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The article analyzes the experience of creation and development of the Department of History of Science and Technology at Ural Federal University. The article by the head of the Department of History of Science and Technology UGTU - UPI - UrFU Professor V.V. Zaparia and his colleagues from the department, docents V.A. Doroshenko and E.V. Zaytseva, analyze and summarize the almost 20-year history of the department. The article reveals the achievements of the department staff and its problematic moments, as well as considers the history and methods of teaching the main discipline of the department - the history of science and technology. The author describes the creation of methodological works in the form of textbooks, teaching aids and reading-books, multimedia courses. The authors not only summed up the results of the department, but also showed its place in the Russian school of historical research and analyzed the main directions of scientific work of the teaching staff.

The study of any scientific problem involves the analysis and comprehension of the results of scientific activity of previous generations of scientists. Despite the fact that in domestic legal science the limits of legal regulation as a significant scientific problem have not received comprehensive coverage, the pages of various legal publications have expressed provisions that are of conceptual importance and serve as the foundation for its further research. The purpose of the study: to comprehend the results of the study of the limits of legal regulation in domestic legal science, highlighting the key ideas and provisions that contribute to the further study of the scientific problem posed. Research methods: general scientific methods and techniques of cognition (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, abstraction, generalization, comparison) and particular scientific (formal-legal, structural-functional). Results: the study of the limits of legal regulation in domestic legal science made it possible to form a serious foundation for its further study. The main results include: comprehension of the basic concepts of «the scope of legal regulation» and «limits of legal regulation»; the emergence of different approaches to the problem of establishing criteria for the limits of legal regulation; formation of a classification of the limits of legal regulation; designation of the main directions in understanding the factors of establishing the limits of legal regulation.

The article is a continuation of the article previously published in the journal «The results of reforms in the field of training highly qualified personnel in the late XX - early XXI century: scientific personnel». The authors made an attempt to analyze the reproduction of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel by scientific and research, educational organizations of higher education and organizations of additional professional education in the Russian Federation. In society, there has always been an interest in higher education, especially in the system of training highly qualified personnel, postgraduate education and doctoral studies. The current institutional crisis of the education system has affected both undergraduate and postgraduate education. The presented results evaluate the process of training highly qualified educational personnel, the effectiveness of the institute of postgraduate and doctoral studies in Russia.

Older citizens are considered in the article as a socio-demographic community, and the implementation of a specific state strategy as a mechanism of public administration to achieve the task. The relevance of the topic of the article is due to the creation of conditions for the quality of life of citizens, including to increase life expectancy, physical and social activity. Currently, in the Russian Federation, to create such conditions, the state strategy and projects are being implemented at the federal and regional levels. Values of active aging according to respondents,% Of great importance for achieving active longevity is the involvement of citizens of different age groups, and especially the elderly, in various types of physical culture and recreation activities, including classes according to special programs, which provide for the risks of age-related diseases and ways to minimize them. For the successful implementation of such programs, the efforts of various program participants are combined, including volunteers who train themselves and then teach others. By expanding the number of participants, a social effect is achieved: the number of elderly citizens participating in programs is increasing. An economic effect is achieved from the implementation of such programs: the risks of age-related diseases are minimized, and opportunities for physical and social activity are extended. The authors of the article, in addition to analyzing traditional methods, use sociological methods: a survey of 331 elderly citizens living in the Sverdlovsk region was conducted, an expert survey of specialists in active aging and physical activity was conducted. Information sources such as the websites of Rosstat, the websites of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Social Policy of the Sverdlovsk Region were used.

Aim - to study the last 25 yeas dynamics in the system of Russian postgraduate education. The research is based on institutional analysis of the system of postgraduate education, as well as the resource approach in assessing the human potential of scientific personnel, postgraduate students and doctoral students. A comparative approach allowed us to analyze the dynamics of changes in the numbers, gender, age characteristics of researchers, doctoral students and graduate students for the last decades. Other methods used include analysis and systematization of statistical data, periodization method, analysis of theoretical sources, secondary analysis of sociological data. Results: the article presents the overview of Russian postgraduate education system evolution and analyses characteristics of its present state. The authors introduce their own periodization of the postgraduate education system development. The study presents human capacity, age and gender profiles of scientific personnel. The study reveals the trend in reducing the number of organizations providing postgraduate studies, as well as the decrease in the number of postgraduate and doctoral students and researchers. The authors came to the conclusion that the present situation is characterized by the contradiction between government regulation to the system of postgraduate education and its possibilities to ensure these requirements. The crisis in the system of Russian postgraduate education is evident. The presented results evaluate the process of training highly qualified educational personnel, the effectiveness of the institute of postgraduate and doctoral studies, as well as the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of scientific personnel in Russia. The data presented in the article will contribute to the development of the state educational policy and bring the process of training highly qualified educational personnel in accordance with the requirements and demand for highly qualified specialists in modern industry and science.

The standard model of pore formation was introduced more than fifty years ago, and it has been since, despite some refinements, the cornerstone for interpreting experiments related to pores in membranes. A central prediction of the model concerning pore opening under an electric field is that the activation barrier for pore formation is lowered proportionally to the square of the electric potential. However, this has only been scarcely and inconclusively confronted to experiments. In this paper, we study the electropermeability of model lipid membranes composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) containing different fractions of POPC-OOH, the hydroperoxidized form of POPC, in the range 0 to 100 mol %. By measuring ion currents across a 50-μm-diameter black lipid membrane (BLM) with picoampere and millisecond resolution, we detect hydroperoxidation-induced changes to the intrinsic bilayer electropermeability and to the probability of opening angstrom-size or larger pores. Our results over the full range of lipid compositions show that the energy barrier to pore formation is lowered linearly by the absolute value of the electric field, in contradiction with the predictions of the standard model.

Introduction: the knowledge of the legal regulation sphere and its limits is impossible without the analysis of the factors under the influence of which it is formed. Despite the obvious significance, the factors of establishing the limits of legal regulation did not become an independent subject of research but were only indirectly affected in the context of the analysis of the legal education factors. Meanwhile, these factors are of independent importance and need additional reflection. Their identification and clarification contribute to the introduction of the concept of “smart regulation” in the law-making policy of the modern state. Purpose: to identify the factors of setting the limits of legal regulation. Methods: the methodological framework for the study was made up of the general scientific and specific scientific methods of cognition. Results: the analysis of the factors of the establishment of the legal regulation sphere and its limits with the aim of its most adequate reflection as a subject of legal regulation is a necessary condition for improving the effectiveness of the law-making policy of the modern state. Conclusions: the factors that determine the limits of legal regulation can be objective and subjective. The objective factors determine the limits of the sphere of legal regulation; as such, it is necessary to consider the properties of public relations that have a legal nature, which in turn are under the influence of the objective factors of a natural and social nature, traditionally referred to as lawforming. The main natural factors should include biological, geographical, climatic, and physiological factors. The main objective social factors are scientific and technological, axiological, economic, and psychological. The identification of the sphere of legal regulation and its consolidation as a subject of legal regulation are caused not only by the influence of the objective factors but also by the subjective ones, which should include political-legal, scientific-cognitive, and technical-legal. All these factors interact with each other and “work” in the system. Depending on the specifics of the public attitude that is in the sphere of legal regulation and is fixed as its subject, the influence of various factors will be unequal.

В современный период демографического кризиса становится актуальным изучение репродуктивного поведения, приводящего к многодетности. Предпринята попытка на основе анализа нарративных интервью с многодетными родителями описать особенности их репродуктивного поведения. В ходе анализа авторы пришли к выводу, что детерминирующими факторами перехода к многодетности (рождению детей в целом) выступают, во-первых, динамичность репродуктивных установок матерей под влиянием особенностей жизненных ситуаций и, во-вторых, особенности контрацептивного поведения матерей (партнеров). Выявлено, что современная многодетность не является следствием только «высоких» установок детности матерей в начале репродуктивного периода, а может возникать как ответ на определенные жизненные события (брачные, стрессовые, репродуктивные и др.). На основании критериев «начальные репродуктивные установки» и «темпорально-осознанное отношение к планированию рождений» были сконструированы четыре модели многодетности (традиционная, осознанная, спонтанная, трансформирующаяся многодетность).

Introduction. The inadequacy of the support measures provided to children with orphan diseases is exacerbated by the trend towards an increase in the number of children with such a diagnosis. Orphan diseases also include diseases caused by primary immunodeficiency or congenital errors of immunity, which are life-threatening. However, these people are part of society and require attention from it, and social and economic measures from the state. Most of them, with proper treatment, socialization and appropriate government support, can lead a normal life and live a full life. Scientific novelty of the research. On the basis of the study results, the authors contribute to clarifying the principles used in the implementation of the security function of the social state. The targeting of social support measures must be supplemented with the principles of social justice and freedom to choose ways to meet the needs of specific categories of citizens, understood as follows. The welfare state supports those citizens who need it most of all, namely, the poor. Specific categories of citizens can satisfy their needs, while having the opportunity to choose. This opportunity arises thanks to the receipt of targeted assistance in the form of monthly or annual subsidies. Families with children with orphan diseases should also be included in these categories. If they have the right to receive annual government subsidies, they will be able to spend these funds depending on the current needs due to the state of health of their children with orphan diseases (for the purchase of socially important food products; medicines, medical nutrition, and various services). The aim of the work is to study the problems of providing support measures to children with orphan diseases in the context of the current model of the welfare state. The article analyzes the satisfaction of patients with congenital immunity errors with various types of state support, identifies problems that reduce their satisfaction. Methods. The authors use methods such as comparative analysis, study of regulatory legal acts, sociological analysis. Results. On the basis of the study results the effectiveness of measures of state support for children with orphan diseases, studying the best experience of foreign countries, proposals were made to clarify the principles used to implement the security function by the social state, to expand the composition of the subjects involved in providing support measures analyzed in the article. Conclusions. The results obtained make it possible to assert that the targeted approach, which is basic in the model of the welfare state, does not cover most of the problems of children with innate immunity errors and, accordingly, the families that represent their interests.

Changes in modern economic spaces of different countries of the world, global challenges stimulate interest in the goals in the field of sustainable development of territories. Elements of the theory of innovative industries are used to solve problems in classical segments of the economy associated with ensuring their growth and development. This theory is built on concept of orange economy where creative and intellectual potential are the main resources. The purpose of the article is to analyze the experience of UrFU in solving problems in the field of sustainable development and developing the concept of a “green university” and “green campus”, which imply an improvement in the quality of the environment. Methods of content analysis, qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in the work such as methods of systematization, analysis of documents and statistical information, foresight session. We have identified the main goals of the university campus policy; identified and substantiated the main categories that meet the challenges of the future orange economy. The authors analyzed the results of a foresight session with experts in the field of sustainable development and creative economics, which made it possible to develop forecasts for the development of the university with a planning horizon till 2030 for the implementation of a new campus policy aimed at creating a green university. The article discusses a predictive model for creating a university campus on the example of the Ural Federal University with possible development as part of the orange economy concept.

We report here on the nanopore resistive pulse sensing (Np-RPS) method, involving pore-forming toxins as tools for polymer analytics at single molecule level. Np-RPS is an electrical method for the label-free detection of single molecules. A molecule interacting with the pore causes a change of the electrical resistance of the pore, called a resistive pulse, associated with a measurable transient current blockade. The features of the blockades, in particular their depth and duration, contain information on the molecular properties of the analyte. We first revisit the history of Np-RPS, then we discuss the effect of the configuration of the molecule/nanopore interaction on the molecular information that can be extracted from the signal, illustrated in two different regimes that either favor molecular sequencing or molecular sizing. Specifically, we focus on the sizing regime and on the use of two different pore-forming toxins, staphylococcal α-hemolysin (αHL) and aerolysin (AeL) nanopores, for the characterization of water-soluble polymers (poly-(ethylene glycol), (PEG)), homopeptides, and heteropeptides. We discuss how nanopore sizing of polymers could be envisioned as a new approach for peptide/protein sequencing.

Russian National Public Library for Science and Technology publishes electronic terminological dictionaries. The history of this activity line and the publications are discussed, e. g.: The English-Russian Dictionary in Machine-readable Cataloguing, SIBID Electronic Terminological Dictionary (1-st and 2-nd editions), and Electronic Dictionary of Standardized Abbreviations in the Russian and 25 Foreign European Languages for Bibliographic Records. Links to purchase the dictionaries are given. Plans for the future are discussed. The paper is prepared within the framework of the State Order to RNPLS&T for 2021 No. 730000F.99.1.BV09АА00006.

We report here on the nanopore resistive pulse sensing (Np-RPS) method, involving pore-forming toxins as tools for polymer analytics at single molecule level. Np-RPS is an electrical method for the label-free detection of single molecules. A molecule interacting with the pore causes a change of the electrical resistance of the pore, called a resistive pulse, associated with a measurable transient current blockade. The features of the blockades, in particular their depth and duration, contain information on the molecular properties of the analyte. We first revisit the history of Np-RPS, then we discuss the effect of the configuration of the molecule/nanopore interaction on the molecular information that can be extracted from the signal, illustrated in two different regimes that either favor molecular sequencing or molecular sizing. Specifically, we focus on the sizing regime and on the use of two different pore-forming toxins, staphylococcal α-hemolysin (αHL) and aerolysin (AeL) nanopores, for the characterization of water-soluble polymers (poly-(ethylene glycol), (PEG)), homopeptides, and heteropeptides. We discuss how nanopore sizing of polymers could be envisioned as a new approach for peptide/protein sequencing.

Artificial lipid bilayers have been used for several decades to study channel-forming pores and ion channels in membranes. Until recently, the classical two-chamber setups have been primarily used for studying the biophysical properties of pore forming proteins. Within the last 10 years, instruments for automated lipid bilayer measurements have been developed and are now commercially available. This chapter focuses on protein purification and reconstitution of channel-forming proteins into lipid bilayers using a classic setup and on the commercially available systems, the Orbit mini and Orbit 16.

Artificial lipid bilayers have been used for several decades to study channel-forming pores and ion channels in membranes. Until recently, the classical two-chamber setups have been primarily used for studying the biophysical properties of pore forming proteins. Within the last 10 years, instruments for automated lipid bilayer measurements have been developed and are now commercially available. This chapter focuses on protein purification and reconstitution of channel-forming proteins into lipid bilayers using a classic setup and on the commercially available systems, the Orbit mini and Orbit 16.

Despite high-resolution crystal structures of both inactive and active G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), it is still not known how ligands trigger the large structural change on the intracellular side of the receptor since the conformational changes that occur within the extracellular ligand-binding region upon activation are subtle. Here, we use solid-state NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on rhodopsin to show that Trp2656.48 within the CWxP motif on transmembrane helix H6 constrains a proline hinge in the inactive state, suggesting that activation results in unraveling of the H6 backbone within this motif, a local change in dynamics that allows helix H6 to swing outward. Notably, Tyr3017.48 within activation switch 2 appears to mimic the negative allosteric sodium ion found in other family A GPCRs, a finding that is broadly relevant to the mechanism of receptor activation.

The aim of the research, the results of which are presented in the given article, comprises studying the state of legal and organizational healthcare environment provided to the Russian children with diseases caused by primary immune deficiency, as well as identifying the prospects for creating such environment. The relevance of the theme under study is due to the fact that the number of patients with diseases caused by primary immune deficiency is increasing in many countries, including the Russian Federation. This group includes more than 450 different diseases caused by defects in cells and proteins that are the components of the immune system. A significant number of Russian children suffer from diseases caused by severe combined immune deficiency: this is one of the most dangerous forms of primary immune deficiency disease. Hereditary conditions begin functioning even before the birth of a child, they are difficult to diagnose, often have fatal consequences, such as director disability and death. Their treatment requires special resources, such as high-tech medical care, emergency treatment, the use of special medical technologies, personnel and financial support. The authors of the article prove that difficulties and problems can be minimized in case of the implementation of the specific legislative and organizational actions.

The urbanization processes in Russia have had a significant impact on the state of human resources in urban and rural areas, including the decline in the birth rate. As part of this study, the authors studied the characteristics of the births of the first and subsequent children in urban and rural areas, as well as the influence of such factors as the level of per capita incomes of the population. In the course of analysis based on averaged time data for the subjects of the Russian Federation from 2010 to 2017, a cross section was conducted. His results showed the presence of various, sometimes opposite fertility trends of the first and subsequent children among the population in urban and rural areas. So, the birth of the first child both in the city and in the village practically does not depend on the income level of the population. With respect to subsequent children, the opposite trend is observed—in the city, with the growth of income, the total birth rate of second and subsequent children decreases, while in rural areas it grows. According to the authors, these processes are influenced not only by objective factors—the proportion of women of reproductive age, but also subjective—by the features of reproductive behavior, including an increase in the age of birth of the first child in rural areas.

Bacillus thuringiensis parasporal crystal proteins (Cry proteins) are insecticidal pore-forming toxins that bind to specific receptor molecules on the brush border membrane of susceptible insect midgut cells to exert their toxic action. In the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), a coleopteran pest, we previously proposed that interaction of Cry3Aa toxin with a CPB ADAM10 metalloprotease is an essential part of the mode of action of this toxin. Here, we annotated the gene sequence encoding an ADAM10 metalloprotease protein (CPB-ADAM10) in the CPB genome sequencing project, and using RNA interference gene silencing we demonstrated that CPB-ADAM10 is a Cry3Aa toxin functional receptor in CPB. Cry3Aa toxicity was significantly lower in CPB-ADAM10 silenced larvae and in vitro toxin pore-forming ability was greatly diminished in lipid planar bilayers fused with CPB brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) prepared from CPB-ADAM10 silenced larvae. In accordance with our previous data that indicated this toxin was a substrate of ADAM10 in CPB, Cry3Aa toxin membrane-associated proteolysis was altered when CPB BBMVs lacked ADAM10. The functional validation of CPB-ADAM10 as a Cry3Aa toxin receptor in CPB expands the already recognized role of ADAM10 as a pathogenicity determinant of pore-forming toxins in humans to an invertebrate species.

Alamethicins (ALMs) are antimicrobial peptides of fungal origin. Their sequences are rich in hydrophobic amino acids and strongly interact with lipid membranes, where they cause a well-defined increase in conductivity. Therefore, the peptides are thought to form transmembrane helical bundles in which the more hydrophilic residues line a water-filled pore. Whereas the peptide has been well characterized in terms of secondary structure, membrane topology, and interactions, much fewer data are available regarding the quaternary arrangement of the helices within lipid bilayers. A new, to our knowledge, fluorine-labeled ALM derivative was prepared and characterized when reconstituted into phospholipid bilayers. As a part of these studies, C19F3-labeled compounds were characterized and calibrated for the first time, to our knowledge, for 19F solid-state NMR distance and oligomerization measurements by centerband-only detection of exchange (CODEX) experiments, which opens up a large range of potential labeling schemes. The 19F-19F CODEX solid-state NMR experiments performed with ALM in POPC lipid bilayers and at peptide/lipid ratios of 1:13 are in excellent agreement with molecular-dynamics calculations of dynamic pentameric assemblies. When the peptide/lipid ratio was lowered to 1:30, ALM was found in the dimeric form, indicating that the supramolecular organization is tuned by equilibria that can be shifted by changes in environmental conditions.

Lipid bilayer membranes formed from the artificial 1,3-diamidophospholipid Pad-PC-Pad have the remarkable property that their hydrophobic thickness can be modified in situ: the particular arrangement of the fatty acid chains in Pad-PC-Pad allows them to fully interdigitate below 37 °C, substantially thinning the membrane with respect to the noninterdigitated state. Two stimuli, traversing the main phase transition temperature of the lipid or addition of cholesterol, have previously been shown to disable the interdigitated state. Both manipulations cause an increase in hydrophobic thickness of about 25 A due to enhanced conformational entropy of the lipids. Here, we characterize the interdigitated state using electrophysiological recordings from free-standing lipid-membranes formed on micro structured electrode cavity arrays. Compared to standard membranes made from 1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholin (DPhPC), pure Pad-PC-Pad membranes at room temperature had lowered electroporation threshold and higher capacitance. Ion channel formation by the peptide Gramicidin A was clearly facilitated in pure Pad-PC-Pad membranes at room temperature, with activity occurring at significantly lower peptide concentrations and channel dwell times increased by 2 orders of magnitude with respect to DPhPC-membranes. Both elevation of temperature beyond the phase transition and addition of cholesterol reduced channel dwell times, as expected if the reduced membrane thickness stabilized channel formation due to decreased hydrophobic mismatch.

Cyclic β-sheet decapeptides, such as tyrocidines and gramicidin S, were among the first antibiotics in clinical application. Although they have been used for such a long time, there is virtually no resistance to them, which has led to a renewed interest in this peptide class. Both tyrocidines and gramicidin S are thought to disrupt the bacterial membrane. However, this knowledge is mainly derived from in vitro studies, and there is surprisingly little knowledge about how these long-established antibiotics kill bacteria. Our results shed new light on the antibacterial mechanism of β-sheet peptide antibiotics and explain why they are still so effective and why there is so little resistance to them., Cyclic β-sheet decapeptides from the tyrocidine group and the homologous gramicidin S were the first commercially used antibiotics, yet it remains unclear exactly how they kill bacteria. We investigated their mode of action using a bacterial cytological profiling approach. Tyrocidines form defined ion-conducting pores, induce lipid phase separation, and strongly reduce membrane fluidity, resulting in delocalization of a broad range of peripheral and integral membrane proteins. Interestingly, they also cause DNA damage and interfere with DNA-binding proteins. Despite sharing 50% sequence identity with tyrocidines, gramicidin S causes only mild lipid demixing with minor effects on membrane fluidity and permeability. Gramicidin S delocalizes peripheral membrane proteins involved in cell division and cell envelope synthesis but does not affect integral membrane proteins or DNA. Our results shed a new light on the multifaceted antibacterial mechanisms of these antibiotics and explain why resistance to them is virtually nonexistent.

Efficient use of membrane protein nanopores in ionic single-molecule sensing requires technology for the reliable formation of suspended molecular membranes densely arrayed in formats that allow high-resolution electrical recording. Here, automated formation of bimolecular lipid layers is shown using a simple process where a poly(tetrafluoroethylene)-coated magnetic bar is remotely actuated to perform a turning motion, thereby spreading phospholipid in organic solvent on a nonpolar surface containing a

The 11-cis retinal chromophore is tightly packed within the interior of the visual receptor rhodopsin and isomerizes to the all-trans configuration following absorption of light. The mechanism by which this isomerization event drives the outward rotation of transmembrane helix H6, a hallmark of activated G protein-coupled receptors, is not well established. To address this question, we use solid-state NMR and FTIR spectroscopy to define the orientation and interactions of the retinal chromophore in the active metarhodopsin II intermediate. Here we show that isomerization of the 11-cis retinal chromophore generates strong steric interactions between its β-ionone ring and transmembrane helices H5 and H6, while deprotonation of its protonated Schiff's base triggers the rearrangement of the hydrogen-bonding network involving residues on H6 and within the second extracellular loop. We integrate these observations with previous structural and functional studies to propose a two-stage mechanism for rhodopsin activation., Rhodopsin signalling is triggered by the light-induced isomerization of its 11-cis retinal chromophore. Here, the authors use NMR spectroscopy to define retinal orientation and interactions in the active metarhodopsin II intermediate, proposing a two-stage mechanism for rhodopsin activation.