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Introducción: Razonamiento, creatividad, apertura, motivación, responsabilidad y neuroticismo son variables que habitualmente se han asociado con el rendimiento académico, sin embargo, apenas existen estudios que examinen conjuntamente los efectos de estos factores. El objetivo fue estudiar algunas de las variables que afectan al rendimiento académico y construir un modelo que las incluya. Método: 281 estudiantes universitarios (M = 21.16; DT = 3.14; 20% hombres) a los que se aplicaron el NEO-FFI, el Factor R del PMA, un test de creatividad y una escala de Motivación de Logro de forma presencial. Resultados: Los instrumentos utilizados obtuvieron unas buenas propiedades psicométricas. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en creatividad en función del sexo y en creatividad y razonamiento en función del tipo de estudios. Se propuso un modelo mediante ecuaciones estructurales para explicar el rendimiento académico. Conclusiones: El rendimiento académico puede explicarse a partir de varias variables: razonamiento, creatividad, apertura, motivación y responsabilidad.

The research on Masculinity and Femininity has a long history. Despite this, there is still discussion about the nature of these concepts. In the present study, the development of the Oviedo Gender Roles Scale (GRSO) is presented. A sample of 612 participants belonging to general Spanish population is used (Myears = 34.2; SDyears = 15.9). The dimensionality, discrimination indices, reliability and evidence of convergent and divergent validity of the instrument were studied. In addition, differences in general (Big Five model) and specific personality traits based on sex were measured and an ANCOVA was performed controlling the variables of Masculinity and Femininity. A good fit to a three-factor multidimensional structure, with Cronbach’s alphas indicating good reliability (Socioemotional = .75; Comparison = .81; Aggressiveness = .77) and adequate evidence of validity were observed. Differences based on sex were observed in various personality traits, but when controlling for Masculinity and Femininity, such differences disappeared. ERGO is a reliable and valid test for the study of gender roles. The implication of a multidimensional approach on Masculinity and Femininity is discussed. La investigación de la Masculinidad y la Feminidad posee una larga trayectoria. A pesar de ello, aún se continúa discutiendo sobre la naturaleza de estos conceptos. En el presente estudio, se presenta el desarrollo de la Escala de Roles de Género de Oviedo (ERGO). Se empleó una muestra de 612 participantes procedentes de la población general española (Maños = 34.2; DTaños = 15.9). Se estudió la dimensionalidad, los índices de discriminación, la fiabilidad y las evidencias de validez divergente y convergente del instrumento. Además, se estudiaron diferencias en rasgos generales (modelo Big Five) y específicos de personalidad en función del sexo, y se realizó un ANCOVA controlando las variables de Masculinidad y Feminidad. Se observó un buen ajuste a una estructura multidimensional de tres factores, con alfas de Cronbach indicando una fiabilidad buena (Socioemocional = .75; Comparación = .81; Agresividad = .77) y adecuadas evidencias de validez. Se observaron diferencias en función del sexo en varios rasgos de personalidad, pero, al controlar la Masculinidad y Feminidad, las diferencias desaparecieron. El ERGO es una prueba válida y fiable para el estudio de los roles de género. Se discute la implicación de una aproximación multidimensional de la Masculinidad y Feminidad.

Grit is a non-cognitive variable that helps predict important variables in people’s lives, such as academic, sport, and work performance, physical and mental health, and subjective well-being. However, there are few instruments measuring grit in the Chilean context. The aim of this study is to contribute new evidence of validity of the Oviedo Grit Scale (Escala Grit de Oviedo; EGO) through its adaptation to a Chilean sample. A sample of 359 Chilean participants was used (Myears= 41.28; SDyears= 11.09; 69.4% women), from the 16 regions that make up the Chilean territory. The unidimensionality of the EGO was confirmed in the Chilean context, also showing scalar invariance in terms of sex. The reliability of the scores on the EGO was excellent (α = .92; ω = .92), showing high correlations with grit, measured through the Grit-S scale (r = .577), self-control (r = .500), self-efficacy (r = .809), and productiveness (r = .679). In addition, the EGO showed statistically significant differences in terms of age. It is concluded that it is a reliable, valid, and brief scale to evaluate grit, and thus this construct can be studied in relation to important variables that affect people’s lives.

The long-term effects on academic self-concept of grade retention are unclear. The objective is to examine the progression of academic self-concept in relation to school performance for retained students and non-retained students. The academic self-concept of 5712 students (1381 retained students) was evaluated at the fourth and eighth grade of compulsory school. Academic performance was also examined at a third point: sixth grade. Latent Class Analysis and Latent Transition Analysis were used to examine the transitions between the latent groups of academic self-concept. A BCH-LTA estimation for a distal outcomes was used to examine the influence of academic self-concept on school performance. Three latent groups of academic self-concept were identified. The transitions indicated a reduction in academic self-concept over time which was greater in retained students. School performance fell over time and was related to academic self-concept. These findings have significant implications in relation to grade retention and its negative impact on students’ academic self-concept.

Academic grit, known as passion and perseverance for long-term academic goals, has been widely studied in the educational context. However, few are the studies that analyze this variable as a specific domain and longitudinally. We used a sample of 4,853 students, assessing their levels of academic grit at two timepoints four years apart: in the fourth year (M = 9.9 years, SD = 0.41), and eighth year (M = 13.87 years, SD = 0.82) of compulsory education. We also evaluated their academic performance via their school grades in Spanish language and mathematics at three timepoints. Latent Class Analysis was used to identify underlying groups, and Latent Transition Analysis to examine the transitions between the latent groups at the different timepoints. We also performed a repeated measure ANOVA to analyse the influence of academic grit on school performance. We identified three groups, differentiated by the level of academic grit: gritty, industrious, and careless group. Over time (between 10 and 14 years old) we saw a clear transition of students towards the groups with lower levels of grit. School performance decreased between the ages of 10 and 14, although not in a straight line, and the change was modulated by the level of academic grit. Promoting academic grit from the primary stage could dampen school failure in later stages.

A validated questionnaire to measure the contributions of nursing students to clinical settings could potentially assist in the improved management of students in healthcare institutions.To develop and test the psychometric properties of the questionnaire 'Nursing Student Contributions to Clinical Settings' (CEEEC, Spanish acronym for 'Contribuciones de los Estudiantes de Enfermería a los Entornos Clínicos').Instrument design and psychometric testing.A multicentre study involving 1,098 nursing professionals from three universities and five hospitals of Spain, between January 2019 and March 2020.The study was carried out in two phases. Phase 1 involved the questionnaire design by experts (n = 28), which required a review of the available literature, cognitive interviews and Delphi rounds, and a preliminary validity study, which included a pilot test with responses from a sample of nurses (n = 143). Phase 2 involved a formal validation with a wider sample of nurses (n = 927), including factor analysis and a study of convergent validity with the Practice Environment Scale-Nursing Work Index and Health Sciences-Evidence Based Practice.Experts selected 42 items on student contributions. After cognitive interviews, three items were eliminated and seven failed to reach the minimum content validity index (78%). Based on the remaining 32 items, the discrimination index of each item was calculated, and those with0.3, eight items were sequentially eliminated. The resulting questionnaire contained 24 items grouped into a single factor, which explained 41% of the variance. The internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach's alpha: 0.94), and the convergent validity was confirmed.A 24-item questionnaire was designed and validated to measure the contributions of nursing students to clinical practice settings.Most hospitals are also teaching centres where nursing students undergo clinical practice. The application of this test will provide insight into the nursing professionals' perception of the students' role.

Technological development has enabled the use of sophisticated methods for assessing multiple human behaviors. Despite the advantages of these new technologies, concerns exist regarding their equivalence with paper-based measures in epidemiological and health-related surveys. To date, literature on this topic in relation to adolescents is virtually nonexistent. This study compares respondents’ performance on the same survey using both paper- and electronic tablet-based assessment methods. A final sample of 135 adolescents (mean age 17.30 years, SD = 0.59; 56.3% males) consecutively completed two versions of the same survey on gambling behaviors and two questionnaires: The Gambling Motives Questionnaire (GMQ) and the South Oaks Gambling Screening-Revised for Adolescents (SOGS-RA). An ad-hoc questionnaire assessing participants’ satisfaction levels with each method was also used. The digital survey yielded a lifetime, past year, and past month gambling prevalence of 54.1%, 45.2%, and 27.4%, respectively. Paper-based prevalence rates were 3.7-5.2% lower (all p < .092) and there were discrepancies in gambling activities. Although the reliability of the questionnaires was high in both formats, total scores were consistently higher in the paper-based format. GMQ and SOGS-RA intraclass correlations between versions ranged from .856-.884. Unexpectedly, students preferred the paper-based survey to the e-assessment (51.5% vs. 48.5%) and also enjoyed it more (31.3% vs 26.1%). Paper- and tablet-based surveys yield different, albeit non-statistically significant, estimations of gambling behaviors even when the same participants were surveyed at one time. We recommend that consistency be routinely checked across assessment formats when adapting paper-and-pencil measures to digital formats

The analysis of sociodemographic variables such as age and sex has demonstrated their importance in entrepreneurial activity. Therefore, it is important to study the role these variables play in entrepreneurial personality. The aim of this research was to examine measurement invariance of the Battery for the Assessment of the Enterprising Personality (BEPE), and to study the differences in entrepreneurial personality as a function of sex, age, and being self-employed or not. The sample comprised 1170 participants (>30 years old: 76.1%; women: 60%; self-employed: 13%). We analyzed various levels of measurement invariance: configural, metric, scalar, and residual invariance. The BEPE showed measurement invariance with respect to age, sex and type of employment at all of the invariance levels. We also found differences in entrepreneurial personality as a function of these sociodemographic variables.

Likert items are often used in social and health sciences. However, the format is strongly affected by acquiescence and reversed items have traditionally been used to control this response bias, a controversial practice. This paper aims to examine how reversed items affect the psychometric properties of a scale. Different versions of the Grit-s scale were applied to an adult sample (N = 1,419). The versions of the scale had either all items in positive or negative forms, or a mix of positive and negative items. The psychometric properties of the different versions (item analysis, dimensionality and reliability) were analyzed. Both negative and positive versions demonstrated better functioning than mixed versions. However, the mean total scores did not vary, which is an example of how similar means could mask other significant differences. Therefore, we advise against using mixed scales, and consider the use of positive or negative versions preferable.

Evidence from several longitudinal studies has established the relevance of the approach of evolutionary criminology to understanding and intervening with adolescent criminal offenders, seeking to halt the criminal behavior before its potential consolidation in adulthood. The aim of this study is to present the psychometric properties of the Criminal Engagement Severity Scale (EGED) to discriminate between transitory and persistent delinquency in Chilean adolescents of both sexes. The characteristics of the sample are revealed through descriptive analyses, and evidence of validity and reliability is provided that show its discriminant capacity using ROC curves and odds ratios, measures of internal consistency (Cronbach’s α and McDonald’s Ω), intraclass correlation, and unidimensional statistics. The results indicate that the EGED adequately discriminates between transitory and persistent delinquency, so that its use in contexts of assessment and intervention with adolescent criminal offenders can be recommended, because it helps to determine the intensity of the intervention required.

The FER-R, Risk and Resource Assessment Form, is a multidimensional inventory of structured professional judgment that assesses criminogenic risks and resources for the design and management of individualized intervention plans with criminally sanctioned adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the FER-R, reviewing its factorial structure to contribute evidence of convergent and discriminant construct validity in a sample of adolescents sentenced for crimes in Chile. For each domain (risks and resources) with its respective facets, a unidimensional bifactor structure (CFA-BF) was obtained, with adequate indices of fit that confirmed its construct validity, while the convergent validity was demonstrated with the YLS/CMI and the divergent validity with two MACI scales. The FER-R adds factorial validity to the evidence of the previously reported predictive validity, making it a robust inventory for the evaluation of young offenders, and a relevant tool to manage differentiated interventions in Chile, with a high potential for use in Latin America. The importance of finding a suitable balance in assessing risks and protective factors is discussed, in order to manage interventions adjusted to the needs of the adolescents to promote their criminal desistance.

Moral disengagement is a process of cognitive restructuring that allows individuals to disassociate from their internal moral standards and behave unethically without feeling distressed. It has been described as a key predictor of maladaptive behaviors (e.g., delinquency, aggression, and cyberbullying) and as a mediator between individual variables and unethical outcomes (e.g., empathy and aggression). We aimed to provide evidence of validity based on the internal structure, reliability, and correlations with other constructs of the most used instrument to measure disengagement from moral self-sanctions: Bandura’s Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement Scale (MMDS). A non-probabilistic national sample of 528 Chilean adolescents from 14 to 18 years participated in the study. The results showed that the 10-item version of the MMDS had a unidimensional structure and good internal consistency. As expected, the MMDS-10 showed positive and medium correlations with abusive, violent antisocial, and delinquent behaviors and negative and medium associations with prosocial behavior and empathy. Additionally, moral disengagement fully mediated the relationship between empathy and violent antisocial behavior, supporting the hypothesis on moral disengagement as a self-regulatory cognitive process. The results confirm previous research, and the findings are discussed in terms of their implications for reducing the use of moral disengagement strategies in adolescence.

Even though humor its part of everyday life, only in the last 40 years has Psychology begun to discern its impact on mental health. The aim of this paper is to explore the role that humor styles may have as protectors against anxiety and depression and their relationship with optimism.A sample of 804 participants (Men and women differ in the use of a more aggressive humor style, and the use of affiliative humor styles decreases with age. The structural equation model indicated a good fit to the proposed theoretical model.Humor is a tool of everyday life and it can act for or against an individual's mental health.Si bien el humor es algo que forma parte de la vida cotidiana, en los últimos 40 años la Psicología ha empezado a discernir su impacto en la salud mental. El objetivo de este estudio explora el papel que los tipos de humor pueden tener como protectores de la ansiedad y la depresión y su relación con el optimismo.Se empleó una muestra de 804 participantes (Los hombres y las mujeres difieren en el uso de un humor más agresivo y el uso del humor afiliativo disminuye con la edad. El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales mostró un buen ajuste al modelo teórico propuesto.El humor es una herramienta de la vida cotidiana y puede actuar a favor o en contra de la salud mental del individuo.

El enfoque psicológico en torno a la actividad emprendedora contribuye a explicar por qué las personas deciden o no emprender. El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar diferentes perfiles de personalidad emprendedora, así como identificar las variables de personalidad que puedan explicar el convertirse en trabajador por cuenta propia. Empleando una muestra de 586 participantes (Medad= 39,31; DTedad= 14,66), se analizaron diferentes perfiles de personalidad emprendedora mediante técnicas de análisis de perfiles latentes. Además, se analizó si había diferencias en otras variables psicológicas en función del perfil de personalidad emprendedora. Finalmente, se estudió, mediante un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, si la responsabilidad, el autocontrol, el grit y la personalidad emprendedora ayudan a explicar que las personas se conviertan en trabajadores por cuenta propia. Los resultados apoyan la existencia de tres perfiles latentes de personalidad emprendedora (baja, media y alta), siendo el perfil alta personalidad emprendedora el que muestra mayores puntuaciones en otras variables psicológicas, así como mayor proporción de trabajadores por cuenta propia. El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales planteado explica un 2,6% de la varianza de la variable ser trabajador autónomo, por lo que las variables de personalidad ayudan a explicar una pequeña parte de la actividad emprendedora. The psychological approach to entrepreneurial activity helps to explain why people decide or not to undertake. The objective of this study is to analyze different entrepreneurial personality profiles, as well as to identify the personality variables that can explain becoming a self-employer. Using a sample of 586 participants (Mage = 39.31; SDage = 14.66), different entrepreneurial personality profiles were analyzed using latent profile analysis techniques. In addition, it was analyzed whether there were differences in other psychological variables based on the entrepreneurial personality profile. Finally, it was studied, using a structural equation model, if conscientiousness, self-control, grit and entrepreneurial personality help to explain why people become self-employed. The results support the existence of three latent profiles of entrepreneurial personality (low, medium and high), being high entrepreneurial personality the one profile that shows higher scores in other psychological variables, as well as a higher proportion of self-employers. The proposed structural equation model explains 2.6% of the variance of the variable being self-employed, so the personality variables help to explain a small part of entrepreneurial activity.

Antecedentes. El clima organizacional (CO) es un constructo fundamental en entornos laborales y organizacionales, ya que permite la exploración de comportamientos individuales y grupales dentro de las organizaciones. El objetivo del presente estudio fue desarrollar una nueva escala llamada Escala de Clima Organizacional del Ambiente Laboral Subjetivo (ECALS) en el contexto chileno. Método. La muestra estuvo formada por 1.442 trabajadores con una media de edad de 30,48 años (DT: 11,13). Un total de 55% fueron trabajadores públicos, un 34,5% fueron trabajadores de organizaciones privadas con fines de lucro y un 10,5% pertenecían a organizaciones privadas sin fines de lucro. Se llevaron a cabo diferentes análisis factoriales exploratorios y el mejor modelo exploratorio se comprobó en un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Además, se analizó si existían diferencias en las dimensiones del ECALS entre los trabajadores pertenecientes a las diferentes organizaciones. Resultados. La escala estuvo formada por 38 ítems con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas y una estructura bifactor, con un factor general (CO) y cinco dimensiones específicas (Confianza organizacional, Tensión laboral, Apoyo social, Retribución, y Satisfacción laboral). Conclusiones. Estos resultados indican que la nueva escala tiene adecuadas propiedades psicométricas, permitiendo evaluar de manera fiable y válida el clima organizacional en el contexto chileno. Background. Organizational climate is a fundamental construct in work and organizational settings, as it provides an appropriate context for studying organizational behavior, allowing the exploration of individual and group behaviors. The aim of this study was to develop a new scale called the Organizational Climate Scale of the Subjective Work Environment (Escala de Clima Organizacional del Ambiente Laboral Subjetivo; ECALS) in a Chilean context. Method. The sample consisted of 1,442 workers with a mean age of 30.48 years old (SD: 11.13). A total of 55% were public employers, 34.5% were employers of for-profit organizations and, 10.5% worked for non-profit organizations. Various exploratory factor analyses were carried out and the best exploratory model was checked in confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, it was analyzed whether there were differences in the dimensions of the ECALS among workers belonging to the different organizations. Results. The scale was made up of 38 items with adequate psychometric properties and a bifactorial structure, with a general factor (organizational climate) and five specific dimensions (Work confidence, Work stress, Social support, Compensation and Job satisfaction). Conclusions. These results indicate that the new scale has adequate psychometric properties, allowing reliable, valid assessment of organizational climates in the Chilean context.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy states that Experiential Avoidance contributes to the development of psychological issues. The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II measures Experiential Avoidance. The objective of the current study is to perform a validation of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II in the general Spanish population. A sample of 964 participants from all over Spain was used (M = 43.43 years; SD = 15.27). The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were examined according to Classical Test Theory. In addition, assessments were made of participants’ personality, Emotional Intelligence, Anxiety, and Depression, and the influence of sex and age on Experiential Avoidance was examined. The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II is a unidimensional instrument, with excellent reliability (α = .93) and adequate evidence of validity. Differences were observed based on sex, with women scoring higher, and based on age, with lower scores in the older age groups. The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II is a valid, reliable instrument for use in the general Spanish population.

Resumen Introducción: La resiliencia académica consiste en obtener altas calificaciones a pesar de hallarse en una desventaja socioeconómica. En el presente estudio se observó si el esfuerzo, las expectativas y el autoconcepto académicos forman parte de la resiliencia académica o estarían explicando un buen rendimiento académico en general. Método: Los participantes, una población de 7479 adolescentes españoles (M = 13.87; DT = 0.82), fueron divididos en cuatro grupos según el rendimiento académico (Bueno-Malo) y el nivel socioeconómico (Clase alta-Clase baja). Se realizaron análisis de diferencias y regresiones logísticas binarias para detectar cuál de las variables empleadas explicaba el rendimiento académico en los grupos de igual nivel socioeconómico. También se estudió si el sexo influía en la pertenencia a los grupos de buen rendimiento. Resultados: Se observaron diferencias en el esfuerzo, las expectativas y el autoconcepto académicos en función de los cuatro grupos creados; los grupos de buen rendimiento académico obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas independientemente del nivel socioeconómico. Se observó que las expectativas y el autoconcepto académicos explicaban gran parte del rendimiento académico. Se detectó una tasa de mujeres significativamente más alta con relación a la de hombres en los grupos de mayor rendimiento. Conclusiones: Muchas variables, que se han considerado propias de los alumnos académicamente resilientes, explican un buen rendimiento académico, en general, independientemente del nivel socioeconómico. Abstract Introduction: Academic resilience is defined as getting high marks despite being at a socioeconomic disadvantage. In the present study, it was observed whether Academic Effort, Expectations and Self-Concept are part of academic resilience or would be explaining a good academic performance in general. Method: The participants, a population of 7479 Spanish adolescents (M = 13.87; SD = 0.82), were divided into four groups according to academic performance (Good-Bad) and socioeconomic level (Upper class-Lower class). Analysis of differences and binary logistic regressions were performed to detect which of the variables used explained the academic performance in the groups of the same socioeconomic level. It was also studied whether sex influenced membership in the good performance groups. Results: Differences in Academic Effort, Expectations and Self-concept were found according to the four groups created; the groups with good academic performance obtained higher scores regardless of socioeconomic level. Expectations and academic self-concept were found to explain much of academic performance. A significantly higher rate of women than men was found in higher performance groups. Conclusions: Many variables that have been considered typical of academically resilient students explain good academic performance in general, regardless of socioeconomic status.

Grit is a construct that is related to perseverance and passion for achieving set goals. Its relationship to school performance has been widely researched although the results are not conclusive. The aim of this study was to examine the temporal stability of grit and its relationship to adolescents’ school performance. A sample of 5,371 students were evaluated at two time points, four years apart. At first evaluation, mean age was 9.9 years old (SD = 0.41), at the second it was 13.87 (SD = 0.82). A longitudinal design was used, and the data were analysed using analysis of variance, factor analysis, and structural equations models. Adolescents’ academic grit and school achievement fall between ages of 10 and 14. Adolescents with higher levels of grit had higher academic achievement. The two constructs are correlated, which is why interventions aimed at improving academic grit could be important in improving school performance.

Grit is one of the non-cognitive variables that has received the most attention in recent years given its relationship to and influence in various aspects of life. There are very few reliable, valid instruments to evaluate it in Spanish-speaking countries. Because of that, the aim of this study is the development and validation of a new scale to evaluate grit in Spanish-speaking contexts. We used a sample of 531 Spanish participants (60% women) from the general population (M

Enterprising personality is related to business creation and success. The objective of this study was the development and psychometric analysis of a reduced version of the BEPE Battery for the Evaluation of Enterprising Personality.We used a sample of 1,170 people, 60% women, with a mean age of 42.34 years (SD = 12.96). We carried out psychometric analyses within the frameworks of Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory models.The short version (BEPE-16) consists of 16 items, demonstrating an essentially unidimensional structure. The reliability was excellent (α= .94; Ω= .94) and evidence of validity was found in relation to various variables: Measure Of Entrepreneurial Talents And Abilities (META test) (r=.71), extraversion (r=.57), conscientiousness (r=.50), neuroticism (r=-.54). The correlation between scores from the BEPE-16 and the original version was very high (r=.95).The BEPE-16 reduced version for the evaluation of enterprising personality demonstrated good psychometric properties, both in terms of reliability and validity. As such, it can be used in place of the original when the professional or research circumstances require it.

Personality traits play an important role when it comes to predicting people's entrepreneurial behaviour. The objective of this study was to determine whether the specific traits of enterprising personality predicted entrepreneurial behaviour better than general (Big Five type) traits. The sample comprised 1153 working people (33% entrepreneurs). The mean age of the sample was 41.72 years old (SD = 12.32). The five general personality traits (Big Five) were evaluated using the Overall Personality Assessment Scale and the eight specific traits were measured with the Battery for the Assessment of the Enterprising Personality (BEPE). The differences between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs were greater in the specific personality traits than in the more general traits, with mean effect sizes of 0.54 and 0.21, respectively. The predictive capacity of the specific traits (R2 = 0.21) was greater than that of the general traits (R2 = 0.07). The ROC curves for the specific traits gave higher areas under the curve (0.74) than the general traits (0.56). The canonical correlation between the eight specific BEPE dimensions and the Big Five factors was 0.77. The specific personality traits demonstrated better predictive and discriminative capacity for enterprising behaviour than the more general, Big-Five type traits.

Attentional and working memory (WM) processes undergo significant changes during different stages of development. However, currently there are not many continuous performance tools based on virtual reality (VR) for measuring attentional capacity in adults. The present study aimed to obtain normative data for the Nesplora Aquarium VR test in a Spanish population, looking at sex and age variables. In addition, this study also aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the tool such as scale, internal consistency, and item difficulty and discrimination indices. A total of 1,469 participants from different regions of Spain (57.6% female) with ages ranging from 16 to 90 years old took part in this normative study. Nesplora Aquarium was developed in order to support clinicians in the assessment of attentional processes and WM in adults over 16 years old. It is an 18-minute individual test performed through a VR system. The system provides better visual and auditory immersion in the task than computerized CPTs. This study revealed that the new VR tool, designed to measure adult attention and working memory levels, exhibited good psychometric properties related to reliability and internal consistency. In addition, item difficulty and discrimination values were also acceptable.

espanolLa pasion experimentada hacia una actividad constituye uno de los principales factores explicativos del bienestar fisico y emocional. El tipo de pasion desarrollada hacia el deporte, obsesiva o armoniosa, presenta diferentes consecuencias en terminos emocionales y de adherencia. El presente trabajo plantea la adaptacion al castellano de la Escala de Pasion en el contexto deportivo. En el primer estudio, la escala se aplico a 146 deportistas (M edad =15. 94; DT edad =1. 99). Una vez calibrada la escala, se valido sobre 396 deportistas de diferentes categorias competitivas (M edad =18 . 74; DT edad =6 . 35) pertenecientes a distintas Comunidades Autonomas y disciplinas deportivas. Diversos an alisis cuantitativos han permitido confirmar la bidimensionalidad de la escala (χ 2 =183. 41, gl=67; CFI= . 95; TLI= .93; RMSEA=0. 056 - 0 . 079; WRMR=. 94), asi como su adecuada fiabilidad ( α=. 81 en ambas dimensiones). Se aportan evidencias de validez en relacion con otras variables como el afecto, la motivacion y el apoyo a la autonomia por parte del entrenador. EnglishPassion towards an activity constitutes one of the main features when explaining both physical and emotional well - being. The type of passion experienced toward sport, obsessive or harmonious, has different effects on emotions and exercise adherence. A Spanish adaption of the Passion Scale in sport context is proposed in this paper. In the first study, the scale has been applied to 146 athletes (M age = 15.94; SD age =1.99). Once the scale was calibrated, 396 athletes from different competitive categories (M age =18.74; SD age = 6.35), Autonomous Communities and sports were assessed. Qu antitative analyses confirmed the bidimensionality of the scale (χ 2 /df = 2.74, CF I=95; TLI=93; RMSEA= 0.056 - 0.079; WRMR=.94), showing and adequate reliability (α= .81 in both dimensions). Evidence of validity in relation to other variables such as affect, moti vation and coach autonomy support are provided.

There is no doubt that the teaching change generated by the adaptation of the former study programme to the EHEA has led to significant shifts regarding teaching loads and the organization of subjects. This paper assesses the students’ perception of the subject, the teacher and the teaching organization according to the study programme followed. For this purpose, 226 students have been assessed who have all received teaching in the same subject, with the same teacher and with the same contents, with the only variant being their study plan. An instrument developed ad hoc was applied, which comprises 18 items and assesses the students’ perceptions of the content and the perceived organization of the teaching. On the one hand, the results show the instrument to be an adequate scale that assesses teaching and organizational aspects linked to study plans in a valid and reliable way. On the other hand, it reveals that students following the new plan show more negative perceptions of organizational quali...

espanolHasta la fecha, el sindrome de burnout no ha sido especificamente analizado en el colectivo arbitral, aun conociendo sus importantes consecuencias fisicas y emocionales. En el presente trabajo se evalua, mediante el Athlete Burnout Questionnaire, la totalidad de arbitros de 1a y 2a Division de la LFP (n=123). Ademas, se estudia la relacion del sindrome en este colectivo con el estres, ansiedad y apoyo social. Los resultados muestran una prevale ncia del sindrome del 2.44%. Aunque, en general, no existen diferencias estadisticamente significativas en las dimensiones del sindrome en funcion de la Division, rol (arbitro principal o asistente) y experiencia arbitral, existe una tendencia a que los ar bitros principales, de 1a Division y mas experimentados presenten mayor riesgo de desarrollar el sindrome. Finalmente, se confirma la relacion del estres, ansiedad y apoyo social con el burnout en este colectivo (r=.78). EnglishTo date, the burnout syndrome has not been specifically assessed in referees, knowing its important physical and emotional consequences. In this paper, all soccer referees from 1 stand 2nd Division (n=123) of the Professional Spanish Soccer League (LFP) are assessed through Athlete Burnout Questionnaire. Furthermore, the relationship between the syndrome in referees and stress, anxiety and social support is examined. Results display a prevalence of burnout of 2.44%. Although, in general, no statistically significant differences have found in the dimensions of burnout syndrome according to the Division, role (head referee or assistant) and refereeing experience, there is a tendency for the head referees from 1st Division and more expertise report a higher risk of developing the syndrome. Finally, the relationship between stress, anxiety and social support and the syndrome is confirmed in this group (r=.78).

Background. The study of entrepreneurial activity has undergone intense development in recent decades. Traditionally this topic has been addressed from three approaches: economic, sociological and psychological. In the study of enterprising personality, two fundamental perspectives stand out: the use of general personality traits, like the Big Five, and the use of more specific traits related to entrepreneurial spirit, such as self-efficacy, autonomy, innovation, optimism, and others. The objective of this study is to provide validity evidence for a new instrument for measuring eight specific dimensions of entrepreneurial personality (BEPE). Method. The sample was composed of 1,170 adults from the general population (59.9% women). The average age was 42.34 years with a standard deviation of 12.96. Of the sample, 13% were self-employed. Internal factorial structure and reliability of BEPE were examined. The relationships with other variables and the discriminative capacity of the BEPE between different groups of workers were analyzed. Results. First order factor analyses show the essential unidimensionality of each of the eight proposed sub-scales, with factorial weights ranging between 0.341 and 0.825. A second-order factor analysis was carried out, obtaining a general dimension of entrepreneurial personality. With regards to reliability, the eight BEPE sub-scales gave high alpha coefficient values, between 0.825 and 0.899, as did the total battery (0.97). BEPE sub-scales show a high canonical correlation with the Big Five personality factors (.795), and with the sub-scales of the Measure of Entrepreneurial Talents and Abilities questionnaire (.815). Conclusions. The BEPE questionnaire for the evaluation of the eight fundamental specific dimensions of the entrepreneurial personality presents adequate psychometric properties. Its relationships with other measures of personality traits are in line with what is expected. Therefore, the BEPE is a new measurement instrument that can be used with confidence both in the applied field and in research.

El optimismo ha mostrado numerosos beneficios físicos y emocionales en diversas poblaciones y contextos profesionales. Sin embargo, los instrumentos para evaluarlo son escasos y presentan importantes limitaciones, especialmente en población joven. En el presente trabajo se presenta un cuestionario que, mediante 9 ítems, evalúa el optimismo disposicional y se analiza su relación con la personalidad e inteligencia emocional. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 2.693 jóvenes españoles (M=16.52, DT=1.38), de los cuales el 51.10% fueron hombres. La inteligencia emocional se evaluó con el cuestionario Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24, mientras que los cinco grandes rasgos de personalidad se midieron mediante la escala Overall Personality Assessment Scale. El cuestionario de optimismo muestra una fiabilidad elevada (α=.84), siendo preciso para un amplio rango de habilidad (θ entre -3 y +2), así como un ajuste aceptable a una estructura unidimensional. Se confirma la elevada relación entre el optimismo y los rasgos de personalidad e inteligencia emocional.

Gender roles depend on the attitudes and beliefs about them, which at the same time facilitate the formation of stereotypes that will foster violence in interpersonal relationships in couples. The assessment tools used tend to represent the sexist attitude towards women, without taking into account that men can also be recipients of the same behavior from their partner. The objective of the study is to provide an improved scale for the assessment of gender role attitudes, based on the theoretical perspective of gender equality. The sample comprises 2,136 young Spanish men and women, students in Vocational Training (Spanish acronym FP) and at university in the age range 15-26 years old. The results show the existence of a single bipolar factor - transcendent attitudes vs. sexist attitudes - fulfilling psychometric fit indices, and providing the basis for modifying attitudes depending on the difficulty of the items for such modification. The implications for intervention are oriented based on the perspective of prevention and changing sexist gender attitudes. Los roles de género dependen de las actitudes y creencias acerca de los mismos, lo que al mismo tiempo facilita la formación de estereotipos que favorecerán la violencia en las relaciones interpersonales de pareja. Los instrumentos de evaluación utilizados tienden a representar la actitud sexista hacia las mujeres sin tener presente que los hombres pueden ser también receptores del mismo comportamiento por parte de su pareja. El objetivo del estudio es crear una escala mejorada para la evaluación de las actitudes de rol de género, tomando como base la perspectiva teórica de la igualdad de género. La muestra está formada por 2.136 jóvenes espa˜noles de ambos sexos, estudiantes de Formación Profesional (FP) y Universitarios, cuyas edades están en el rango de 15 a 26 a˜nos. Los resultados muestran la existencia de un único factor bipolar -actitudes trascendentes vs. actitudes sexistas- cumpliendo los índices de ajuste psicométricos, y ofreciendo las bases de la modificación de las actitudes en función de la dificultad de los ítems para dicho cambio. Las implicaciones para la intervención se orientan en base a la perspectiva de la prevención y el cambio de actitudes sexistas de género.

Background: Slots and electronic gaming machines (EGMs) are the most addictive gambling activities. The Spanish regulation allows venues of the hospitality sector to operate slot machines. Despite this high availability and accessibility, no data exists on the number of slot users and their associated characteristics. Aim: To describe the profile of slot users in public venues and to estimate the prevalence of slot machine use. Method: An observational study was performed using a randomized cluster sampling in Northern Spain. Several personal, drinking and gambling-related variables were recorded. Census data were used to estimate the number of slot users. Results: A total of 89 users were observed (94.4% males). Participants aged 18-35 were more likely to gamble with others and those aged +50 tended to gamble alone. Lone gamblers were more likely to gamble persistently. Slot users represented 4.28% of the total population, most of them male (94.38%) between the ages of 26 and 35 (6.13% of their age group). Conclusions: EGM use is more prevalent in young adults. Observational designs are adequate for exploring in vivo gambling behaviors. The high addictive potential of EGMs calls for preventive actions aimed at reducing their high availability and accessibility within the Spanish context.

Adolescence is a critical period of life during which significant psychosocial adjustment occurs and in which emotional intelligence plays an essential role. This article provides validity evidence for the Trait Meta-Mood Scale–24 (TMMS-24) scores based on an item response theory (IRT) approach. A sample of 2,693 Spanish adolescents ( M = 16.52 years and SD = 1.38), of whom 51.1% were boys, completed the TMMS-24. The three-dimensional structure of the TMMS-24 was confirmed, showing adequate psychometric properties for assessing adolescents. With one exception, the IRT analyses showed that the items have a reasonable fit to Samejima’s Gradual Response Model. In addition, all three dimensions exhibit the best measurement precision around the mean of the latent trait levels. Again, with one exception (Item 23), all items have a moderate to very high discrimination power.

The main goal of this research is to explore the organizational climate perceived by administrative and healthcare personnel working in Spanish healthcare services, analyzing the differences according to their health specialization, sex, age and professional status. The sample was made up of 3,787 individuals working in the administrative and healthcare services of the Public Health System of the Principality of Asturias, 88.7 % were working in specialist care and 11.3 % in primary care. Mean age was 51.88 (standard deviation of 6.28); 79.9 % were women and 20.1 % men. The organizational climate was assessed with the CLIOR scale. The organizational climate perceived is moderately positive, with a global mean of 3.03 on a scale of 1 to 5 points. The differences are statistically significant (p

El objetivo del presente estudio es desarrollar un cuestionario, con propiedades psicométricas adecuadas y baremos actuales, para evaluar el síndrome de burnout en España. Se utiliza la definición de burnout propuesta por Maslach y Jackson para definir las tres dimensiones (Cansancio emocional, Despersonalización y Realización personal). Participan un total de 2.403 policías nacionales españoles. Se estudian evidencias de validez de constructo mediante validación cruzada (encontrándose un buen ajuste del modelo de tres factores a los datos). Se utilizan MBI, NEO-FII y CECAD para obtener evidencias de validez convergente y validez de criterio (se encuentran relaciones similares a las que se informan en otras investigaciones). Se analizan la discriminación, media, desviación típica y error típico de la media de los ítems que forman parte de las citadas dimensiones. Se calcula tanto el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach como el error estándar de medida condicional (CSEM) para cada una de las dimensiones del cuestionario. Los resultados muestran una buena consistencia interna (todos los valores a > .85). Finalmente, el cuestionario fue baremado utilizando puntuaciones T. Sus propiedades psicométricas, apoyan el uso de este nuevo cuestionario para la evaluación del burnout en policías españoles.