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The Newspaper Division of the proceedings contains the following 22 papers: "Framing Freedom: Hoosier Republican and Democratic Newspaper Editors Frame Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation" (David W. Bulla); "Quantifying Newspaper Quality: 'I Know It When I See It'" (Philip Meyer and Koang-Hyub Kim); "Cultural Convergence: An Examination of Intergroup Bias and Journalism" (Vincent F. Filak); "Keep Up with Time: Top Story Updates in Seven U.S. Online Newspapers" (Jin Xu); "Partisan and Structural Balance in News Stories Covering Incumbent and Open Elections for Governor in Michigan" (Frederick Fico and Eric Freedman); "Perceptions of the Audience by the Alternative Press Producers: A Case Study of 'The Texas Observer'" (InCheol Min); "War with Iraq: How 'The New York Times' and the'Guardian of London' Covered the Story after the First Anniversary of the Sept. 11 Terrorist Attacks" (James Boden); "A Multistage Approach to Obtaining a Nationally Representative Sample of Local News Coverage" (Marilee Long, Michael Slater, and Linda Stapel); "Characterizations of the '911' Attack and Perpetrators in Three U.S. Elite Newspapers" (Li Zeng); "Experience and Internet News: The 'Real' Reason for the Online News Reading Gender Gap" (Amy Schmitz Weiss, Sharon Meraz, Nilo Figur, and Paula M. Poindexter); "Policing the Political Spinners: Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of Political Adwatches from 1988-2000" (Chris Glowaki, Thomas J. Johnson, and Kristine E. Kranenburg); "Under Construction: Measures of Community-Building at Newspaper Web Sites" (Cassandra Imfeld and Glenn W. Scott); "'Searching for a New Paradigm: Results of the National Media Writing Faculty Survey" (Mark Masse and Mark Popovich); "The Sociology of Convergence: Challenges and Change in Newspaper News Work" (Jane B. Singer); "America Strikes Back--A Comparative Content Analysis of 'The New York Times' Coverage of U.S. Policy after Pearl Harbor and 9/11" (Olaf Werder); "No Substitute for Being There: How Statewide Public Affairs Television Tries to Fill the Gap for Journalists" (Karen M. Rowley and David D. Kurpius); "The Convergence Continuum: A Model for Studying Collaboration Between Media Newsrooms" (Larry Dailey, Lori Demo, and Mary Spillman); "A Comparative Analysis of Source and Reporter Gender in Newsrooms Managed by Men versus Women" (Stephanie Craft, Wayne Wanta, and Cheolhan Lee);"The Perceived Credibility of Electronic Mail in Newspaper Newsgathering" (Bruce Garrison); "The Evolution of Online Newspapers: A Longitudinal Content Analysis, 1997-2003" (Jennifer Greer and Donica Mensing); "Online Versions of US Daily Newspapers: Does Size Matter?" (Thimios Zaharopoulos); and "The Paradox of Editorial Diversity: A Content Analysis of the Cincinnati Enquirer and Cincinnati Post" (Steve Hallock, Ron Rodgers, Mike Gennaria, and Fei Wei). (RS)

The Cultural and Critical Studies Division of the proceedings contains the following 15 papers: "'Mourning in America': Ritual, Redemption, and Recovery in News Narrative after September 11th" (Carolyn Kitch); "Inequality of Resources: The Crisis of Media Conglomeration and the Case for Reform" (Brian Houston); "Buying Love: Sex on Television, Consumption, and Advanced Capitalism" (Laramie Taylor); "The Site of Coverage: The Impact of Internet-Mounted Social Movement Protests on Journalists' Coverage Decisions" (Sonora Jha-Nambiar); "If a Problem Cannot Be Solved, Enlarge It: An Ideological Critique of the Other in Pearl Harbor and September 11 'New York Times' Coverage" (Bonnie Brennen and Margaret Duffy); "But Where are the Clothes? The Pornographic Stereotype in Mainstream American Fashion Advertising" (Debra Merskin); "'Viva Women': Dialogue Between the Lived Experience of Past Struggle and Present Hopes" (Bongsoo Park); "Goddess Worship: Commodified Feminism and Spirituality on nikegoddess.com" (Tara M. Kachgal); "Shifting Identities, Creating New Paradigms: Analyzing the Narratives of Women Online Journalists" (Shayla Thiel); "'Deviance'& Discourse: How Readers Respond to One Man's Editorial. A Framing Analysis of E-Mails following the September 11th Attacks" (Laura K. Smith); "Complicating Communication: Revisiting and Revising Production/ Consumption" (James Hamilton and Tonya Couch); "Joseph Conrad's 'Heart of Darkness', and 'The New York Times' Narratives of HIV/AIDS in Africa: A Continuum of 'Ideologeme of Imperial Contagion' or a Co-Incidence?" (Chinedu O. Eke); "Writing in the Wind: Recreating Oral Culture in an Online Community" (Chuck Hays); "Hands-On Communication: The Rituals Limitations of Web Publishing in the Alternative Zine Community" (Jennifer Rauch); and "Grappling with Gendered Modernity: The Spectacle of Miss World in the News" (Radhika E. Parameswaran). (RS)

The Qualitative Studies section of the Proceedings contains the following 14 papers: "Disabling or Enabling? Reading Bodies, Technologies, and the Borg of Star Trek" (Mia Consalvo); "Inverted Pyramids Versus Hypertexts: A Qualitative Study of Readers' Responses to Competing Narrative Forms" (Robert Huesca, Brenda Dervin, John Burwell, Denise Drake, Ron Nirenberg, Robin Smith, and Nicholas Yeager); "Critical Theories and Cultural Studies in Mass Communication" (Les Switzer, John McNamara, and Michael Ryan); "Source Diversity after the Telecommunications Act of 1996: Media Oligarchs Begin to Colonize Cyberspace" (Jeffrey Layne Blevins); "'Explore Your World': The Strange and Familiar Worlds of Discovery Channel's Nature Programming" (David Pierson); "'Ally McBeal' vs. Hollywood's Male Gaze--Round One" (Brenda Cooper); "The American Girl Dolls: Constructing American Girlhood through Representation and Identity" (Carolina Acosta-Alzuru); "Mediatized Politics: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the 'New York Times'' Editorials on the Clinton-Lewinsky Affair" (Young Min); "Struggle and Consent: African American Press Reception of 'Gone with the Wind'" (James F. Tracy); "American Journalism vs. the Poor, a Research Review and Analysis" (Paula Reynolds Eblacas); "The Virtual 'Good Neighborhood': Tracking the Role of Communication in Residential Segregation" (Eleanor M. Novek); "Red-baiting, Regulation and the Broadcast Industry: A Revisionist History of the 'Blue Book'" (Chad Dell); "Understanding the Conditions for Public Discourse: A Critique of Criteria for Letters-to-the-Editor" (Karin Wahl-Jorgensen); and "Reflecting the American Dream: Walker Evans on 1930s Advertising" (Bonnie Brennen). (RS)

Two kinds of instruments, atomistic versus holistic, offer different approaches to the grading of writing. This paper briefly discusses the pros and cons of these two philosophies of grading. In addition, the paper presents a holistic, primary-trait scoring instrument that has been used successfully to judge editorials by breaking down the analysis into three essential components: claims, data, and warrants. The paper concludes that using this primary-trait instrument aids journalism teachers not only in pinpointing weaknesses in editorials but also in designing remedial solutions for students. Criteria for judging quality of claims, data, and warrants; two student-written editorials, are attached. (Contains 15 references.) (Author/RS)

The Newspapers section of the proceedings contains the following 11 papers: "News Items in the 'Shrinking Foreign Newshole': The Case of the New York Times" (Daniel Riffe and others); "Newspaper Coverage of Gays and Lesbians: Editors' Views of Its Longterm Effects" (Marilyn Greenwald and Joseph Bernt); "Effects of Staff Gender on Newspaper Content" (Terri Catlett); "Constructing Gay Death in the Newspaper: Three Stories of Men with AIDS" (Roger Simpson); "'Opening the Pandora's Box': Were American Media Guilty of Negligence in Disclosing Tiananmen Protestors' Identities?" (Lubo Li); "Coverage of Persons with Disabilities in Prestige and High Circulation Dailies" (John S. Clogston); "Editorial Treatment of U.S. Foreign Policy in the New York Times: The Case of Pakistan (1980-90)" (Mughees-uddin); "Tolerance of Senior Daily Newspaper Editors for Photographs of People with AIDS and Gays and Lesbians" (Joseph P. Bernt and Marilyn S. Greenwald); "Outside the Frame: Newspaper Coverage of the Sugar Ray Leonard Wife Abuse Story" (Michael A. Messner and William S. Solomon); "The International Flow of News in Major U.S. Newspapers: The 1989 Tiananmen Square Massacre" (Kangcong Zhang and Guy E. Lometti); and "Newspaper Ties, Community Ties and the Evaluation of a Local Community" (Judith M. Buddenbaum). (HB)

Julio Mesquita joined the staff of "O Estado de Sao Paulo" in 1885 and became a director in 1891, when he also began his first term as a deputy of the Sao Paulo state assembly. Until his death in 1927, Mesquita guided the newspaper's growth in all respects--editorial, political, technological, and economic. Julio de Mesquita Filho assumed leadership of the paper after his father's death. In 1930 "O Estado" backed Getulio Vargas for president, only to turn against him when Vargas' dictorial intent became apparent. In 1940 Vargas took over the paper and in 1945 the government returned the paper to the Mesquitas and "O Estado" immediately resumed its anti-Vargas stance, only to see Vargas' hand-picked successor elected to office. "O Estado" was a leader in modern production techniques in the post-World War II period and also set high standards in employee benefits and working conditions. In the early 1960s, "O Estado" opposed the left-leaning government in power and supported the military takeover of 1964. Four years later the political climate, including institutionalized press censorship, was such that Mesquita Filho ceased writing editorials. At his death in 1969, "O Estado" was a prime target of government repression. (Author/RB)

Six opinion magazines ("Christian Century,""Commonweal,""Christianity Today,""Nation,""National Review," and "New Republic") were analyzed for their treatment of legally recognized conscientious objectors during the Vietnam War era, 1964-72. The purpose of the study was to find how these journals reconciled their obligations under the social responsibility theory to represent fairly the viewpoints of an identifiable minority with their responsibility not to provide information about internal dissent to the nation's enemies. Conscientious objectors received substantial attention from four of these journals during the Vietnam era--24 editorials and 38 other articles. Amost all items conveyed a favorable bias toward objectors--46 were positive, 13 neutral, and 3 negative. Almost half the coverage was provided by one magazine, the "Christian Century," which supported not only traditional objectors, but also those who refused to fight on novel grounds. The thematic content of the editorials failed to support Siebert's hypothesis that "the enforcement of restraints increases as the stresses on the stability" of society increase. The evidence indicates that some editorialists exercised a great deal of freedom in defending minority opponents of United States policy during the Vietnam war. (Author/RB)

This thematic analysis of Edward L. Godkin's editorials appearing in the "Nation" seeks to reveal the major themes on which he wrote and then, by quantitative analysis, to provide some order to the themes and to study the interaction of the themes. Five hundred and twelve editorials, written over a period of 35 years and representing one-third of the editorials Godkin wrote for the "Nation," were selected for this study. The factor analysis identified four strong sets of themes in Godkin editorials: affairs of foreign nations; corruption at local, state, and national levels of government--and civil services reform; American business, tariff, and fiscal policy; and American expansionism. Missing is strong presence of themes that marked a changing nation--urbanization, immigration, agriculture, the West, and race relations. Half of the editorials Godkin wrote commented in some form on the affairs of foreign nations. Godkin questioned morality in politics, in business, in religion, and in the press, but not in the plight of Negroes or the jingoism of the 1890s. (Author/RB)

In order to test the hypothesis that dogmatism is related to the understanding and appreciation of editorial satires, 116 University of Georgia speech students read and reacted to three editorial satires (two by Art Hoppe and one by Art Buchwald) arranged in booklets in three different orders. Students were asked to choose from a list of five statements following each satire the one which stated the thesis intended by the writer. Students also rated each satire on a semantic-differential type scale ranging from "extremely funny" to "extremely unfunny." The last two pages of each booklet contained a short form dogmatism scale. Analysis of data showed that (1) ability to perceive correct theses of satires differing in subject matter seems to be related to low dogmatism, (2) dogmatism might interact with the topic of a satire in determining ability to perceive satirical intent, and (3) appreciation--humor ratings--of satires seems to result from an interaction of dogmatism and satirical topic. (Tables of findings and a list of references are included.) (JM)

To determine whether newspapers are equally responsive to threats to freedom of speech and to freedom of the press, the news and editorial coverage by ten daily newspapers of 40 United States Supreme Court decisions concerning free expression was analyzed. The 20 free-press and 20 free-speech cases were randomly selected from over 70 free-expression decisions filed by the Court from 1966 to 1975. The speech cases concerned the right of individuals to communicate directly with other individuals through speech, signs, symbols, or leaflets. The press cases dealt with the right to communicate indirectly using a form of mass communication. Newspaper stories were examined for three days and editorials for ten days after the decisions had been filed. The ten newspapers combined gave significantly greater coverage to the press decisions, reporting them 85% of the time as opposed to 60% of the time for speech cases. Press decisions were mentioned in headlines 65% of the time, compared to 25% for speech cases. The newspapers editorialized on press decisions 24% of the time to 8% for speech decisions, and tended to favor free expression significantly more often in editorials about the press than in those about speech. (FL)

The editorials about four Vietnam War news events that appeared in five newspapers were examined for content, tone, page placement, and length to discover what trends in editorial coverage occurred. The 131 editorials that were examined appeared in the "New York Times," the "Los Angeles Times," the "Wall Street Journal," the "Chicago Tribune," and the "Washington Post" within 21 days of the following news events: the Tonkin Gulf incident, the 1968 Tet Offensive, President Nixon's 1969 "Vietnamization" announcement, and the fall of Saigon. Five major findings resulted from the content analysis: (1) The overall tone of the editorials was antiwar. (2) During the periods studied, the "New York Times" was consistently antiwar while the "Wall Street Journal" trended from antiwar to prowar and the other three newspapers trended from prowar to antiwar. (3) The newspapers were willing to take definite stands during the periods under study. (4) The paper that most clearly appeared to have changed its editorial opinion was the "Los Angeles Times." (5) The "New York Times" and the "Washington Post," both generally prolific in their editorials throughout the periods studied, inexplicably presented fewer items on the Tet Offensive than the other papers. The study also established the usefulness of the basic "Statistical Package for the Social Sciences" (SPSS) in newspaper content analysis. (RL)

The content of four black newspapers was analyzed to determine how they covered the "Regents of the University of California v. Bakke" case, in which the Supreme Court ruled against rigid race quota programs such as the one that had prevented Allan Bakke, a white man, from being admitted to medical school. Each issue of the four newspapers--the New York "Amsterdam News," the "Los Angeles Sentinel," the "Atlanta Daily World," and the "Chicago Defender"--was examined during the ten-month period preceding the argument of the case before the Supreme Court and during the period immediately following the June 1978 decision. Among the findings were that the coverage of the Bakke case was scarce; that after the Supreme Court ruling the "Amsterdam News" far exceeded other newspapers in the amount and type of coverage, while the "Sentinel" and the "World" continued to give little attention to the case; that coverage was event-oriented rather than issue-oriented; that, while most editorials took a definite anti-Bakke stand, some took no position in the controversy; that relevant letters to the editor were almost nonexistent; and that most articles did not receive front-page or prominent coverage. The findings suggest that today's black press is a chronicler, rather than an interpreter, of issues and events affecting the black community. (GT)

Interviews with ten reporters and editors for community newspapers, all winners of Pulitzer Prizes for articles that dealt with nonelite groups, formed the basis for the information presented in this paper. Among the topics discussed are problems caused by the close proximity of the community press to its readers; the economic and physical perils faced by Southern journalists who have taken unpopular racial positions during times of civil rights strife; problems faced by community press reporters due to insufficient resources for adequately covering the news; social and economic pressure on the community press to uphold the status quo, and the consequent tendency of the community press to refrain from reporting on controversial subjects--such as the social conditions of nonelite groups--until such time as they result in a confrontation situation; and the potential power of the community newspaper in reducing violence and curbing tensions when conflicts do occur. It is concluded that the community press only occasionally speaks up courageously in coverage of nonelite groups. (GT)

"Freedom's Journal," the first newspaper published by blacks in the United States, originated in 1827 and lasted for two years. This article examines the form and content of the journal and considers some of the previous research on it. The article states that the journal contained the first report of a lynching that was published in the United States, ran campaigns to purchase and free slaves from sympathetic owners, held meetings with its subscribers to discuss their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the content, ran editorials on colonization, printed land offers for the formations of black communities, ran notices of births, deaths, marriages, and social events in the black community, and sold advertising space. The article states that the journal had between 800 and l,000 subscribers and, using the 1850 census literacy rates, concludes that the majority of the readers were black. (MAI)