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Copyright of Ege Journal of Medicine is the property of Ege University, Faculty of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, extraction conditions of proteins from Sargassum vulgare were optimized. The Box-Behnken design (BBD)-based Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to investigate and optimize the protein content (PC), total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (AOA), which were affected by extraction parameters (ultrasonic probe time: 0.09-2.91 min and enzyme/substrate ratio (E/S): 0.18-1.02). The optimal extraction was achieved while applying an ultrasonic probe for 2.5 min and using an E/S of 0.90. Under this optimum conditions PC and TPC were found to be as 248.30 mg protein/g dry weight (dw) and 38.03 mg gallic acid equiavalent (GAE)/g dw, respectively. Moreover, AOA was determined to be 53.77 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g dw by CUPRAC and 19.88 mg TE/g dw by ABTS methods. These findings provide a good basis for future research into the potential of macroalgae protein extracts, which have a high protein content and antioxidant potential for food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, there is a growing interest in fully utilizing agro-industrial wastes, with carotenoids gaining attention as valuable coloring agents. One of the potential sources for carotenoid extraction is lemon peel. The purpose of this study was to determine optimal extraction techniques for extracting as much carotenoids as possible from lemon peel. In this context, a comparison was conducted among extracts obtained via conventional, ultrasound-assisted (UAE), and ultrasound-assisted enzymatic (UAEE) extraction methods. The highest carotenoid content (0.792±0.01 mg/L) was achieved with UAEE, while the lowest (0.493±0.01 mg/L) was obtained conventionally. UAEE exhibited the highest antioxidant activity values among three methods: 753.80±5.79 mg TE/L (ABTS), 624.64±10.52 mg TE/L (DPPH), and 186.64±1.66 μmol TE/L (FRAP). In conclusion, UAEE showed promise in extracting carotenoids from lemon peel. Thus, by carotenoid extraction using green technology from waste lemon peels, with higher added value, richer in terms of phenolic composition and antioxidant properties, has been obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Harran Journal of Agricultural & Food Science is the property of Harran University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Anatolian Environmental & Animal Science is the property of Bulent Verep and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Valorization of agricultural wastes is ongoing topic in industry. Determining the best conditions by artificial neural networks based optimization techniques is the key step to extract valuable compounds efficiently and to obtain high quality extracts. In this study, the response surface methodology (RSM)-desirability function (DF) and artificial neural network (ANN)-genetic algorithm (GA) approaches were compared in modeling and optimization the extraction parameters (temperature, time and ethanol concentration (ratio of ethanol to water, % v/v)) of phenolic compounds in pomegranate peels. The ANN-GA approach providing higher coefficient of determination and lower root mean square deviation showed better predictive capability than the RSM. The optimum time (81.4 min) and ethanol concentration (15.7%) of RSM-DF approach shifted to the lower levels (78.8 min and 15.3%) with the ANN-GA approach while the optimum temperature (54.0°C) shifted to a higher level (59.3°C). The use of these values provided total phenolic content of >1000 mg GAE L-1 and the corresponding antioxidant activity was 11 mmol TE L-1. As a result, increasing temperature up to a critical level decreased the extraction time and ethanol concentration, and it was determined that higher time-temperature combinations must be used for the complete water-based extraction of phenolic compounds from plant wastes in comparison to ethanol-water based extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propolis is a bee product that has been used in traditional medicine since ancient times due to its bioactive components, and has been and will be the subject of many studies today because of its rich content. The interest in natural antioxidant and antimicrobial substances is increasing with the awareness of the consumer. The effort of science to make something effective and most efficient has led to many studies on the extraction of bioactive components. Studies investigating the extraction of bioactive components from propolis, using many methods from traditional methods to modern techniques, were examined in this study, and the effectiveness of this methods agains each others were emphasized. There are lots of studies in the literature investigating different solvent types, extraction times and temperatures. Since there are many variables affecting the extraction process, studies on optimization of extraction variables in propolis extraction are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the revealing of the relationship between nutritional habits and human health causes an increase in the studies targeting especially food-derived bioactive components. Food-derived peptides, on the other hand, have emerged as a very important area for researchers with their potential bioactivity. Bioactive peptides are specific amino acid sequences that have many health effects, and they may occur as a result of protein hydrolysis with digestive enzymes, proteolytic enzymes or fermentation. In addition to traditional hydrolysis methods, many new technologies are used in the production of protein hydrolysates and peptides, and also in the purification phase, new membrane and chromatography methods are used. The amino acid sequences of the peptides whose bioactivity is detected, are determined by various mass spectrometry methods. In addition, many bioinformatics tools have been developed for the prediction, identification, determination of amino acid sequence and characterization of bioactive peptides. This review aims to present a broad literature review of experimental and bioinformatics methods for the obtaining of food-derived protein and hydrolysate, peptide separation, purification and structural characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, carotenoid extraction was performed by conventional and ultrasound-assisted method (UAE) from wastes obtained from a tomato processing plant. Ethyl acetate was used as the solvent and parameters were optimized by the response surface methodology (Box-Benhken design). The temperature was kept constant and ultrasonic power (30-60-90 W), solid:solvent ratio (1:10, 1:30, 1:50 g/mL) and time (5-20-35 min) were studied. In addition, in the conventional method, the tomato peel:solvent ratio was 1:30 g/mL and the extraction process was carried out at 75oC for 120 min. The highest lycopene (197.12 mg/kg) and β-carotene (12.95 mg/kg) amounts were obtained at solid:solvent ratio of 1:50 g/mL, extraction time of 35 min, and ultrasonic power of 60 W. The amount of lycopene and β-carotene was 21.4% less and 11.0% more in UAE, respectively. The fit model for lycopene was quadratic-polynomial, while the linear model was found to be suitable for βcarotene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, optimum extraction conditions of bioactive compounds from fenugreek leaves (Trigonellafoenum graecum L.) were investigated using response surface methodology and the extracts having the highest total phenolic content, total flavonoid compounds, antioxidant activity and total saponin content were achieved. The independent process variables were solvent mixture ratio (water and ethanol, 0-100%), temperature (25-65°C) and sample–solvent ratio (10-50 g/L), and a constant extraction time of 120 minutes was used for all the design points. The experimental study was arranged according to D-optimal combined design and the process conditions were optimized using desirability function approach. Results showed that the extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were increased at increasing water ratios and temperature and decreasing sample-solvent ratio. Saponins were extracted better when 25% ethanol was used as solvent. The optimum extraction conditions were determined as 100% of water, 49.71°C of temperature, and 10 g/L of sample–solvent ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typha domingensis pollen is obtained from staminate flowers of plant that is edible. In this study, bioactive compounds from pollen were extracted using ethanol and methanol with conventional method. Further ultrasonication was applied to the samples to improve extraction efficiency. The extraction yield was higher with ethanol (26.3±0.14%) than with methanol (25.4±0.3%) and applying ultrasonication increased the yields significantly (P <0.05). Total phenolic compounds in ethanol and methanol extracts were determined as 9.83±0.48 and 9.71±0.55 mg GAE/g dry matter with the conventional method, and 11.76±0.64 and 12.74±0.37 mg GAE/g dry matter after ultrasonication, respectively. The flavonoid content with ethanol extraction was significantly higher than with methanol in both conventional and ultrasonication methods (P <0.05). Antioxidant activities using DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and FRAP tests, were determined, and enhanced antioxidant capacities were observed after ultrasonication. The bioactive compounds were qualitatively analyzed using UV-VIS spectroscopy and FTIR which confirmed the presence of polyphenols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Trauma & Emergency Surgery / Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Academic Journal of Agriculture / Akademik Ziraat Dergisi is the property of University of Ordu, Faculty of Agriculture, Academic Journal of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Erzincan University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Erzincan Binali Yildirim Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition / Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi is the property of Soil Science Society of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the study, bioactive component extraction was performed using the classical extraction method from broccoli. In the classical extraction method, the highest total phenolic substance (TPS), antioxidant activity (AOX) value and ascorbic acid content (AAC) determined were 690.94 mg GAE/kg dry matter (20°C/15min), 5.08 mg/ml (20°C/15 min) and 66.74 mg/100g dry matter (20°C/15 min), respectively. Extraction conditions were determined by using the Taguchi method. Accordingly, the best process conditions with the highest total phenolic substance, antioxidant activity and ascorbic acid value in the extraction were proved by the Taguchi method as 20°C/15min. When the colour values were examined, it was determined that the temperature had a significant effect on the colour values obtained in broccoli extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naproxen is one of the most used drugs today. Therefore, it is important to develop new and simple methods for the determination of naproxen. The goal of this research is to develop a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for analyzing naproxen levels in rabbit plasma and apply this method to the pharmacokinetic study. The liquid-liquid extraction technique was used to prepare blood samples from rabbits. Separation of naproxen was achieved on an HP-5 MS column. The method's calibration curve was plotted between 0.1 and 5.0 μg mL-1. The accuracy results were better than 2.18% and the precision results were less than 4.17% in rabbit plasma for naproxen. The method had recovery values >94.2% for all samples in rabbit plasma. In addition, the validated method was used to study naproxen pharmacokinetics in rabbits. The maximum naproxen plasma concentration is 42.1±4.243 μg mL-1. The duration to attain the greatest naproxen concentration and the area under the curve from (AUC0-16 h) were 1.50±0.196 h and 566.3±41.72 μg mL-1 h, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler (TAB), tüketicilerin doğal beslenme ve yaşama olan ilgisinin artmasıyla birlikte son yirmi yılda ön plana çıkmıştır. Türkiye, bulunduğu coğrafi konum, sahip olduğu iklim ve bitki çeşitliliği sayesinde TAB açısından önemli bir yere sahiptir. Oldukça geniş bir varyete gösteren TAB’ın; lezzet, koku, tat verici, antimikrobiyal, antioksidan ve terapötik gibi etkileri nedeniyle çeşitli formlarda (bütün, öğütülmüş, toz, ekstrakt, ekstre, hidrosol veya uçucu yağlar) kullanımları mevcuttur. Bileşimlerindeki sekonder metabolitlerden dolayı tıp ve eczacılık alanlarının yanı sıra fonksiyonel gıda bileşeni ve takviye edici gıda olarak kullanımları da önem taşımaktadır. Son yıllarda dünya ölçeğinde artarak yaşanan küreselleşme, kentleşme, değişen yaşam koşulları ve beslenme alışkanlarının farklılaşması ile birlikte ortaya çıkan yetersiz ve dengesiz beslenme sonucu tüketicilerin takviye edici gıdalara yönelimini artırmıştır. Takviye edici gıdalar pazarında TAB’ın kullanımına daha fazla yer verilmesiyle bu alanda gerekli düzenlemelere gidilmiştir. Bu derlemede, TAB ile bunların takviye edici gıda üretiminde kullanımı üzerine bazı bilgilere yer verilmiştir.

In this study, the effect of ultrasound assisted extraction on time and temperature for phenolic extraction from turmeric rhizomes grown in our country was investigated, and some process parameters were optimized in the encapsulation of turmeric extract by spray drying method. For this purpose, conventional extraction at three different temperatures (55, 75 and 95°C) and four different times (15, 30, 45 and 60 min.), ultrasound assisted extraction at 25 °C in six different times (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 min.) was performed to determine the total amount of pheolic substance in the extracts. Turmeric extract, obtained under conditions (ultrasound assisted, 25°C and 2 min.) with the highest amount of total phenolic substance (1436.68 mg GAE/100 g DM), was encapsulated by spray drying method using maltodextin and modified starch, and optimum processing conditions were determined by using total phenolic content, drying yield, Carr index, Hue angle and solubility values. Mixture of 15% maltodextrin and 5% modified starch as carrier material, also 156°C air inlet temperature was determined as optimum conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, pectin was obtained from dried grapefruit peels by microwave assisted extraction and the extraction conditions were optimized for pectin yield. Response surface method was used for the optimization and optimum extraction conditions were determined as 30 ml/g solvent solid ratio, 90 s and pH 1. The yield of pectin extracted at these conditions was found to be 20.93% and the properties of the extracted pectin were compared to pectin obtained by conventional extraction. FT-IR analysis was performed for both pectins. Pectin obtained by microwave assisted extraction was compared with pectin obtained by the conventional method and their structures were found to be similar to each others. It was determined that the pectin obtained had high degree of esterification.

Olive leaves which is one of the by-products of olive tree cultivation and olive processing industry, have been used in traditional folk medicine for centuries. In recent studies, it has been determined that olive leaf has many bioactivities and these effects have been associated with high phenolic compound content. The most dominant phenolic compound of olive leaf is oleuropein, which is the heterosidic ester of elenolic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol. Therefore, some studies have been carried out for extracting high value added compounds from olive leaves in recent years. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of crude phenolic extract and oleuropein have been investigated. Moreover, some studies have been carried out to increase the possibility of using olive leaf extract and oleuropein in food industry due to increasing suspicion of side effects and toxicity of synthetic food preservatives. In this review, it was aimed to investigate phenolic compounds of olive leaf extract, phenolic compound extraction from olive leaf as well as antioxidant, antimicrobial activity of olive leaf extract and oleuropein and possibilities of use in foods.

Bitkisel kaynaklı besinlerin rengi, lezzeti ve dayanıklılığı üzerine etkili olan fenolik maddeler, antioksidan özelliklerine bağlı olarak antikanserojen, ve antimikrobiyal aktivite göstermeleri bakımından da insan sağlığı ile yakından ilişkilidir. Fenolik maddelerden biri de klorojenik asittir. Bu çalışmada, toplanan dişbudak ağacı yaprakları güneş almaksızın kurutulup sap kısmı ayrılıp öğütüldü. Öğütülen kısımlar su ile ekstrakte edildi. Ekstraklar HPLC (Yüksek basınçlı sıvı kromatografisi) kromatografik sistemde analiz edilerek, sonuçlar ppm düzeyinde ifade edildi. Box-Behnken tasarımına dayalı Yüzey Yanıt Yönteminin (RSM) kullanıldığı ultrasonik destekli ekstraksiyon ile Fraxinus Excelsior yapraklarından klorojenik asit ekstraksiyonunun optimum koşulları belirlendi. Ektraksiyon verimi üzerine etkin deneysel koşullar; ekstraksiyon süresi (15-45 dakika), sıcaklık (30-700C), ultrason gücü (25-75%) olarak seçilmiştir. Bu parametrelerin en iyi muhtemel kombinasyonları RSM ile elde edildi. Fraxinus Excelsior yaprakları için optimum koşulların; ultrason gücünün %39,12, ekstraksiyon süresinin 15,18 dakika, ekstraksiyon sıcaklığının 69,980C olduğu belirlendi. Bu koşullarda maksimum klorojenik asit miktarı 11,70 ppm olarak belirlendi. Ayrıca antioksidan aktivitelerini görmek amacıyla UV spektrometre ile dişbudak ağacı yapraklarındaki toplam fenolik içerikleri ölçüldü. Öğütülmüş yapraklar etanol ile ekstrakte edildi. Ölçüm için kör, standart ve numune olmak üzere 3 tüp hazırlandı. Her bir numune kabından örnekler alınarak UV spektrometrede 765 nm’de absorbans değerleri ölçüldü. Fraxinus Excelsior yapraklarından toplam fenolik içeriğinin ölçülmesi için optimum koşulları belirlendi. Dişbudak yaprağı için optimum koşullar; ultrason gücü %47,76, süre 29,69 dakika, etanol konsantrasyonu %54,40 olarak belirlendi. Optimum koşullarda dişbudak yaprağındaki toplam fenolik içeriği 40,74 ppm bulundu. Buna göre elde edilen bu sonuçlar klorojenik asit etken bileşeninin ekstraksiyonu için ultrasonik destekli ekstraksiyonun (UAE) etkili bir metot olabileceğini göstermiştir.

Gıda sanayinin gelişmesiyle, gıdaların işleme, depolama ve satışa sunum aşamalarında çevresel etkenlerden dolayı renk kaybı meydana gelmektedir. Renk kaybı tüketicilerin ürün alımında en önemli unsurlardan birisidir. Bu durum, üreticileri renk kaybını önlemek için doğal veya sentetik renklendirici kullanımına yönlendirmektedir. Sanayinin gelişmesi ve sağlık sorunlarının artması ile tüketicilerin ilgisi doğal ürünlere kaymış ve doğal ürünlere artan ilgi sonucunda da üreticiler doğal renklendirici kullanımına yönelmiştir. Betalain, çiçeklerde, meyvelerde ve Caryophyllales familyasına ait bitkilerde bulunan doğal bir renklendiricidir. Antioksidan, antiproliferatif, antikanser ve antilipidemik etkileri ile sağlığı desteklemektedir. Böylece betalainin doğal renklendirici olarak kullanımı günümüzde ilgi çeken konular arasına girmektedir. Bu derlemede, betalainin moleküler ve kimyasal yapısı, stabilitesini etkilyen faktörler, betalain ekstraksiyonu, ekstraktların gıdalarda kulanımı ve sağlık üzerine etkileri ile ilgili bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Bu çalışma mercanköşk (Origanum onites L.) bitkisinin çeşitli gıda patojenleri üzerindeki antibakteriyel etkinliğinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapıldı. 5 değişik çözgende (aseton, etanol, metanol, kloroform, kaynatılmış su) ekstrakte edilen bitkinin 5 farklı bakteriye (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enteritidis ve Brucella spp.) karşı etkisi disk-diffüzyon tekniği kullanılarak incelendi. Bu ekstraktların 4 bakteri türüne (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter jejuni ve Salmonella enteritidis) karşı farklı düzeylerde etki gösterdiği, Brucella spp.’ye karşı ise antibakteriyel bir etki ortaya koymadığı saptanmıştır. Oluşan zon çapları itibariyle Etanol ile hazırlanmış ekstraktın Staphylococcus aureus üzerine gösterdiği etkinin en yüksek düzey (18 mm), kloroform ekstraktının Campylobacter jejuni’ye gösterdiği etkinin en düşük düzey (9 mm) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak mercanköşk ekstraktlarının antibakteriyel etkiye sahip olduğu ve gıda koruma alanında kullanılabileceği ortaya koyulmuştur.

Gıda sanayinin gelişmesiyle, gıdaların işleme, depolama ve satışa sunum aşamalarında çevresel etkenlerden dolayı renk kaybı meydana gelmektedir. Renk kaybı tüketicilerin ürün alımında en önemli unsurlardan birisidir. Bu durum, üreticileri renk kaybını önlemek için doğal veya sentetik renklendirici kullanımına yönlendirmektedir. Sanayinin gelişmesi ve sağlık sorunlarının artması ile tüketicilerin ilgisi doğal ürünlere kaymış ve doğal ürünlere artan ilgi sonucunda da üreticiler doğal renklendirici kullanımına yönelmiştir. Betalain, çiçeklerde, meyvelerde ve Caryophyllales familyasına ait bitkilerde bulunan doğal bir renklendiricidir. Antioksidan, antiproliferatif, antikanser ve antilipidemik etkileri ile sağlığı desteklemektedir. Böylece betalainin doğal renklendirici olarak kullanımı günümüzde ilgi çeken konular arasına girmektedir. Bu derlemede, betalainin moleküler ve kimyasal yapısı, stabilitesini etkilyen faktörler, betalain ekstraksiyonu, ekstraktların gıdalarda kulanımı ve sağlık üzerine etkileri ile ilgili bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Plants have been used since ancient times due to their positive effects on health. Herbal teas are most commonly used and have high antioxidant activity due to their high phenolic content. The aim of this study is to produce instant tea from plant extracts obtained from St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) and geranium (Perlargonium graveolens) by using microwave and ultrasound assisted extraction. Extracts obtained by maceration method were used as control group. Different microwave powers (90, 180 and 270 W) and different processing times (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min.) were used for the microwave assisted extraction. For the same purpose, different ultrasound powers (14, 35 and 56 W) and different processing times (1, 10, 20, 30 and 60 min.) were applied in ultrasound assisted extraction. The most proper processing conditions were determined according to the total phenolic content obtained from extraction processes. In the microwave-assisted extraction, 270 W-40 min. was the most proper process condition for St. John's Wort while it was 270 W-50 min. for the geranium which resulted in highest phenolic content including extract. For ultrasound-assisted process, the appropriate conditions were 56 W-60 min. for St. John's Wort plant and 35W-60 min. for geranium. In the light of the results of the study, it was concluded that the new technologies provide extracts with higher phenolic content obtained in a shorter time and microwave assisted extraction method is found to be more preferable due to its suitability for instant tea production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines various activities of the saffron, first quality according to Saffron Standard (TS/ISO 3632, 2011) extracts by using 13 different solvent systems, (distilled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and their mixtures at different levels). Total phenolic measured in water, ethanol, methanol, (v/v/v, 30/30/40) extract with 2265.00 mg GAE/100 g DM as highest and, the acetone extract with 40.00 mg GAE/100 g DM as lowest. The highest amount of total flavonoids was detected in water, ethanol, methanol (v/v/v, 30/30/40) extract with 587.14 mg CE/100 g DM, flavonoid component was not detected in acetone extract. As antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS+ analysis methods, the highest values were detected in water, ethanol, methanol (v/v/v, 30/30/40) extract with 1202.68 mg TE/100 g DM and 1383.74 mg TE/100 g DM, respectively. The lowest were detected 232.43 mg TE/100 g DM (DPPH) in ethanol and 251.23 mg TE/100 g DM (ABTS+) in acetone extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the extraction of humic acid from low-quality lignite samples obtained from Arguvan (Malatya) coal deposit was investigated using the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) method. In leaching experiments, raw coal (i.e. unwashed coal) sieved in different particle size and washed coals with different specific gravities obtained from float-sink test were used. Each coal sample was individually leached in alkaline media prepared using NaOH, KOH and Na4P2O7. Then, humic acid yield (%) of coal samples was determined by precipitation of humic acid from leach solution. As a result of the experiments performed under ideal leaching conditions, the humic acid yields obtained from the run-of-mine and washed coal samples were compared and it was concluded that coal washing had a positive effect on the humic acid yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate and soil condition as well as genetic diversity affect the physicochemical properties of fruits. In this study, 7 wild Hawthorn samples were obtained from different locations of the Çorum province and some physical properties (diameter: 14.5-20.2 mm, length:15.6-25.2 mm, fruit weight: 2.1-8.0 g, flesh:seed ratio: 3.3-7.9), CIE colour values (L*: 48.2-74.6, a*: 7.5-44.9 ve b*:30.3-59.5) and physicochemical properties pH (3.6-4.0), acidity (0.9-1.7%) dry matter (20.8-27.9%), soluble solids (12.6-17.7°Bx) were determined. Total phenolics (155.2-490.3 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoid (78.7-272.6 mg CE/100 g), proanthocyanidin contents (64.2-132.3 mg CE/100 g) and antioxidant capacity (14.6-44.9 μmol TEAC/g) extracted by thermosonication and measured by spectrophotometrically. These fruits are good source of aforementioned properties. The native fruit population might have an economic potential as value added product such as organic production, food additive, or medicinal purposes. Also, results might be useful to preserve genetic diversty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bu çalışmada, Zingiber officinale’den toplam polifenollerin ekstraksiyonun kinetiği incelenmiştir. Numuneler farklı sıcaklıktaki suyla ekstrakte edilmiş ve kinetik değişimleri gözlemlemek için ekstraksiyon karıştırılmış ve karıştırılmamış ortamlarda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ekstraksiyonun fiziksel davranışını matematiksel ifadelerle tanımlamak için Peleg, Kütle Aktarımı, Logaritmik ve Page Modelleri olmak üzere dört farklı model kullanılmıştır. Gallik asit eşdeğeri olarak belirlenen polifenol verimlerinin sıcaklık ve karıştırma koşullarına bağlı olarak 2.29-5.23 mg/g arasında değiştiği bulunmuştur. Araştırılan tüm koşullarda en yüksek regresyon katsayısına sahip olan Peleg Modeli’nin yatışkın durumda, Kütle transfer modelinin ise yatışkın olmayan koşulların ifadesinde deneysel verilere en uygun model olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, bu çalışmada ekstraksiyonun moleküler ve konvektif difüzivitesi ve aktivasyon enerjisi de hesaplanmıştır. Ekstraksiyonun aktivasyon enerjisini azalttığı için sıcaklık ve karıştırma hızındaki artışın difüzyon katsayılarını arttırdığı belirlenmiştir. Proseste, sıcaklığın karıştırma hızına oranla çok daha etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

In recent years, studies on novel extraction methods have been increasing to eliminate some disadvantages of conventional extraction methods to extract valuable components as oil, essential oil, color compounds, polyphenol, protein, pectin etc. from foodstuff. The aim of the extraction process is to obtain valuable components from food materials with high product yield and quality. The low-frequency electrical process assisted extraction methods, which are the novel extraction methods, provide advantages such as high extraction efficiency, less solvent consumption, short processing time and high energy efficiency compared to conventional methods. In this study, the effects of lowfrequency electrical assisted extraction methods such as ohmic heating, moderate electric field and pulsed electric field on extraction mechanism, the effective process parameters (temperature, frequency, wave type, voltage gradient, electrical conductivity), and application areas in the food industry were reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collagen is a structural protein found naturally in high amounts in poultry skin and bones. Gelatin is obtained by a partial hydrolysis of collagen under controlled conditions. It is a pure protein with many functional and technological properties such as gelation, thickening, film-forming and emulsification. Besides skin and bones, mechanically deboned meat (MDM) residues are considered good sources of collagen as well. This study aimed to extract collagen and gelatin from poultry skin and MDM residues of neck, shinbone, breastbone, wingtip, shanks, upper/lower backbone and their mixture through pre-treatment (using with dilute alkali and acid), demineralization, degreasing and thermal extraction processes, and evaluate their properties comparatively. Based on Kjeldahl analysis, the protein content of poultry skin was about 15% and that of the MDM residues varied between 15-21% before the extraction process. The SDS-PAGE profiles of the extracted collagen in skin and MDM residues comprised γ, β, α, and sub-α chain protein units. Collagen solution of the upper backbone and mixed MDM residues had the highest protein content with 11.98 mg/mL and 11.33 mg/mL, respectively. The extraction yield of collagen and gelatin significantly differred (p˂0.05) within the range between 1.32 and 2.16%, and 1.03 and 1.89%, respectively. The viscosity of collagen/gelatin solutions decreased with an increase in shear rate and gelatin obtained from mix MDM residues indicated higher viscosity than that of skin. Results of this study showed successful recovery of collagen and gelatin from poultry processing by-products and residues, which could contribute to the production of high value-added alternative sources for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the environmental awareness increases, the concept of green technology has gained more importance in recent years. It aims to reduce the production and consumption of hazardous materials, reduce the amount of energy spent and increase the use of renewable resources. It is recommended to use solvents that have non-toxic and high extraction efficiency instead of traditional solvents that are commonly used in the food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Green solvents are non-toxic, recyclable, non-volatile and have minimal cost of synthesis. Water, ionic liquids or supercritical fluids are among the most commonly preferred green solvents. In addition to these solvents, deep eutectic solvents took a part in this field in recent years. Although the physical properties of deep eutectic solvents are similar to ionic liquids, their chemical properties are different. In recent years, deep eutectic solvents have been widely used in the extraction of bioactive compounds (phenolic compound, anthocyanin etc.) from food materials. It has been detected a significant increase in extraction efficiency with these solvents. This article reviews the extraction of bioactive compounds from food materials using deep eutectic solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, production of sour cherry pomace anthocyanin extracts with conventional and ultrasonic methods were investigated. Firstly, the appropriate amount of sample and solvent was determined by using 'solid-liquid extraction method' and in trials the rate of 1:15; sample-solvent (ethanol) was used. In the determination of extraction process conditions, trials were carried out in three different durations (20, 40, 60 minutes) and three different temperatures (40, 60, 80oC). Appropriate extraction conditions were determined as, 40oC and 40, 60 minutes. In obtained extracts, total anthocyanin, total phenolic, antioxidant capacity (ABTS), pH, total dry material, water soluble mater, titratable acidity and color values were compared. Consequently, it was determined that in terms of anthocyanin contents, extracts which were produced with ultrasonic technique at 40oC and 40 minutes have the highest anthocyanin contents. Also, it was detected that ultrasonic technique is superior in terms of antioxidant capacity, phenolic content, and color rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, with the increasing popularity of functional natural products, scientists have begun to study propolis in more detail and use it in many products from health to food, from food to cosmetics. The raw propolis is a resin-like product used as a disinfectant, structure, and defense agent in the hive, collected by bees (Apis mellifera) from plants. Propolis demonstrates anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects due to the bioactive compounds it contains. The strong aroma, stickiness, and low water solubility of the raw propolis limit its use in many fields. The active ingredients of propolis obtained by extraction method are used as food supplement in pure form, as well as to increase functional value of various foods. In this review includes novel processing techniques that increase the solubility and bioavailability of raw propolis, the use of propolis extract in the food field, and its safe levels of intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferula gummosa Boiss essential oil is used in the cosmetics and perfumery industry in the world and it is an economically important member of the Apiaceae family. The present study was conducted to determine the essential and fixed oil yield and quality of Ferula fruits collected from natural flora in Mashadardehal region located in the northern part of Kashan province of Iran. The essential oil content of Ferula fruits were analyzed in Neo-Clavenger apparatus and fixed oil content was analyzed in NMR with 3 replications. Oil's constituents were analyzed with GC-MS and GC-FID devices; respectively. The essential oil content of Ferula fruits was 5.62±0.24 and fixed oil content in fruit pulp after distillation was 14.146 ± 0.97%. The main components of the essential oil were found to be β-pinene (64.87%), Δ-3-carene (7.29%), a-pinene (4.60%) and ß- myrcene (2.26%). The main components in fixed oil consisted of 13.0% saturated, 55.6% monounsaturated, 31.0% double unsaturated and 0.3% polyunsaturated fatty acids. The major components of fixed oil were petrocelinic (34.959%), linoleic (30.788%) and oleic acids (12.565%). Based on the results of the study it could be recommended that Ferula fruits could be used as a source for ß-pinene and as sources for petrocelinic and linoleic acids due to their high fixed unsaturated oils. Therefore; F. gummosa fruits have the potential to be used for both edible oil and pharmaceutical-cosmetic oil source for the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violacein is a natural violet pigment produced by various bacterial species, especially by the Gram-negative bacteria Chromobacterium violaceum. Violacein has antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anticancer activities and has various applications in food, cosmetic, textile and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, violacein was extracted from the Chromobacterium violaceum culture through ultrasonic-assisted (UA) and microwave-assisted (MA) extraction methods using methanol, ethanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate as solvent. Violacein was quantified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Then, antibacterial and anticancer activities of these extracts were investigated. In this study, for the first time, the violacein extract was obtained by using UA and MA extraction methods. The highest violacein concentration could be achieved by UAE method with methanol. It was found out that violacein extracts had an antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus (MRSA) and Bacillus cereus. The violacein extract had a strong anticancer effect on cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. Finally, the UA and MA extraction methods were successfully applied to bacterial cultures in order to extract the violacein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of different extraction methods on the quality properties of hibiscus extracts was investigated. Therefore, thermal extraction (40 and 75 ºC) and thermosonication (0.031 W/mL, 40 and 75 ºC) applications were performed. In the samples taken at 1st, 5th, 15th, 30th, 60th and 120th minutes during the extraction, an increase in °Brix and anthocyanin content was determined depending on the temperature and time, while pH did not show a significant difference. The samples were then extracted up to 1.1 °Brix. In these samples, anthocyanin content was determined between 149.7-156.2 mg/L, while delphinidin-3-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside were determined between 112.1-120.5 and 52.35-55.26 mg/L, respectively. Sucrose was determined as the highest amount of sugar while malic acid was found between 811.2-932.4 mg/L. When the effects of extractions on the quality characteristics were evaluated, it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between the applications except turbidity values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, properties of extracts obtained by using different solvents in propolis extraction were investigated. The antioxidant activities of water, glycerol, glycol and ethanolic extracts were compared. Statistically ethanolic extracts were higher than others in terms of phenolic content, flavonoid content and FRAP antioxidant capacity. A parallelism was observed between the antioxidant capacities of the extracts and the dielectic constants of the solvents. Total phenolic amount of samples was 0.79-87.56 mg GAE/mL; total flavonoid substance amounts were between 0.73-24.72 mg KE/mL and FRAP antioxidant capacity was between 7.52-870.112 mM Trolox E / mL. Findings showed that glycol extracts may be an alternative to ethanolic extracts. The different bioactive properties of the extracts, along with the need to consider the limits of the use of solvents were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the antimicrobial effect of bitter almond (Amygdalus nana L.) and sweet almond (Amygdalus trichamygdalus) extract were investigated. The extracts of the sweet almond which plants collected from Diyarbakır Ergani district and the extracts of the bitter almond which plants collected from Van Tuşba district. The almonds dissolved in deionized water, alcohol, and ether. Fungus, gram positive and gram negative bacteria were used as pathogens in this study. The effects of the extracts on pathogens were determined by using the disk diffusion method. According to the zones that were formed by almond extract against bacteria; The highest inhibitory effect of the extract of Amygdalus nana L. (Bitter Almond) showed the highest inhibitory effect on Enterococcus faecalis and the extract of Amygdalus trichamygdalus (Sweet Almond) on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, antimicrobial effects of plant extracts obtained by cold press or cold maceration regarding their structures on microorganisms were determined by well diffusion method. While cold pressed garlic extract showed strong antimicrobial effect with a zone diameters between 22.00 ±1.73 to 41.00 ±1.00 mm, bay extract was the lowest against S. aureus with 12.67±0.58 mm zone diameter. Besides cold pressed garlic extract showed the lowest Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) levels. It can be concluded that the cold maceration extracts showed various levels of antimicrobial effect and the type of solvent employed were important factors. When HPLC analysis results were examined, it was determined that phenolics compounds are mainly responsible for the antimicrobial effect. Garlic, rosemary, bay and styrax tree extracts was found to be able to increase the antimicrobial effect by showing synergistic effects when used together, but the effect can be reduced in some cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Kenger, Gundelia tournefortii plant from Asteraceae family, is a medicinal plant. Flowers, leaves, seeds and roots of Kenger have been reported to be used as a source of food. Material and Methods In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and in vitro antiproliferative properties of Kenger which fresh sprouts are peeled and eated cooked or uncooked in Sivas. The water phase and essential oil extraction of the body parts of Kenger were aimed to be evaluated in terms of their antimicrobial and in vitro antiproliferative properties. Results Cytotoxic activities were investigated using the Breast Cancer Cell Line (MCF-7) and human endothelial cell line (HUVEC). The effects of plant extracts on cell cultures were determined by the absorbance of Eliza reader by XTT method. Kenger plant extracts have been shown to have weak antimicrobial effects with MIC values. Conclusions In the province of Sivas, growing parts of the plant in the spring and summer are cut and peeled into the inner parts of the nutrients. Kenger, which is used in the treatment of various diseases, has cytotoxic effects on the cells we tested and has a weak antimicrobial effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosmarinik asit, karnozol ve karnosik asit, biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalis) 'de bulunan önemli doğal antioksidandır. Rosmarinik asit (RA), Bu bileşiklerin, özellikle de Rosmarinik asitin biyolojik aktivitelerini rapor eden çok sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Rosmarinik asitin in-vitro çalışmalarda anti-HIV-1, antibakteriyel, antioksidan, anti-kanserojen ve anti-alerjik aktiviteler, antiviral özellikler gibi bazı biyolojik faaliyetleri olduğu bildirilmiştir. In vivo çalışmalar da Rosmarinik Asitin antialerjik, antitromboz ve antikanserojenik özellikler sergilediğini göstermiştir. Endüstri pek çok faydalı etkileri nedeniyle doğal gıda koruyucuları, antimikrobiyal ve antioksidanlar ile giderek daha fazla ilgilenmektedir. Bu çalışmada, biyolojik olarak güçlü bir antioksidan olan rosmarinik asit bileşimi, Biberiye yapraklarından ekstrakte edildi. Ultrasonik Destekli Ekstraksiyon ve Yüzey Yanıt Metodolojisi Biberiye yapraklarından antioksidanların ekstraksiyon koşullarını optimize etmek için kullanılmıştır. En yüksek Rosmarinik Asit düzeyi (% 6,77) için öngörülen optimum koşullar % 34,37 etanol, 37,15 dk ekstraksiyon zamanı ve 73,38 °C ekstraksiyon sıcaklığı olarak tespit edilmiştir. Tahmin edilen optimum koşullarda, deneysel değerler tahmin edilen değerlere çok yakındı.

In this study, iron cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid was synthesized under refluxing conditions. The structural characterization of the complex was performed by using physico-chemical and spectroscopic methods. The effect of pH on division constant (µ) and extraction percentages (% E) in water and organic phase was investigated with the extraction method. At the end of the experiment, most of the Fe2+ ions in the water phase at pH=7.5 passed into the organic phase. Above this pH, the extraction percentage decreased because of the transition from water phase to organic phase. Iron cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid was extracted with ether, petroleum ether, benzole and carbon tetrachloride from aqueous solution and microbial activities of the complex were studied. The activity data showed that iron cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid has an important antibacterial and antifungal activities.

With the development of the food industry, changes in environmental factors create an effect of color loss in the stages such as, processing, storing and selling the food. Colour los is one of the most important factor for consumers purchasing the product. That's why for preventing the color loss natural and synthetical colorants are used. Consumers directed to use of natural products with the increasing health issues as a result of industrialization. With increasing attention of usage of natural products, producers are directed to use of natural colorants. Betalain is a natural colorant that was used in flowers and fruits also, it belongs to Caryophyllales family. At the same time, through its antioxidant, anticancer and antilipidemic effects, it creates a positive effect on health. Thus, nowadays using betalain as a natural colorant became an interesting subject. In this article, it was purposed giving information in the areas of the molecular and chemical structure of betalain, their stability, extraction, and usage in foods of betalain and its effects on the health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is an important medicinal plant of the Lamiaceae family, which is contains many bioactive components and is used as herbal tea, spice and food seasoning. In this study, the essential oils of sage were removed by hydrodistilation and the composition of the remaining residual floral water and waste leaves were investigated. Dried sage leaves were extracted with hydrodistillation method for 1 and 2 hours and the remaining leaves were dried again and subjected to Soxhlet extraction first with ethyl acetate and then ethanol. Total phenolic, flavonoid contents, α-glucosidase inhibition activities and antioxidant activities by using DPPH, ABTS, and ß-carotene methods in aqueous (Hydrosol1, Hydrosol2), ethanolic (Ethanol1, Ethanol2) and ethyl acetate (Ethyl acetate1, Ethyl acetate2) extracts were determined by colorimetric methods. Among the different extracts tested, Hydrosol2, obtained from 2 h distillation, displayed the highest scores in terms of the total amount of phenolics (60.63 mg GAE/g), the total flavonoid content (40.23 mg CE/g), radical scavenging power ((DPPH (95.00 mg TEAC/g) and ABTS (92.00 mg TEAC/g)), while the highest antidiabetic activity (as IC50 value) was determined in Ethyl acetate1 sample as 1.32. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals. Collagen, commonly used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and leather industries, is commercially derived from by-products of mammals, such as pig and bovine. There are at least 20 different types of collagen detected so far. Most of the collagen in the body belongs to type 1, type 2 and type 3. Collagen properties vary according to the pre-treatment and extraction method. Salting out, acid hydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis methods are used for collagen extraction. In addition, recent studies have shown that the use of ultrasound is effective in increasing the extraction efficiency. In this review, studies on the effect of pre-treatment and different extraction methods on collagen yield were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to determine the physicochemical properties of extracted gelatins from mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) bones and compare with those of commercial fish and bovine gelatins. The yield of gelatin obtained from the bone of mackerel and sea bass were 5.98 and 6.20%, respectively. Two extracted gelatins showed higher protein content, lower moisture content compared to both commercial gelatins, indicates that the gelatin has considerably high purity. Melting temperatures of mackerel and sea bass bone gelatins were 25.5 and 23°C, respectively. Mackerel bone gelatin was yellow in appearance and higher L* value than both commercial gelatins. It can be concluded from the present study that mackerel and sea bass bone are a prospective source to produce gelatin in good yield with desirable functional properties comparable to commercially available mammalian and fish gelatins.