas pelo público idoso. Como contribuição técnica, foi elaboradoum relatório técnico apontando as principais recomendações de adaptação nos portais, visandouma melhor navegação de cidadãos idosos. Esse relatório foi encaminhado para o Senado epara a Câmara dos Deputados. Caso as sugestões apresentadas neste relatório sejam implemen-tadas, espera-se que a navegação do cidadão idoso na plataforma seja mais prazerosa, e comoconsequência, que a participação desse grupo seja cada mais frequente.

The rapid development of new technologies and their impressive communication capacity has fundamentally changed modern democracy by providing easy and universal access to information, as well as increasing participation and accessibility of political involvement tools. One of the electoral participation tools is e-voting which has been used in only a few countries. The main aim of the paper is to explore whether and how e-voting has been presented in Polish mass media (1), as well as to investigate people’s opinions about e-voting against certain political factors (2). The research is based on a media content analysis (quantitative and qualitative), data collected via the Content Analysis System for Television (CAST) and a quantitative analysis of data from a survey conducted by the authors (2018, sample: 1717 Poles). The results of the analyses show that the debate on the implementation of e-voting is rather poor, but the support for e-voting among Poles remains considerable. The public media rhetoric is interlinked with attitudes towards political parties. To some extent, determinants are reflected in the public opinion on the implementation of e-voting since Poles declare both their support for the introduction of e-voting and willingness to vote online., Brz razvoj novih tehnologija te njihov impresivan komunikacijski kapacitet iz temelja su promijenili modernu demokraciju, omogućujući jednostavan i univerzalan pristup informacijama, kao i sve veću participatiju te dostupnost alata za političko sudjelovanje. Jedan od alata za sudjelovanje na izborima je e-glasovanje koje se koristi u samo nekoliko zemalja. Glavni cilj ovog rada jest istražiti je li i kako je e-glasovanje predstavljeno u poljskim masovnim medijima (1) te istražiti mišljenja ljudi o e-glasovanju u odnosu na određene političke čimbenike (2). Istraživanje se temelji na analizi medijskog sadržaja (kvantitativnoj i kvalitativnoj), podacima prikupljenim putem Sustava za analizu televizijskog sadržaja (Content Analysis System for Television - CAST) te na kvantitativnoj analizi podataka prikupljenih anketom koju su proveli autori (2018, uzorak: 1717 Poljaka). Rezultati analiza pokazuju da je rasprava o implementaciji e-glasovanja prilično loša, ali podrška e-glasovanju među Poljacima ostaje značajna. Također, rezultati pokazuju da je retorika javnih medija povezana sa stavovima prema političkim strankama. Donekle se te odrednice odražavaju u javnom mnijenju o implementaciji e-glasovanja, budući da Poljaci daju potporu uvođenju e-glasovanja te izražavaju spremnost za glasovanje putem interneta.

The article presents the main results of a comprehensive study of the resources of electronic participation in the regions of Russia, carried out in December 2019. The study was conducted using a methodology that allows us to evaluate various web resources of electronic participation and make cross-regional and cross-platform comparisons. The methodology was applied to evaluate 198 regional and 155 municipal resources of six basic types in all 85 regions of Russia. As a result, a rating of regions was built according to the general level of development of electronic participation: 23 regions with a high level of development of resources, 24 with an average level and 38 regions with a low level were identified. The results of the study confirmed the presence of significant imbalances in regional and municipal development of electronic participation in Russia: both from the point of view of the diversity of channels provided to citizens in different cities and regions, and from the point of view of the quality of their functioning. The general conclusion is that at present “informational” forms of electronic participation are more actively developing. In the future, it is planned to conduct annual monitoring of the development of electronic participation using this methodology in combination with qualitative analysis methods.

The article examines the practice of functioning of electronic platforms for public participation. Analysis of foreign experience shows that it is necessary to modernize the content of domestic platforms for public participation and websites of authorities, giving citizens more opportunities to independently submit proposals, as well as to motivate them to e-participation and joint management using various tools.

Purpose This paper aims to measure the potential for electronic participation of Brazilian citizens via Facebook as social media, identifying latent factors that provide a favorable environment for such participation by Brazilian municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Based on these factors, the Potential Index for Electronic Participation (PIEP) of municipalities is calculated. Design/methodology/approach The theoretical discussion is based on the literature on electronic government and citizen participation. In the methodology, exploratory factor analysis and cluster analysis have been used to identify latent factors and to classify PIEP according to the clusters. Findings The results of the research point to serious regional discrepancies regarding the level of participation in social media, highlighting an urgent need for national e-government policies to be rethought from a regionalized point of view. Originality/value The research enhances understanding of the relation between sociodemographic indicators such as income, education, employment and those concerning the access to and effective use of social media technologies by citizens and local governments.

This article discusses the impact of electronic participation of citizens (electronic participation) on decision-making by state authorities. The necessity of using electronic participation of citizens and the prospects of electronic participation in general are considered. The article gives an assessment of the mechanisms of electronic participation of citizens used in the Russian Federation, suggests that the assessment of the development of electronic participation is incorrect in terms of a three-level model of electronic participation.

Copper catalysis finds applications in various synthetic fields by utilizing the ability of copper to sustain mono- and bielectronic elementary steps. Further to the development of well-defined copper complexes with classical ligands such as phosphines and N-heterocyclic carbenes, a new and fast-expanding area of research is exploring the possibility of a complementing metal-centered reactivity with electronic participation by the coordination sphere. To achieve this electronic flexibility, redox-active ligands can be used to engage in a fruitful “electronic dialogue” with the metal center, and provide additional venues for electron transfer. This review aims to present the latest results in the area of copper-based cooperative catalysis with redox-active ligands.

E-participation is becoming an increasingly important factor in the development of successful relations between the state and society. There are different ways to participate electronically. One of them is an appeal to the authorities through the Internet reception. The results of the study show that in Russia there are platforms for submitting citizens ' appeals to the authorities, where appeals and answers to them are published in the open access. The article presents the results of search sites, as well as content analysis of published appeals. The authors have collected a list of Internet reception rooms, where the texts of appeals are publicly available - this is an appeal of citizens with answers. 5 sites from different regions with the maximum number of applications were selected from the general list, on the basis of which the content analysis of published applications was carried out. The proposed findings may be useful for selecting the most appropriate methodology for assessing e-participation in Russia.

Participatory budgeting (PB) is considering in the article as a mechanism of citizens’ participation in budget policy at the local level. Based on the parameters of evaluating the effectiveness of participatory budgeting projects, the paper presents the preliminary results of the comprehensive study of e-participation institutional model, describing the feedback mechanism in the development and functioning of smart urban management systems (including e-governance). In this regard, the analysis of international PB projects’ evaluation methodologies, the study of the subject area, and the literature review on the subject of the study were conducted.As a result of the study, the initial version of the smart city institutional model was refined, containing elements of participatory budgeting and electronic participation as feedback components. A comparative analysis of international methodologies for PB projects’ assessment is carried out; conclusions are formulated; directions for further research are described.The subsequent analysis of PB projects’ evaluation methodologies will focus on the study of practices, based on the aspects of digital transformation and smart city development. Thus, the empirical results of this study can be used for the theoretical development of a new relevant methodology that takes into account the above described components.

The over-reliance on private cars carries significant environmental and societal costs. International accords call for low-carbon automobility transitions, particularly in cities. Understanding how, why and where this global dependency could shift is crucial for sustainability, natural resource use, and climate change. This research hones into a geographically isolated and automobile-dependent enclave in Cape Town. Various social actors and residents contributed to a collaborative transdisciplinary inquiry. The qualitative research relied on documentation, semi-structured interviews, and social media research (Facebook) as sources of evidence. The latter method enticed residents to contribute to a solution-driven online debate, thereby aiding e-participation around a pressing urban issue. True to the essence of transdisciplinary design research, science was produced with society. In terms of sustainability transition theory, it stresses the importance of contextually appropriate low-carbon transitions (science) while highlighting community interest in bottom-up solutions (society).

Context: Tools for social control have been used by several governments as a way to promote civil engagement, transparency and the fight against corruption. Aiming at these benefits, Duca, a social control platform in the school environment, enabled a direct manifestation channel between the community, school management and the inspection bodies of the State of Sergipe. However, like most of the tools in this scenario, Duca did not provide efficient collaborative resources that would allow continuous interaction between those involved. Objective: This work had as general objective the conception and qualitative evaluation of a collaborative environment that integrates a Social Control of Public Education application, Duca, enabling transparency and feedback of the actions taken by Organs management and regulating bodies of Education. Method: The work followed the action research method, to develop and evaluate the platform. In the first cycle, a Quasi-Systematic Literature Review was carried out to identify approaches with proposals similar to Duca and to develop the collaborative module. In the second and third cycles, rounds of evaluation of the platform were carried out with participants from the community, school management and members of Organs tax agencies. Results: For the state of the art, three social control tools that belong to the educational context were identified, they are: MyUniversity, “Universidade Conectada” and Liberopinion. In addition, the Review highlighted a gap: none of the tools identified had a target audience of children or adolescents. With the cyclic evaluations of the action research, in which a total of 49 people participated, including members of the community and school management (42), and regulatory bodies (7), it was possible to confirm the effectiveness of the platform from the collaborative aspect. The Duca was considered adequate by 48 of the 49 participants. Conclusion: After analyzing the state of the art, it became evident that Duca fits into the proposals for features and strategies advocated by the literature for social control tools in education. With the evaluation by the community, management and supervisory bodies, it could be seen that Duca is aligned with the fundamental collaborative aspects: political, technical and social. Contexto: Ferramentas para controle social vêm sendo utilizadas, por diversos governos, como forma de promover o engajamento civil, a transparência e o combate à corrupção. Mirando esses benefícios, a Duca, uma plataforma de controle social no âmbito escolar, habilitou um canal de manifestação direta entre a comunidade, gestão escolar e os órgãos fiscalizadores do Estado de Sergipe. Contudo, assim como boa parte das ferramentas desse cenário, a Duca não provia recursos colaborativos eficientes que permitissem uma interação contínua entre os envolvidos. Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral a concepção e avaliação qualitativa de um ambiente colaborativo que integrasse um aplicativo de Controle Social da Educação Pública, a Duca, viabilizando transparência e feedback das ações tomadas pelos órgãos gestores e reguladores da Educação. Método: O trabalho seguiu o método de pesquisa- ação, para desenvolver e avaliar a plataforma. No primeiro ciclo, foi realizada uma Revisão Quasi-Sistemática de Literatura, para identificar abordagens com propostas semelhantes à Duca e para desenvolver o módulo colaborativo. No segundo e terceiro ciclos, foram realizadas rodadas de avaliação da plataforma com participantes da comunidade, gestão escolar e membros dos órgãos fiscais. Resultados: Para o estado da arte, foram identificadas três ferramentas de controle social que pertencem ao contexto educacional, são elas: MyUniversity, Universidade Conectada e Liberopinion. Além disso, a Revisão evidenciou uma lacuna: nenhuma das ferramentas identificadas tinha como público-alvo crianças ou adolescentes. Com as avaliações cíclicas da pesquisa-ação, das quais participaram um total de 49 pessoas, entre membros da comunidade e gestão escolares (42), e órgãos reguladores (7), foi possível confirmar a efetividade da plataforma sob o aspecto colaborativo. A Duca foi considerada adequada por 48 dos 49 participantes. Conclusão: Após ser analisado o estado da arte, evidenciou-se que a Duca se enquadra nas propostas de funcionalidades e estratégias defendidas pela literatura para ferramentas de controle social na educação. Com a avaliação por parte da comunidade, da gestão e dos órgãos fiscalizadores, pôde ser constatado que a Duca está alinhada aos aspectos colaborativos fundamentais: político, técnico e social. São Cristóvão

El objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar cómo el voto electrónico en su modalidad en remoto (voto por internet) es una clara manifestación del uso de las TIC en la política y determinar si es capaz de mejorar las relaciones democráticas. Para ello analizamos su impacto respecto a la participación ciudadana en los procesos electorales a través de las experiencias de Estonia y España. En una e-democracia el voto electrónico en remoto supone una oportunidad para aquellos ciudadanos con problemas para ejercer su derecho a voto: residentes en el extranjero, personas con dificultades para acceder a los colegios electorales etc. por otra parte supone romper la brecha generacional al conseguir aumentar la participación de los más jóvenes y a la vez es un reto para que los adultos realicen su propia e-alfabetización. No obstante, para que produzca los resultados esperados es necesario dotar al sistema de toda una serie de garantías y darle una cobertura legal que vaya acorde con la evolución tecnológica. Ahora bien, al final el éxito del resultado vendrá también condicionado por otra serie de factores ajenos a los tecnológicos como son el desarrollo socioeconómico del país, su contexto político, factores de movilización, el interés de los ciudadanos en la política y la socialización democrática de los individuos. L'objectiu d'aquest treball és demostrar com el vot electrònic en la seva modalitat en remot (vot per internet) és una clara manifestació de l'ús de les TIC en la política i determinar si és capaç de millorar les relacions democràtiques. Per a això analitzem el seu impacte pel que fa a la participació ciutadana en els processos electorals a través de les experiències d'Estònia i Espanya. En una e-democràcia el vot electrònic en remot suposa una oportunitat per a aquells ciutadans amb problemes per exercir el dret a vot: residents a l'estranger, persones amb dificultats per accedir als col·legis electorals etc. d'altra banda, suposa trencar la bretxa generacional a l'aconseguir augmentar la participació dels més joves i alhora és un repte perquè els adults facin la seva pròpia e-alfabetització. No obstant això, perquè produeixi els resultats esperats cal dotar al sistema de tot un seguit de garanties i donar-li una cobertura legal que vagi d'acord amb l'evolució tecnològica. Ara bé, al final l'èxit del resultat vindrà també condicionat per una altra sèrie de factors aliens als tecnològics com són el desenvolupament socioeconòmic de país, el seu context polític, factors de mobilització, l'interès dels ciutadans en la política i la socialització democràtica de els individus. The objective of this work is to demonstrate how electronic voting in its remote mode (online voting) is a clear manifestation of the use of ICTs in politics and to determine whether it is capable of improving democratic relations. To do this, we analyze its impact on citizen participation in electoral processes through the experiences of Estonia and Spain. In an e-democracy, remote electronic voting is an opportunity for those citizens with problems to exercise their right to vote: residents abroad, people with difficulties in accessing polling stations, etc. On the other hand, it means breaking the generation gap by increasing the participation of the youngest and at the same time it is a challenge for adults to carry out their own e-literacy. However, in order for it to produce the expected results, it is necessary to provide the system with a series of guarantees and provide it with legal coverage that is in line with technological evolution. However, in the end, the success of the result will also be conditioned by another series of factors unrelated to the technological ones, such as the socio-economic development of the country, its political context, mobilization factors, the interest of citizens in politics and the democratic socialization of individuals.