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Introdução: As doenças cardiovasculares são a principal causa de óbito no mundo. As taxas de morte continuam elevadas e podem ser decorrentes da alta prevalência e, ao mesmo tempo, do ainda pobre controle dos fatores de risco cardiovascular. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo analítico e observacional realizado em ambulatório de Cardiologia no período de agosto de 2015 a agosto de 2016, por meio de aplicação de questionário próprio. Os dados passaram por análise estatística descritiva e foram respeitadas as recomendações éticas. Objetivos: Estimar a prevalência e a distribuição da combinação de fatores de risco cardiovascular em portadores de doença arterial coronariana, bem como avaliar o conhecimento de antecedentes pessoais de risco. Resultados: Houve predomínio do sexo feminino (70%), com média de idade de 63,87 anos. A maioria declarou-se parda (75,56%), solteira (41,11%), com baixa escolaridade (57,79%) e renda (61,11%) e sem atividade ocupacional (56,67%). A maioria dos indivíduos teve como diagnóstico médico a angina instável (74,44%). Observou‑se elevada prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular, principalmente hipertensão arterial sistêmica (83,33%), dislipidemia (62,22%), sedentarismo (74,44%) e excesso de peso (64,44%). A obesidade central foi identificada em 88,89% das mulheres e em 51,85% dos homens. Segundo o índice de massa corpórea, a obesidade foi encontrada em 37,78% da amostra. Acerca do conhecimento, 74,44% dos sujeitos afirmaram saber as condições que predispõem doença arterial coronariana. O fumo (36,67%) e a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (34,44%) foram os fatores de risco cardiovascular mais citados. Conclusão: Observou-se conhecimento insatisfatório acerca dos fatores de risco cardiovascular, bem como um descontrole e alta prevalência de fatores de risco. A caracterização dos fatores de risco cardiovascular é essencial para a realização de intervenções mais custo-efetivas.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the world. Death rates remain high and may be due to the high prevalence and, at the same time, the still poor control of cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: This is an analytical and observational study carried out in a cardiology outpatient clinic from August 2015 to August 2016, by means of a self-administered questionnaire. Data were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis and ethical recommendations were respected. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and distribution of the combination of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with coronary artery disease, as well as to assess knowledge of personal risk factors. Results: There was a predominance of females (70%), mean age 63.87 years. The majority were declared brown (75.56%), single (41.11%), with low educational level (57.79%) and income (61.11%) and without occupational activity (56.67%). Most of the individuals had unstable angina as their medical diagnosis (74.44%). There was a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, mainly systemic arterial hypertension (83.33%), dyslipidemia (62.22%), sedentary lifestyle (74.44%) and overweight (64.44%). Central obesity was identified in 88.89% of the women and 51.85% of the men. According to the body mass index, obesity was found in 37.78%. About the knowledge, 74.44% of subjects reported knowing the conditions that predispose coronary artery disease. Smoking (36.67%) and systemic arterial hypertension (34.44%) were the most cited cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusion: There was an unsatisfactory knowledge about cardiovascular risk factors, as well as a lack of control and a high prevalence of risk factors. The characterization of cardiovascular risk factors is essential for more cost-effective interventions.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator molecule in inflammatory processes, but its role in the pathophysiology of malaria is still uncertain. To investigate the NO synthesis inhibition on the oxidative changes induced by Plasmodium berghei infection in mice, malaria was induced in 150 animals, of which 75 animals were treated with the NO inhibitor L-NAME; the remaining animals were sham controls. All animals underwent euthanasia 1, 5, 10, 15, or 20 days after infection for the collection of lungs, brain, and blood. Parasitemia was determined, and the survival of the animals was evaluated. Tissue samples were assayed for nitrites and nitrates (NN), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and total Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). A histopathological study was performed. Mortality rates in the L-NAME group were always higher than those in the controls. In the brain, NN was lower in the L-NAME group. Parasitemia and its progression rate were greater in the control group. By the 5th day of infection, mice treated with L-NAME showed cerebral edema and interstitial pneumonia of greater intensity than controls. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory and hemodynamic effects of NO surpass its pro-oxidant role in murine malaria. El óxido nítrico (NO) es una molécula mediadora importante en los procesos inflamatorios, pero su papel en la fisiopatología de la malaria sigue siendo incierto. Para investigar la inhibición de la síntesis de NO en los cambios oxidativos inducidos por la infección por Plasmodium berghei en ratones, la malaria se indujo en 150 animales, de los cuales 75 animales fueron tratados con el inhibidor de NO L-NAME; los animales restantes eran controles sham. Todos los animales se sometieron a eutanasia 1, 5, 10, 15 o 20 días después de la infección para la recolección de pulmones, cerebro y sangre. Se determinó la parasitemia, y se evaluó la supervivencia de los animales. Se ensayaron muestras de tejido para nitritos y nitratos (NN), sustancias reactivas de ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) y capacidad antioxidante total equivalente a Trolox (TEAC). Se realizó un estudio histopatológico. Las tasas de mortalidad en el grupo L-NAME siempre fueron más altas que las de los controles. En el cerebro, NN era más baja en el grupo L-NAME. Parasitemia y su tasa de progresión fueron mayores en el grupo de control. Para el 5o día de infección, los ratones tratados con L-NAME mostraron edema cerebral y neumonía intersticial de mayor intensidad que los controles. En conclusión, los efectos antiinflamatorios y hemodinámicos de NO superan su papel pro-oxidante en la malaria murina. O óxido nítrico (NO) é uma importante molécula mediadora em processos inflamatórios, mas seu papel na fisiopatologia da malária ainda é incerto. Para investigar a inibição da síntese NO sobre as alterações oxidativas induzidas pela infecção por Plasmodium berghei em camundongos, a malária foi induzida em 150 animais, dos quais 75 animais foram tratados com o inibidor de NO L-NAME; os demais animais eram controles sham. Todos os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia 1, 5, 10, 15 ou 20 dias após a infecção para coleta de pulmões, cérebro e sangue. A parasitemia foi determinada, e a sobrevivência dos animais foi avaliada. As amostras de tecido foram avaliadas para nitritos e nitratos (NN), substâncias reativas de ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e capacidade antioxidante equivalente trolox total (TEAC). Foi realizado um estudo histopatológico. As taxas de mortalidade no grupo L-NAME sempre foram maiores do que as dos controles. No cérebro, NN era menor no grupo L-NAME. A parasitemia e sua taxa de progressão foram maiores no grupo controle. No 5th dia de infecção, os camundongos tratados com L-NAME apresentaram edema cerebral e pneumonia intersticial de maior intensidade do que os controles. Em conclusão, os efeitos anti-inflamatórios e hemodinâmicos de NO superam seu papel pró-oxidante na malária murina.

Resumo As veias femorais de 30 ratas da linhagem Wistar foram estudadas por método histológico com objetivo de investigar a presença de válvulas. Na análise histológica não foram identificadas projeções do endotélio ou recessos valvares que poderiam sugerir a presença de válvulas venosas nessa espécie de animal.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of copaiba oil administered by different routes on survival of mices subjected to cecal ligation and puncture. METHODS: Thirty two mice were distributed into four study groups (N=8): Sham group: normal standard animals; Control group: submitted a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP); Gavage group: submitted a CLP, and treat with copaiba oil by gavage; and Subcutaneous group: submitted a CLP, and treat with copaiba oil by subcutaneous injection. After the death of the histological analysis were performed. The Kaplan-Meier curves of surviving time were realized. RESULTS: All animals that received copaiba, regardless of the route used, survived longer when compared to the control group (p0.05). CONCLUSION: Prophylactic subcutaneous administration of copaiba in mice subjected to severe sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture, resulted in a survival time higher than non-use or use of this oil by gavage. SILVEIRA, E. L. Universidade Federal do Pará

In the Amazon rainforest region, Andiroba oil is an herbal oil that is widely used by the local population to treat several inflammatory diseases. The objective of this study was to test Andiroba oil as a mesh coating or by oral administration in a rat model of excisional abdominal wall defect as an alternative to modulate inflammatory response without impairing the ventral hernia repair. Thirty six animals were distributed into three groups (N=12). (1) In the control group (CONT), ventral hernia repair was done using polypropylene/polyglecaprone mesh. (2) In the Andiroba oil gavage group (AndG), animals were treated with the meshes and 0.63 ml/kg of Andiroba oil was given by oral administration for 7 days prior to the mesh placement. (3) In the Andiroba oil submersion group (AndS), animals were treated with meshes that were previously submersed in Andiroba oil. At the 7th, 14th, and 21st days, macroscopic and microscopic analyses were done. AndG had fewer adhesions, necrosis, and lymphocytes, as well as similar collagen fiber formation and fibrosis areas as CONT. AndS showed a higher number of macrophages, fibrosis area, and less collagen fiber formation. Oral administration of Andiroba oil modulated inflammatory response, reduced abdominal adhesion formation, and did not impair tissue healing. Key words: Abdominal wall, wound healing, Andiroba, herbal, cicatrization.

PURPOSE: To describe a new model to passive smoking for rodents. METHODS: Twenty rats were distributed into two study groups (N=10): control group (CG), that was not exposed to tobacco smoke and used as normal standard for biochemical and histological analysis; Experimental Group (EG), that Animals were exposed to the passive smoking; Euthanasia was performed after 14 days of exposure. The serum level of nicotine and histological analysis were performed. RESULTS: There was a statistical difference on the nicotine serum levels between Experimental and Control group, with level of 286 ±23 nanograma/mL in the EG and undetectable on CG (p

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of copaiba oil on the correction of abdominal defect treated with the use of polypropylene/polyglecaprone mesh in rats. METHODS: A defect in the abdominal wall was created and corrected with polypropylene/polyglecaprone mesh in 36 rats. They were randomly distributed into three groups: control, copaiba by oral administration (gavage) and copaiba oil dip in the mesh. Euthanasia was performed after seven, 14 and 21 post-operative days. The healing process was analyzed regarding the meshes and macroscopic and microscopic aspects. RESULTS: All animals had abdominal adhesions, which were smaller in the copaiba (gavage) group (p

OBJETIVO: Estudo comparativo do enxerto autólogo e heterólogo de ovário na bolsa omental de ratas, utilizando ciclosporina A. MÉTODOS: No presente estudo, foram utilizadas 20 ratas distribuídas randomicamente em quatro grupos, denominados grupo controle (animais submetidos à ooforectomia); grupo A (enxerto autólogo de ovário); grupo H (enxerto heterólogo de ovário); e grupo C (enxerto heterólogo de ovário e tratamento com ciclosporina A). Todos os animais foram submetidos à ooforectomia bilateral. Um dos ovários removidos foi individualizado e enxertado no omento maior do animal. Os animais do grupo C receberam a dose de 10mg/kg/dia de ciclosporina por via subcutânea durante todo o período do experimento. Após um período de 33 dias, todos os animais foram submetidos a uma nova intervenção cirúrgica para identificação do leito receptor e retirada do ovário transplantado, além do útero e da vagina, seguido de eutanásia. As peças foram submetidas a processamento histológico e coloras pela hematoxilina eosina. RESULTADOS: Todos os grupos apresentaram epitélios vaginal e uterino com 1 a 2 fileiras de células cúbicas ou cilíndricas simples, núcleo arredondado e central. Houve também grande reação inflamatória em todo o enxerto, com áreas de necrose. Ocorreu óbito de um animal do grupo C no 20º dia do experimento. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que o enxerto de ovário íntegro realizado em omento maior de ratas nesta amostra, independente do uso da Ciclosporina, não mostrou-se viável. PURPOSE: To study comparatively ovarian autograft and heterograft in rats' omentum pouch, using Cyclosporine A. METHODS: In the present study 20 rats, distributed equally in four groups, had been used: Control Group (rats submitted to ooforectomy); Group A (ovarian autograft); group H (ovarian heterograft); e group C (ovarian heterograft and treatment with Cyclosporine A). All animals had been submitted to a bilateral ooforectomy. One of the removed ovaries had been individualized and grafted in Greater Omentum. The animals from group C received 10mg/kg/dia of cyclosporine subcutaneously during the period of the experiment. All animals had been submitted to a new surgical intervention after a period of 33 days for identification of the receiving bedstead and withdrawal of the grafted ovary, beyond the uterus and the vagina, followed of euthanasia. The parts had been submitted to the histological process of routine. RESULTS: All groups presented vaginal and uterine epithelium with one or two rows of simple cubical or cylindrical cells, spherical and central nucleus. It also had great inflammatory reaction in all grafts, with necrosis areas. At the 20th day of the experiment, one of the animals of group C died. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the graft of the entire ovary in Greater Omentum of rats in this sample, independently of the use of Cyclosporine, did not revealed viable.

Purpose: Analyze the influence of low-intensity laser therapy in the sciatic nerve regeneration of rats submitted to controlled crush through histological analysis. Methods: Were used 20 Wistar rats, to analyze the influence of low-intensity laser therapy in the sciatic nerve regeneration, where the injury of the type axonotmesis was induced by a haemostatic clamp Crile (2nd level of the rack). The animals were randomly distributed in 2 groups. Control group (CG n = 10) and Laser group (LG n = 10). These were subdivided in 2 subgroups each, according to the euthanasia period: (CG14 _ n = 5 and CG21 _ n = 5) and (LG14 _ n = 5 and LG21 _ n = 5). At the end of treatment, the samples were removed and prepared for histological analysis, where were analyzed and quantified the following findings: Schwann cells, myelinic axons with large diameter and neurons. Results: In the groups submitted to low-intensity laser therapy, were observed an increase in the number of all analyzed aspects with significance level. Conclusion: The irradiation with low intensity laser (904nm) influenced positively the regeneration of the sciatic nerve in Wistar rats after being injured by crush (axonotmesis), becoming the nerve recovery more rapid and efficient. Objetivo: Verificar a influência da terapia com laser de baixa potência na regeneração histológica do nervo ciático de ratos submetidos à neuropraxia controlada. Métodos: Foi utilizada a amostra de 20 ratos da linhagem Wistar, para verificar a influência da terapia com laser de baixa intensidade na regeneração nervosa periférica, onde a lesão do tipo axoniotmese foi induzida por meio de preensão com pinça hemostática de Crile. Os animais foram distribuídos randomicamente dois grupos. Grupo controle (CG n = 10), e Grupo laser (LG n = 10). Cada um destes grupos foi subdividido em dois subgrupos dependendo do período da eutanásia: (CG14 - n = 5 e CG21 - n = 5) e (LG14 - n = 5 e LG21 - n = 5). Ao final do tratamento, amostras do nervo foram retiradas e analisadas histologicamente, nas quais foi adotado na pesquisa a análise do número de neurônios, de células de Schwann (CS) e de axônios mielínicos de grande diâmetro. Resultados: Nos grupos submetidos à terapia com laser de baixa potencia foi observado aumento do número de todos os aspectos analisados com diferença estatisticamente significante. Conclusão: A irradiação com o laser de baixa intensidade (904nm) influenciou positivamente na regeneração do nervo ciático de ratos da linhagem Wistar pós neuropraxia controlada (axonotmese), tornando a recuperação nervosa mais rápida e eficiente.

To study comparatively ovarian autograft and heterograft in rats' omentum pouch, using Cyclosporine A.In the present study 20 rats, distributed equally in four groups, had been used: Control Group (rats submitted to ooforectomy); Group A (ovarian autograft); group H (ovarian heterograft); e group C (ovarian heterograft and treatment with Cyclosporine A). All animals had been submitted to a bilateral ooforectomy. One of the removed ovaries had been individualized and grafted in Greater Omentum. The animals from group C received 10mg/kg/dia of cyclosporine subcutaneously during the period of the experiment. All animals had been submitted to a new surgical intervention after a period of 33 days for identification of the receiving bedstead and withdrawal of the grafted ovary, beyond the uterus and the vagina, followed of euthanasia. The parts had been submitted to the histological process of routine.All groups presented vaginal and uterine epithelium with one or two rows of simple cubical or cylindrical cells, spherical and central nucleus. It also had great inflammatory reaction in all grafts, with necrosis areas. At the 20th day of the experiment, one of the animals of group C died.It was concluded that the graft of the entire ovary in Greater Omentum of rats in this sample, independently of the use of Cyclosporine, did not revealed viable.

A utilização de plantas medicinais é uma prática comumente observada nos países em desenvolvimento. Desta forma objetivou-se verificar os efeitos microscópicos do óleo de copaíba no fígado de ratos. Para tal foram utilizados 50 Rattus norvegicus albinus, machos, distribuídos em cinco grupos: Grupo Copaíba 0,63 (GC0,63 ml/Kg de óleo de copaíba), Grupo copaíba 0,06 (GC0,06 ml/Kg de óleo de copaíba), Grupo Água (GA0,63 ml/kg de água), Grupo milho (GM0,63 ml/Kg de óleo de milho) e grupo Padrão (GP). As substâncias foram administradas diariamente por 14 dias, quando os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que microscopicamente, não foram encontradas alterações hepatocelulares, porém, foi verificado congestão vascular nas veias portais e centrolobulares, maior no grupo GC0,63 em relação aos grupos GC0,06, GM, GA e GP (p< 0,05). Já no grupo GC0,06, apesar de não haver diferença estatística, foi observado congestão em maior intensidade que nos grupos GM, GA e GP (p>0,05) o que sugere haver uma relação dose dependente. Os autores concluem que, de acordo com a metodologia empregada, o óleo de copaíba tanto na dose de 0,06 ml/kg como de 0,63 ml/kg foi capaz de promover congestão vascular no fígado de ratos, sugerindo ação dose dependente. The use of medicinal plants is a commonly practice observed at developing countries. Then, this paper aim to verify the effect of the copaiba oil in the liver of rats. Fifty male Wistar rats were used distributed into five groups: Group Copaiba 0.63 (GC0.63 ml/kg of copaiba oil), Group Copaiba 0.06 (GC0.06 ml/kg of copaiba oil), Group Water (GA0.63 ml/kg of water), Group Corn Oil (GM0.63 ml/kg of corn oil) and Standard group (GP). The substances were administered daily by 14 days. The animals were submitted to euthanasia in the 14th day, being withdraw the liver and realized histologic study. The results demonstrated that microscopically, in the hepatocity cells no alterations were found; however, vascular congestion was verified in the portal and mid-lobular veins. A larger congestion was observed in the group GC0.63 in relation to the groups GC0.06, GM, GA and GP (p 0.05), suggesting a dose-effect relationship. Then, the authors conclude that in agreement with methodology used, the copaiba oil promote vascular congestion in the liver of rats, suggesting dose-dependent action.