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Purpose. The ability to see and process images depends on the function of the eyes and the processing of visual information by neurons in the cerebral cortex, something that could be measured through electroencephalography (EEG). Although the EEG is used to evaluate visual pathways in children and demyelination diseases, the limited utilization of brain recording techniques in other applications like therapy is primarily due to budget constraints. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate results from studying brain aspects of vision, utilizing measurements based on oscillatory activity analysis, low-cost, portable equipment, and a processing pipeline relying on Python's open-source libraries. These studies involve healthy subjects who wear glasses to assess changes in visual perception. Methods. First, electroencephalographic signals were recorded while the subjects observed a visually standardized stimulus. The signals were processed and filtered to reduce artifacts, and the power spectral density (PSD) was calculated to observe the presence of steady-state visual potentials (VEP) to confirm the capture of neuronal activation to the visual stimulus. Results. It was possible to establish a difference between subjects wearing and not wearing their glasses, allowing validation that the information acquired with the transferable equipment is adequate for the analysis of neuronal activity related to visual processing, opening the possibility to be used in future studies in therapy. Conclusion. This study contributes to the development of cost-effective and portable EEG solutions for visual system analysis. It demonstrates the potential for applying transferable EEG devices in clinical settings and highlights the importance of tailored visual stimuli for reliable neural activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of a unified theory that captures the intricacies of the brain and mind continues to be a significant challenge in theoretical neuroscience. This paper presents a novel, triune framework that utilizes the concept of collective biased random walk (cBRW). Our approach strives to transcend biological specifics, offering a high-level abstraction that remains general and applicable across various neural phenomena. Despite the solid traditional foundation of computational neuroscience, the intricate delicacy of neural processes calls for a renewed probabilistic approach. We aim to utilize the intuitive nature of probability concepts --such as the probability of localization and state, and uniform probability distribution-- to study the stochastic organization of electric charges and signals in the brain. This electrophysiological intricacy emerges from the seemingly paradoxical reality that tiny electric events, while random, collectively give rise to predictable, long-range oscillations. These oscillations manifest in three groups of activation states. Our framework categorizes the brain as a triune system, accommodating classical, semiclassical, and non-classical interpretations of both probabilistic phenomena and cBRW models, alongside three groups of states. We conclude that by appreciating, rather than overlooking, the tiny random walks of electric charges and signals in the brain, we can gain a triune mathematical foundation for theoretical brain science, the powerful capabilities of this organ, and the electromagnetic interfaces we can develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Con el tiempo, se han desarrollado varios métodos de neuroimagen para abordar el diagnóstico, monitoreo, tratamiento e investigación del cerebro; sin embargo, existe una brecha en términos de sensibilidad, área de cobertura, invasividad y movilidad del participante durante la neuroimagen. La resonancia magnética funcional (fMRI, según sus siglas en inglés), por ejemplo, proporciona un análisis en alta resolución de toda la función cerebral, pero requiere que el sujeto permanezca inmóvil. Esta limitación restringe el estudio de la funcionalidad cerebral durante actividades cotidianas. Además, la fMRI no es un método barato ni portátil. Por otra parte, la electroencefalografía (EEG) en cuero cabelludo permite el movimiento del paciente durante la evaluación, pero no capta la actividad cerebral profunda, mientras que la EEG intracraneal sí aborda esta limitación, pero es invasiva y se reserva para casos especiales donde los beneficios superan los riesgos.

Objetivo. La mejora de las habilidades cognitivas es un tema de especial interés en la actualidad. Todavía se está determinando si técnicas como la imaginería mental (IM) podrían generar una mejora cognitiva a través de la modulación de la actividad cerebral. El propósito de este estudio fue aportar información sobre el impacto de la imaginería mental en el aprendizaje motor implícito. Método. Se aplicó un protocolo de IM a un grupo experimental antes de realizar una tarea de aprendizaje motor implícito, mientras que un grupo de control recibió realimentación simulada. Además, para tener evidencia empírica de la activación cortical durante la IM, se registró, mediante electroencefalografía, la actividad de la corteza motora durante el inicio y durante la tarea de aprendizaje motor implícito. Resultados. Los modelos ANCOVA muestran cómo el protocolo de IM impacta el proceso de aprendizaje motor implícito, pero no tan claramente como se esperaba.

Objetivos: Determinar las características clínicas y asociación EEG en la migraña infantil. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional y análitico, se seleccionaron 52 pacientes de 4-14 años de edad, con criterios diagnósticos de migraña infantil (ICHD-II) durante el 2010; se realizó a todos EEG de superficie, con foto-estimulación (FE) e hiperventilación (HV), durante el periodo interictal. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el χ2. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 10,1 años, el 53,8% fueron varones, el 32,7% fueron cefaleas pulsátiles, nauseas-vómitos en 26,9%, foto-sonofobia en 11,5%, y auras visuales en 3,8%. En las alteraciones EEG hubo: lentificación difusa en 13,5%, brotes de ondas theta-delta a la FE/HV en 34,6%, y descargas interictales (DEI) en 19,2%. La asociación electro-clínica fue significativa en la población de 4-9 años reactiva a la FE (p=0,005), los brotes theta-delta reactivos a la HV en el sexo masculino (p=0,03), y las DEI prevalentes en el sexo femenino (p=0,046). Conclusión: La asociación electro-clínica fue significativa a la FE e HV en la población de 4-9 años y en el sexo masculino respectivamente, siendo las DEI predominantes en el sexo femenino.

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatria is the property of Asociacion Colombiana de Psiquiatria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background Due to their semiological similarities, psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs) can occasionally hardly be differentiated from epileptic seizures (ESs), and long-term video-electroencephalographic monitoring (VEM) is needed for the differential diagnosis.

Introducción: El trastorno del déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo, que afecta el funcionamiento diario. Se investiga el potencial del video electroencefalograma (V-EEG) y el análisis de mapas de ritmos en el diagnóstico temprano del TDAH, particularmente en niños en riesgo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar las alteraciones electroencefalográficas en niños con TDAH. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo en el Centro de Evaluación Neuropsicológica y Neuroterapia Avanzada (CENNA) en Quito-Ecuador, de enero a marzo de 2022, documentando características demográficas, uso del V-EEG y hallazgos en mapas de ritmos. Resultados: La muestra incluyó 73 pacientes, edades entre 3 y 16 años, con 21.92 % mujeres y 78.08 % hombres. La edad promedio de 9 años. Todos se realizaron a V-EEG como parte de su evaluación revelando ondas lentas (rango delta) en el 30 % (n=22) de los pacientes. La región temporal bilateral fue la más afectada, observándose en el 63.64 % (n=14) de los casos con ondas lentas, seguida de las regiones frontal 18.18 % (n=4), occipital 9.09 % (n=2), frontotemporal 4 55 % (n=1) y parietal 4.55 % (n=1). Conclusiones: Los hallazgos sugieren que el V-EEG, mostrando ondas lentas en regiones temporales bilaterales, puede ser una herramienta útil como biomarcador para el diagnóstico del TDAH. Estos resultados indican la necesidad de más investigaciones para confirmar estos hallazgos y establecer la validez y utilidad clínica del V-EEG en el TDAH.

Background: The electroencephalogram (EEG) in the new-born period is highly superior to the clinical exam in the detection and prognosis of brain dysfunctions, since it allows continuous functional documentation of the brain at the patient's bedside in a non-invasive way. However, there is still some disagreement about these findings. Objective: To describe the electroencephalographic findings in newborns with a history of prematurity. Material and methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive, retrospective study. The inclusion criteria were: newborns with a history of prematurity, regardless of gender, who underwent an EEG from June 2017 to June 2021. Patients with incomplete electroencephalographic records or clinical records without complete data were excluded; patients using sedatives (thiopental, fentanyl, midazolam, diazepam) were eliminated from the study. Results: 107 patients (37 women and 70 men) with a history of prematurity were included, with a mean gestational age at birth of 30.9 WOG ± 3.25. Electroencephalographic findings were normal in 40%, abnormal in 32%, and immature in 28%. The most frequent abnormal finding was focal paroxysmal activity in 86%. 93.4% of the participants presented comorbidities, the most frequent being neurological. Conclusion: Preterm neonates are at high risk of neurologic sequelae, and EEG is a sensitive method for assessing neuromotor and cognitive prognosis. In our study population, one-third had abnormal findings. Early postnatal screening is helpful, but additional records are usually needed to detect high-risk newborns. It would be important to continue studying this line of research in pediatrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology is the property of Editorial of the University of Almeria (Spain) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wireless electroencephalography (EEG) devices allow for recordings in contexts outside the laboratory. However, many details must be considered for their use. In this research, using a case study with a group of third-grade primary school students, we aim to show some of the potentialities and limitations of research with these devices in educational settings. Several balances are apparent in the development of these experiences: between the interests and possibilities of the research teams and the educational communities; between the distortion of life in the classrooms and the opportunities for collaboration between academia and practice; and between the budget and the ease of preparing the equipment and the usefulness of the collected data. Among their potentialities is the knowledge that they allow access to different cognitive and emotional processes, and the learning opportunity represented by the links between researchers and educational communities. Life in the classrooms is interrupted by these types of experiences, but this can be a cost that facilitates more integrated future developments that benefit teaching and learning processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria is the property of Thieme Medical Publishing Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Comunicar (English Edition) is the property of Oxbridge Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Anesthesiology has a new generation of anesthetic depth monitors such as Narcotrend, SedLine and Bispectral Index; with an electroencephalogram processor called a spectrogram or spectrograph. After obtaining the electroencephalogram, it is processed to graph three dimensions: frequency, time, and power on a color scale, obtaining the DSA (density spectral array). The objective of this narrative review is to illustrate the effects of the most common anesthetics on the spectrogram and to briefly review their signature on the electroencephalogram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mirror neurons are brain cells that are activated by the execution/observation of a movement. It has been proposed that its functions are altered in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is evidenced by the absence of desynchronization of the mu rhythm of the electroencephalogram when observing a biological movement, a theory known as broken mirror. The objective of this study was to test this theory in a Colombian sample. Desynchronizations of the mu rhythm of the electroencephalogram were evaluated in conditions of observation/imitation of a biological movement and in the observation of two non-biological movements in 35 cases and 19 control pairs, with ages between 6 and 16 years old. Participants with ASD presented lower desynchronizations than controls when observing/imitation of biological movement, but higher when observing inert elements. Participants with ASD established greater connection with objects than with other individuals. The broken mirror was not a homogeneous phenomenon in ASD nor a discriminating characteristic between cases and controls. Individual differences played an important role in the functioning of mirror neurons. We propose strategies based on these findings for people with Autism Spectrum Disorder in clinical, educational, productive and social contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In quantitative electroencephalography, it is of vital importance to eliminate non-neural components, as these can lead to an erroneous analysis of the acquired signals, limiting their use in diagnosis and other clinical applications. In light of this drawback, preprocessing pipelines based on the joint use of the Wavelet Transform and the Independent Component Analysis technique (wICA) were proposed in the 2000s. Recently, with the advent of data-driven methods, deep learning models were developed for the automatic labeling of independent components, which constitutes an opportunity for the optimization of ICA-based techniques. In this paper, ICLabel, one of these deep learning models, was added to the wICA methodology in order to explore its improvement. To assess the usefulness of this approach, it was compared to different pipelines which feature the use of wICA and ICLabel independently and a lack thereof. The impact of each pipeline was measured by its capacity to highlight known statistical differences between asymptomatic carriers of the PSEN-1 E280A mutation and a healthy control group. Specifically, the between-group effect size and the P-values were calculated to compare the pipelines. The results show that using ICLabel for artifact removal can improve the effect size (ES) and that, by leveraging it with wICA, an artifact smoothing approach that is less prone to the loss of neural information can be built. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Signos is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Monitoring of brain function using continuous electroencephalography (aEEG/cEEG) is an essential tool in the standard care of the term infant, and its use is growing in the premature infant as a biomarker of lesion and brain maturity. However, the placing of the electrodes is a great challenge, particularly in the extremely premature infant, which often discourages neuromonitoring. The aim of this study is to assess the different electrodes available, to select the one that best suits the peculiarities of the extremely premature infant, and evaluate its applicability in clinical practice. Population and methods: With the aim of designing a neuromonitoring study protocol using aEEG/cEEG in

El monitoreo electroencefalográfico no invasivo continuo es una técnica indispensable en los pacientes neurológicos críticos, ya que muestra de forma directa e indirecta su actividad cerebral y permite relacionar los hallazgos con su estado clínico. Es muy sensible, aunque su especificidad es menor, por lo que puede demostrar la alteración del estado de conciencia sin aclarar su etiología. El uso del registro electroencefalográfico continuo en pacientes con alteraciones del estado de conciencia, convulsiones, o estado epiléptico convulsivo y no convulsivo, se ha incrementado en los últimos años porque permite obtener información en tiempo real de la función cerebral y de los cambios en el tiempo; además, facilita la detección de crisis epilépticas subclínicas y electrográficas, estas últimas de gran importancia, ya que no presentan correlación clínica. Los hallazgos del monitoreo permiten modificar el tratamiento farmacológico y anticonvulsivo, y constituyen una gran ventaja para el médico tratante en la toma de decisiones oportunas que redunden en la mejoría del pronóstico del paciente.

Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala is the property of Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Maternal substance use is associated with altered neural activity and poor offspring outcomes, which may be facilitated by suboptimal caregiving in the form of impaired parental reflective functioning (PRF). To investigate these associations, the resting‐state frontal electroencephalography (EEG) power of 48 substance‐using mothers and 37 non‐substance‐using mothers were examined, specifying seven frequency bands: delta, theta, alpha, alpha1, alpha2, beta, and gamma. Substance‐using mothers exhibited enhanced beta and gamma spectral power compared to non‐substance‐using mothers, potentially reflecting higher arousal states in substance‐using mothers. There were no between‐group differences in any component of PRF (i.e., levels of pre‐mentalizing, certainty, and interest and curiosity). Whole‐sample analyses revealed significant positive correlations between pre‐mentalizing and delta spectral power. Taken together, these findings suggest potential neural correlates of maternal substance use and PRF, providing an important next step into examining associations between maternal substance use and poor child outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of pain allows the detection of medical conditions and defines the procedure to treat them. Medical staff measures pain by patient´s self-report. Nevertheless, in some cases, it is difficult or impossible for the patient to communicate the level of pain perceived. In these cases, it is useful to evaluate pain employing different techniques. In this paper, we propose the evaluation of pain through a procedure based on the analysis of the electroencephalographic signals. The algorithms were evaluated in an experiment with 14 participants where the pain was induced with an electrodiagnostic system. The participants were males and females between 18 and 33 years old. To classify between pain and no pain, we employed neural networks with an accuracy of 74,19 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Alternating attention is a process that allows you to change the focus of attention from one stimulus to another quickly. Meanwhile, the inhibition of interference corresponds to the ability to inhibit automatic responses, which allow a controlled response to conflicting stimuli. Aim: study the non-linear behavior of the beta oscillation (13-30 Hz) of the EEG, evaluated through brain chaos/order balance, during the execution of an alternating attention test and a test of interference inhibition in university students. Method: The sample consisted of 14 male university students. For the electroencephalographic recording, the brain-interface device Emotiv Epocø Research Edition was used using the frontal, temporal and occipital lobe registers. The frequency range of 13 to 30 Hz (beta wave) was analyzed. For the evaluation of alternating attention, the Smith test was used and for the inhibition of interference, the Stroop test was used. Results: during the alternating attention test and interference inhibition the values of the Hurst exponents tend to decrease, which accounts for the existence of more complex processes resulting from the disorganization of the activity of these barks. There are few asymmetries between left and right crusts, and few correlations during the resolution of both tests. Conclusion: Hurst exponents tend to decrease during the resolution of the alternating attention and interference inhibition test, being this a suitable process for the resolution of cognitive problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria is the property of Thieme Medical Publishing Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista CES Psicologia is the property of Universidad CES and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Universitas Médica is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of BJS Open is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Foundation: People with spinal cord injuries may have muscular paralysis and inability to perform movements of different parts of the body, depending on the injury level. At present, it is possible to use the electric currents generated on the skull surface, resulting from brain activity, to move an electric wheelchair, so that their dependence decreases.Objective: to describe a system for controlling a wheelchair, by means of the brain electric signals of a paraplegic patientMethods: study of technological innovation, conducted at the Equinoctial Technological University of Ecuador. The software application to detect brain waves was developed on the LabVIEW platform, using Dynamic Link Libraries (edk.dll) from Emotiv and Arduino libraries. The electroencephalography signals generated by the user (emotion, participation / boredom, frustration and meditation) were observed and measured using a waveform. The system test was performed with a 40-year-old patient with spastic paraplegia caused by a fracture in the spine.Results: an effectiveness index greater than 85% was obtained. The workload index obtained was 60.33%, with relevant individual load indices: mental demand with 22.67% and yield with 30%.Conclusion: the described system performance was adequate for the wheelchair prototype mobility.

Objective: to determine the presence of changes in the pre and postoperative electro-encephalographic diagnoses of children from zero to 18 years of age who underwent heart surgery in a reference institution in Colombia between the months of August to November of 2017. Materials and methods: electroencephalogram was taken one hour prior to the cardiac surgical procedure and another seven days after the procedure, clinical data were collected associated with the presence of abnormalities in the electroencephalogram. The data were subjected to descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. Results: changes in electroencephalographic traces were found from preoperative to postoperative in two ways, one with deterioration of normal to abnormal traces and the other with worsening of the abnormal tracing. Conclusions: patients are taken to surgery despite having altered paths. The population taken to cardiac surgery at the center of the study is very diverse, which causes varied neuro-logical results and influences changes in post-operative traces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Attention is a brain process where selectively focuses one of the stimuli of the environment and discards the remaining information, being a relevant function to relate efficiently with the environment. Aim: To study the nonlinear behavior of the beta oscillation (13-30 Hz), evaluated through the chaos balance/brain order (Hurst exponent), during the execution of a sustained attention test in university students. Method: The sample consisted of 13 male university students. For the electroencephalographic recording, the brain-interface device Emotiv Epocø Research Edition was used using the frontal, temporal and occipital lobe registers. The frequency range of 13 to 30 Hz (beta wave) was analyzed. The Toulouse-Piéron test was used to evaluate sustained attention. Results: during the first two minutes of the test the values of the Hurst exponents present asymmetries in the prefrontal and occipital region in three subjects with greater tendency to chaos in the left region and in the temporal region in eight students with greater tendency to chaos in the right region. This situation changes as the minutes of the test go by. Conclusion: Hurst exponents tend to decrease during the resolution of the attention test, this allows for greater processing flexibility during the test. There is a greater tendency to chaos in the right temporal region that is related to tone recognition and critical content in sustained attention tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desde el inicio de la pandemia por covid-19 o SARS-CoV2 se han documentado múltiples manifestaciones neurológicas que abarcan desde encefalitis viral hasta enfermedad cerebrovascular aguda. Si bien el virus no implica un mayor riesgo para personas con diagnóstico de epilepsia en comparación con la población general, es pertinente establecer recomendaciones específicas para la realización de estudios electroencefalográficos en pacientes sin infección por covid-19, asi como para pacientes sospechosos, probables o confirmados para covid-19, teniendo en cuenta que los estudios electroencefalográicos son parte crucial de la evaluación de los pacientes con eventos paroxísticos. Basados en la evidencia publicada hasta el momento actual en la literatura médica y de acuerdo con las recomendaciones y publicaciones de la Sociedad Americana de Neurofisiología Clínica (ACNS), la Sociedad Americana de Neurodiagnóstico (ASET) y la Task Force ILAE-COVID de la Liga Internacional Contra la Epilepsia (ILAE), a continuación se exponen las consideraciones a tener en cuenta en cuanto a las indicaciones del estudio junto con un protocolo sugerido para la realización del mismo que abarca desde la duración del estudio hasta el número de electrodos sugerido, así como recomendaciones para el personal técnico y asistencial.

Introduction The analysis of the electrical activity of the brain using scalp electrodes with electroencephalography (EEG) could reveal the depth of anesthesia of a patient during surgery. However, conventional EEG equipment, due to its price and size, are not a practical option for the operating room and the commercial units used in surgery do not provide access to the electrical activity. The availability of low-cost portable technologies could provide for further research on the brain activity under general anesthesia and facilitate our quest for new markers of depth of anesthesia. Objective To assess the capabilities of a portable EEG technology to capture brain rhythms associated with the state of consciousness and the general anesthesia status of surgical patients anesthetized with propofol. Methods Observational, cross-sectional study that reviewed 10 EEG recordings captured using OpenBCI portable low-cost technology, in female patients undergoing general anesthesia with propofol. The signal from the frontal electrodes was analyzed with spectral analysis and the results were compared against the reports in the literature. Results The signal captured with frontal electrodes, particularly a rhythm, enabled the distinction between resting with eyes closed and with eyes opened in a conscious state, and sustained anesthesia during surgery. Conclusions It is possible to differentiate a resting state from sustained anesthesia, replicating previous findings with conventional technologies. These results pave the way to the use of portable technologies such as the OpenBCI tool, to explore the brain dynamics during anesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se propone un método de bajo costo computacional para detectar el potencial evocado P300 en aplicaciones ubicuas de comunicación y control, el cual se denomina Procesamiento Embebido P300 (EP-300). La entrada de EP-300 es una señal electroencefalografía (EEG) de un canal y la arquitectura de este método se basa en los algoritmos que utilizan redes neuronales convolucionales. Para implementar el método EP-300, también se presenta una interfaz cerebro-computadora embebida que utiliza cuatro estímulos para evocar el P300 y tiene conectividad con una red de Internet de las cosas. Con esta interfaz, se generó una base de datos para los experimentos y contiene las señales EEG de ocho sujetos. De acuerdo con los resultados, EP-300 se adapta a las señales EEG que genera cada sujeto, tiene un desempeño de 96% utilizando un electrodo y se procesa en tiempo real por su baja complejidad. Sin embargo, para evitar errores en la detección, los sujetos deben mantenerse concentrados y seguir el protocolo de adquisición. Como conclusiones, EP-300 es uno de los métodos más competitivo en la literatura debido a su desempeño, baja cantidad de electrodos y a que extiende el procesamiento de la onda P300 a sistemas ubicuos utilizados en aplicaciones cotidianas.

En las últimas décadas, se ha estudiado la señal del electroencefalograma como una serie de tiempo con dinámicas no lineales. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar los efectos del ejercicio físico sobre el número de correlaciones de la actividad no lineal de las diversas ondas cerebrales en estado basal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 12 varones voluntarios (seis experimentales y seis controles). El registro de la actividad cerebral se realizó con un dispositivo cerebro-interfaz Emotiv Epoc® mientras los estudiantes permanecían dos minutos sentados, relajados y con los ojos cerrados. Los registros se realizaron antes y después de un trabajo aeróbico de 30 minutos. Los resultados muestran que el número de correlaciones entre los exponentes de Hurst presentan modificaciones similares entre el grupo experimental y control en las ondas delta, beta y gamma. En las ondas theta existe mayor número de modificaciones en el grupo experimental (100% v/s 83.3%), situación más acentuada en alfa (83.3% v/s 16.7%). En conclusión, la intervención con 30 minutos de ejercicio físico aeróbico muestra efectos sobre el número de correlaciones entre los exponentes de Hurst en estado de reposo con los ojos cerrados en ondas theta y alfa. Los efectos son menos notorios o no presentan un patrón discriminativo en las ondas delta, beta y gamma. Abstract. In recent decades, the electroencephalogram signal has been studied as a time series with non-linear dynamics. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of physical exercise on the number of correlations of non-linear activity of the various brain waves at baseline. The sample consisted of 12 male volunteers (six experimental and six controls). The recording of brain activity was performed through a brain-interface device Emotiv Epoc® while the students remain seated, relaxed and with their eyes closed for two minutes. The logs were performed before and after 30-minutes of aerobic exercise. The results show that the number of correlations between the Hurst exponents show similar modifications between the experimental group and control group in the delta, beta and gamma waves. In theta waves there are a greater number of modifications in the experimental group (100% v/s 83.3%), a more pronounced situation in alpha (83.3% v/s 16.7%). In conclusion, the intervention with 30-minutes of aerobic physical exercise shows effects on the number of correlations for theta and alpha waves between the Hurst exponents at rest. The effects are less noticeable or do not show a discriminatory pattern in delta, beta and gamma waves.

Los potenciales relacionados con eventos (ERP) son un método de evaluación y de mapeo cerebral que permite entender la dinámica temporal del procesamiento de la información, dotando a la neurociencia de una herramienta de gran valor para escudriñar el procesamiento del lenguaje en niños y adultos, así como en trastornos cerebrales. Su uso está permitiendo comprender con precisión aquellos marcadores cerebrales involucrados en aspectos tan importantes como la adquisición del lenguaje o la integración y los desajustes semánticos y sintácticos. Por otra parte, el empleo de técnicas de estimulación cerebral no invasivas está suponiendo una auténtica revolución en el estudio del lenguaje; es una potente herramienta para la evaluación de aquellas redes cerebrales que lo facilitan o lo inhiben y permite mejorar o corregir sustancialmente el aprendizaje y el rendimiento en pruebas de lectura y comprensión o recuerdo, tanto en población sana como en tratamientos rehabilitadores en población clínica.

Introducción. La actividad cerebral, teniendo en cuenta su dinámica aperiódica, puede ser estudiada mediante funciones no lineales o sistemas caóticos. Objetivo. Estudiar las diferencias inter e intra-hemisféricas de la relación orden/caos en la actividad cerebral de la onda beta en estudiantes universitarios durante la resolución de un test de atención. Materiales y métodos. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 10 estudiantes universitarios de educación física, todos hombres, a quienes se les aplicó la prueba de atención de Toulouse- Piéron para registrar, mediante electroencefalograma, su actividad cerebral por 8 minutos durante la ejecución de la prueba. Para el registro de la actividad cerebral se usó el dispositivo Emotiv Epoc®. Resultados. Se observaron diferencias intra e inter-hemisfericas en la relación orden/caos entre los participantes en las regiones prefrontales, temporales y occipitales (p0.600), las cuales variaron tanto entre los sujetos, como a nivel individual a medida que avanzaba la ejecución de la prueba. Conclusión. A medida que la ejecución de la prueba avanzaba, las asimetrías hemisféricas aumentaban, por lo que es posible concluir que la participación en procesos cognitivos continuos produce diferencias en la actividad cerebral; sin embargo, es necesario realizar estudios similares en muestras con diferentes características (diversos grupos etarios, mujeres, etc.) y donde se apliquen otras pruebas de atención para poder confirmar o contrastar los resultados aquí reportados.

Introducción: en las últimas décadas el electroencefalograma se ha utilizado para estudiar los efectos del ejercicio físico sobre la actividad eléctrica cerebral, incluyendo nuevos paradigmas con matemáticas no lineales y teoría del caos. Material y método: El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar los efectos de 30 minutos de ejercicio físico aeróbico sobre la actividad neurofisiológica cerebral durante un estado basal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 13 varones voluntarios (siete experimentales y seis controles). El registro de la actividad cerebral (electroencefalografía) se realizó a través de un dispositivo cerebro-interfaz Emotiv Epoc® mientras los estudiantes permanecían dos minutos sentados con los ojos cerrados. Los registros se realizaron antes y después de un trabajo aeróbico de 30 minutos de trote. Resultados: las ondas delta presentan variaciones similares de los índices de Hurst entre sujetos del grupo control y experimental en las cortezas prefrontales temporales y occipitales, situación similar que ocurre con las ondas theta. Las ondas alfa resultan ser las más estables con pocas modificaciones entre la primera y segunda medición. Las ondas beta presentan variaciones similares en la región prefrontal y occipital entre el grupo control y experimental, pero en la región temporal existe mayor número de modificaciones en los sujetos que realizaron ejercicio físico. Las ondas gamma presentan mayor variabilidad en los sujetos controles con respecto a los experimentales. Conclusiones: Los índices de Hurst de las ondas delta, theta, alfa., beta y gamma de la corteza prefrontal, temporal y occipital en estado basal aumentan y disminuyen, sin encontrarse un patrón característico tras la intervención con ejercicio físico. Abstract. Introduction: In recent decades the electroencephalogram has been used to study the effects of physical exercise on brain electrical activity, including new paradigms with nonlinear mathematics and chaos theory. Material and method: The aim of this research was to determine the effects of 30 minutes of aerobic physical exercise on brain neurophysiological activity during at basal state. The sample consisted of 13 male volunteers (seven experimental and six controls).The recording of brain activity (electroencephalography) was performed through the brain-interface device Emotiv Epoc® while the students sat with their eyes closed for two minutes. The logs were performed before and after a 30-minute aerobic exercise.Results: delta waves show similar variations of Hurst indices between control and experimental group subjects in temporal and occipital prefrontal cortex, a similar situation as with theta waves. Alpha waves turn out to be the most stable with few modifications between the first and second measurements.The beta waves show similar variations in the prefrontal and occipital regions between the control and experimental groups, but in the temporal region there are more modifications in the subjects who performed physical exercise. Gamma waves show greater variability in control subjects compared to experimental ones.Conclusions: The Hurst indices of delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma waves of the prefrontal, temporal and occipital cortex at baseline increase and decrease, without finding a characteristic pattern after intervention with physical exercise.