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AbstractThe study of money’s semantics and social dynamics offers insights into its evolving role in different cultures and societies. This research aims to explore the historical evolution, cultural impact, and modern interpretations of money through an anthropological lens. Utilizing a cross-cultural analysis, the study examines various historical records, cultural artifacts, and contemporary practices related to money. Findings reveal that money, initially a tool for economic exchange, has always been a powerful symbol of political authority and social hierarchy. Despite its undemocratic origins, it remains central to modern economies, facilitating value measurement, circulation, and accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The study’s primary goal was to analyse the driving forces behind street vending operations and the difficulties they face in the targeted area. The research was conducted using both quantitative and qualitative methods, utilizing explanatory and descriptive designs in the technique. There was use of both primary and secondary data sources. Four government officials and 222 street businesses were chosen for the study using purposive sampling procedures. Structured questionnaires were used to collect the data. The study findings clearly display that economic and social factors have a significant influence on street vending in the study area. The study went on to look into the difficulties that street sellers in the study area deal with, including things like a lack of funding, a space to work, and credit availability. In conclusion, the study recommends that governments should develop a policy for street vending, fortify stakeholder interactions, and expand the capacity of street sellers when contemplating legalizing the practice and selecting a suitable place in urban centres.

The study's primary goal was to analyse the driving forces behind street vending operations and the difficulties they face in the targeted area. The research was conducted using both quantitative and qualitative methods, utilizing explanatory and descriptive designs in the technique. There was use of both primary and secondary data sources. Four government officials and 222 street businesses were chosen for the study using purposive sampling procedures. Structured questionnaires were used to collect the data. The study findings clearly display that economic and social factors have a significant influence on street vending in the study area. The study went on to look into the difficulties that street sellers in the study area deal with, including things like a lack of funding, a space to work, and credit availability. In conclusion, the study recommends that governments should develop a policy for street vending, fortify stakeholder interactions, and expand the capacity of street sellers when contemplating legalizing the practice and selecting a suitable place in urban centres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a sharp decline in the population of Ukraine. For this reason, the promotion of measures aimed at maintaining and improving health is becoming increasingly important. Its implementation requires financial and social support from the state, which is essential. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of economic and social factors on the adherence to a healthy lifestyle by medical school staff and future doctors. Methodology. The study involved 73 respondents in the age groups of 22-24 and 25-35, of whom 37 were students of 4-6 years of KNMU; 26 were KNMU educators and 10 were educators from V. N. Karazin KNU. The sociological research was conducted by means of a survey. The questionnaire was distributed using Google forms in the relevant groups on Viber, Telegram and Instagram. Results. When analysing the data of the study, the following data were obtained: the observance of a healthy lifestyle is mainly influenced by the lack of financial support, the lack of preferential conditions for the purchase of season tickets or sports equipment. In addition, there is a lack of safe places for mass sports and/or physical culture. Another factor that has a significant impact on the observance of a healthy lifestyle is insufficient health education, as none of the respondents mentioned the implementation of educational activities to clarify the importance and benefits of maintaining and improving one's health and the degree of responsibility that the individual bears. At the same time, the data obtained point to a number of issues that need to be addressed: firstly, it is necessary to improve the legal framework to ensure compliance with a healthy lifestyle; secondly, it is essential to implement measures to support and promote the maintenance of health, in particular the abandonment of bad habits. It is also advisable to provide funding for the creation of safe places for mass sports/physical culture and assistance in the provision of subscriptions and necessary sports equipment on preferential terms. Conclusion. Thus, summarising the above information, it can be concluded that the issue of supporting a healthy lifestyle requires close attention from the state, justification for attracting economic resources and society as a whole. The data obtained are a prerequisite for the development of measures to promote a healthy lifestyle, in particular the promotion and clarification of the positive consequences of observing and maintaining health, with mandatory visual confirmation and clear justification of this statement. At the same time, in order to implement this line of action, it is necessary to take into account the experience of the countries of the European Union, especially with regard to the improvement of the regulatory and legal framework.

This article examines the major factors leading to corruption in Russia. We explore the historical, economic, social, political, and cultural factors influencing the formation and strengthening of corrupt practices. To this end, the impact of the Soviet era and periods of transformation on management structures and public mentality, creating the preconditions for corruption, is examined in the context of history. In the economic aspect, the lack of competition, inefficiency of the labor market and weakened property protection, which contribute to corruption schemes in public institutions, are discussed. The educational and cultural systems are investigated in the context of the formation of the mentality of society and its attitude towards corruption. Insufficient attention to ethics in education and the normalization of corrupt practices in culture can help maintain corruption. When analyzing the structural features of public administration, problems in the system of control, transparency and responsibility are identified that pose a threat to the effective fight against corruption. Political aspects, including the lack of separation of powers and the presence of corrupt political elites, which may contribute to corruption at the decision-making level, are also explored. We proposed theories of historical/political influences on corruption and the theory of the control and responsibility system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovative development is the main driver contributing to the industrial; economic and social development of cities. However; the systematic analysis of the factors influencing the innovative development of cities and the study of their interaction are still not carried out in depth. Therefore; it is important to carry out a scientific analysis of the factors influencing the innovative development of cities. Qualitative and quantitative methods were mainly used in the research work. Based on the results of the literature review; this study believes that natural; economic and social factors are the three important factors that underpin urban innovation development. To collect relevant information on the selected research topic; interviews were conducted with 24 respondents and additional documents were analyzed. As the results of the research show; there are some potentials to accelerate the innovative development of the city of Shu; but in general; there are still many problems in the development of the city. First; the role of "administrative structures"; "public administration" and "service measures" in the innovative development of the city is rather weak. Second; the city's infrastructure; urban sprawl; and urban urbanization are unsatisfactory. Thirdly; the use of green energy; information; use of high-tech resources and generalization of technologies in the city are poorly established. From the analysis of the interaction of factors; it was determined that natural factors are prerequisites for innovative development of the city; economic factors are the basis of innovative development; and social factors can be a guaranteed system for innovative development of the city. As a result; the onion model of the factors affecting the innovative development of the city of Shu was proposed. This study; in turn; provides theoretical support and practical directions for the formation of innovative development policies of monocities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work is to study the impact of demographic and socio-economic factors affecting the level of poverty in the regions of Kazakhstan. The research examined the regions of Atyrau, Turkestan, Mangystau, and Akmola regions, where the poverty rate is higher than the average for Kazakhstan. The main factors influencing poverty are divided into four groups: economic, demographic, social and geographical. The current study focuses on the analysis of the general dynamics of poverty in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Accordingly, the study aims to examine the impact of three factors (economic, demographic and social) on absolute poverty. The period under review included ten years, 2011-2021. Five hypotheses were put forward. The SPSS program was used for data analysis, and a correlation-regression analysis was carried out. The results of the study showed that average monthly salary, gross regional product, living wage, number of students at higher educational institutions, number of people who receive state pension payments, number of people who receive assigned state social payments have a significant influence on the poverty rate in Turkestan region. Poverty eradication is one of the biggest and most important tasks of society. This is the main mission of the World Bank and the primary goal in the field of sustainable development, which reflects the agreement of 193 countries on key socio-economic priorities. The results of the study can be used both at the state and local levels to develop programs and strategies to combat poverty in the regions of Kazakhstan.

Purpose: This study aims to determine government policies for former migrant workers at risk of transmitting HIV/AIDS and find solutions to improve the effectiveness of these policies. The Province of West Nusa Tenggara is ranked fourth in Indonesia due to the increasing transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDS among migrant workers from Lombok. The main factor causing the high number of Indonesian workers going abroad is the economic factor. This sending of workers has a negative impact on their return to the district, for example the spread of HIV/AIDS and STDs. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study used a qualitative-descriptive approach to understand the behavior, views and attitudes of migrant workers towards government policies and the risk of HIV/AIDS transmission. Determination of informants in this study using a purposive sampling technique. Finding: The results of this study explain the risk of HIV/AIDS transmission and the lack of information about transmitting HIV/AIDS among migrant workers. Conclusion: Migrant workers are marginalized and lack sufficient knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission and its prevention. Their perception of risk is generally low, services and access to information about HIV/AIDS and its impacts are limited and there are cultural misunderstandings and the high cost of treatment for foreigners among illegal migrant workers. Research Limitations: The study's focus is limited to the East Lombok District. Other provinces have not been addressed. Practical Implications: The results of this study can be used as a reference for local governments to make or reformulate health policies. Contribution to Literature: This case can be used as a reference for developing health policies especially for Indonesian migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The timely graduation is one of the indicators of special interest for higher education institutions because it is constituted as a factor of its quality. Considering the importance of study time and the contribution of new professionals to society, institutions are constantly applying or searching new strategies to achieve the goal. This is how with this research, taking into account the incidence of the economic factor in students for the timely graduation in the university which is under study on this research, a Crowdfunding model was tested as a technological solution starting from a series of requirements for the development of the digital platform (web page) in which the model was being simulated, The model continued with the use of coding, systems, necessary technologies for the creation and subsequent implementation and analysis of results, which emphasized a good participation of users and fundraising from different interest groups that ratify the relevance of the model and the possible positive impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kamu politikalarının önemli bir bileşeni olan hanehalkı harcamaları, bireysel ve dolayısıyla toplumsal refahın göstergesidir. Hanehalkı tüketim harcamalarını etkileyen faktörleri bilmek kamu politikaları başta olmak üzere birçok açıdan fayda sağlayacaktır. Bu motivasyon kaynağı ile çalışmanın amacı hanehalklarının tüketim harcamaları belirleyicilerini mikroekonometrik bir bakış açısıyla incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çalışmanın veri seti Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Hanehalkı Bütçe Anketi aracılığıyla elde edilmiştir ve veri setinin analizi için bağımlı değişkenin dağılımının birçok noktasında bilgi edinilmesine imkân sunan kantil regresyon kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda hane sorumlusunun cinsiyetinin, yaşının, medeni durumunun, eğitim durumunun, hanehalkı büyüklüğü, gelir başta olmak üzere ekonomik göstergelerin ve sosyal göstergelerin tüketim harcamaları üzerinde etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarını, araştırmacı ve politika yapıcıların yaşam standartlarını ve refahı iyileştirmeyi amaçlayan faaliyetleri başta olmak üzere gelecekteki politikaların formüle edilmesinde faydalı olması beklenmektedir.

In Malaysia, the migration and the concentration of homeless former prisoners around Chow Kit Road are not new, given that they choose to return to Chow Kit Road each time they are released. Government agencies and NGOs are aware of the concentration of homeless former prisoners from different states within Malaysia in Chow Kit Road because the NGOs around Chow Kit Road distribute food aid to help them. Hence, a qualitative method was employed in this study by interviewing two groups of samples, namely nine professional government officers and nine volunteer informants who serve around Chow Kit Road. Experienced government officers and volunteer informants divided the findings into two superordinate themes. The views of professional government officers lead to the formation of four subthemes, namely the personal, social, economic, and urban infrastructure and services offered. In comparison, the superordinate themes determined by the volunteer informants included four sub-themes: economic, social, and personal factors, together with urban infrastructure and services. This study provided an overview of factors that attract these former prisoners to continue to migrate and concentrate in Chow Kit Road based on the perspectives of a professional government officer and volunteer informants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study aimed to design a model of job empowerment of rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization in Tehran province. Statistical population included all rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization in Tehran province, comprising 495 women who 216 women were selected. The sampling method was stratified random sampling proportional to the size of towns of Tehran Province which towns were considered as the classes of sampling. A questionnaire designed by researcher was used to collect the data. The results showed that commitment and responsibility, economic factors, technical skills, psychological skills, social factors, creativity and solving problem, communication skills and grouping work, information and special knowledge, and educational factors had the most effects on main structure, respectively. Based on findings, it can be concluded that considered variables for job empowerment in the studied women were reliable and it can be used to investigate of the rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization.

Abstract Background Fractures are the most common type of unintentional injury in children, with traumatic upper limb fractures accounting for approximately 80% of all childhood fractures. Many epidemiological investigations of upper limb fractures in children have been conducted, but with the development of society, the patterns of childhood fractures may have changed. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiology and economic cost factors of upper limb fractures in Chinese children. Methods We retrospectively reviewed children with upper limb fractures or old upper limb fractures hospitalized between December 1, 2015, and December 31, 2019, in 22 tertiary children’s hospitals, under China’s Futang Research Center of Pediatric Development. We used the ICD10 codes on the front sheet of their medical records to identify cases and extracted data on age, sex, injury cause, fracture site, treatment, the year of admission and discharge, visiting time, and various costs during hospitalization from the medical record. Results A total of 32,439 children (21,478 boys and 10,961 girls) were identified, of whom 32,080 had fresh fractures and 359 had old fractures. The peak age was 3–6 years in both sexes. A total of 4788 were infants, 14,320 were preschoolers, 10,499 were in of primary school age, and 2832 were adolescent. Fractures were most frequent in autumn (August to October). Admissions peaked at 0 o’clock. Among the 32,080 children with fresh upper limb fractures, the most common fracture site was the distal humerus, with a total of 20,090 fracture events including 13,134 humeral supracondylar fractures and 4914 lateral humeral condyle fractures. The most common cause of injuries was falling over. The most common joint dislocation accompanying upper limb fractures occurred in the elbow, involving 254 cases. Surgery was performed in 31,274 children, and 806 did not receive surgery. Among those with clear operative records, 10,962 children were treated with open reduction and 18,066 with closed reduction. The number of cases was largest in the East China region (Anhui Province, Shandong Province, Jiangsu Province, Zhejiang Province, and Fujian Province), with 12,065 cases overall. Among the 359 children with old fractures, 118 were admitted with a diagnosis of “old humerus fracture,” accounting for the highest proportion; 244 underwent surgical open reduction, 16.16% of whom had osteotomy. For the children with fresh fractures, the average total hospital cost was 10,994 yuan, and the highest average total hospital cost was 14,053 yuan, for humeral shaft fractures. For the children with old fractures, the average total hospital cost was 15,151 yuan, and the highest average total hospital cost was 20,698 yuan, for old ulna fractures. Cost of materials was the principle factor affecting total hospital cost, followed by surgery and anesthesia costs, both in children with fresh fractures and those with old fractures. Significant differences were observed in all hospital costs (P

The objectives of the research were.- 1) to study personal factors such as gender, age, educational status, average monthly income, average monthly expenditures that affected teachers’ personal financial planning. 2) to study informational perception factors, financial attitude factors and economic factors that affected personal financial planning of the teachers. This research was a qualitative study using survey research methods. The sample group included 305 teachers. Using online storage methods, the data collected from questionnaires was analyzed using descriptive statistics, consisting of frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics by using t-test, analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA) and multiple regression analysis. The results showed the samples were female teachers whose age were 41-50 yearsold. They were married and they held a bachelor’s degree. Their average monthly income was 15,000-20,000 baht and their average expenditure per month was 15,000-20,000 baht. From the study of teacher’s personal factors affecting teachers personal financial planning it was revealed that gender, age, educationlevel, average monthly income and average monthly expenditure of teachers affected personal financial planning of the teacher of the schools under the Phayao Provincial Primary Educational Service Area Office, District 1. However, teachers’ status did not affect personal financial planning of the teacher of the schools under the Phayao Provincial Primary Educational Service Area Office, District 1 at the 0.05 level of significance. Moreover, the study of factors affecting personal financial planning showed that information, financial attitude factor, economic factors affected personal financial planning of the teachers of schools under the Phayao Provincial Primary Educational Service Area Office, District 1 at 0.05 level of significance.

Background and Aim: In 2016, the tilapia-producing farms in the department of Córdoba, Colombia, had witnessed outbreaks of disease with clinical signs compatible with those caused by the tilapia lake virus (TiLV). This study was conducted to confirm the presence of TiLV in some fish farms in the department of Córdoba. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in seven farms using a non-random sampling method from July 2016 to December 2017. A total of 66 fish, including 33 healthy fish and 33 fish with clinical signs, were caught, from which 178 tissue samples of spleen, liver, and brain were collected. RNA was extracted from each organ using TRIzol®. cDNA was synthesized using a retrotranscriptase and a universal amplification primer. The polymerase chain reaction was performed using primers specific to TiLV, in which the primers were amplified in a 491 bp region in segment 3 of TiLV, and the amplicons were sequenced using the Sanger method. Results: Of the seven farms surveyed, 3 (42.85%) had TiLV in the collected fish. Of the 66 collected fish, 18 (27.27%) were infected with TiLV. The virus was detected in the brain (64.3%, 18/28), spleen (61.9%, 13/21), and liver (35.7%, 10/28). The sequences were recorded in GenBank with the codes MH338228, MH350845, and MH350846 . Nucleotide homology analyses revealed that this study's circulating strains exhibited 97% identity with the Israeli strain (GenBank KU751816.1). Conclusion: This is the first official report of TiLV in the department of Córdoba, Colombia. The circulating strains detected in this study exhibited 97% identity with the Israeli strain.

Background: Fractures are the most common type of unintentional injury in children, with traumatic upper limb fractures accounting for approximately 80% of all childhood fractures. Many epidemiological investigations of upper limb fractures in children have been conducted, but with the development of society, the patterns of childhood fractures may have changed. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiology and economic cost factors of upper limb fractures in Chinese children. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed children with upper limb fractures or old upper limb fractures hospitalized between December 1, 2015, and December 31, 2019, in 22 tertiary children's hospitals, under China's Futang Research Center of Pediatric Development. We used the ICD10 codes on the front sheet of their medical records to identify cases and extracted data on age, sex, injury cause, fracture site, treatment, the year of admission and discharge, visiting time, and various costs during hospitalization from the medical record. Results: A total of 32,439 children (21,478 boys and 10,961 girls) were identified, of whom 32,080 had fresh fractures and 359 had old fractures. The peak age was 3–6 years in both sexes. A total of 4788 were infants, 14,320 were preschoolers, 10,499 were in of primary school age, and 2832 were adolescent. Fractures were most frequent in autumn (August to October). Admissions peaked at 0 o'clock. Among the 32,080 children with fresh upper limb fractures, the most common fracture site was the distal humerus, with a total of 20,090 fracture events including 13,134 humeral supracondylar fractures and 4914 lateral humeral condyle fractures. The most common cause of injuries was falling over. The most common joint dislocation accompanying upper limb fractures occurred in the elbow, involving 254 cases. Surgery was performed in 31,274 children, and 806 did not receive surgery. Among those with clear operative records, 10,962 children were treated with open reduction and 18,066 with closed reduction. The number of cases was largest in the East China region (Anhui Province, Shandong Province, Jiangsu Province, Zhejiang Province, and Fujian Province), with 12,065 cases overall. Among the 359 children with old fractures, 118 were admitted with a diagnosis of "old humerus fracture," accounting for the highest proportion; 244 underwent surgical open reduction, 16.16% of whom had osteotomy. For the children with fresh fractures, the average total hospital cost was 10,994 yuan, and the highest average total hospital cost was 14,053 yuan, for humeral shaft fractures. For the children with old fractures, the average total hospital cost was 15,151 yuan, and the highest average total hospital cost was 20,698 yuan, for old ulna fractures. Cost of materials was the principle factor affecting total hospital cost, followed by surgery and anesthesia costs, both in children with fresh fractures and those with old fractures. Significant differences were observed in all hospital costs (P < 0.001) except treatment costs (P = 0.702), between children with fresh fractures and those with old fractures. Among the 32,439 children, full self-payment accounted for the highest proportion of all payment methods, involving 17,088 cases, with an average cost of 11,111 yuan. Conclusion: Information on the epidemiological characteristics of childhood fractures suggests that health and safety education and protective measures should be strengthened to prevent upper limb fractures in children. For both fresh and old fractures, the cost of materials was the principal factor affecting total hospital cost, followed by surgery and anesthesia costs. The overall average total hospital cost is higher in children with old fractures than in children with fresh fractures. Among all children, full self-payment, at 53% of children, accounted for the highest proportion of all payment methods. Hospital costs are a headache for those families who will pay on their own. It can lead to a delayed treatment and unhealed fractures or malunion in some children. Therefore, the child trauma care system and training on fractures need to be improved, to reduce the late presentation of fractures. These combined measures will improve children's quality of life, reduce the expenditure of families, and decrease the public health burden. To provide better medical services for children, authorities must improve the allocation of health resources, establish a comprehensive medical security system for children, and set up more child trauma centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study will examine the impact of economic collision on the non-performing financing in sharia bank in Indonesia. The current study adopts VAR/VECM method to examine inter variables correlation by testing an economic factors, including 1) Real GDP Growth, 2) Exchange Rate, 3) Inflation, 4) Interest Rate, and 5) IDX Composite. A total NPF of 14 Islamic Banks and 20 Sharia Business Units were selected as data samples from 2006 to 2020. The findings indicate that inflation positively impacts NPF in the short run and delivers the biggest shock to NPF. The result states that Inflation, Exchange rate, and Interest rate are the dominant factors to shock NPF in Islamic Banks. From the analysis results, the economic variables, i.e., GDP, exchange rates, inflation, interest rates, and the IDX Composite, provide a stable long-term relationship and, in the short term, adjust to each other to achieve a new balance in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research dealt with factors affected the different Information Communication and Technology (ICT) adoption rate among Asian countries. The primary purpose was to examine the impact of national wealth and culture on the behavioral adoption of ICT empirically among selected countries in Asia. Data were collected from the World Bank, World Economic Forum, and Hofstede’s cultural dimension index. Statistical correlation and multiple regression were utilized to analyze the dataset, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a proxy for national wealth and Hofstede’s cultural dimension as a proxy for culture. The result shows a significant relationship between GDP per capita and uncertainty avoidance on the national ICT adoption index. This finding contributes to improving the acknowledgment of the GDP and national culture as the antecedent of ICT adoption in the global field. Practically, the research updates the previous similar ones and proposes further empirical research to extend the scope of analysis.

ABSTRAK Pemanfaatan rumput dan kayu bakar oleh masyarakat sekitar pada Taman Nasional Gunung Merbabu (TNGMb) tidak sejalan dengan zonasi taman nasional. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan berupa kajian intensitas pemanfaatan rumput dan kayu bakar dari kawasan TNGMb melalui identifikasi pengaruh antar faktor pada aktivitas pemanfaatan rumput dan kayu bakar oleh masyarakat serta identifikasi unsur pembentuk akses masyarakat dalam pemanfaatan rumput dan kayu bakar yang berasal dari kawasan TNGMb. Penelitian dilakukan di wilayah TNGMb dengan mengambil lokasi sampel di Dusun Godang, Guwolelo, Batur, dan Sembungan. Tipe penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kombinasi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi lapangan, kuesioner, wawancara, dan penelusuran dokumen. Metode kuantitatif disajikan dalam bentuk statistik diskriptif (peta, distribusi frekuensi) dan analisis jalur. Metode kualitatif menggunakan analisis akses. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa intensitas pemanfaatan rumput dan kayu bakar di TNGMb di lokasi sampel tergolong sedang cenderung tinggi (63 kali per hari untuk rumput dan 41 kali per minggu untuk kayu bakar). Dalam kaitannya terhadap faktor pengelolaan lahan maka faktor budaya berpengaruh sebesar 91%, faktor ekonomi berpengaruh sebesar 17,8 %. Faktor ekonomi menjadi faktor mediasi antara faktor budaya dan faktor pengelolaan lahan, serta terukur secara bersama-sama berpengaruh terhadap faktor pengelolaan lahan sebesar 49,2%. Unsur pembentuk akses masyarakat sekitar kawasan dalam pemanfaatan rumput dan kayu bakar bersifat sederhana atau konvensional. ABSTRACT Grass and fuel wood utilization by community around Gunung Merbabu National Park (GMNP) was inconsistent with national park zoning. This research have been done by evaluating of the intensity of grass and fuel wood derived from GMNP, according to identify the effect between factors at grass and fuel wood utilization by community and determining of the community access pattern in grass and fuel wood utilization. The research study was implemented in GMNP area, which sample locations were Gondang, Guwolelo, Batur, and Sembungan villages. The method used for the research was a combined research method. Data collection was conducted by field observation, interview, questionnaires and document analysis. Quantitative method was presented in descriptive statistic (map, frequency distribution) and path analysis results. Qualitative method was conducted by access analysis. The results showed that intensity grass and fuel wood utilization in GMNP in sample location was in the middle to high trend categories (63 times per day for grass and 41 times per week for fuel wood). Affect to the land management factor, it has been known that the contribution of the cultural factor was in 91% and the economic factor in 17.8 %. Economic factor become intervening factor between cultural factor and land management factor and it was evaluated in 49.2%. Community access structure in grass and fuel wood utilization was simple or conventional.

Most counterfeit studies engage consumers’ intention to purchase without considering their past experiences. Understanding consumers who have experienced in counterfeit product situations and how this has influenced their actual perceptions, attitudes and behavior on this is-sue is important to understand. Therefore, this study aims to understand the repurchase behavior of experienced consumers in regards to counterfeit products and their demographics, past purchases, materialism, economic and social factors. In addition, this study also investigates the mediating effect of attitude on the relationship between the factors and the repur-chase behavior. The participants are among 200 working adults who have purchased counterfeit products in a six-month period. Multiple regression analysis indicates that gender (female), past purchasing behavior, materialism and social factors had positive relationships with repurchase behavior. Remarkably, the economic factor is found to be significant. However, it has a negative relationship with repurchase behavior indicating that experienced consumers in counterfeit products purchase fake goods to minimize the economic effect. Hierarchical regression analysis indicates the mediating effect of attitude on the relationship between past purchase and materialism on repurchase behavior. The outcome of this study can also be used as a reference and knowledge base for scholars and marketers in understanding the attitude of consumers and their repurchase intention of counterfeit products.

The economic factor and its strong influence is determined mainly by the funds received from social security contributions in the social security system, by the number of persons employed, by the pension costs and the amount of the maximum social security income, as well as by the average monthly salary. Funds allocated to pensions are a major economic factor that has a major impact on the social security system. The more money is spent on pensions, the greater the negative financial effect on the social security system. The unfavorable demographic trends and the aging of the population in Bulgaria have led to higher pension expenditures. The purpose of the report is to show the great importance of the economic factor as an essential element of the social security system. The funds allocated for pensions in the social security system are essential. As the population ages, pension costs increase, so does the burden on the social security system. The current social security system is based on three pillars - mandatory pension insurance, mandatory supplementary and supplementary voluntary pension insurance. Compulsory pension insurance is in fact a continuation of the previously operating pension system, based on the pay-as-you-go system, with modifications to somehow link people's contributions to the pensions received. The insured pay social security contributions, which are distributed and paid in the form of a pension to the disabled. Compulsory supplementary pension insurance is the second pillar of the system and is based on the so-called funds or capital principle. The contributions of the insured persons are transferred to pension funds, which invest the resources in investment instruments. As it has already become clear, the three-pillar model in Bulgaria is a mix of the cost-covering and capital models. The problems in these models quite naturally have an impact on the chosen three-pillar model in Bulgaria. The main idea behind the cost-covering model is that working young people contribute to the pension system and these contributions are used to pay the pensions of the currently disabled. The model can be considered as a kind of social transfer of resources between generations. Young people work and pay a "social tax", and the disabled receive an income (pension) that provides them with consumption. The results show that more and more funds are needed for the social security system, which are obtained through grants from the national budget. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the article is to highlight the level of education regarding exercise in the population aged 40+, and the amount of money spent on exercise by this population. Design: A quantitative descriptive study. Methods: The level of education regarding exercise was ascertained with the help of data obtained by a non-standardized questionnaire. The research set consisted of 1992 respondents aged 40 years and over in the Czech Republic. Results: Data analysis indicated that 52.9% patients had received educated regarding their physical activity at some point. Most respondents aged 40–49 years had not received any educational input. In addition, 34.5% respondents did not agree that regular exercise could have an influence on the developing of cardiovascular diseases. The sum most frequently spent on sports activities monthly was up to 500 CZK (78.3%). The respondentsʼ answers also indicate that 66.8% walk for at least 30 minutes, five or more days a week. Conclusion: Our findings indicate a need to improve levels of education regarding exercise and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

School dropout is nowadays one of the biggest problems faced by the Romanian education system. School dropout entails prematurely leaving the education system before the compulsory educational stage is over and prior to getting a qualification or professional training. School dropout is triggered by both internal and external factors. Contemporary society no longer considers school important in our personal development as human beings. But how would this society look like if all of us would stop regarding education and culture as fundamental values? Taking into account that education is free, it must be understood as anyone’s right to appropriate abilities, skills, and knowledge needed to find a job and integrate in a group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question that often arises in various seminars and debates is "why should wealthy people and Indonesian officials go abroad for health affairs, including the simplest... check-up". If observed various physical things in hospitals such as medical equipment, buildings, and medicines in Indonesian hospitals are not much different from hospitals in Malacca, Singapore, Bangkok. A striking difference may be with Boston or Houston hospitals. One of the hypotheses presented is the difference in the quality of human resources determines the quality of health services. However, when viewed individually, there are certainly no racial and ethnic differences between Indonesians and Malaysians or Singaporeans. In this case there is another hypothesis that if the HR management system is improved so that the commitment of Indonesian hospital resources increases to the hospital, then there will be an improvement in the quality of services. This paper discusses the relationship between economic factors and professional commitment. The purpose of the commitment here is the amount of attention and relationship between professional doctors and hospitals. This needs to be put in context, why there are many cases of specialists working multiplely in various places which can eventually result in low commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: In 2016, the tilapia-producing farms in the department of Córdoba, Colombia, had witnessed outbreaks of disease with clinical signs compatible with those caused by the tilapia lake virus (TiLV). This study was conducted to confirm the presence of TiLV in some fish farms in the department of Córdoba. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in seven farms using a non-random sampling method from July 2016 to December 2017. A total of 66 fish, including 33 healthy fish and 33 fish with clinical signs, were caught, from which 178 tissue samples of spleen, liver, and brain were collected. RNA was extracted from each organ using TRIzol®. cDNA was synthesized using a retrotranscriptase and a universal amplification primer. The polymerase chain reaction was performed using primers specific to TiLV, in which the primers were amplified in a 491 bp region in segment 3 of TiLV, and the amplicons were sequenced using the Sanger method. Results: Of the seven farms surveyed, 3 (42.85%) had TiLV in the collected fish. Of the 66 collected fish, 18 (27.27%) were infected with TiLV. The virus was detected in the brain (64.3%, 18/28), spleen (61.9%, 13/21), and liver (35.7%, 10/28). The sequences were recorded in GenBank with the codes MH338228, MH350845, and MH350846. Nucleotide homology analyses revealed that this study's circulating strains exhibited 97% identity with the Israeli strain (GenBank KU751816.1). Conclusion: This is the first official report of TiLV in the department of Córdoba, Colombia. The circulating strains detected in this study exhibited 97% identity with the Israeli strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study is to know the effect of economic and social factors on the farmers' marketing decisions. Research Method: This research was conducted from January to March 2020. The respondents were 60 (sixty) farmers who were chosen by purposing sampling. The analysis models used in this research are likert and correlation analysis. Findings: The economic factor has a medium effect on farmers' marketing decisions. Ease of farmers' access to the auction market or to get information is the main economic variable to the farmers' marketing decision. Price has a very high effect on the farmers' marketing decisions. The social factor also affects the farmers' marketing decisions but at a weak level. Research Limitation: The respondents only 60 farmers. Originality/Value: Provides information for the new marketing institution to stay competitive and attractive to customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al Malweah for Archaeological & Historical Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Problem statement: Chaharbagh Street, despite its physical and land use changes throughout history, is still considered as one of the main commercial and recreational streets of Isfahan city. Reviewing the history and evolution of historical sites' architecture can provide opportunities for next refurbishment steps and finding resilience factors can be effective in planning for the design of new spaces. Resilience is a way to strengthen communities and cities by using their capacities, and one of the most important factors of resilience is the space which continues to preserve the identity of urban spaces during changes. Research objective: This research seeks to answer the main question of what factors have led to the resilience of Chaharbagh Street throughout the history relying on the hypothesis that planning is effective in reconstruction of historical streets according to users' demand and the historical factors in resilience. Research method: The research method in this paper is a descriptive-analytic method and to achieve this goal, first by referring to reliable sources four factors including physical, social, economic, and environmental factors are presented in resilience' conceptual model. By field study and asking the people in this street, a closer look has been achieved and sub- factors for each of the factors have been addressed. Conclusion: According to the results, the reasons for choosing this historical street and its users' expectation of protective measures are in line with the historical features of the 17th and 19th centuries. The importance of different resilience factors differs from users' point of view and the social and environmental factors are in a more favorable position than other factors . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at analysing the perceptions associated with gender in two generations under the changing socio-structural conditions in a rural community of the Punjab, Pakistan. It is an effort to unravel various factors for carrying and challenging long existing social perceptions in the village. Social, religious, economic and technological interventions are pertinent to consider, besides foreign remittances and other cultural influences are not just bringing shift in economic statuses of people but also their thinking styles. Probability sample survey was conducted; two age groups were selected to assess the intergenerational differences. The young respondents (15–35 years) and old respondents (60+) were selected through systematic sampling technique; for qualitative data, 48 cases were interviewed. Younger females are facing the greatest familial and community pressure when it comes to their life decisions; simultaneously, they aspire to attain economic independence which would bring change in gendered perceptions and their overall social status. The study is one of its kind in which both quantitative and qualitative techniques were employed to comprehend the intergenerational gendered perception, it provides an insight into how social and structural elements play their role in constructing social disparity and challenging attitude of the younger generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of international relations has shown that economics have always been an essential factor in international affairs as well as in the foreign policies of all nations. The US - regarded as the most powerful nation in the world - is no exception. The 20th century and particularly the first two decades of the 21st century have demonstrated the great impact of the economic factor on the creation and implementation of US foreign policy. It is undeniable that the great upheaval of the US economy has resulted in the adjustments of Washington's external relations. The main purpose of this paper is to determine the role and position of the economic factor in the US foreign policy, in theory and in practice, particularly through the analysis of the impact of the economic factor on the creation and implementation of the US foreign policy since the 20th century with a focus on the last 10 years (2009-2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at discussing to what extent an effective protection of a state border (in this case: the external EU border that partly coincides with the border of the Republic of Lithuania, which amounts to 1070 km. (the whole perimeter of a border amounts to 1763 km)) depends on successful prevention and dismantling of activities of trafficking networks and on understanding the economic mechanisms for the operation of those networks. The paper will introduce the pilot study (completed in Spring, 2017) with an aim to identify the concepts officers – state border guards have on diversity and migration; first chapter is dedicated to the issue. Also, an analysis of the Lithuanian situation is presented in the second chapter. The fact that during the last several years (since 2012), the number of irregular migrants decreased by almost 4 times is discussed from two aspects. Firstly, measures of prevention and infrastructure. Namely, the distance under the surveillance of CCTV cameras increased twofold during the time, also, the cooperation with colleagues in the field in other countries (Byelorussia) improved significantly. Another factor was an improved cooperation of the law enforcement agencies between the countries and within Lithuania. The data shows that one of the major factors for decreasing the illegal migration that is, prevention is a successful removal of economic factor from the process (or at least, it serves as a strong deterrence). That is, it was identified that the predominant number of irregular migrants were doing that not as individuals, but in the groups, led by traffickers, whose fee in recent years increased. Therefore, effective legal measures against traffickers provide solid basis for decreasing irregular migration.

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

If Vidas Secas is the Graciliano Ramos novel that most directly addresses the issue of poverty and its most striking consequences and as the author himself claims to be a kind of Fabiano in one of his letters, this article seeks to investigate the writer's epistolary universe, in order to understand how this book, published in 1938, pervaded Graciliano's life narrative at the precise moment in which he produced and attempted to distribute some of the chapters-tales that make up the novel. The readings of the author's correspondence, especially the letters addressed to the Argentine translator Benjamin de Garay and his wife Heloísa, revealed not only a man with immense financial problems who was trying to survive as a writer, but also a writer who transformed scarcity into power, finding in words, as Fabiano, the strength necessary to go ahead and dream, like Baleia, of a different world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• High-voltage direct current interconnectors are used for long-distance electricity transfer. • They transfer 100 s GW of electrical power with around 1% losses mainly to heat. • This paper compares alternative solutions for heat recovery and reutilisation. • Data from the Moyle interconnector between Scotland and Northern Ireland is used. • Heat-to-electricity and heat-to-cooling technologies are compared. High-voltage direct current interconnection stations are increasingly used for long-distance electricity transport worldwide, due to efficiency and economic reasons. The identification and evaluation of cost-effective waste heat sources appropriate for recovery and reutilisation represent an opportunity that can improve the efficiency of high-voltage direct current stations, resulting in significant savings in energy consumption and reduction of the carbon footprint. The paper is the first to investigate the technological and economic feasibility of heat recovery at a major interconnector power station. Once identified the potential recoverable heat sources and evaluated the latest advancements in thermal energy recovery technology, a technological and economic analysis of two potential heat recovery strategies has been performed. While the heat-to-electricity technology was proved to be technologically but not economically feasible, the realisation of a combined liquid desiccant and evaporative cooling heat recovery strategy was proved to present the best economic performance with a payback period of about 5 years and a levelised cost of saved energy of 0.155 €/kWh, depending on the heat recovery and size of the system. Additional economic savings can be obtained for high-voltage direct current stations located in hot and humid climates, where the moisture removal ability of liquid desiccant technology could be particularly advantageous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choice of career is a very complicated decision for students because i t establishes the kind of profession they plan to chase in their future life. Mostly, students make career choice during their secondary schooling. The problem they face is matching their career choices with their interests and academic performance while accommodating their parental wishes at the same time. This study aims to identify the factors which play a major role in the choice of academic careers students are currently pursuing in the university, and how certain personal characteristics and academic support may shape their prospective choices for future profession and career. Case study was the chosen approach and the University of Management and Technology (UMT) the selected case. Correlation research was the methodology used to collect and analyze the data. A survey was conducted with three hundred students of UMT randomly selected from three schools and eight undergraduate programs taught in these schools. Selfconstructed questionnaire comprising 30 items was used as a tool for survey. Exploratory factor analysis and regression were applied on the data recorded in SPSS 21 to determine the student satisfaction levels with their career choices both in retrospect and prospect. The results indicated that social and peer group factor is stronger than family factor in retrospect of career choices; the economic factor remains neutral, whereas, academic support and self-efficacy build the prospect of continuing the same academic career as a profession. The study identifies the challenges faced by the students in Pakistan of matching their career choices with their abilities extending the research literature regarding the career choices of students in a Pakistani perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Farol - Revista de Estudos Organizacionais e Sociedade is the property of Farol - Revista de Estudos Organizacionais e Sociedade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract It is increasingly significant to predict building energy consumption in energy-saving decision making. This paper presents the method of support vector regress (SVR) to forecast building energy consumption in southern China. To improve the reliability of SVR in building energy consumption prediction, multiple parameters including weather data such as yearly mean outdoor dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity and global solar radiation and economic factors such as the ratio of urbanization, gross domestic product, household consumption level and total area of structure are taken as inputs. The performance of SVR with respect to two parameters, c and g , is explored using the k -fold cross validation with grid searching method based on radial-basis function kernel. Finally, the performance of the proposed model is checked by comparing the prediction model with statistic data taken from Chinese National Bureau of Statistics in 4 provinces of southern China using statistical error tests such as the mean square error (MSE) and the squared correlation coefficient (r 2). With the analysis based on statistical error tests, the results show that the SVR method can estimate the building energy consumption with good accuracy with MSE less than 0.001 and r 2 more than 0.99. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown that high income was associated with low risk of death by suicide; however, the extent to which household income reduces suicidal ideation remains unclear. We performed a survey to examine the relationship between annual household income and suicidal ideation and determine the level of annual household income at which suicidal ideation no longer decreased as income increased. In total, 94,131 members of Internet survey panels were recruited as participants by a major Japanese Internet survey company in 2016. The participants completed a self-administered questionnaire consisting of items pertaining to demographics, annual household income, and suicidal ideation. We performed logistic regression analysis with suicidal ideation as the dependent variable and income level as the independent variable. The results showed that odds ratios for suicidal ideation decreased as annual household incomes increased, with sex, age, educational level, marital status, and parenthood adjusted for; however, once annual household incomes exceeded 8 million JPY (approximately 77,700 USD), the risk of suicidal ideation no longer decreased. We conclude that suicidal ideation was negatively associated with annual household income and 8 million JPY (approximately 77,700 USD) is a threshold beyond which further increases in income no longer reduce individuals’ suicidal ideation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the article is to highlight the level of education regarding exercise in the population aged 40+, and the amount of money spent on exercise by this population. Design: A quantitative descriptive study. Methods: The level of education regarding exercise was ascertained with the help of data obtained by a non-standardized questionnaire. The research set consisted of 1992 respondents aged 40 years and over in the Czech Republic. Results: Data analysis indicated that 52.9% patients had received educated regarding their physical activity at some point. Most respondents aged 40-49 years had not received any educational input. In addition, 34.5% respondents did not agree that regular exercise could have an influence on the developing of cardiovascular diseases. The sum most frequently spent on sports activities monthly was up to 500 CZK (78.3%). The respondents' answers also indicate that 66.8% walk for at least 30 minutes, five or more days a week. Conclusion: Our findings indicate a need to improve levels of education regarding exercise and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]