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The dual compensation chamber loop heat pipe (DCCLHP) technology shows great promise for efficient thermal management in a variety of applications. This study focuses on refining the startup performance of the DCCLHP, particularly for low heat load conditions in terrestrial settings, by utilizing dual bayonet tubes. Empirical investigations examined the DCCLHP's operational characteristics and improved thermal transfer capabilities across different orientations of the evaporator and compensation chamber (CC), including vertical, 45‐degree tilt angle, and horizontal configurations. Key results demonstrate the DCCLHP's ability to manage low heat loads across diverse orientations, achieving over 400 W of heat transfer across a distance of 2.0 m while maintaining stable operation. Notably, the DCCLHP operation did not exhibit any significant instability issues. This work enhances the startup performance of the DCCLHP in various orientations and provides valuable insights into the confined natural circulation phenomenon, crucial for improving the overall thermal management capabilities of the system. In summary, the study highlights advancements in DCCLHP design and its potential to address thermal management challenges in diverse applications, particularly in the aerospace industry, through improved startup performance and enhanced heat transfer capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interfacial solar evaporation, harnessing sunlight to induce water molecule evaporation, holds great promise for sustainable solar energy conversion. However, challenges such as reduced efficiency and instability due to salt accumulation, inadequate water transport, and the high cost of advanced nanostructured solar evaporators collectively hinder the sustainable and large‐scale practical use of this technology. Herein, an eco‐friendly, floatable 3D solar seawater evaporator is developed by innovatively incorporating a lightweight foam ball enclosed in a porous cellulose hydrogel. The 3D evaporator achieves a high water evaporation rate of ≈2.01 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 Sun, owing to its super high photothermal efficiency of 117.9% and efficient internal water transport channels. Even at a 0° simulated solar angle, the 3D evaporator maintains 85.8% of the evaporation rate at a 90° simulated solar angle. Moreover, the salt self‐cleaning capability is realized by the autonomous rotation caused by salt deposition. Particularly, the 3D evaporator can be fabricated over a large area and maintain seawater evaporation performance and structural integrity for 28 days. This study provides novel economically feasible and sustainable large‐scale solutions for interfacial solar‐powered seawater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a neuro-adaptive PI control strategy for a water-cooled centrifugal chiller system is developed, and its control performance is examined. The system model consists of a flooded evaporator, a flooded condenser, a centrifugal compressor, and an electronic expansion valve. The overall system consists of three control loops: a compressor speed control loop, an inlet guide vane (IGV) control loop, and a condenser liquid level control loop. A neuro-adaptive control strategy for compressor speed control was designed. The control performance of the chiller was tested by carrying out simulation runs using an integrated building and HVAC (IB-HVAC) system model. The major details of the IB-HVAC model are described in this paper. Results show that the neuro-adaptive controller can adapt to new system dynamics of the IB-HVAC system and give good setpoint tracking responses under a wide range of operating conditions. The results show that the neuro-adaptive controller performs better than the constant gain PI controller in terms of speed of response and setpoint tracking properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares the exergy of an ejector‐based two evaporator cycle (EB‐TEC) with a conventional two evaporator cycle (C‐TEC). The analysis utilizes a modified Gouy–Stodola equation, which provides a more accurate insight of the system irreversibility compared to the standard Gouy–Stodola formulation. Furthermore, the comparison includes three working fluids, that is, R134a, R1234ze, and R600 in both the cycles. The study examines the effects of varying evaporators and condenser temperatures and the dryness fraction at the exit of Evaporator 1. The data is analyzed using an Engineering Equation Solver. The findings indicate that increasing the temperature of the low‐temperature evaporator leads to a drop in exergy losses and enhancement in exergy efficiency in both the cycles. When the temperature of Evaporator 1 is increased, the total exergy of the EB‐TEC is decreased but for the C‐TEC, it is increased. Furthermore, increasing the condenser temperature results in higher exergy destruction in both EB‐TEC and C‐TEC. Notably, the maximum exergy destruction is 49.44 kW for R600, whereas the minimum exergy destruction is 14.42 kW for R1234ze in the EB‐TEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the development of solar seawater desalination technology, many solar evaporators are affected by precipitated salts during the evaporation process, which can reduce efficiency. In this work, flexible fabrics made of polypyrrole (PPy)/MXene are obtained by impregnating the prepared PPy ink onto waffle like fabrics. The combination of PPy and fabric greatly improves the water absorption and evaporation performance of the fabric. The average evaporation rate of this structure is 1.43 kg m−2 h−1, and the average evaporation efficiency under a single light source is 85.13%. After a 15‐h testing cycle and a total of 8 cycles, lasting nearly 120 h, the performance of the device remained stable. The structural characteristics of waffle fabric, based on the Marangoni thermal effect, make it possible to suppress salt precipitation during evaporation, avoiding large salt particles covering the evaporation surface and reducing efficiency. This experiment successfully demonstrated long‐term stable water evaporation, providing new ideas for the development of fabric evaporators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing a multilayer evaporator with a delicate structure and removing salt accumulation during prolonged operation are challenges in seawater desalination. A flexible single‐layer salt‐rejecting monolithic porous evaporator (SRMPE) is presented that floats on the near surface of seawater without any support structure. The hydrophilic component of this network polymer modulates the water association state in SRMPE, achieving a high evaporation rate of 3.47 kg m−2 h−1 and an efficiency of 94.3%. With a large capillary water flux (14.4 L m−2 h−1), the SRMPE exhibits superior and rapid self‐cleaning by removing sodium chloride (NaCl) powder (33% by weight) within 1.25 h in simulated seawater (salinity, 3.5%) under 1 sun radiation. Furthermore, even after continuous irradiation for 12 h in highly concentrated brine (25% salinity), no salt crystallizes on the evaporator surface. It may stimulate creative work by scientists and engineers in the design of simple, highly efficient salt‐rejecting, self‐cleaning interfacial solar evaporators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the performance of drop-in hydrocarbon refrigerants for the increasing in-flow of conventional refrigerators to Nigeria is a necessary sustainable strategy. This experimental study investigates the enhancement limits of a liquid-line magnetic field, CNT nano-lubricant, and a combination of both on an R134a domestic refrigerator with 40–70 g each of R600a refrigerants. The study compares the performance of R600a refrigerant without enhancements (pure) and with two pairs of 3000 Gauss liquid-line mounted O-ring permanent magnets (Mag), 0.2 g L−1 concentration of CNT nano-lubricant (Nano), and both liquid-line magnet and CNT nano-lubricant (Mag-Nano). Test parameters include evaporator air temperature, discharge pressure, power consumption, coefficient of performance (COP), and total equivalent warming impact (TEWI). The results show that enhancement methods led to higher COP in the range of 16.64–42.38%. At the same time, evaporator air temperature, discharge pressure, power consumption, and TEWI were lower by 9.76% to 20.96%, 17.75% to 34.26%, 5.22% to 13.42%, and 5.88% to 10.86%, respectively. In conclusion, the proposed enhancement techniques in the refrigeration system provide normal, safe, and efficient operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present investigation focuses on enhancing the efficiency of a vapor compression refrigeration system (VCRS) by proposing a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) control strategy based on the evaporator's two-phase length and superheat temperature. A moving boundary dynamic model for the VCRS is implemented using the Thermosys Matlab Toolbox. The study analyzes the influence of actuation parameters, specifically compressor speed and expansion valve opening, on control parameters, namely two-phase length and superheat temperature. A comprehensive analysis based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics is conducted across a wide range of operating conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that two-phase length can be effectively utilized as a control parameter by selecting operating points that maximize the system efficiency. Additionally, the study reveals that extending the evaporator's two-phase length to 80–90% of its limit increases system efficiency, enabling a reduction in compressor speed while maintaining the cooling capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing the shortage of freshwater resources, solar desalination technology provides a solution with its green and environmentally friendly features. However, the traditional desalination strategy has some problems, such as low evaporation efficiency and salt deposition. Herein, asymmetric nanofiber membranes were prepared by electrospinning technology that can realize photothermal conversion and reduce heat loss because of the unique double-layer structure. This evaporator can achieve stable and efficient desalination evaporation efficiencies in highly concentrated brines. What's more, the hydrophilic membrane polyacrylonitrile (PAN) modified with sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel can realize efficient ion distribution. This work presents a new design strategy for the development of highly efficient photothermal conversion materials for use in solar-driven evaporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar‐driven interfacial evaporation (SIE) is very promising to solve the issue of fresh water shortage, however, poor salt resistance severely hinders long‐term stable SIE and fresh water collection. Here, we report design of superhydrophilic solar evaporators for long‐term stable desalination, fresh water collection and salt collection by vertical salt deposition. The evaporators are prepared by sequentially deposition of silicone nanofilaments, polypyrrole and Au nanoparticles on a polyester fabric composed of microfibers. The evaporators feature excellent photothermal effect and ultrafast water transport, due to their unique micro‐/nanostructure and superhydrophilicity. As a result, during SIE the salt gradually deposits vertically rather than occupies larger area on the evaporators. Consequently, long‐term stable SIE with high evaporation rates of 2.4–2.1 kg m−2 h−1 for 3.5–20 wt % brine in continuous 10 h is achieved under 1 sun illumination. Meanwhile, the loosely deposited salt can be easily collected, realizing zero brine discharge. Moreover, scalable preparation of the evaporator is achieved, which exhibits efficient collection of high quality fresh water (10.08 kg m−2 in 8 h) via SIE desalination under weak natural sunlight (0.46~0.66 sun). This strategy sheds a new light on the design of high‐performance solar evaporators and their real‐world fresh water collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar‐driven interfacial evaporation toward highly salinity brine has drawn great attention due to its distinct advantages. Generally, most studies focus on how to improve the water evaporation rate while restrain the salt accumulation on evaporators. In fact, generating/recycling the salt during the evaporation process is of equal importance since the salt is also valuable. However, how to realize high salt generation rate while keep high water evaporation rate is still a great challenge, since high‐efficiency water evaporation and salt accumulation is conflicting in most cases. Herein, both high evaporation rate and high salt formation rate have been achieved via surface engineering of a 3D evaporator: 1) Constructing surround‐Janus structure with different wettability around a 3D evaporator; 2) Enhancing salt crystallization via introduction of tapes on special surface. Thanks to the distinct surface engineering, the water evaporation rate toward highly salinity brine (20 wt%) can reach up to ≈2.8 kg m−2 h−1, while the salt formation rate can be as high as ≈0.1 kg m−2 h−1. Moreover, the high performance can be well maintained even when the evaporator is irradiated with different angles. Specially, as a proof of concept, the potential of the 3D evaporator for Li+/Na+ separation is also demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microchannel heat exchangers find widespread use in household and automotive air conditioning due to their compact structure and high efficiency. However, two-phase refrigerant flow mal-distribution in microchannels limits their application. For the CO2 heat pump, the performance reduction by flow mal-distribution could be as large as 20%. This study proposed an approach to mitigate flow mal-distribution by inserting a perforated tube into the header of a microchannel evaporator in CO2 heat pump. Numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the impact of perforated tube parameters and CO2 inlet conditions on flow distribution. Results show a 24.4% increase in total non-uniformity (S) of flow distribution with a perforated tube. A higher number of openings and smaller diameters enhance uniformity, with the 10-hole, 2 mm diameter perforated tube proving most effective. Additionally, the most uniform flow distribution was achieved at an inlet CO2 mass flow rate of 30 g/s and a vapor quality of 0.2. And the flat tubes with an insertion depth of 5 mm and a cross-section of 16 × 2 mm is the most beneficial for uniform flow distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance merits of a mobile air conditioning (MAC) system with an orifice tube (OT) were experimentally evaluated for R1234yf relative to R134a. The effect of employing a suction/liquid line internal heat exchanger (HEX) was also investigated for R1234yf. To this end, an experimental unit employing the components of an R134a MAC system was set up, equipped with a coaxial internal HEX, and tested at various compressor speeds for both refrigerants. The air temperatures entering the condenser and evaporator were simultaneously maintained at 30, 35, and 40 °C. The R1234yf unit provided on average 22.5% lower and 6.9% higher cooling capacity than the R134a unit for the inactive and active HEX, respectively. Furthermore, the coefficient of performance (COP) for the R1234yf unit without and with HEX was on average 10.9% and 3.5% lower than that for the R134a unit, respectively. The R1234yf unit without and with HEX yielded on average 41.5% and 8.4% lower exergetic efficiency than the R134a unit, respectively. These results revealed that the use of an internal HEX in an R1234yf MAC unit with an OT compensates for the cooling capacity degradation, and the R1234yf unit has almost as high performance as the R134a unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve sustainable desalination and water purification, solar interface evaporation technology is an effective means due to its high energy efficiency. Reasonable photothermal conversion materials and surface design are crucial for the interfacial solar evaporation process. How to design water transport routes and thermal insulating layers simultaneously is one of the major challenges to solar interface evaporation technology today. Herein, this work reports an arch-shaped wood evaporator (pine@carbon black (CB)-metal-organic framework-801 (MOF-801)-36%) for efficient, fast and continuous interfacial solar evaporation, which is composed of an arch-shaped wood substrate, MOF-801, and CB as a light absorption layer. The arch-shaped structure has a double-sided evaporation effect, which has a synergistic effect on augmenting solar evaporation efficiency. In addition, the in-situ growth of MOF-801 in pretreated wood microchannels renders the wood evaporator a significant function of reducing the equivalent enthalpy of evaporation due to the reduction of the hydrogen bonding density of water molecules as they pass through the wood channels. The best evaporation rate of the arch-shaped wood evaporator can reach 2.535 kg·m−2·h−1, and the efficiency reaches 93.7% under the irradiation of 1 sun illumination. Notably, it could be used for desalination and wastewater treatment to collect fresh water that meets drinking requirements set by the World Health Organization (WHO). This integrated evaporator provides an efficient way for commercial portable photothermal conversion and new ideas for advanced solar-driven water treatment technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integration of a reversal multistage flash (RVMSF) and multi-effect evaporators (MEE) desalination technologies driven by waste heat source is studied. The warm RVMSF reject brine is used as a sensible heat source for the MEE process. Three different configurations are compared and proved to outperform the standalone MSFRV system. Based on the best hybrid structure, 69 %, 67 %, and 287 % enhancement in the recovery ratio, the specific energy consumption (SEC), and the gain output ratio (GOR), respectively over the standard RVMSF process were observed. However, this was achieved at the expense of a 46 % increase in the specific heat transfer area. The recovery ratio, specific area, SEC, and GOR were found to improve with primary feed temperature, and temperature drop of the sensible heat powering the MEE. However, for a fixed number of effects, the full leverage of the supplied energy is limited causing variable or slow progress of the key performance indicators. Increasing the number of MEE effects had a positive effect on the performance causing proportional growth of the recovery ratio and GOR. A maximum value of 20.2 % for the recovery ratio and 5.7 for the GOR was observed when ten effects were used in the MEE system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the study on modeling the performance of Textile and Tannery Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The process of Reverse Osmosis (RO) Process and Multiple Effect Evaporator (MEE) process of CETP is modelled using ANNs. Two ANN models were developed to predict the performance of CETP dealing with highly saline effluents. Model-I (RO Model) predicts TDS Rejection (%) by taking pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of RO feed as input parameters thus providing estimate of salt concentration. Model-II (MEE Model) predicts Steam Output needed by taking pH, TDS, Feed flow as input parameters. Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation (trainlm) algorithm was used as training function for creation of both of ANN models and Hyperbolic Tangent Sigmoid (tansig) was used as transfer function. Separate model validation has been performed to test the predictability of the model and at last prediction accuracy were analysed to show its efficiency in prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Energy, exergy, environment analyses and multi-objective optimization are performed for vortex tube coupled with transcritical refrigeration cycle (TVTC). • The parametric investigation is done to assess the thermodynamic performance of TVTC. • The cooling capacity of TVTC is found to be 10.1 % to 21.1 % higher than that of TVCR. • The maximum COP and exergetic efficiency of TVTC are higher than those of TVCR. • The evaporator temperature is the most influential input parameter in multi-objective optimization. The present study deals with the thermodynamic investigation of vortex tube coupled with trans-critical vapour compression refrigeration cycle (TVTC), followed by environmental analysis and multi-objective optimization. In this research, effect of various operating and design parameters is studied on the performance of TVTC. Furthermore, a comparison is made between the outcomes of TVTC and simple trans-critical vapour compression refrigeration cycle (TVCR). Results show that the optimum gascooler pressure for TVTC is observed to be lower than that of TVCR. Also, the cooling capacity and COP of TVTC are observed to be 10.1 % to 21.1 % and 2.3 % to 11.3 %, respectively, greater than those of TVCR. Moreover, the exergetic efficiency of TVTC is 2.3 % to 11.3 % higher than that of TVCR for the investigated range of evaporator and gascooler exit temperatures. The environmental penalty cost (per unit cooling capacity) of TVTC is 3.5 % to 12.2 % lower than that of TVCR. Furthermore, the coefficient of structural bond is calculated in order to choose the most sensitive parameters for system's performance. Additionally, genetic algorithm-based multi-objective optimization has been performed, with the evaporator temperature serving as the primary determining factor in establishing the optimal solution. This finding can guide the development of TVTC-based systems for a wide range of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A kirigami-engineered composite hydrogel membrane is exploited for the construction of three dimensional (3D) solar-tracking evaporator arrays with outstanding evaporation performance and salt tolerance. The hybrid nanofiber network in the hydrogel membrane offers favorable water transport dynamics combined with excellent structural robustness, which are beneficial for the engineering of 3D dynamic structures. Periodic triangular cuts patterned into the membrane allow formation and reconfiguration of 3D conical arrays controlled by uniaxial stretching. With these structures, the tilt angles of the membrane surface are actively tuned to follow the solar trajectory, leading to a solar evaporation rate ~80% higher than that of static planar devices. Furthermore, the tapered 3D flaps and their micro-structured surfaces are capable of localized salt crystallization for prolonged solar desalination, enabling a stable evaporation rate of 3.4 kg m-2 hour-1 even in saturated brine. This versatile design may facilitate the implementation of solar evaporators for desalination and provide inspirations for other soft functional devices with dynamic 3D configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intermittent sunlight irradiation severely limits the performance of solar evaporators for electricity output and freshwater production. To address this issue, a hierarchical‐structured three‐dimentional (3D) solar evaporator to simultaneously enhance output voltage and freshwater production by integrating a paraffin‐type phase change material (PCM) with a circular concave‐shaped 3D supporter covered with a carbon‐black‐nanoparticles‐modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabric (PMCB) is developed. In this developed 3D solar evaporator, the 3D‐printed supporter can trap sunlight to improve solar energy absorption, and the PMCB obtained from hydrophilic and hydrophobic modification can adequately absorb sunlight for electricity generation and water evaporation, resulting in a maximum output voltage of 3.51 V and a high evaporation rate of 4.0 kg m−2 h−1 under natural sunlight illumination. Owing to the introduction of the PCM, the 3D solar evaporator obtains a decrease in the time required for charging a capacitor by 57.9% and an increase in freshwater production by 29.9% compared to the counterpart without a PCM. Through rationally utilizing the solar photothermal energy stored by the PCM and innovatively integrating the PCM and PMCB in a hierarchical‐structured 3D supporter, the developed 3D solar evaporator exhibits great application potential for simultaneous electricity generation and freshwater supply under intermittent solar irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: MXene sediments is innovatively used as photothermal material for seawater desalination. Inspired by the natural wood transpiration process, a 3D MXene sediment-based aerogel with vertically aligned channels is innovatively prepared as solar evaporator. With unique structure and composition, excellent photothermal conversion efficiency, evaporation rate, salt resistance, and resistance to biological/oil/special environments are achieved in practical desalination. Solar-driven interfacial evaporation from seawater is considered an effective way to alleviate the emerging freshwater crisis because of its green and environmentally friendly characteristics. However, developing an evaporator with high efficiency, stability, and salt resistance remains a key challenge. MXene, with an internal photothermal conversion efficiency of 100%, has received tremendous research interest as a photothermal material. However, the process to prepare the MXene with monolayer is inefficient and generates a large amount of "waste" MXene sediments (MS). Here, MXene sediments is selected as the photothermal material, and a three-dimensional MXene sediments/poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate aerogel evaporator with vertically aligned pores by directional freezing method is innovatively designed. The vertical porous structure enables the evaporator to improve water transport, light capture, and high evaporation rate. Cotton swabs and polypropylene are used as the water channel and support, respectively, thus fabricating a self-floating evaporator. The evaporator exhibits an evaporation rate of 3.6 kg m−2 h−1 under one-sun illumination, and 18.37 kg m−2 of freshwater is collected in the condensation collection device after 7 h of outdoor sun irradiation. The evaporator also displays excellent oil and salt resistance. This research fully utilizes "waste" MS, enabling a self-floating evaporation device for freshwater collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The experimental research of 2-FTE and 6-FTE were developed. • The effect of the number of fins, the angle of the fins and the way the fins are connected to the tube on the performance of the fin evaporator has been studied. • The influence of different fin structures on the cooling capacity per unit mass is analyzed. • The influences of different fin structures on heat transfer coefficient and fin efficiency were analyzed. Tube evaporators are widely used in cold storage, the single-tube two-fin tube evaporator (2-FTE) has the problems of poor heat transfer performance and low tube utilization. In this paper, a numerical simulation method is used to optimize the structure of 2-FTE, and a single-tube six-fin tube evaporator (6-FTE) structure is designed to achieve an increase in the cooling capacity per unit mass of the tube and heat transfer efficiency. Based on this, the heat transfer performance test bench of the tube evaporator is constructed, and the heat transfer performance of 2-FTE and 6-FTE is compared and tested according to the evaluation indices of cooling capacity, fin efficiency and cooling rate in the test environment from −32 °C to −6 °C. The results show that 6-FTE saves between 10.6 and 17.1% of tube consumption compared to 2-FTE for the same cooling capacity. The cooling capacity per unit tube length of 6-FTE increased by 43.9–64.7%, the cooling rate increased by 28–41%, the overall fin efficiency increased by 3.5%, and the heat transfer performance was better than that of 2-FTE, which was consistent with the simulation conclusions and in line with optimization goals. Therefore, the 6 FTE structure proposed in this paper can be an effective solution to save the manufacturing costs of refrigeration equipment for cold storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar water evaporation offers a promising solution to address global water scarcity, utilizing renewable energy for purification and desalination. Transition-metal selenite hydrates (specifically nickel and cobalt) have shown potential as solar absorbers with high evaporation rates of 1.83 and 2.34 kg∙m−2∙h−1, but the reported discrepancy in evaporation rate deserves further investigation. This investigation aims to clarify their thermal stability for applications and determine the underlying mechanisms responsible for the differences. Nickel and cobalt selenite hydrate compositions were synthesized and investigated via thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy to assess their temperature-induced structural and compositional variations. The results reveal distinct phase transitions and structural alterations under various temperature conditions for these two photothermal materials, providing valuable insights into the factors influencing water transportation and evaporation rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the summer season in subtropical countries and the dry season in tropical countries, air temperature is high. To adapt this condition, an air conditioning (AC) unit is used. The air conditioning use, however, increases the electrical energy consumption which contributes to the increase of indirect CO2 emissions. For many buildings, a monthly electrical energy cost from the use of AC system can contribute up to 40% of a monthly utility expenditure. It is then a great motivation to decrease electrical energy consumption of the AC unit. In this work, an adaptable preventive maintenance for an AC unit shows an acceptable level of electrical energy decrease. An experiment was performed for 2 AC types. The first one is a wall mounted unit with a cooling capacity of 9,300 BTUH. The second unit is a split duct unit with a cooling capacity of 48,000 BTUH. The cleaning of evaporator in the wall-mounted AC unit decreased the hourly electrical energy consumption by 4.1% from 810 to 777 Watt-hour. In addition, cleaning of condenser for the similar AC unit decreased the electrical energy consumption by 6.2% from 810 to 760 Watt-hour. Meanwhile, the evaporator cleaning for a 48,000 split duct AC decreased the hourly electrical energy consumption by 2.4% from 4.64 to 4.53 kWh and cleaning of condenser decreased the energy consumption by 5.4% from 4.64 to 4.39 kWh. If this electrical energy decrease could be scaled up to the global energy consumption from the air conditioning use, this should be a significant decrease of the global energy consumption and the correlated indirect CO2 emissions from the air conditioning sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most popular methods of fruit juice preservation is concentration since it offers a variety of advantages, like decreased volume, weight, packing, simpler transportation and handling, and a longer shelf life. The present paper studied the evaporation of fruit juice in single- and triple-effect evaporators using Aspen HYSYS software. The amount of juice was 3000 kg/h, and its concentration was raised from 10 to 50 °Brix. Four evaporator layouts were estimated and optimized: single-effect, modified single-effect, forward triple-effect, and triple-effect in parallel. It is a study of the effect of the temperature of saturated steam (120–300 °C) used to concentrate the juice and the pressure of the product (15–50 kPa) on the mass flow rate of steam required, economy, and overall heat transfer coefficient times area (UA) of the evaporator. The best operating conditions for each type of evaporation system were 15 kPa of the product's pressure for all types of evaporators, 192, 240, 182, and 210 °C of the single-effect, modified single-effect, forward triple-effect, and parallel triple-effect, respectively. These operating conditions are equivalent to the steam required, economy, UA, and steam cost as follows: for each type, they were (3075, 338.4, 1224, and 1100 kg/h), (0.78, 7.1, 1.96, and 2.15), (40,182, 74,505, 539,987, 152,173 kJ/°C h), and (12.68 × 103, 12.76 × 103, 12.65 × 103, and 12.73 × 103 $/h), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar vapor evaporation have emerged as a promising green technology to harvest fresh water. Achieving high evaporation rates while employing accessible and renewable materials is key focus in this field. Here, a 3D cylindrical‐shaped solar evaporator composed of natural cellulose is fabricated through ice‐templating freezing combined with crosslinking gelation. It demonstrates an evaporation rate of 4.2 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 sun irradiation, and reaches an energy efficiency of 173%, surpassing most reported cellulose/wood‐based evaporators. This enhanced performance is facilitated by absorbing energy from surrounding, possessing connected pores, and reducing the evaporation enthalpy. Moreover, a systematic exploration of the correlation between pore size and evaporation performance reveals that the reduced pore size (several micrometers) does not necessarily result in a higher evaporation rate, despite improving the fluid transportation. The interaction between water and cellulose induces the formation of intermediate water and reduces the evaporation enthalpy by more than 35%. Thus, the final evaporation performance is determined by a synergistic effect involving water transport, hydrophilicity, and vaporization enthalpy. Giving the high evaporation rate achieved, this 3D cellulose‐based solar evaporator presents a promising candidate toward a high‐throughput, eco‐friendly solar steam generation devices, aligning well with the criteria of green and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of high temperatures in conventional liquid arenga sugar processing can trigger the Maillard reaction, which causes some of the nutritional content of liquid arenga sugar to decrease. Therefore, liquid arenga sugar processing needs to be processed below 100 °C, using the vacuum evaporator process. The evaporation rate in the previously developed liquid arenga sugar processing technology is still lower than the conventional technology, which is due to the unoptimized temperature and vacuum pressure settings. In this study, a number of experiments were carried out with the aim of investigating the vacuum pressure and temperature that has the optimum evaporation rate. By utilizing the venturi effect, it can maintain vacuum conditions during the experiment. Data acquisition starts when the sample is boiling and finishes when the sample mass remains at 20%. The temperature variants comprise 60, 70, and 80 °C. While the vacuum pressure variants were 0.4 bar(-0.6 gauge), 0.3 bar(-0.7 gauge), and 0.2 bar(-0.8 gauge). Based on the conducted experiments, at a vacuum pressure of 0.3 bar(-0.7 gauge), the temperature variable dominantly affects the evaporation rate. Variant C3, at a temperature of 80 °C and a vacuum pressure of 0.2 bar(-0.8 gauge), showed better performance than the other variants. The peak value of mass loss of 7.18 kg and the peak value of mass reduction percentage of 73.12% represented it. Based on the vacuum pressure and temperature conditions of variant C3, it is estimated that processing 10 kg of liquid arenga sugar takes 2 h and 17 min, there was a reduction of almost 80% from the previous process which took 9 h 20 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the performance of a parallel two-stage compression (PTC) cycle on the domestic refrigerator-freezer in a laboratory according to the IEC 62552–2015 standard is investigated. The relatively large temperature difference between the fresh food compartment (FFC) and the refrigerant in the fresh food compartment evaporator (FFCE) leads to high compression and irreversible losses in the refrigeration circuit. To avoid the mentioned problems and reduce energy consumption, a PTC cycle is used. The innovation of this article is the 4E analyses (energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, exergoenvironmental) for the PTC cycle using the results obtained from the laboratory. Ultimately, the multi-objective optimization of the PTC cycle is conducted. For optimizing the PTC cycle, the total cost rate and the exergy efficiency are set as targets and the evaporator pressure and condenser pressure as variables. MATLAB and REFPROP 9.1 are used to model the system. Results showed that the highest exergy destruction rate is associated with the FFCE (0.349 kW) and compressor (0.183 kW). The highest exergy efficiency among the equipment is evaporators. The maximum exergoeconomic factor is related to the freezer compartment evaporator (FZCE) (98.70%) and then the compressor (98.62%). FZCE has the highest environmental impact (99.9%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar‐driven steam generation by heat localization has proven to be one of the most promising technologies for broad water‐related applications to relieve global water shortage and pollution due to the excellent interfacial water evaporation ability demonstrated both experimentally and theoretically. However, solar power changes fast in practical, such fluctuations on solar energywould invalidate conventional solar evaporator, leave a challenge on sustaining an efficient thermal evaporation. Herein, a mitigating‐solar‐fluctuation hybrid gel material (MHG) with chemical integrating of phase‐change material to achieve efficient steam generation under solar fluctuations is reported. By storing solar energy when it is surplus and providing thermal energy to sustain evaporation when it is insufficient, the MHGs solar evaporator under solar fluctuations achieves optimized water evaporation rate of 1.7 ± 0.02 kg m−2 h−1 for the high period of 0.8 sun and 1.3 ± 0.06 kg m−2 h−1 for the low period of 0.5 sun. The MHGs also exhibit outstanding solar desalination performance with good stability and demonstrate an effective brine desalination during round‐the‐clock desalination process with an average high evaporation rate of 1.24 kg m−2 h−1 d−1. This new material design provides a feasible strategy for solar evaporator to mitigate damage from solar fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bi-porous evaporator for heat pipes has been studied to replace conventional mono-porous evaporators with lower thermal capacity. The thermal superiority of bi-porous evaporator is a direct function of phase separation phenomenon in small and large-pore zones. However, due to the microscale nature of the system the hidden microscopic phenomenon associated with thermal superiority has not been well established experimentally. In addition, only a few numerical studies have addressed this phenomenon using limited information. In this paper, a two-dimensional numerical simulation is conducted which accurately predicts the thermal performance of a bi-porous evaporator. Additionally, for the first time, several microscopic phenomena such as phase separation, vapor blanket formation, and liquid film formation are numerically reproduced. Thus, the thermal performance of bi-porous evaporator is successfully quantified. The effects of various design parameters are also studied and their effect on thermal performance is also quantified. For comparison, a mono-porous evaporator is also simulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A numerical investigation of an evaporator of a diffusion-absorption-refrigeration system using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). • The CFD modelling is conducted by CONVERGE CFD software and was experimentally validated. • The study provides a deeper understanding of the evaporation process in DAR systems. • The study examined also the impact of ammonia presence at the hydrogen inlet on temperature distribution and overall, the accuracy of the CFD model. • The present study emphasizes the significance of utilizing CFD simulation to analyse and improve numerous processes, thus boosting the overall performance of the DAR system. The evaporation process has a considerable impact on the operation of a diffusion absorption refrigeration system (DAR). However, there have been few studies that have focused on this specific issue. In this paper, a numerical investigation of the evaporator region in a DAR system was conducted using CONVERGE CFD software and the RANS approach. The aim of this study is to validate an accurate CFD model by analysing the flow behaviour and thermal parameters within the evaporator. The computational results show high agreement with the experimental data, with slight deviations often remaining under 3 %. The current study additionally investigated the effect of ammonia presence at the hydrogen inlet, specifically at 5 % and 10 % ratios. The results demonstrate that the average deviation is less than 1 % when using 5 % ammonia. This study sheds light on the evaporation process, which is important for enhancing the design and operational efficiency of DAR systems. For this purpose, the validated numerical model will be of great use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of studies of the parameters of a new flat aluminum thermosyphon, the evaporator of which contains two identical parallely operating panels, each of which has 8 minichannels. The panels are united by single vapor and liquid collectors. The working fluid is acetone. A study was carried out to investigate the influence of a thermal load and the degree of thermosyphon filling with working fluid on the heat exchange coefficients of the evaporator and condenser, as well as on the thermal resistance of the thermosyphon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar desalination using hydrogel evaporators is an eco‐friendly, highly efficient means with natural sunlight for sustainable freshwater production. However, it remains challenging to develop a cost‐effective and scalable method to prepare salt‐resistant hydrogel evaporators for stable desalination. Here, inspired by tree transpiration and hierarchical porous structure, a 3D‐printed bionic hydrogel evaporator (3DP‐BHE) is designed for long‐term solar desalination. Commercialized activated carbon (AC) is introduced into biomass starch skeleton as a solar light absorber to build 3DP‐BHE in a cost‐effective fashion ($10.14 m−2 of total materials cost). The bionic tree leaf layer for 94.01% light absorption and timely vapor diffusion. The bionic tree trunk layer with 3D printed bimodal porous structure for water transfer, thermal isolation, and salt ions convection and diffusion. With the unique bionic structure, the 3DP‐BHE achieves a stable evaporation rate of 2.13 kg m−2 h−1 at ≈90.5% energy efficiency under one sun (1 kW m−2). During the 7‐day desalination of 10 wt.% brine, a steady evaporation rate of 1.98 kg m−2 h−1 is maintained with a record‐high cost‐effectiveness (195.3 g h−1 $−1) manner. This 3DP‐BHE will open significant opportunities for affordable solar desalination systems on multiple scales, from individual households to off‐grid communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Getting distilled water through solar energy is a green and sustainable way to purify water. The reduction of the evaporation enthalpy by hydrogels greatly improves the efficiency of water purification. However, the lack of heat localization functionality leads to low energy utilization efficiency, which seriously affects the performance of hydrogel-based evaporators. Herein, inspired by the hierarchical porous channel and thin structure of cormorant wings, a hydrogel thin film with interconnected micrometer macro-pores channels is proposed for simultaneous sufficient heat localization at the evaporation interface and adequate water supply. Benefiting from the macro-porous thin film structure, a device prepared from the hydrogel film can reduce the heat loss by 88% by reducing the heat transfer cross-sectional area and achieve a sustained water evaporation rate of 4.14 kg m−2 h−1 with 98% energy efficiency under 1 sun after shape optimization. Remarkably, the low raw material usage of thin film makes the cost as low as $0.87 m−2. Furthermore, the synthesis method of this macro-porous thin film structure can be generalized to a range of hydrogels, thus serving as a universal technology for improving heat localization. This work demonstrates the application of macro-porous hydrogel thin film evaporators in green and sustainable water purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the characteristics of variable operating conditions and high exhaust temperature of the refrigeration system of the refrigerator truck, the change of the superheat at the outlet of the evaporator is adjusted by a new electronic expansion valve, and a performance test-bed using the R404A refrigerant is built to study the influence of the superheat at the outlet of the evaporator on the performance of the refrigeration system of the refrigerator truck. The results show that in the process of increasing the superheat at the outlet of the evaporator, the outlet temperature of the evaporator increases and the evaporation temperature decrease, the cooling capacity of the system is reduced by 8.4%, and the COP of the system increases first and then decreases; At this time, the optimal superheat at the evaporator outlet is 6 °C, and the system COP reaches the optimal value of 2.856. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bilayer photothermal paper-based 3D cone flowing evaporator with high solar light absorption, low water evaporation enthalpy and excellent salt-rejecting performance is fabricated using multilayered MXene, ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires, and hydrophilic polymers. The 3D cone flowing evaporator cooperates with a siphon effect-driven unidirectional fluid transportation unit to guide concentrated saline flows out from the evaporating surface, leading to high water evaporation rate and salt-rejecting stable seawater desalination performance. [Display omitted] • A bilayer photothermal paper-based cone flowing water evaporator is reported. • The evaporator exhibits excellent properties for solar seawater desalination. • The evaporator exhibits much higher water evaporation rate than most reported values. • The evaporator can effectively prevent salt accumulation on the evaporating surface. Solar energy-driven water evaporation technology is a promising, low-cost and sustainable approach to alleviate the global clean water shortage, but usually suffers from low water evaporation rate and severe salt deposition on the water evaporation surface. In this work, a hydrophilic bilayer photothermal paper-based three-dimensional (3D) cone flowing evaporator was designed and prepared for stable high-performance seawater desalination with excellent salt-rejecting ability. The as-prepared bilayer photothermal paper consisted of MXene (Ti 3 C 2 T x) and HAA (ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires, poly(acrylic acid), and poly(acrylic acid-2-hydroxyethyl ester)). The accordion-like multilayered MXene acted as the efficient solar light absorber, and ultralong hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanowires served as the thermally insulating and supporting skeleton with a porous networked structure. A siphon effect-driven unidirectional fluid transportation unit in the 3D cone flowing evaporator could guide the concentrated saline flowing away from the evaporating surface to prevent salt deposition on the evaporation surface, avoiding severe deterioration of the performance in solar water evaporation. Furthermore, combining high solar light absorption and high photothermal conversion efficiencies, low water evaporation enthalpy (1838 ± 11 J g−1), and additional energy taken from the ambient environment, the as-prepared cone flowing evaporator exhibited a high water evaporation rate of 3.22 ± 0.20 kg m−2 h−1 for real seawater under one sun illumination (1 kW m−2), which was significantly higher than many values reported in the literature. This study provides an effective approach for designing high-performance solar energy-driven water evaporators for sustainable seawater desalination and wastewater purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scarcity of fresh water is a pressing issue globally, and solar water evaporation technology has emerged as a leading method for producing fresh water. However, the preparation of solar evaporators is hindered by high costs, complexity, and environmental concerns. In this work, a solar evaporator with hierarchical porous structure is prepared using a simple, low‐cost, and environmentally friendly dissolution manufacturing strategy. Excellent photothermal conversion capability and salt drainage performance are found owing to its hierarchical porous structure. The prepared sample exhibits a water evaporation rate of 2.19 kg m−2 h−1 and achieves evaporation efficiency of 84.3% under one sun. Furthermore, the evaporation rates of the samples in seawater and methylene blue are 2.04, and 1.98 kg m−2 h−1, respectively. The evaporation rate remains stable after ten evaporation cycles. The strategy also overcomes the dimensional limitations of traditional methods, as large‐size samples prepared by this strategy are successfully evaluated for evaporation experiments with natural seawater under sunny weather, and the quantity of water collected is ≈170 g in 6 h. The proposed strategy will offer not only sustainable water purification technologies, but also new routes for solar water evaporation, solar steam generation, and photothermal drive fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar vapor generation is a promising sustainable technology that uses solar distillation to produce fresh water from seawater and wastewater, helping relieve global water resource shortage. Here, inspired by naturally grown integrally molded mulberry leaves with a Janus hydrophilic and hydrophobic structure, a novel, simple, and efficient integrated molding method is proposed to break through the limitations of the traditional split manufacturing strategy and realizes the integrated formation of Janus evaporator. Based on the spontaneous sedimentation characteristics of MXene in silk fibroin solution and its regulation of mesoscopic structure and hydrophilicity of silk fibroin, layered structures with different compositions and hydrophilicities were obtained in one step. Meanwhile, ethanol and glutaraldehyde were added to construct a physical crystallization-chemical crosslinking dual stabilization structure in silk fibroin. Our evaporator has the evaporation rate of 3.07 kg·m−2·h−1 and the efficiency of 86.8% under 1 sun and maintains high evaporation performance under various extreme test conditions including vigorous washing, repeated compression, and high-intensity ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Additionally, the evaporator performs well in practical application scenarios, its evaporation rate in the simulated Dead Sea seawater exceeds 2.13 kg·m−2·h−1, and more than 99.9% of the salt, heavy metal ions, oil pollution, and dyes are purified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

n this research, an experimental investigation was conducted on a dual-evaporator ejector system (DEES). The experiments were conducted under two distinct configurations, known as condenser outlet split (COS) and diffuser outlet split (DOS), across varying compressor inlet pres-sures. The system was initially operated in accordance with the COS configuration followed by operation under the DOS configuration. The comparison revealed a 9% reduction in the compressor work within the DOS configuration relative to the COS configuration. Evaporator#2 cooling capacity was 14% higher in the DOS compared to the COS. Moreover, the total cooling capacity achieved in the COS mode exhibited a 16% increase in comparison to the DOS mode. Furthermore, research findings indicate that by operating the DEES in the DOS configuration, full refrigerant separation can be achieved, leading to enhanced operational efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

So far, it is generally believed that black matter means that it can strongly absorb nearly 57 % of the energy in the incoming light of the sun. In the field of photothermal interface evaporation, there are many substances which surface is black but not concerned. Inspired by the above understanding, this paper selects disposable black round plastic lunch boxes and black garbage bags as solar absorption materials to make photothermal desalination evaporators for the first time, to prove that these black disposable wastes can not only be recycled, but also can be used to make interfacial evaporators. Polyester cloth is used as the water delivery channel, and the two-dimensional evaporation device made of black round plastic lunch box successfully achieves a high level of steam output. The value even exceeds 1.45 kg m-2 h-1. In addition, we also prepared a three-dimensional evaporator using a black garbage plastic bag as only solar energy absorber. The three-dimensional evaporator uses radiation cooling film as diffuse reflection substrate. The radiation cooling film and polyester cloth can multiple reflect and absorb the incident solar energy, so that the black plastic bag can multiple re-absorb the incident solar light. The solar energy absorption rate of the three-dimensional evaporator is as high as 95.14 %, and the steam output is as high as 8.91 kg m-2 h-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of an ejector-assisted condenser outlet split dual-evaporator cycle is compared with a conventional dual-evaporator cycle albeit consisting a pressure reducing valve. The cycles do not employ any separator due to its inability to efficiently separate the liquid and the vapor phases. The comparison of both the cycles has been made for the same cooling capacity in low-temperature evaporator and unit flow rate of R134a and R1234yf as refrigerants. The impacts of changing the operating temperatures of evaporator and condenser have been examined in the current investigation. The study reveals that with the increase in temperature of the high-temperature evaporator, the cooling capacity of the high-temperature evaporator yields, while that of the low-temperature evaporator plummets in both the cycles. Further, the compressor work is allayed in the ejector-assisted cycle; thus, the COP is enhanced considerably. The percentage COP improvement over the basic cycle is obtained from 14.7 to 17.53% for the refrigerant R1234yf and from 14.45 to 17.32% for R134a; however, the COP of both the cycles with R12134yf is slightly lower than with R134a. The ejector has been modeled assuming a constant pressure theory. The observed trend indicates that the entrainment ratio is improved with the rise in the temperature of low-temperature evaporator, whereas it is decreased with the rise in the temperature of high-temperature evaporator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Bi-doping enhanced the surface plasmonic effect of CoTe nanoparticles. • The optimization of morphology enhanced surface plasmonic effect. • The surface plasmonic effect can be translated into heat for desalination. • 5 % Bi-doping (Bi/CoTe@CG) exhibited an excellent water flux of 2.38 kg m−2 h−1. • The Bi/CoTe@CG showed a solar efficiency of 96.7 %. Solar-driven desalination is considered an alternative to the conventional desalination due to its nearly zero carbon footprint and ease of operating in remote areas. Water can be purified wherever sunlight is available, providing a viable solution to water shortage. Metal chalcogenide-based materials are revolutionary for solar evaporators due to their excellent photothermal conversion efficiency, facile synthesis methods, stability, and low cost. Herein we present a prototype Bi-doped CoTe nano-solar evaporator embedded on leno weave cotton gauze (Bi/CoTe@CG) using the sonication process. The nano-solar evaporator was synthesized using a simple hydrothermal approach to provide an opportunity to scale up. The as designed solar evaporator consisting of 5 % Bi/CoTe@CG showed an excellent water flux of 2.38 kg m−2 h−1 upon one sun radiation (1 kW m−2), considered among the highest literature-reported values. The introduced solar evaporator showed excellent solar efficiency of 96.7 %, good stability, and reusability for five cycles of one hour. The best doping ratio of Bi in CoTe was obtained as Bi 0.5 Co 9.5 Te with a contact angle of 11.9° in powder form. The hydrophilic nature of the designed solar-evaporator increased the water interaction with the embedded nano-solar evaporator, which helps the transfer of the heat to nearby water molecules, break their hydrogen bonding and increase the evaporation rate. The ion concentration, of the desalinated pure water collected using Bi/CoTe@CG, decreased by many orders of magnitude and it is far below the limit of WHO standards for Na+ and K+. Thus, a self-floating Bi-doped CoTe nano-solar evaporator deposited on cotton gauze (CG) is an excellent solar evaporator for seawater desalination. The proposed solar evaporator is another step towards introducing environmentally friendly desalination methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Solar-driven desalination is an environmentally sustainable method to alleviate the problems of freshwater scarcity and the energy crisis. However, how to improve the synergy between the photothermal material and the evaporator to achieve high photothermal conversion efficiency simultaneously, excellent thermal management system and good salt resistance remains a challenge. Here, a mushroom-shaped solar evaporation device is designed and fabricated with iron diselenide/carbon black (FeSe 2 /CB) coated cellulose acetate (CA) film as mushroom surface and cotton swab as mushroom handle, which presented high solar-driven evaporation and excellent salt resistance. Thanks to the unique photothermal effect and the synergistic effect, the FeSe 2 /CB composites enabled a promising photothermal conversion efficiency of up to 65.8 °C after 180 s. The mushroom-shaped evaporation device effectively overcomes water transport and steam spillage channel blockage caused by salt crystallization through its unique vertical transport water channels and conical air–water interface. When exposed to real sunlight, the solar evaporation rate of the steam generation structure reached as high as 2.03 kg m−2 h−1, which is more than 13 times higher than natural evaporation. This study offered new insights into the higher solar-driven evaporation rate and salt-blocking resistance of the FeSe 2 /CB mushroom-shaped solar evaporation device for solar-powered water production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the wastewater treatment units in the Tehran Research Nuclear Reactor (TRNR) is an evaporator unit, which consists of a semi-batch single-stage kettle-type evaporator with heating coils and auxiliary equipment. The concentrate of this unit is immobilized in cement. So, the precipitate specie, concentrate composition, and its amount are important parameters for further waste treatment steps. In this research, a new bulk mathematical model is developed based on the total mass balance, the partial mass balance of ions in the concentrate and precipitates, as well as the energy balance to investigate the performance of the Tehran Research Nuclear Reactor evaporator. The resulting ordinary differential equations are solved numerically with a proposed algorithm. In this simulation, Pitzer equations are used to calculate the activity coefficient of water and ions, density, and solubility of salts. The temperature and pressure dependence of the developed model parameters are also considered. Moreover, the effect of precipitate formation on the overall heat transfer coefficient with time dependence correlation is also taken into account. Results show a good agreement between the experimental data and the developed model, and the relative error of different parameters is reported between 2% and 13%. • New model developed to estimate performance of Tehran Nuclear Reactor evaporator. • Conservation of ions mass as well as the energy are considered in this model. • New algorithm proposed to solve the ordinary differential equations. • Thermophysical properties of ions and concentrate are derived from pitzer equation. • Mathematical model predict the experimental data by the relative error of 2 - 13%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]